Solution

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Class 11 - Chemistry
Section A
1.
(d) the splitting of emission lines in a Magnetic field
Explanation: In 1920, Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach designed an experiment, which unintentionally led to the discovery that
electrons have their own individual, continuous spin even as they move along their orbital of an atom. The experiment
mentioned above by Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach was done with silver which was put in an oven and vaporized. The result
was that silver atoms formed a beam that passed through a magnetic field in which it split in two.
2.
(c) their increasing energies
Explanation: The Aufbau Principle states that in the ground state of an atom, an electron enters the orbital with the lowest
energy first and subsequent electrons are fed in the order of increasing energies. The word 'aufbau' in German means 'building
up'. Here, it refers to the filling up of orbitals with electrons.
3.
(b) 2s, 4d and 3p respectively
Explanation: Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of a multi-electron
atom. The closer the orbital, the greater is the nuclear charge experienced by the electron (s) in it.
(i) 2s is closer to the nucleus than 3s.Hence 2s will experience larger effective nuclear charge.
(ii) 4d will experience greater nuclear charge than 4f since 4d is closer to the nucleus than 4f.
(iii) 3p will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the nucleus than 3f because 3p is closer to nucleus than 3f.

4.
(d) Z > Y > X
Explanation: Z > Y > X
5.
(d) C, N, O, F, Ne
Explanation: C, N, O, F, Ne
6. (a) shielding of the outer shell electrons from the nucleus by the inner shell electrons
Explanation: Shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a
difference in the attraction forces of the electrons on the nucleus. It is also referred to as the screening effect (or) atomic
shielding.
7. (a) (3p) < (4s) < (3d) < (4p).
Explanation: Energy of the orbital is determined by the n+l value. The orbital having a higher n+l value will have higher
energy. If n+l value is the same then orbital having a higher n value will have higher energy.
8. (a) No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
Explanation: The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that, in an atom or molecule, no two electrons can have the same four
electronic quantum numbers. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only two electrons, the two electrons must have
opposing spins.
9.
(b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
Explanation: Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell (p, d or f) does not take place until each orbital
belonging to that subshell has got one electron each, i.e. it is singly occupied. This is called Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity.
10.
(d) screening effect
Explanation: The effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron depends upon the shell and the orbital in which the
electron is present. The electrons in the outer shell are shielded from the nucleus by the electrons in the inner shells.

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11.
(d) non-metals
Explanation: non-metals
12.
(b) Fe3+, Mn2+
Explanation: Explanation: Fe(Z-26: 3d64s2) and Mn (Z-25: 3d54s2)
Fe3+: 3d5 and Mn2+: 3d5 will have the same no. of electrons and hence, the same electronic configuration.
13.
(c) Group Number
Explanation: Group Number
14.
(c) 16 and 15
Explanation: atomic number O has atomic number = 8 so number of electrons in O = 16 2

while in O there is one unit positive charge so no. of electron =15.

+

15.
(c) 12 and 5
Explanation: Azimuthal quantum number l = 1 is for p and l = 2 is for d.
Now Cr has configuration 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s
2 2 6 2 6 5 1

Hence there are 12, p-electrons and 5, d-electrons

16. (a) Boron
Explanation: Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. So electronic configuration of boron is
2 2 1
1s 2s 2p

17.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Atomic orbital is designated by n, l and m1 while state of an electron in an atom is specified by four quantum
numbers n, l, ml and ms.

18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: According to Pauli's exclusion principle no two electrons in an atom can have same set of all the four quantum
numbers. From this it follows that an orbital cannot have more than two electrons. If an orbital has two electrons then they must
have opposite spins.
19.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Helium : Z=2,1s2
Beryllium : Z=4 ; 1s2, 2s2
Helium is an inert gas while beryllium is reactive due to unfilled 2p valence shells.
20.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: 1 and 2 are principal quantum numbers, n identifies the shell, determines the size of the orbital and also to a large
extent the energy of the orbital. Maximum capacity of s-subshell is two because it has only one orbital.
21.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: It is an universal rule that symmetry has uniform distribution of energy hence maximum stability. Other cause
for half filled and fully filled subshells is maximum possible numbers of exchange energies.
22.
(d) Both A and R are false.
Explanation: Orbit and orbital are not synonymous. An orbit, (proposed by Bohr) is a circular path around the nucleus in
which an electron moves. Atomic orbital is the region around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is
maximum.
23. Nickel will lose two electrons from 4s orbital.

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 Section B
24. i. n = 4
Total number of electrons = 2n2 = 2 × 16 = 32
Half out of these will have ms = -1/2
∴ Total electrons with ms (-1/2) = 16
ii. For n = 3
l = 0 m1 = 0, ms = + 1/2, - 1/2 (two e-)

25. Fe (Z = 26) : [Ar]18 3d64s2

Fe2+ ion : [Ar]18 3d6
No. of unpaired electron = 4
26. i. n = 4, l = 0(s), m = 0, s = +1/2. It is clear that it is a 4s orbital.
ii. n = 3, l = 1(p), m = 1, s = -1/2. It is clear that it is a 3p orbital.
iii. n = 3, l = 2(d), m = 0, s = +1/2. It is clear that it is a 3d orbital.
Therefore, the decreasing order of energy: 3d > 4s > 3p.
27. Configuration of the two elements are :
Al (Z = 13): [Ne] 3s 3p ; Si(Z = 14) : [Ne] 3s 3p
10 2 1 10 2 2

The unpaired electrons in silicon (Si) will experience more effective nuclear charge because the atomic number of the element Si
is more than that of Al.
28. H = one
+

H2 = two
O
+

2
= 15
29. Electronic configuration of given ions is as follows:
Number
Atomic
Electronic of
Ion number
configuration unpaired
(Z)
electrons

Cu2+ 29 [Ar] 3d9 1

Fe2+ 26 [Ar] 3d6 4

Cr3+ 24 [Ar] 3d3 3

We known that, Paramagnetism depends on the number of unpaired electrons.

From the electronic configuration of these ions, it is clear that Cu2+ has one, Fe2+ has four and Cr3+ has three unpaired electrons.
Therefore, Fe2+is most paramagnetic.
30. The electronic configuration of the element palladium (Z = 46) is
[Kr]36 4 d10 5s0
This means that it has no unpaired electron.
31. The expected electronic configuration of Cu = 3d94s2
But the actual configuration of Cu = 3d104s1.

When the two sub-shells differ slightly in their energies, an electron shifts from a sub-shell of lower energy (4s) to a sub-shell of a
higher energy (3d). It has been found that there is extra stability associated with this electronic configuration. Therefore, electronic
configuration of Cu = [Ar] 3d10 4s1 .

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32. i. Ferrous and ferric salts In ferrous salts Fe2+, the configuration is 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d6. In ferric salts Fe3+, the
configuration is 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5.
As half-filled 3d5 configuration is more stable therefore ferric salts are more stable than ferrous salts.
ii. Cuprous and cupric salts In cuprous salts, the configuration of Cu+ is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10.
In cupric salts, the configuration of Cu2+ is 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d9. Although Cu+ has completely filled d-orbital, yet
cuprous salts are less stable. This is because the nuclear charge is not sufficient enough to hold 18 electrons of Cu+ ion present
in the outermost shell.
Section C
33. i. Na (Z = 11) has outermost electronic configuration = 3s1
ii. N (Z = 7) has outermost electronic configuration = 2p3
iii. Cl (Z = 17) has outermost electronic configuration = 3p5
34. i. Representation of electronic configuration is excluded by Hund’s rule since electrons are not shown in separate orbitals of the
same subshell with parallel spins.
ii. Representation of electronic configuration is correct.
iii. Representation of electronic configuration is excluded by the Aufbau principle because the 2s subshell fills before the 2p.
iv. Representation of electronic configuration is excluded by the Pauli exclusion principle since the two electrons in the 2s-orbital
cannot have the same spin.
35. 1. 1s, 2s and 3s orbitals in Mg atom are not degenerate because these have different values of n i.e 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
2. 2px, 2py and 2pz orbitals in C atom are degenerate because these belong to the same subshell and n=2 for each orbital.
3. 3s, 3px and 3d orbitals in H atom are degenerate.The 3 in each of these orbitals is its “principal” quantum number. It seems
that these three different designations, s, p, and d, as describing the different shapes of their orbitals while they all have the
same energy when there is only one electron at the “3” level, such as in the hydrogen atom where there is only one electron.
36. i. 1s 2 2 2 2
2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz , 3s
2 2

ii. 1s2 2
2s ,
1
2px ,
1
2py ,
1
2pz

iii. 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d2

iv. 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5, 4s1
Section D
37. i. Magnetic orbital quantum number. ‘ml’ gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital with respect to standard
set of co-ordinate axis. For any sub-shell (defined by ‘l’ value) 2l+1 values of ml are possible.

ii. z=11=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

For 3s1 ,
n = 3, l=0,m=0, s=+1/2 or− 1/2
iii. 4f orbital has higher energy, ((n + l) value of 4f is 7 while that of 6s is 6). The higher the (n + l) value of an orbital higher is
the energy
OR
For n = 3, the possible values of l are 0, 1 and 2.
Thus there is one 3s orbital (n = 3, l = 0 and ml = 0); there are three 3p orbitals (n = 3, l = 1 and ml = –1, 0, +1);
there are five 3d orbitals (n = 3, l = 2 and ml = –2, –1, 0, +1+, +2).
Therefore, the total number of orbitals is 1+3+5 = 9
The same value can also be obtained by using the relation; the number of orbitals
= n2, i.e. 32 = 9.
Section E
38. i. (a ), 1H = 1s1 , H- = 1s2

(b) 11Na = 1s2 2s2, 2p6 ,3s1, Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6

(c) 8O = 1s2 2s2, 2p4, O2- = 1s2 2s2 2p6

(d) 9F = 1s2 2s2, 2p5, F- = 1s2 2s2 2p6

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 ii. To obtain atomic number of an element fill the orbitals in order of their increasing energies up to the given outer orbital
configuration.
(a) 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 (Z =12 )
(b) 1s2 2s2, 2p3 (Z = 7)
(c) 1s2 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5 (Z = 17 )
iii. (a) [He] 2s1 represents 3Li (lithium)

(b) [Ne] 3s2,3p3 represents 15P (phosphorus)

(c) [Ar] 4s2,3d1 represents 21Sc (scandium)

39. i. P (Z = 15) : [Ne] 10 2

3s 3p
3
No. of unpaired electrons = 3
ii. Si (Z = 14) : [Ne] 10 2
3s 3p
2
No. of unpaired electrons = 2
iii. Cr (Z = 24) : [Ar] 18
4s
1
3p No. of unpaired electrons = 6
5

iv. Fe (Z = 26) : [Ar] 18 2

4s 3d
6
No. of unpaired electrons = 4
v. Kr (Z = 36) : [Ar] 10
4s 3d
2 10
4p No. of unpaired electrons = Nil.
6

40. a. i. For n = 3, I = 0, 1, 2
When I = 0, mI = 0
When I = 1, mI = -1, 0, + 1
When I = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, + 2
ii. n =3, I = 2 and for I = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
iii. 2s, 2p are possible.
b. An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons
i. No. of protons = 29
ii. Atomic number = 29
Electronic configuration : [Ar]18 3d104s1.

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