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Network Applications Detailed Explanations

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10 views2 pages

Network Applications Detailed Explanations

Uploaded by

nidhidgowda185
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Detailed Explanations: Network Application Concepts

1. Network Application Architectures (10 Marks)

Network application architecture defines the structure and interaction model of networked

applications. There are two primary architectures:

- **Client-Server Architecture**: In this model, a central server provides services or resources, and

clients request services. The server is always on, with a fixed IP, and can handle multiple client

requests simultaneously. Clients may connect intermittently.

- **Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture**: Unlike client-server, in P2P, each device (peer) functions both

as a client and a server. Peers communicate directly with one another, and each peer contributes

resources. This architecture is decentralized, scalable, and suitable for applications like file-sharing

(e.g., BitTorrent). P2P networks can handle intermittent peer connections but have more complex

management challenges.

2. Processes Communicating (10 Marks)

In network applications, **processes communicating** refers to how two or more programs running

on different machines exchange messages. Typically, one process (the client) initiates

communication, requesting a service or data from another process (the server).

Processes communicate over the network using application-layer protocols (e.g., HTTP, SMTP) and

transport-layer protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP). To enable communication, each process is identified by

an IP address and port number.

- **Client-Server Communication**: A client sends a request message to the server, and the server

responds with the requested data.

- **Peer Communication**: In a P2P network, peers communicate directly, requesting and providing

services to each other.

3. Transport Services Available to Applications (10 Marks)

Transport services provided by the transport layer offer reliable or unreliable communication

between processes across a network.

- **Reliable Data Transfer (TCP)**: Applications that need error-free and ordered data use TCP.
TCP offers reliable, connection-oriented communication with flow and congestion control. Examples

include web browsing (HTTP) and email (SMTP).

- **Unreliable Data Transfer (UDP)**: Applications that prioritize speed over reliability use UDP. UDP

is connectionless and does not ensure ordered or error-free delivery. It's suitable for real-time

applications like video streaming (e.g., Zoom) or gaming.

4. Transport Services Provided by the Internet (10 Marks)

The Internet offers two primary transport-layer services for communication:

- **TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)**: TCP provides a reliable, connection-oriented service. It

guarantees that all packets arrive in order and are free of errors. TCP also uses congestion and flow

control to avoid overwhelming the network. Applications like web browsing, email, and file transfers

rely on TCP.

- **UDP (User Datagram Protocol)**: UDP is a connectionless, fast transport service. It does not

guarantee the delivery or order of packets, making it less reliable but faster than TCP. It's ideal for

time-sensitive applications like live streaming or online gaming.

5. Application-Layer Protocols (10 Marks)

**Application-layer protocols** govern how application processes communicate with each other.

They define the message format, message exchange process, and actions to be taken in response

to messages.

Common application-layer protocols include:

- **HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)**: Used for web browsing, HTTP defines how web clients

request pages from web servers and how servers respond.

- **SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)**: SMTP is used to send emails from a client to a mail

server.

- **FTP (File Transfer Protocol)**: FTP allows for the transfer of files between a client and a server.

These protocols operate over TCP or UDP, depending on the reliability or speed required by the

application.

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