GEN 006: ETHICS

Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Political Doctrines Materials:

Learning Targets: SAS
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Assess the impact of substantive rights, procedural References:
biases, and post-judgment power dynamics on -Leaño, R. D., Jr., & Gubia-on, A. B.
perceptions of justice within legal systems through a (2018). Ethics for College Students.
class debate Mindshapers Co., Inc.
2. Evaluate the significance of egalitarian doctrines in
modern democratic societies, particularly in relation to
income, wealth distribution, civil rights, and social
justice through a class debate.

A. CONNECT (5 mins)
A.1. Lesson Preview/Review
In this lesson, we will learn about different Political Doctrines. The principle of "equal justice under law"
is challenging to dispute in theory. However, in practice, it encounters several critical issues, beginning with the
interpretation of "justice" itself. Conventionally, the concept is largely viewed as procedural. "Equal justice" is
often understood as "equal access to justice," which translates to access to the legal system. Yet, it's widely
acknowledged that this procedural understanding falls short of our aspirations. Those who have their "day in
court" don't always perceive that "justice has been served," often due to the influence of money over merits, as
Mare Galanter extensively discussed in his 1974 article on "why the haves come out ahead." Substantive rights
and procedural hurdles can be biased, and even winners in court can suffer in life due to post-judgment power
dynamics. These challenges are rarely addressed in discussions about access to justice within legal circles,
which typically assume that more access is better, and the primary concern is how to achieve it.

B. COACH
B.1. Content Notes (30 mins)
Topic: Political Doctrines
Reading Strategy: Summarizing and Generalization
In this lesson, you are going to read to learn about “Political Doctrines”. To help us understand more
about the topic, we will incorporate the reading strategy that we have learned, summarizing and generalization.

Egalitarian Justice
Egalitarianism is a prevailing trend in political philosophy where proponents advocate for some form of
equality—whether in outcomes, treatment, or social status. This doctrine often rests on the belief that all
human beings share inherent worth or moral status, partly derived from the Christian notion that God loves
all souls equally. Egalitarianism encompasses various types of equality, from economic and moral equality to
legal and political equality. Modern democratic societies often use "egalitarian" to denote a stance favoring
greater income and wealth equality among individuals.

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 GEN 006: ETHICS
Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Types of Egalitarianism:
1. Economic Egalitarianism (or Material Egalitarianism) advocates for equal economic standing and
access to resources, reflecting foundational principles of socialism.
2. Moral Egalitarianism asserts that equality is fundamental to justice, recognizing the equal moral worth
of all individuals.
3. Legal Egalitarianism promotes the principle of equal treatment under the law, rejecting special
privileges for any group.
4. Political Egalitarianism emphasizes equal standing in political influence, a cornerstone of democratic
governance.
5. Luck Egalitarianism, supported by leftist philosophers, seeks to differentiate between outcomes
resulting from luck and those from conscious choices in distributive justice.
6. Gender Egalitarianism envisions a society where power is equally shared between genders.
7. Racial Egalitarianism advocates for the absence of racial segregation and discrimination.
8. Opportunity Egalitarianism (or Asset-based Egalitarianism) proposes achieving equality through
resource redistribution, often through grants at adulthood.
9. Christian Egalitarianism emphasizes equality before God and promotes gender equality in church
leadership and marriage.

Socialism (Socialist Justice)

In contrast to libertarians, socialists prioritize equality as the ultimate political ideal. Socialist thinkers like
Marx and Engels contend that abolishing private property and bourgeois structures is essential for achieving
equality. Socialism advocates for public ownership of production means to satisfy human needs directly and
emphasizes equitable distribution based on contributions and needs.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Socialism:

Advantages include eliminating exploitation, poverty, and ensuring equal access to healthcare and
education. However, socialism may face challenges due to human competitiveness, potentially limiting
innovation and inviting government abuse of power.

Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system where private entities own production factors, guided by market
operations. It emphasizes profit, minimal government intervention, competition, and adaptability.
Characteristics of Capitalism:
1. Two-class system with capitalists and workers.
2. Profit motive driving production.
3. Limited government intervention.
4. Emphasis on competition.
5. Adaptability to technological changes.

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 GEN 006: ETHICS
Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalism

Capitalism encourages innovation, efficiency, and economic growth but can perpetuate inequality, neglect
those lacking competitive skills, and ignore external costs like pollution.

Now that you have the notes, start to summarize and generalize the topic on the space provided below.

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 GEN 006: ETHICS
Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Strategy Review:

Questions Answers

What was the text all about?

What reading comprehension strategy did we use?

What are the two steps in the strategy?

B.2. Skill Building Activity

Debate Activity: Exploring Justice and Egalitarianism (35 mins)
The Scenario: Imagine a society where access to quality education is determined by wealth. Private schools
offer top-notch education to students from affluent families, while public schools in lower-income areas struggle
with limited resources and overcrowded classrooms. As a result, students from privileged backgrounds have
better academic opportunities and higher chances of success compared to those from disadvantaged
backgrounds.
Debate Topic: The debate centers around the principles of justice and egalitarianism in education.
Instructions:
a. Divide the class into two teams. Team Justice and Team Egalitarianism
b. Assigned roles such as Team Captain, Speakers, and Rebuttalists. Each student should have a specific
task to contribute to the debate.
c. Each team will be given time to brainstorm arguments and gather points to support their side of the
debate.
d. Encourage the rest of the class to participate by asking questions or sharing their opinions during the
open discussion phase.
Debate Format:
● Opening Statements (2-3 minutes per team):
● Team A presents their arguments in favor of the topic.
● Team B presents their arguments against the topic.
● Rebuttals (1-2 minutes per team):
● Each team responds to the opposing side's arguments.
● Open Discussion (5-10 minutes):
● Allow students from both teams to engage in an open discussion, ask questions, and counter
arguments presented.
Criteria
1. Content
● Clear presentation of arguments and supporting evidence
● Logical organization of points and counterarguments
● Use of relevant examples and facts to support positions

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 GEN 006: ETHICS
Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

2. Delivery
● Confidence and clarity in speaking
● Use of appropriate tone and volume
● Engagement with the audience and response to questions
3. Teamwork
● Collaboration and coordination within the team
● Respectful interaction with opposing team members
● Equal participation from all team members
Scoring:
● Excellent (45-50 points): Outstanding content, delivery, and teamwork demonstrated.
● Good (35-44 points): Solid performance with clear arguments and effective delivery.
● Satisfactory (25-34 points): Adequate performance but lacking in depth or delivery.
● Needs Improvement (0-24 points): Minimal effort or significant issues with content, delivery, or
teamwork.

C. CHECK
C.1. Check for Understanding (10 mins)
Directions: Read and analyze the question and provide the appropriate answer.

Discuss within your group which of the three discussed political doctrines is the best. Why?

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D. CONCLUDE
D.1 Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the significance of egalitarianism in political philosophy?

Egalitarianism is a prevailing trend in political philosophy that advocates for some form of equality across
various aspects of society. It asserts that all human beings share inherent worth or moral status, often rooted in

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 GEN 006: ETHICS
Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

the belief that God loves all souls equally, as derived from Christian teachings. Egalitarianism encompasses
economic, moral, legal, political, gender, racial, and opportunity-based equality. Modern democratic societies
often use "egalitarian" to signal support for greater income and wealth equality among individuals, aiming to
reduce disparities and promote fairness.

2. What are the different types of egalitarianism and their focuses?

Egalitarianism manifests in various types, each emphasizing different dimensions of equality:
● Economic Egalitarianism (or Material Egalitarianism): Advocates for equal economic standing and
access to resources, aligning with foundational principles of socialism.
● Moral Egalitarianism: Asserts that equality is fundamental to justice, recognizing the equal moral worth
of all individuals.
● Legal Egalitarianism: Promotes equal treatment under the law, rejecting special privileges for any
group.
● Political Egalitarianism: Emphasizes equal standing in political influence, essential for democratic
governance.
● Luck Egalitarianism: Differentiates between outcomes resulting from luck versus conscious choices in
distributive justice.
● Gender Egalitarianism: Envisions power equally shared between genders, promoting gender equality.
● Racial Egalitarianism: Advocates for the absence of racial segregation and discrimination.
● Opportunity Egalitarianism (or Asset-based Egalitarianism): Proposes achieving equality through
resource redistribution, often through grants at adulthood.
● Christian Egalitarianism: Emphasizes equality before God and promotes gender equality in church
leadership and marriage.

3. What are the key characteristics of capitalism, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of production factors, driven by profit
motives and guided by market operations. Its key characteristics include a two-class system (capitalists and
workers), emphasis on competition, adaptability to technological changes, and limited government intervention.
Advantages of capitalism include fostering innovation, efficiency, and economic growth. However, capitalism
can perpetuate inequality by neglecting those lacking competitive skills and ignoring external costs like
pollution. Additionally, critics argue that capitalism's profit-driven nature may prioritize individual gain over
broader societal well-being, leading to socio-economic disparities and challenges in addressing societal needs
equitably.

D.2. Thinking about Learning (10 mins)

Take a few minutes to reflect on the quality of your work and effort. Use the KWL Chart to indicate the
following about our topic for today:

K – What I know, W – What I want to know, and L – What I have learned

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 GEN 006: ETHICS
Module # 18

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

D.3. Glossary of Terms

● Capitalism - a system where people or companies own businesses, trying to make money by
competing with each other.
● Economic Egalitarianism - believing that everyone should have the same amount of money and
resources.
● Egalitarianism - thinking that everyone should be treated the same, no matter what they look like or
where they come from.
● Gender Egalitarianism - wanting boys and girls to have the same chances and power in the world.
● Legal Egalitarianism - believing that all people should be treated equally under the law, without any
special treatment.
● Luck Egalitarianism - thinking that fairness means treating people differently depending on if
something happened by chance or not.
● Moral Egalitarianism - believing that everyone is equally important and deserves the same respect.
● Opportunity Egalitarianism - wanting to make sure everyone has the same chances to succeed in
life.
● Racial Egalitarianism - believing that no one should be treated differently because of the color of their
skin.
● Socialism - when the government owns things like businesses to make sure everyone has what they
need.

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.