Purity

Pure substances

Pure substances are elements or compounds.

They are made up of only one kind of entity.
They cannot be broken down into simpler entities by chemical or physical methods.
They have a fixed composition.
Example: Diamond, carbon dioxide, etc.

Mixtures
Mixtures

Mixtures are formed by just mixing two or more pure substances (components) such that
each substance retains its own chemical identity.

Heterogeneous Mixture
Types of mixtures

Types:

1. Homogeneous mixture

A mixture which has a uniform composition throughout is called a homogeneous

mixture or solution.

Examples: sugar in water, salt in water.

Heterogenous mixture

A mixture which contains physically distinct parts and has a non-uniform

composition is called a heterogeneous mixture.

Examples: Mixture of salt and iron filings, sand and sugar.

Physical vs Chemical Changes

Physical and chemical changes
 A substance is said to undergo a physical change when only the physical properties such
as the shape, size, colour or state of the substance change. No new substance is formed.
Example: Melting of ice, boiling water.
A substance is said to undergo a chemical change when a new substance with completely
new properties (physical and chemical) is formed.
Example: Burning of wood or paper, souring of milk.

Solutions
Solutions and their properties

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Properties:

Its particles are too tiny and have a diameter less than 1 nm.
The particles are not visible to naked eyes.
Particles don’t scatter a beam of light passing through it and hence do not show the
Tyndall effect..
The solute particles never settle down on keeping undisturbed.
The components of a solution cannot be separated using filtration.

Alloys

Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element that
cannot be separated into their components by physical methods.
Examples:

Steel, a combination of iron (metal) and carbon (non-metal).

Bronze, a combination of copper (metal) and tin (metal).
Brass, a mixture of copper (metal) and zinc (metal).

Concentration of Solutions
Solubility

Solubility is the property showing the ability of a given substance, which is the solute, to
dissolve in a solvent.
It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at
equilibrium.
The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
Factors Affecting Solubility:
 Temperature - Solubility increases with temperature. The situation is different for gases.
With increase in temperature, they became less soluble in each other and in water, but
more soluble in organic solvents.
Pressure - For majority of solid and liquid solutes, pressure does not affect solubility.
Solubility of gas is directly proportional to the pressure of this gas.

Types of solutions based on the concentration of the solution

Three types of solutions exist based on concentration of the solution:

1. Dilute

2. Concentrated

3. saturated solution.

Ways of representing the concentration of a solution

Concentration of a solution can be represented in many ways

(i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100

(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/ Volume of solution)×100

Suspensions
Suspension and its properties

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not

dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.

The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed.

They can be separated from the mixture by filtration.

Colloids
Types of mixtures based on particle size

Classified into:

Solution
Suspension.
colloidal solution.
Colloidal Solutions

A colloidal solution is a mixture in which the substances are regularly suspended in

a fluid.

Classified into: Foam, Emulsion, Sol

Tyndall Effect

Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by particles in a colloid or else particles in a

very fine suspension.

e.g.It can be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense forest.

Dispersed phase

The solute-like component or the dispersed particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase.

Dispersion medium

The component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known as the dispersing medium.

Aerosol

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase solid/liquid and dispersing medium gas is called
Aerosol. e.g. clouds

Foam

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase gas and dispersing medium solid/liquid is called
Foam. e.g.Shaving cream.

Sols

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase solid and dispersing medium liquid is called Sol. e.g.
Milk of magnesia, mud.

Gels and emulsions

A colloidal solution with dispersed phase liquid and dispersing medium solid is called Gel.
A colloidal solution with dispersed phase liquid and dispersing medium liquid is called
Emulsion.
Evaporation
Evaporation

The process of conversion of water into water vapour is known as evaporation.

It can be used to separate the volatile component (solvent) from its non-volatile solute.

Introduction to Separation
Separation of components of a mixture

Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their constituents by simple physical

methods.
Methods include: handpicking, sieving, filtration.

Handpicking

Sieving

Separation of Two Immiscible Liquids

Separation of mixture of two immiscible liquids
 Separation of mixture of two immiscible liquids is done by using a separating funnel.
Applications: To separate mixture of oil and water, in the extraction of iron from its ore.

Centrifugation
Centrifugation

Centrifugation uses centrifugal force for the separation of two liquids in a mixture.
Here, a denser component of the mixture migrates away from the axis and lighter
component migrates towards the axis.

Sublimation
Sublimation

Sublimation is the transition of a substance from solid phase to gaseous phase

without changing into liquid phase.

Example: Naphthalene balls undergo sublimation.

Solid undergoing sublimation

Chromatography
Chromatography

Chromatography is used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture.

It is based on the different properties of compounds in two phases: stationary and mobile
phase.
Distillation
Distillation

Distillation is a method for separating the component substances from a liquid

mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.

Used in: Production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, kerosene etc.

Fractional Distillation

Fractional Distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or

fractions by their melting points.

This is the process of separation of chemical compounds by their boiling point.

The mixture is heated to a temperature at which one or more fractions will vaporize.

Separation of Air into Its Components

Process of obtaining different gases from air

Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its components by fractional
distillation.

Fractional distillation

Crystallization
Crystallisation

Crystallisation is a separation technique in which solids are separated from a solution.

In this technique, the solvent molecules start evaporating, leaving behind the solutes
when the solution is heated in an open container.

Crystallization

Separation of substances by crystallization technique

Water Purification
Applications of crystallisation

Purification of sea water, separation of alum crystals from impure samples etc.

Elements
Elements

Elements are species of atoms which have the same number of protons in their atomic
nuclei.
Elements are represented by symbols e.g.Hydrogen (H), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Silicon (Si)
etc.

Metals
 Metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with
good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Examples: Aluminium, Copper, Iron, Tin, Gold

Metalloids

Metalloids exhibit some properties of metals as well as of non-metals.

Examples: Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium

Compounds
Nonmetals

Non-metals are brittle and are not malleable or ductile.

They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Examples: Carbon, Boron etc.

Compounds

Compounds are the substances consisting of two or more different types of

elements in a fixed ratio of its atoms.

Difference between mixtures and compounds

Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form of matter, known as a
substance.
Types: Homogeneous Mixtures, Heterogeneous Mixtures
When two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio by mass, the obtained
product is known as a compound.