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ExDG24 25

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32 views2 pages

ExDG24 25

Uploaded by

Tan Ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Marco Zambon Master in Mathematics, 2024-25

Differential Geometry

Exercises

Section 1: Differentiable manifolds

for Oct 7
1. a) Show that (R, IdR ) is a chart for the topological space R, where IdR is the identity R →
R, x 7→ x.
b) Show that (R, ψ) is a chart for the topological space R, where ψ : R → R, x 7→ x3 .

From a) it follows that R, together with the maximal smooth atlas A1 containing (R, IdR ), is
a differentiable manifold. Similarly from b) it follows that R, together with the maximal smooth
atlas A2 containing (R, ψ), is a differentiable manifold.
c) Are the differentiable manifolds (R, A1 ) and (R, A2 ) the same or are they different?
d) Are these two differentiable manifolds diffeomorphic?

2. We define the real projective space as the quotient of Rn+1 − {0} by the equivalence relation
that identifies two points if they lie on the same line through the origin. In formulae: RP n :=
(Rn+1 − {0})/ ∼, where
x ∼ y ⇔ there exists λ ∈ R : y = λx.
It is customary to denote the equivalence class of (x0 , x1 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn+1 − {0} by [x0 : x1 : · · · : xn ].
a) Show that RP n has a natural structure of smooth manifold of dimension n.
b) Show that the canonical projection π : Rn+1 − {0} → RP n , sending an element to its
equivalence class, is differentiable.
3. Let M be a smooth manifold of dimension n, and ϕ : U → ϕ(U ) a homeomorphism from an open
subset U of M to an open subset of Rn . Recall that ϕ(U ) has a canonical structure of differentiable
manifold.
Show: ϕ is a diffeomorphism iff (U, ϕ) belongs to the maximal smooth atlas of the differentiable
manifold M .
4. Let M, N be differentiable manifolds and f : M → N a differentiable map.
a) Show that the cartesian product M × N has a smooth manifold structure induced from
that of M and N .
b) Show that
graph(f ) := {(q, f (q)) : q ∈ M }
is a submanifold of M × N .
5. Let f : M1 → M2 be a smooth map between manifolds. Let N1 a submanifold of M1 and N2 a
submanifold of M2 such that f (N1 ) ⊂ N2 . Then

f˜: N1 → N2 , p 7→ f (p)

1
is a differentiable map. Here N1 has the smooth manifold structure inherited from M1 , and similarly
for N2 .
Remark: It might be useful to use the following maps (which are obviously differentiable): the
inclusion ι : Rk 7→ Rk × Rl , x 7→ (x, 0) and the projection π : Rk × Rl → Rk , (x, y) 7→ x.

Section 2: Tangent vectors


for Oct 14
6. This is an exercise about smooth maps between open subsets of Euclidean space.
a) Let τ : (−ϵ, ϵ) → Rn be a differentiable map (i.e., a smooth curve), and denote by τ ′ (0) :=
d
| τ (t) the velocity of τ at time zero. Show that
dt 0

τ ′ (0) = (D0 τ )(1),

where D0 τ : R → Rn is the total derivative of τ at 0.


b) Given a differentiable map F : Rn → Rm , show that

(Dp F )(τ ′ (0)) = (F ◦ τ )′ (0),

where p = τ (0).
Remark: It might be useful to read Appendix C (Review of Calculus) in Lee’s book, until page
647. There, for a differentiable map F : U1 → U2 where Ui ⊂ Rni is open, the total derivative of F
at p is defined, and is a linear map Dp F : Rn1 → Rn2 (the notation used there is DF (p)). It satisfies
the chain rule as in Proposition C.3. The matrix representing the total derivative is given by the
Jacobian (Proposition C.8).
7. Let M be a manifold. Let (U, ϕ = (x1 , . . . , xm )) and (V, ϕ = (y1 , . . . , ym )) be charts. Let p ∈
U ∩ V ̸= ∅. Recall that in class we defined bases { ∂x∂ 1 |p , . . . , ∂x∂m |p } and { ∂y∂ 1 |p , . . . , ∂y∂m |p } of Tp M .
Show that for every j we have
m
X ∂(ψ ◦ ϕ−1 )i
∂ ∂
|p = (ϕ(p)) · |p .
∂xj i=1
∂x j ∂y i

−1
Note: ψ ◦ ϕ−1 is a smooth map between open subsets of Rm . Above, ∂(ψ◦ϕ ∂xj
)i
(ϕ(p)) denotes the
j-th partial derivative of the i-th component of this map, evaluated at the point ϕ(p).
Recall: By definition, the basis { ∂x∂ 1 |p , . . . , ∂x∂m |p } corresponds to the standard basis of Rm under
the linear isomorphism Tp M → Rm , [γ] 7→ (ϕ ◦ γ)′ (0).
8. Show that if M, N, L are differentiable manifolds and f : M → N , g : N → L differentiable maps,
then:
a) g ◦ f : M → L is a differentiable map.
b) The chain rule holds: for every p ∈ M we have ((g ◦ f )∗ )p = (g∗ )f (p) ◦ (f∗ )p .
9. a) Let S be a submanifold of a manifold M . Show that the inclusion map i : S → M, p 7→ p is
differentiable, and that for any x ∈ S the derivative

(i∗ )x : Tx S → Tx M, [γ] → [i ◦ γ]

is injective.
Remark: Hence, identifyng Tx S with (i∗ )x (Tx S), we can regard Tx S as a linear subspace of Tx M .

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