Introduction = Network core: packet/circuit switching, internet structure compscias3 Computer Networks Professor Jim Kurose College of Information and Computer Sciences University of Massachusetts Class textbook: Computer Networking: A Top: Down Approach (6 ed.) LF Kuros epicsThe network core = mesh of interconnected routers = packet-switching: hosts break application-layer messages into packets * network forwards packets from one router to the next, across links on path from source to destinationTwo key network-core functions en a Routing: = global action: determine source- destination paths taken by packets = routing algorithms Forwarding: = aka “switching” = local action: move arriving packets from router’s input link to appropriate router output link destination address in arriving packet's headerUnited states 3 cyPacket-switching: store-and-forward Lbits per packet 321 source —___ s ay destination ~~ Rbps OR bps = packet transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps = store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link One-hop numerical example: = L=10Kbits = R= 100 Mbps = one-hop transmission delay =0.1 msecPacket-switching: queueing R= 100 Mb/s Cyc —— | Las — R= 15 Mb/s —— : g° queue of packets —- waiting for transmission over output link Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:Packet-switching: queueing A a 100 Mb/s C — ~ _ a _ D 7 ye R= 1.5 Mb/s = E : es queue of packet: - waiting for transmission ‘over output link Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time: = packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link = packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills upAlternative to packet switching: circuit switching end-end resources allocated to, reserved for “call” between source and destination = in diagram, each link has four circuits. * call gets 2 circuit in top link and 1% circuit in right link. = dedicated resources: no sharing + circuit-like (guaranteed) performance * circuit segment idle if not used by call (no — sharing) | = commonly used in traditional telephone networks g * Check out the ontine interactive exercises for more examples: hipigia.ce.unass edwlaose_rossinteraciveCircuit switching: FDM and TDM Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) = optical, electromagnetic frequencies divided into (narrow) frequency bands " each call allocated its own band, can transmit at max rate of that narrow band Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) = time divided into slots " each call allocated periodic slot(s), can transmit at maximum rate of (wider) frequency band (only) during its time slot(s) frequency frequency timePacket switching versus circuit switching example: = 1Gb/s link = each user: * 100 Mb/s when “active” * active 10% of time 1 Gbps link Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching? " circuit-switching: 10 users " packet switching: with 35 users, Q: how did we get value 0.0004? probability > 10 active at same time : is less than .0004 * A: HW problem (for those with course in probability only) * Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: hipaa. umass edulaurose_rossinteractvePacket switching versus circuit switching Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”? " great for “bursty” data — sometimes has data to send, but at other times not + resource sharing + simpler, no call setup = excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow * protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control = Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching? + “It’s complicated.” We'll study various techniques that try to make packet switching as “circuit-like” as possible. Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet switching)?Internet structure: a “network of networks” mobile network = hosts connect to Internet via access Internet Service Providers (ISPs) = access ISPs in turn must be interconnected * so that any two hosts (anywhere!) can send packets to each other = resulting network of networks is very complex * evolution driven by economics, national policies Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet structureInternet structure: a “network of networks” Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together? oe, a~ « = = = = = = < 2Internet structure: a “network of networks” Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together? = TS 37, ASSES connecting each access ISP to each other directly doesn t scale: ~ O(N?) comections.Internet structure: a “network of networks” Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP? Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.Internet structure: a “network of networks” But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ....Internet structure: a “network of networks” But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors .... who will want to be connected Internet exchange pointInternet structure: a “network of networks” .. and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs regional ISP erInternet structure: a “network of networks” ... and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users \\ = ae ISP SpInternet structure: a “network of networks” Regional ISP. fins ‘access’ access access access access access“ access access ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP. ISP ISP At “center”: small # of well-connected large networks = “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international coverage = content provider networks (e.g., Google, Facebook): private network that connects its data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPsTier-1 ISP Network map: Sprint (2019) POP: point-of-presence links to peering networks links to/from Sprint customer networks ® sertose \ \ ot heres poP or © Sint VirealPos © Landing sation = sprint network sackbone I Sprint etwork CoverageIntroduction = Network core: packet/circuit switching, internet structure compscias3 Computer Networks Professor Jim Kurose College of Information and Computer Sciences University of Massachusetts Class textbook: Computer Networking: A Top: Down Approach (6 ed.) LF Kuros epics © Video: 2020, LF kurosa A Rghs Reserved © powerpoit 1996-2020 1F Kuross, KW. Ros, Al Rights sewed