Unit -5 Numerical Differentiation and Integration

❖ Numerical Differentiation:
❖ The forward Difference Operator ∆:-
Let y=f(x)be the function of x the value of the independent variable x takes are called arguments
and the corresponding values of f(x) are called entries.
The difference between two successive values of x is called interval if the interval of differencing be
h and the first argument be 𝑥0 then

𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑥): 𝑥0 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ℎ 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + ℎ 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 + ℎ ------------

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦0 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑦1 = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑦2 = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑦3 = 𝑓(𝑥3 ) ------------

The first order forward difference of y0 is denoted as ∆y0 and defined as
∆ 𝑦0 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦0

𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 ∆ 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝐼𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑙
∆ 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛

where ∆ is called the forward difference operator and ∆y0 ,∆y1 ………are called first forward differences
of y.
The differences of the first forward differences are called second forward
differences and are denoted by ∆2 𝑦0 , ∆2 𝑦1 ,…
similarly, one can define third forward difference ,fourth forward differences
i.e 𝑒 ∆2 𝑦0 = ∆𝑦1 − ∆𝑦0
∆3 𝑦0 = ∆2 𝑦1 − ∆2 𝑦0
∆4 𝑦0 = ∆3 𝑦1 − ∆3 𝑦0
Forward difference table
𝑥 𝑦 ∆ ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 ∆6
𝑥0 𝑦0
∆𝑦0

𝑥1 𝑦1 ∆2 𝑦0
∆𝑦1 ∆3 𝑦0
𝑥2 𝑦2 ∆2 𝑦1 ∆4 𝑦0
∆𝑦2 ∆3 𝑦1 ∆5 𝑦0
𝑥3 𝑦3 ∆2 𝑦2 ∆4 𝑦1 ∆6 𝑦0
∆𝑦3 ∆3 𝑦2 ∆5 𝑦1
𝑥4 𝑦4 ∆2 𝑦3 ∆4 𝑦2
∆𝑦4 ∆3 𝑦3
𝑥5 𝑦5 ∆2 𝑦4
∆𝑦5
𝑥6 𝑦6

1
 ❖ Newton’s Forward Interpolation Formula:-
The Newton’s forward interpolation formula is
𝑥(𝑥−1) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
𝑓(𝑥0 + 𝑥ℎ) = 𝑦0 + 𝑥∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0
2! 3!
𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
+ ∆4 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + ⋯ (1)
4!
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 (1)𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑡
1 2𝑥−1 3𝑥 2 −6𝑥+2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 + 𝑥ℎ) = ℎ [∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0
2! 6
4𝑥 3 −18𝑥 2 +22𝑥−6
--- (2)
4
+ ∆ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + ⋯ ]
24

1 12𝑥 2 −36𝑥+22
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥0 + 𝑥ℎ) = ℎ2 [ ∆2 𝑦0 + (𝑥 − 1)∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] . (3)
24

1 24𝑥−36
𝑓 ′′′(𝑥0+𝑥ℎ) = ℎ3 [∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] … (4)
24

𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (2), (3) & (4)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

1 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = ℎ [∆𝑦0 − 2 ∆2 𝑦0 + 3 ∆3 𝑦0 − 4 ∆4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] …… (5)

1 11
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥0 ) = ℎ2 [ ∆2 𝑦0 − ∆3 𝑦0 + 12 ∆4 𝑦0 − ⋯ ] …… (6)

1 3
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥0 ) = ℎ3 [∆3 𝑦0 − 2 ∆4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] ……. (7)

To calculate first, second and third order derivative at initial point or near to initial point to non-tabular
value we use formula,(2),(3),and (4)and calculate first three order derivative of initial point or near to initial
point to tabular value use formula (5),(6)& (7).

❖ Backward differences :-
Let the operator ∇ is called backward difference operator.

❖ Newton’s Backward Interpolation formula:-

The Newton’s backward interpolation formula is
𝑥(𝑥−1) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
𝑓(𝑥0 − 𝑥ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) − 𝑥∇𝑓(𝑥0 ) + ∇2 𝑓(𝑥0 ) − ∇3 𝑓(𝑥0 )
2! 3!
𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
+ ∇4 𝑓(𝑥0 )
∇!
𝑥(𝑥−1) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
𝑓(𝑥0 − 𝑥ℎ) = 𝑦0 − 𝑥∇𝑦0 + ∇2 𝑦0 − ∇3 𝑦0 + ∇4 𝑦0 … .
2! 3! 4!
(1)
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝑥.
1 2𝑥−1 (3𝑥 2 −6𝑥+2) (4𝑥 3 −18𝑥 2 +22𝑥−6)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 − 𝑥ℎ) = ℎ [∇𝑦0 − ∇2 𝑦0 + ∇3 𝑦0 − ∇4 𝑦0 +. .] (2)
2! 3! 4!
⬚

1 (12𝑥 2 −36𝑥+22)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥0 − 𝑥ℎ) = ℎ2 [∇2 𝑦0 − (𝑥 − 1)∇3 𝑦0 ∇4 𝑦0 … ] …. (3)
4!

2
 1 24𝑥−36
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥0 − 𝑥ℎ) = ℎ3 [ ∇3 𝑦0 − ∇4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ]. . …. (4)
24

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (2), (3)& (4)𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

1 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = [∇𝑦0 + 2 ∇2 𝑦0 + 3 ∇3 𝑦0 + 4 ∇4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] ….. (5)
ℎ

1 11
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥0 ) = ℎ2 [∇2 𝑦0 + ∇3 𝑦0 + 12 ∇4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] ….. (6)

1 3
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥0 ) = ℎ3 [∇3 𝑦0 + 2 ∇4 𝑦0 + ⋯ ] ……. (7)
To calculate first, second and third order derivative at end point or near to end point to non-tabular value we
use formula,(2),(3),and (4)and calculate first three order derivative of end point or near to end to tabular
value use formula (5),(6)& (7).
𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑥 𝑦 ∇ ∇2 ∇3 ∇4 ∇5 ∇6
𝑥0 𝑦0
∇𝑦1

𝑥1 𝑦1 ∇2 𝑦2

∇𝑦2 ∇3 𝑦3

𝑥2 𝑦2 ∇2 𝑦3 ∇4 𝑦4

∇𝑦3 ∇3 𝑦4 ∇5 𝑦5

𝑥3 𝑦3 ∇2 𝑦4 ∇4 𝑦5 ∇6 𝑦6
∇𝑦4 ∇3 𝑦5 ∇5 𝑦6
𝑥4 𝑦4 ∇2 𝑦5 ∇4 𝑦6
∇𝑦5 ∇3 𝑦6
𝑥5 𝑦5 ∇2 𝑦6
∇𝑦6
𝑥6 𝑦6

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
∇ 𝑦1 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦0 ,
∇𝑦2 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , … … ..
∇2 𝑦2 = ∇𝑦2 − ∇𝑦1 ,
∇3 𝑦3 = ∇2 𝑦3 − ∇2 𝑦2 , … … ..

3
 Examples :-
dy d2y
1) From the following table of values of x and y, obtain and at x=1.1 and 1.6
dx dx 2
x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

y 7.989 8.403 8.781 9.129 9.451 9.750 10.031

2) Find the first derivative of the function tabulated below at the point x= 0.1 and 0.4
x: 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
y: 1.10517 1.22140 1.34986 1.49182
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
3) Find 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 2 of the function at 𝑥=1.4 and 2.2 from the table given below
X : 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Y : 4.0552 4.953 6.0496 7.3891 9.025
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
4) Find 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 2 of the function at 𝑥=1.8 and x=1.2 from the table given below

X : 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Y : 2.7183 3.3201 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496

5) Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated below at the point x=50 and x=56
x: 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
f(x): 3.6840 3.7084 3.7325 3.7563 3.7798 3.8030 3.8259
6) A slider in a machine moves along a fixed straight rod. It' s distance x cms along the rod are given in the
following table for various values of time t sec find the velocity and acceleration at t=0.6 sec
T(sec) : 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

X(cms): 30.13 31.62 32.87 33.64 33.95 33.81 33.24

7) Find the first and second derivative of f(x) at x=0.4 and 0.8 from following table
X : 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Y : 1.5836 1.7974 2.0442 2.3275 2.6510
8) Find the first three derivative of the function tabulated below at 𝑥 = 3.0 & 𝑥 = 3.8
X: 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.8 4.0
Y: -14.000 -10.032 0.256 6.672 14.000
9) Find the first three derivative of the function tabulated below at 𝑥 = 1.5 & 𝑥 = 4.5
X: 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Y: 3.375 7.000 13.625 24.000 38.875 59.000 85.125
10) Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated below at the point x=2.8 and x=2.0
x: 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
y: 2.000 5.576 9.968 15.272 21.584
11) Determine 𝑓 ′ (5) and 𝑓 ′′ (5) from the following table
X : 5 6 7 8 9 10
Y : 3.6840 3.7084 3.7325 3.7563 3.7798 3.8030

4
12) Find the first and second derivative of the function from the following table at the point 𝑥 = 1 & 𝑥 = 1.8
X : 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Y : 0 0.1280 1.5440 1.2960 2.4320 4
′ (1) ′ (1.3)
13) Find 𝑓 and 𝑓 from the following table
X : 1 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
Y : 1 1.0247 1.0448 1.0723 1.0954 1.1180 1.1401
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
14) From the following table of values of x and y obtain 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1.2
X : 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Y : 2.7183 3.3201 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891 9.0250
15) Find the first three derivative of the function tabulated below at 𝑥 = 0.01 & 𝑥 = 0.06
X: 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Y: 0.1023 0.1047 0.1071 0.1096 0.1122 0.1148
′ (1) ′′ (1)
16) Find 𝑓 and 𝑓 for the following data points
X : 0 2 4 6 8
Y : 4 8 15 7 6
17) Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated below at 𝑥 = 1.2
X: 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8
F(x): 1 2.6491 5.6176 10.6831 18.8176 31.1875 49.1536
18) Find the first three derivative at x=1.2 and x= 2.0 from the following table
X: 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
F(x): 0 0.128 0.544 1.296 2.432 4.000
19) Use the data given below find 𝑓(1.8) & 𝑓′(1.8)
X: 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Y: 0.3989 0.3537 0.2420 0.1295 0.0590

20) Find the first three derivative of the function tabulated below at 𝑥 = 3
X: 0 10 20 30 40

Y: 19.96 39.65 58.81 77.21 94.61

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
21) From the following table find 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1.15

X : 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Y : -1.62628 0.15584 2.45256 5.39168 9.12500 13.83072
22) A curve is passing through the points whose x & y coordinates are given
Below, finds the slope of the tangent to the curve at x=1 and x=5
X : 1 2 3 4 5

Y : 2.38 3.65 5.85 9.95 14.85

5
 ❖ Sterling’s Central Difference Interpolation formula :-
To calculate derivative at central value to tabular
value use central difference formula.
❖ Central Difference formula∶-
𝑥 𝑦 ∆ ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 ∆6
𝑥−3 𝑦−3
∆𝑦−3
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 ∆2 𝑦−3
∆𝑦−2 ∆3 𝑦−3
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 ∆2 𝑦−2 ∆4 𝑦−3
∆𝑦−1 ∆3 𝑦−2 ∆5 𝑦−3

𝑥0 … … 𝑦0…………. ………. ∆2 𝑦−1 ………... ∆4 𝑦−2 ………. ∆6 𝑦−2 ……

∆𝑦0 ∆3 𝑦−1 ∆5 𝑦−2

𝑥1 𝑦1 ∆2 𝑦0 ∆4 𝑦−1
∆𝑦1 ∆3 𝑦0
𝑥2 𝑦2 ∆2 𝑦1
∆𝑦2
𝑥3 𝑦3

The Stirling central difference interpolation formula is

∆𝑦0 +∆𝑦−1 𝑥2 𝑥(𝑥 2 −1) ∆3 𝑦−1 +∆3 𝑦−2 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 −1)
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦0 + 𝑥 [ ]+ ∆2 𝑦−1 + [ ]+ ∆4 𝑦−2 + ⋯
2 2! 3! 2 4!
------(1)

𝑑𝑦 1 ∆𝑦−1 +∆𝑦0 1 ∆3 𝑦−2 +∆3 𝑦−1 1 ∆5 𝑦−3 +∆3 𝑦−2

𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ [ −6 + 30 + ⋯ ] ------(2)
2 2 2

𝑑2 𝑦 1 1 1
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = = ℎ2 [∆2 𝑦−1 − 12 ∆4 𝑦−2 + 90 ∆6 𝑦−2 + ⋯ ] (3)
𝑑𝑥

Examples:-
1) Find 𝑓 ′ (0.16) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′′ (0.16) from the table given below
X 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
Y 0 0.12 0.49 1.12 2.02 3.20 4.67
2) Find the first and second derivative of f(x) at x=1, from the following table
X : -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y : 104 17 0 -1 8 69 272
3) Find the first and second derivative of y at x=0.04, from the following table:
x: 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
y: 0.1023 0.1047 0.1071 0.1096 0.1122 0.1148 0.1172
4) Find 𝑓 ′ (5.2)& 𝑓 ′′ (5.2)from the following table

6
 X : 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Y : 134.29 148.413 164.022 181.272 200.337 221.400 244.692
5) Find first and second derivative of the function tabulated below at x=1.15
X : 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
F(x) : 1.0000 1.0247 1.0488 1.0723 1.0954 1.1180 1.1401
6) Find the first & second derivative at x=4 from the table given below
X : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Y : 10.23 10.47 10.71 10.96 11.22 11.48 11.72
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
7) From the following table find 𝑎𝑛𝑑 at x=1.6
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

X : 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

Y : 2.7183 3.3201 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891 9.0250
8) From the following table find the slope of the tangent to the curve at x=1 where curve passes through
these point

X : 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Y : 0.6442 0.7174 0.7833 0.8415 0.8912 0.9320 0.9636
9) Use Stirling’s formula to find velocity and acceleration at t=0.6 sec from the following table
X : 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Y : 0.0 0.12 0.48 1.10 2.0 3.20 4.72
10) A slider in a machine moves along a fixed straight rod. It' s distance x cms along the rod are given in the
following table for various values of time t sec find the velocity and acceleration at t=0.3 sec
T(sec) : 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

X(cms): 30.13 31.62 32.87 33.64 33.95 33.81 33.24

7
❖ Numerical Integration:-
𝑏
let 𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 be the area bounded by the curve y=f(x)and x-axis in between the co-ordinates
x=a and x=b.
Let the interval [a,b] be divided in to n equal subintervals such that
𝑎 = 𝑥0 < 𝑥1 < ⋯ < 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏, Clearly 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥0 + 𝑛ℎ
The Newton's cote' s Integration formula is
𝑥 𝑛 𝑛(2𝑛−3) 𝑛(𝑛−2)2
𝑛
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛ℎ [ 𝑦0 + 2 ∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ⋯ ]
12 24

❖ Trapezoidal Rule:-
Put n=1 in Newton's cote' s Integration formula and neglecting second and higher order term ,
we get
1𝑥 1
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ (𝑦0 + 2 ∆ 𝑦0 )
1𝑥 1 ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ [𝑦0 + 2 (𝑦1 − 𝑦0 )] = 2 (𝑦0 + 𝑦1 )
Similarly,
2𝑥 ℎ
∫𝑥1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ]
2
In general
𝑛 𝑥 ℎ
∫𝑥𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑛 ]
Combining all these, we obtain the rule
𝑥𝑛
ℎ
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑦 + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦𝑛 ]
2 0
𝑥0
Which is known as Trapezoidal Rule.
𝟏 𝒓𝒅
❖ Simpsons One third [( ) ]Rule :-
𝟑
𝑟𝑑
Simpsons (1⁄3) rule is obtained by putting n=2 in Newton's cote' s Integration formula
2𝑥 ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑦0 + 4𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ]
3

1 𝑟𝑑
In general Simpsons (3) rule is

𝑥 ℎ
∴ ∫𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑦0 + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ 𝑦𝑛−2 ) + 𝑦𝑛 ]
0 3

𝑥 𝑛 ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [ (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒) + 4(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠) + 2(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠)]

𝟑 𝒕𝒉
❖ Simpsons Three Eight [( ) ]Rule :-
𝟖

𝟑 𝒕𝒉
Simpsons(𝟖) rule is obtained by putting n=3 in Newton's cote' s Integration formula

3𝑥 3ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑦0 + 3𝑦1 + 3𝑦2 + 𝑦3 ]
8

3 𝑡ℎ
In general Simpsons (8 ) rule is

8
 𝑥𝑛 3ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [ (𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 2(𝑦3 + 𝑦6 + ⋯ ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ )]
8

𝑥 𝑛 3ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 8
[( 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠) + 2(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3)+

3 ( 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠)]

Examples: -
2 1
1) Evaluate the integral ∫1 𝑑𝑥 taking h=0.2 by using Trapezoidal rule.
1+𝑥 2
3 1 3 𝑡ℎ
2) Evaluate the integral𝐼 = ∫0 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule & Simpsons (8) rule take h=0.5
6 1 3 𝑡ℎ
3) Evaluate the integral𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule & Simpsons (8) rule take n=6
1+𝑥
7 1
4) Evaluate ∫2 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 by dividing the interval (2,7) into 5 equal parts using trapezoidal rule, compare with its
actual value.
6 1 3 𝑡ℎ
5) Evaluate the integral∫0 𝑑𝑥 using Simpsons (8) rule find the error with the exact value
1+𝑥 2
6 1
6) Evaluate the integral∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule taking n=6 compare with its actual value.
𝑟𝑑 𝜋
7) Using Simpsons (1⁄3) rule approximate ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 dx using n=8.
𝑟𝑑 0.6
8) Use Simpsons (1⁄3)
2
rule to find ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by taking seven ordinates.
1

 (sin x − log x + e )dx

x
9) Evaluate by using Simpsons Three Eight Rule. Taking n=8
0.2

10) Evaluate from the following table the area bounded by the curve , x- axis and the lines x=1,x=4 using
Trapezoidal Rule.
X 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Y 2 2.4 2.7 2.8 3 2.6 2.1
11) Find from the following table the area bounded by the curve and the x-axis from x=7.47 and x=7.52
𝑥 = 7.47 & 𝑥 = 7.52
𝑥 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52
𝑓(𝑥) 1.93 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06
12) Solid of revolution is formed by rotating about the x-axis the area between the x-axis the line x=0 & x=1
1 𝑟𝑑
and a curve through the points with the following co-ordinates by Simpsons (3) rule estimate the volume
of the solid formed.
X 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y 1.0000 0.9896 0.9589 0.9089 0.8415
1 1
13) Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 correct to the four decimal places h=0.25 by using trapezoidal
1+𝑥
& Simpson Rule.
5.2 1 𝑟𝑑
14) Evaluate the integral 𝐼 = ∫4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule & Simpsons (3) rule take n=6 OR
5.2 1 𝑟𝑑
Evaluate the integral 𝐼 = ∫4 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule & Simpsons (3) rule take n
15) A curve passes through the points as given in the table. Find the area bounded by the curve
the x axis x=1 & x=9
X : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Y : 0.2 0.7 1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 3 𝑡ℎ 𝜋
16) Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝜃 by Simpsons (8) rule taking ℎ =
5+4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 6

9
 1.4 3 𝑡ℎ
17) Compute value of∫0.2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 using Simpsons (8) rule Divided range into six equal
parts
1.4 1 𝑟𝑑
18) Compute value of∫0.2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 using Simpsons (3) rule Divided range into six equal
parts.
3 𝑟𝑑
19) Evaluate the integral∫−3 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 by using Simpsons (1⁄3) rule.
31 𝑟𝑑
20) Evaluate the integral ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . by using Simpsons (1⁄3) rule with 4 strips and 8 strips. Comment on
the result.

10