Unit 15 – Innovation

Nhóm 5 - LT6

Part1
1. Overview of U15?
Unit 15 is about Innovation.The focus of the article is the importance of innovation
for businesses. Businesses can innovate in various ways such as launching products
with new features, providing improvements to existing services, introducing more
effective business practices and finding new markets and sources of supply. About
the reading text, this unit talks about Alberto Alessi’s secret to success, which is the
borderline between the success and failure, and his advice to enjoy your glorious
failures to achieve great breakthroughs. To turn failure into success, he had passion
for what he was doing and was willing to take risks and deal with the challenges as
well. Besides, we know more about some phases included in the process of
developing new products like imagining, development, manufacturing, business
analysis and launch. It is also useful when we discover great innovators, broaden our
knowledge of how to give negative, or positive feedback and praise for other
individual performances. Finally, the content of the dilemma is prize pitch, the section
discusses researching and turning creative new ideas into business ventures for a
prize.
Part 2
2. Do you think what innovators have done could change the way we think and
live?
Absolutely, Innovators have played an important role in shaping the way we think
and live.Their inventions and ideas have led to advancements in many areas:
 Innovation in technology: The technological innovations of the digital
revolution, such as personal computers, the internet and smartphones, have
radically changed the way we access information, communicate and conduct
our lives every day. We now have unprecedented connectivity and access
technology at any time.
 Innovation in medical science: Breakthroughs in medical science, such as
the development of vaccines and life-saving treatments, have extended and
improved and quality of life.
 Advances in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics are opening up
new frontiers that are likely to lead to dramatic changes in the future - perhaps
even in the way we enhance the human experience.
In conclusion, innovations canchanged the way we socialize, work and entertain
ourselves. Innovators have the power to shape the future and drive positive change
that impacts every aspect of our lives.
3. Do you think the work of great innovators has any effect on our lives?
There is no doubt that the achievements of great innovators have a profound
impact on our daily lives.
In fact, innovation can affect our lives in two main ways:
- Increased efficiency and convenience: Innovations often streamline processes and
make tasks easier to complete. For example, the invention of the washing machine
freed up countless hours previously spent on manual laundry, while smartphones
enabled instant access to information and communication, fundamentally changing
the way we stay connected.
 - Open up new opportunities: Disruptive innovations can completely transform what
is impossible. For example, space exploration has pushed the boundaries of human
knowledge and opened the door to new scientific discoveries.

In short, there is no denying that the constant innovation of great minds has shaped
the world we live in today, making our lives more efficient and convenient..

Part 3

1. Explain the title “pushing the limits” in relation with innovation (borderline
between success and failure)
The title "push limits" in the context of innovation refers to the idea of exploring
the boundary. It shows the willingness to take risks and adventure into the territory
that has not been discovered in pursuing new, breakthrough and progressive
discoveries.
 Discover the border between success and failure:
Pushing the limits means that it is ready to take risks of calculated and
adventurous into unknown things, in which the opportunity is higher but the potential
for breakthrough success is also greater.
 Successful renewal people are often those who are not afraid to fail and learn
from their mistakes, use them as a stepping stone towards greater
achievements.
- Hold on unknown and uncertain things:
 Pushing the limits in innovation means being comfortable with unknown and
uncertain things. Innovative efforts are often related to the discovery of
unsatisfied territories, where the results are not guaranteed and the path to
success is not always clear.

 Take advantage of the potential of new technologies and techniques:

+ Pushing the limits in innovation may also be related to taking advantage of the
capabilities of emerging technologies, tools and techniques to achieve what was
previously thought to be impossible or unrealistic. Innovation houses have the ability
to identify and take advantage of these new opportunities that can push the
boundaries of what can achieve and create breakthrough progress.

In short, the title "push limits" in the context of innovation reflects the willingness to
take risks to be successful.

2. How important is innovation to doing business?

Innovation is incredibly important to doing business, regardless of the industry
or size of the company for the following reasons:
 Gain competitive advantage: Innovation allows businesses to differentiate
themselves from competitors. Whether it's through product features, service
delivery, or operational efficiency, companies that innovate are often able to
stay ahead of the competition.
 Satisfy customers’ unlimited needs: Customer preferences and market
dynamics are constantly evolving. Businesses that innovate can adapt to
these changes more effectively, ensuring that they continue to meet the
needs and expectations of their customers.
  Improve revenue growth: Innovation can lead to the development of new
products, services, or business models, which can open up new revenue
streams and opportunities for growth. It allows businesses to tap into new
markets or expand their existing market share.
 Cut cost: Innovation isn't just about creating new things; it's also about finding
better and more efficient ways of doing things. By innovating processes,
technologies, or supply chains, businesses can often reduce costs and
improve their bottom line.
Overall, innovation is essential for businesses to stay relevant, competitive,
and successful in today's fast-paced and dynamic marketplace.

3. In what ways can businesses innovate themselves?

Businesses can innovate themselves in various ways, depending on their industry,
goals, and resources. Here are several ways businesses can innovate themselves
 Launching products with new features: This type of innovation involves
creating and introducing new products or enhancing existing ones with novel
features or functionalities. It could require incorporating cutting-edge
technology, addressing unmet customer needs, or introducing unique design
elements. For instance, a smartphone manufacturer might release a new
model with enhanced camera capabilities to attract customers seeking
advanced photography experiences.
 Providing improvements to existing services: Innovation in services
involves refining and enhancing existing offerings to better meet customer
needs or improve efficiency. For example, a ride-sharing company might
innovate by introducing features such as real-time ride tracking, improved
driver training programs, or personalized loyalty rewards to enhance the
overall customer experience.
 Introducing more effective business practices: Innovation in business
practices focuses on optimizing internal processes, workflows, and strategies
to drive efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. This could involve
implementing new technologies, adopting active practices, or redesigning
organizational structures. For instance, a manufacturing company might
innovate by implementing lean manufacturing principles to minimize waste,
reduce production costs, and enhance product quality.
 Finding new markets and sources of supply: Innovation in market
expansion involves identifying and tapping into new customer segments,
geographic markets, or supply chain sources to reduce dependency on
existing markets. This could involve market research, strategic partnerships,
or product diversification. For example, a food manufacturer might innovate by
entering emerging markets in developing countries or sourcing ingredients
from sustainable suppliers to appeal to environmentally-conscious
consumers.
Overall, these several ways enable businesses to drive innovation and remain
competitive in the marketplace.
4. Give some examples of products that were genuinely innovative when
they were launched.
Some popular innovative products that were groundbreaking upon their release:
 Apple iPhone: When the first iPhone was introduced in 2007, it
revolutionized the smartphone industry by combining a mobile phone, an
iPod, and an internet communication device into a single touchscreen device.
 Its intuitive interface and multi-touch capabilities set a new standard for
smartphones.
 Google Maps: Google Maps, launched in 2005, revolutionized digital mapping
and navigation. It offered detailed maps, real-time traffic information, and turn-
by-turn directions, becoming an indispensable tool for millions of people
worldwide.
 Netflix: Initially a DVD rental-by-mail service in 1997, Netflix disrupted the
home entertainment industry by introducing its streaming service in 2007. It
allowed users to instantly stream movies and TV shows, paving the way for
the widespread adoption of online video streaming.
 Google Search: Google's search engine, launched in 1997, offered a more
accurate and efficient way to find information on the internet. Its innovative
algorithm and minimalist design quickly made it the go-to search engine for
millions of users.
 Uber: Uber, founded in 2009, introduced a convenient and innovative ride-
hailing service. By connecting passengers with drivers through a smartphone
app, Uber disrupted the traditional taxi industry and transformed the way
people commute in many cities globally.
5. What phases are included in the process of developing new products?
The process of developing new products can be divided into following different
phases:
 Imagining: In this phase, the concept for a new product is generated. It
involves brainstorming, market research, and identifying potential customer
needs or gaps in the market. The goal is to come up with innovative ideas and
concepts that have the potential to meet customer demands or solve specific
problems.
 Development: Once an idea is selected, the development phase begins. This
involves transforming the concept into a tangible product design. It includes
detailed engineering, prototyping, and testing to ensure that the product
meets the desired specifications and functions effectively.
 Manufacturing: After the product design is finalized, the manufacturing phase
begins. It involves setting up production processes, sourcing raw materials,
and establishing manufacturing facilities or partnerships. This phase focuses
on efficiently producing the product at scale while maintaining quality
standards.
 Business Analysis: Before launching the product, a thorough business
analysis is conducted. This includes evaluating the market potential,
estimating costs and profitability, assessing competition, and conducting
market research to understand consumer preferences and demand. The goal
is to ensure that the product has a viable market and a solid business case.
 Launch: The launch phase involves introducing the product to the market. It
contains activities such as marketing campaigns, distribution channel setup,
sales training, and creating awareness among potential customers. Its
purpose is generating excitement, creating demand, and driving initial sales
for the product.
Each of these phases is crucial in the development of new products, as they
contribute to the successful introduction of innovative and marketable products.
 Unit 14– LOGISTICS
Nhóm 5 - LT6

Part1
1. Overview of U14?
Unit 14 is about logistics. This unit looks at smart logistics which retail logistics are
associated with the supply chain to reduce cost in overstocking. Thanks to
improvements in the freight industry as well as consolidators and integrator help
goods moved quickly and effectively. Besides, we know more about smart tags that
a new technology in retail business. It can be used to manage shelves in
supermarkets or to track goods moving along the supply chain. As a result,
increased sales and savings are made for retailers and consumer goods firms.
However, some consumers might be concerned about privacy.The concern is
foreseen and addressed so smart tags are the best thing since the barcode.
Moreover, we also know how to use the passive sentences. Finally, this unit
mentioned to solve the problem about supermarket chains and give some questions
about the proposed action.
Part 2
2. Do you think you will object to buying goods with smart tags? Why/ why
not?
There are many supporters of smart tags because they bring benefits for both
companies and consumers. For retailers and consumer goods firms, these tags
translate into increased sales opportunities through personalized recommendations
facilitated by real-time data on customer preferences and purchase history.
Additionally, the implementation of smart tags significantly reduces shipment
problems by enabling more accurate inventory management throughout the supply
chain. This, in turn, minimizes errors in product delivery and enhances operational
efficiency. Moreover, smart tags contribute to reduced stocks by providing precise
insights into product demand, allowing companies to optimize their inventory levels
and reduce unnecessary storage costs. On the consumer side, smart tags bring
about tangible advantages such as improved after-sale services. These tags
streamline warranty claims and return processes by providing quick and accurate
information, enhancing overall customer satisfaction. Furthermore, smart labels play
a crucial role in anti-counterfeiting efforts, as they offer unique digital identifiers that
consumers can use to authenticate products, ensuring authenticity and safeguarding
against counterfeit goods. Overall, the adoption of smart tags heralds benefits for
both companies and consumers alike, optimizing operations, enhancing customer
experiences, and bolstering trust in product authenticity.
Many people refuse to buy tagged items for the following reasons. Firstly, concerns
regarding unwanted tracking loom large, as purchasers fear their movements and
actions could be monitored without their consent. This potential invasion of privacy
raises apprehensions about personal freedom, particularly if individuals feel they
cannot freely navigate stores without being tracked. Additionally, the complexity of
procedures in case of mistakes poses a significant challenge. Consumers worry
about how they would rectify errors, such as incorrect billing, in a system reliant on
smart tags. The lack of clarity or accessibility in addressing such issues can lead to
frustration and erode trust in the technology. Moreover, the widespread adoption of
smart labels raises concerns about the impact on employment. With the automation
of checkout processes, there's a risk of job displacement for checkout staff,
contributing to a higher unemployment rate. This scenario not only affects
individuals' livelihoods but also exacerbates societal pressures, potentially leading to
economic strain and social unrest. Overall, these concerns underscore the need for
careful consideration and transparent communication regarding the implementation
of smart tag technology to address consumer apprehensions and ensure a balanced
approach that respects both privacy and economic stability.

3. The tags should be on the packaging rather than on the products and they
should be clearly visible and easily removable. Do you think the above
measures that retailers should take to protect consumers would work? Why/
why not?

Placing tags on packaging rather than on the product, keeping tags visible and easy
to remove, can be an effective way to preserve consumer consumption. However,
this measure has certain limitations. Packaging marking offers the following
advantages. When tags are placed on packaging, they can be designed to
complement the product's branding and overall aesthetic. This can create a more
visually appealing shopping experience for consumers. On the other hand, it allows
for simple disassembly: clear, easy-to-remove labels help consumers separate
without damaging the goods. However, this approach has limitations, including the
risk of fraud. Fraudulent sellers may use fake or easily copied brands to advertise
lower quality items to increase profits. At the same time, implementing a new tagging
system could increase costs for retailers, leading to price increases for consumers.
Overall, packaging tagging is a potential improvement, but a more comprehensive
approach is needed to effectively protect consumers.

Part 3

1. Why is logistics named as “invisible industry”?

Logistics plays a crucial role in industries such as energy, food, and medicine.
However, it is often overlooked due to two factors. To begin, we can't observe the
flow of products from raw materials to finished goods, nor can we see what people
are doing in the process since it is a long-term process that occurs over a vast region
from several locations. As we can see, some corporations have manufacturing in
one nation and retail locations in another, so we don't know how things are carried
and managed along the way. Second, if all goes round, we will be unable to observe
the management. For example, if you're in a restaurant and you can't see how it's
functioned.What you see is the service, the food whether delicious or bad, the waiter
and waitress, the decoration and the music, but you don’t see the manager. It’s a
kind of back-office activity. Customers come to see them only when anything goes
wrong, is lost, or a mistake occurs with the shipment; at that point, they might
request to meet the person in charge.

2. What is “smart tags”? Give an example of smart tags application.

 Smart tags are electronic tags, attached to an object for the purposes of
managing shelves in supermarkets or tracking goods moving along the supply
chain.
 An example of smart tags application: RFID
  RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) systems are made up of readers and
microchips attached to antennas that use radio waves to wirelessly identify
and track objects or people.
 When the tag nears a reader, it broadcasts the information contained in its
chip. RFID readers gather information from RFID tags and transmit it to a
computer system for processing. This information may include the unique
identification code of the RFID tag, the time, and the location where the RFID
tag was read.Then, the computer system receives the information from the
RFID reader and processes it to serve specific purposes. The information
collected from RFID can be used for tracking goods in the supply chain,
managing inventory, controlling access, and various other applications.
 In supply chain management, RFID systems can track and manage inventory
in real-time, improving the efficiency of supply chain operations, reducing
manual errors, and enabling better inventory visibility. For retail, RFID
technology can be used for inventory management, theft prevention, and
improving the customer experience by enabling faster checkout processes.
Moreover, they also track and manage assets such as vehicles, containers, or
high-value equipment in industries like logistics, manufacturing, or
construction.
3. What are the advantages of using smart tags?
 Smart tags have become indispensable in retail logistics because of their
undeniable advantages:
 Extra sales: For retailers and consumer goods companies, smart labels help
them boost sales and save big costs such as labor costs and error-related
costs because buying tagged items allow companies to manage shelves in
supermarkets or to track goods moving throughout the supply chain. Besides,
this technology can be integrated with customer data and analytics to deliver
personalized offers and recommendations. By tailoring promotions based on
individual preferences and purchase history, smart tags can effectively upsell
and cross-sell products, driving additional sales.
 Reduced stocks: By providing real-time insights into inventory levels and
demand patterns, they support businesses optimize their stock levels,
minimize excess inventory and financial losses associated with stagnant
goods.
 Anti-counterfeiting: Smart tags provide enhanced security features and
capabilities that traditional tags or labels lack. With digital identifiers such as
NFC, RFID or QR codes, consumers or retailers can easily identify the
product’s authenticity through comparing the information stored in a smart tag
with the manufacturer’s database.
4. What are disadvantages of using smart tags?
 Many people refused to buy tagged items for the following reasons:
 Unwanted tracking: Smart tags, such as RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) tags can be used to track items and monitor their movement.
However, some individuals may have concerns about privacy and unwanted
tracking. They may worry that their personal information could be captured or
that their movements could be monitored without their consent after they
leave the store.This can be particularly concerning in scenarios where the
tags are embedded in personal belongings or wearable devices.
 Complicated procedure in case of mistakes: If there is an error or mistake in
the tagging process, it can be challenging to rectify. For instance, if an
 incorrect or faulty tag is assigned to an item, it might lead to misidentification
or incorrect data recording. Correcting such mistakes can involve complex
procedures, such as locating the item, removing or replacing the tag, and
updating the associated database or system. The potential complications and
time-consuming nature of these processes may discourage some individuals
or organizations from using smart tags.
 Unemployment rate: Smart tags can automate certain processes and tasks,
potentially leading to job displacement. For example, in industries where
manual scanning or tracking of items is required, implementing smart tags
could eliminate the need for human intervention. This can result in job losses
for individuals who were previously responsible for those tasks. Concerns
about unemployment and the impact on livelihoods may lead some people to
avoid adopting smart tag technologies.
5. What measures retailers should take to protect consumers from losing
privacy?
 Retailers play a crucial role in protecting consumers from losing privacy and
maintaining their trust. Here are some measures that retailers can take to
protect consumers from privacy breaches:
 Implement strong data security measures: Retailers should invest in
robust data security systems to protect consumer information. This
includes using encryption techniques, secure servers, firewalls, and up-
to-date antivirus software to prevent unauthorized access to customer
data.
 Collect only necessary information: Retailers should collect and
retain only the information that is essential for business purposes. They
should avoid requesting sensitive information unless absolutely
necessary, and clearly communicate the purpose and scope of data
collection to consumers.
 Consumer Consent: Retailers must obtain explicit and informed
consent from consumers before collecting and using their personal
information. This can be done through an opt-in mechanism, where
consumers actively agree to share their data and understand how it will
be used.
 Regularly audit and evaluate data processing practices: Retailers
should conduct regular internal audits to identify and address any
potential gaps in their data processing processes.
6. What would you do to deal with difficult questions?

 When faced with difficult questions, several strategies are used to solve them
effectively:
 Clarifying the question: If the question seems vague or unclear,
politely ask for clarification. This will ensure that you understand the
question accurately and can give an appropriate answer.
 Break the question down: If the question seems complex or multi-
faceted, break it into smaller parts. Address each section individually to
provide a comprehensive answer.
 Be honest: If you don't know the answer or are unsure about a
particular topic, it's better to admit it rather than provide inaccurate or
misleading information.
  Offer alternative perspectives: Some questions may not have a
straightforward answer because they involve subjective opinions or
multiple perspectives. In such cases, you can present different
perspectives or approaches.
 Clear: Try to give clear and concise answers to difficult questions,
avoid using overly technical language that can confuse the questioner.

UNIT 13: COMMUNICATION

Part1
1. Overview of U13?
This unit is about communication.This unit looks at the enormous changes in
communication that have taken place in the modern world and the resulting
challenges and different forms of communication: email, voicemail and press
releases. Changes in IT mean that thanks to email, voicemail and mobile
phones, we now communicate in a completely different way than we did a few
decades ago.The article also provides information about information overload
and how we deal with it. Furthermore, this unit also shows how to use email
effectively. The dilema part-"spinning the truth" (manipulating a message to
create a certain effect instead of simply giving information). In this activity, we
learn how to create a media crisis to shape public opinion and direct
companies towards more positive things.
Part 2
2. Do you think forms of communication such as email has any disadvantages
or not?
Email is definitely a terrific way to remain in touch with consumers and coworkers
because of the benefits it provides users. Email is a useful form of communication
that allows us to remain in touch with others, but it also has certain drawbacks. For
starters, it might elicit emotional responses such as frustration or rage since people
who send us emails do not always take the time to proofread them before sending
them, resulting in misunderstandings. wrong. Second, we may experience
information overload as a result of too many individuals sending too much
information at the same time, particularly if some emails contain irrelevant or spam
content. Finally, emails can include viruses. These are little programs that can hurt
your computer system. They can read your email address book and send emails to
many people around the world. In summary, using email has many benefits but it
also has some limitations that users should consider.
Part 3
1. What is INFOGLUT?
Infoglut refers to a situation where we're bombarded with so much information, it
becomes overwhelming. It's not just about the amount of information, but also the
difficulty of finding what you actually need because it's not well-organized.
Here's a breakdown of the term:
Info - short for information
Glut - an excessive amount.
2. Why is INFOGLUT a problem?
 Information overload refers to the excessive amount of information available to
individuals, often to the point where it becomes difficult to effectively process and
make sense of it. This can be considered as a problem because infoglut cause some
negative impacts:
 Lower productivity: With the volume of information bombarding us daily, it's
challenging to maintain attention on any one thing for an extended period.
This overload can lead to decision paralysis or difficulty in prioritizing tasks,
ultimately slowing down productivity. Besides, infoglut is a source for
companies that encouraged the development systems to produce, store, and
analyse in the long term, but constantly checking emails, social media, or
news updates can interrupt workflow and decrease focus.
 Increased stress and mental health damage : With the development of
intelligent technology, information presents on many platforms such as social
media, computer, smart phone ; therefore, individuals may feel overwhelmed
by the sheer volume of data to process. Moreover, workers have to consume
and take action on hundreds of messages with the same content and even
fake news, which makes them heighten stress levels and affect their mental
health.
 Imbalance between the work life and personal life: Because of the huge
amount of information that needs to be processed at work, each individual will
not have much time to spend with themselves and their families and relax
after a working day.
3. What are the main causes of Infoglut?
Infoglut can created by some factors:
 The development in IT and telecommunications: The rapid proliferation of
digital technology has made it easier than ever to create, access, and process
information. The internet, social media, smartphones, and other digital
devices have democratized content creation and distribution, leading to an
explosion of available information.
 Overusing: With the utilities that social platforms like computer, smart phone,
email, voicemail, faxes bring, users can freely access and post a large
amount of data whenever and where, thereby the amount of information is not
controlled and causes information overload.
 Content advertising and marketing: Businesses and organizations can take
advantage of telecommunications such as email to invest heavily in content
marketing to attract and engage audiences.This has led to an explosion of
branded content across various digital channels, adding to the overall volume
of information available to consumers. Besides, it can be frustrating for
customers who don't want to care about that content and interrupt some
important information.
4. Can you suggest some solutions to the problem of INFOGLUT?
Coping with infoglut requires developing effective strategies to manage the
overwhelming volume of information inundating our daily lives:
 Identifying and prioritizing information: Companies should focus on gathering
data that directly contributes to their goals and decision- making process. This
involves limiting the time spent on digital devices and social media , allowing
for periods of uninterrupted focus and relaxation.
 Turning email into an effective way to run business:
Ensure that emails are concise, clear, and professional by using a
professional email address, include a clear subject line, and structure emails
 with paragraphs for easy readability. Clearly communicate expectations,
deadlines, and action items to avoid confusion. Furthermore, consider using
email management tools or plugins to enhance productivity and organization.
These tools can help automate tasks, schedule emails, track responses, and
prioritize important messages.
 Striking the balance between work life and personal life: By establishing clear
boundaries between work and personal time and defining specific work hours
and sticking to them as much as possible. Avoid checking work emails or
taking work-related calls during personal time, unless absolutely necessary.
5. How have developments in IT changed the way people communicate?
Developments in IT have significantly transformed the way people
communicate. Here are some key ways in which IT has impacted communication:
 Instant communication: Email, instant messaging, and social media platforms
allow individuals to exchange messages, share information, and engage in
real-time conversations instantly. This has revolutionized the speed and
efficiency of communication.
 Global connectivity: The Internet has connected people from different parts of
the world in a way that has never been possible before. Through email, video
calls, voice calls and social media, individuals can communicate with others
regardless of geographical barriers, promoting cross-cultural understanding
and cooperation.
 Multimedia: Advances in IT have enabled the integration of many different
types of media into communication platforms. This includes sharing photos,
videos, voice messages and documents, enhancing the richness and
efficiency of communication.
=> Overall, developments in IT have made communication more efficient,
convenient, and diverse, empowering individuals and organizations to connect and
collaborate in ways that were previously unimaginable.
6. What tips on writing effective emails do you know?
Writing effective emails is important for communicating clearly and building
professional relationships. Here are some tips for writing effective emails:
 Be clear and concise in Subject Line: The subject line should accurately
summarize the content of the email in a few words. This helps recipients
understand the purpose of the email at a glance and encourages them to
open it.
 Use specific and relevant content: Check you’ve given all the relevant
information.Be specific about what you are asking or communicating to avoid
confusion. Include relevant dates, times, and other pertinent information to
facilitate understanding.
 Use a professional tone: Don’t be too informal when writing to superiors or
people outside the company, eg. Got your order, will give it to the guys at
dispatches. For example, you should use "Dear’’ or ‘’Hello’’ followed by Name.
Don’t use pronouns out of context, eg. I asked them and they agree.
 Respond effectively: When answering emails use the reply button, this helps
the receiver put your mail into context as the subject line will be repeated with
'’RE’’ in front of it and the original message may be included. Besides, never
simply yes or no without repeating the context.
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fax as a form of
communication?
Fax is a technology that allows the transmission of printed or handwritten
documents over a telephone line. While fax was widely used in the past, its
popularity has declined with the advent of digital communication methods. Here are
the advantages and disadvantages of using fax as a form of communication:
 Advantages of Fax:
 Reliability: Fax provides a relatively reliable method of communication. Once
a document is successfully transmitted, a confirmation page is typically
printed, providing assurance that the intended recipient received the
document. Moreover, Fax is considered more secure than email since it does
not rely on the Internet and third- party servers.
 Wide accessibility: Fax machines are still present in many offices and
organizations, making it a relatively accessible form of communication.The
process of sending and receiving faxes is simple and does not require
advanced technical knowledge.
 Legal Validity: In some industries, faxed documents hold legal validity and
are considered more secure than electronic signatures or email
communications. This can be especially important for contracts, legal
documents, or important information.
 Disadvantages of Fax:
 Slow Transmission: Faxing documents can be time-consuming, especially
for large or complex files. The transmission speed is limited by the
technology, and it may take several minutes or even hours to send or receive
documents.
 Many costs: Maintaining a fax machine, including purchasing paper, ink, and
maintenance, can incur ongoing costs. Additionally, long-distance fax
transmissions may result in additional charges, depending on the service
provider.
 Lack of Versatility: Fax is primarily used for transmitting printed or
handwritten documents. It does not support real-time communication, such as
voice or video calls, and it cannot transmit multimedia content like images or
videos.
=> Overall, while faxing has certain advantages like document preservation and wide
accessibility, its disadvantages such as slow transmission, physical limitations, and
cost have led to its declining popularity in favor of more efficient and versatile digital
communication methods.
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of telephone as a form of
communication?
Telephone communication has been a cornerstone of human interaction for over a
century, offering both advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages:

 Real-time Communication: Telephone enables instant communication,

allowing parties to exchange information quickly and efficiently, overcoming
the barrier of physical distance.
 Clarity and Tone: Unlike written communication, telephone allows for tone of
voice, intonation, and emotion to be conveyed, enhancing understanding and
reducing misunderstandings.
  Personal Connection: Hearing someone's voice adds a personal touch to
communication, fostering stronger relationships and connections compared to
text-based interactions.
 Immediate Feedback: Telephone conversations facilitate immediate
feedback, enabling prompt resolution of issues and clarification of questions.
 Accessibility: Telephones are widely available and easy to use, making them
accessible to individuals across different age groups and levels of
technological literacy.

Disadvantages:

 Lack of Non-verbal Cues: Unlike face-to-face communication, telephone

lacks non-verbal cues such as body language and facial expressions, which
can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations.
 Limited Record Keeping: Telephone conversations are ephemeral and not
easily documented unless recorded, making it difficult to refer back to specific
details or agreements.
 Inefficiency for Complex Information: Complex or detailed information may
be better conveyed through written communication, as it allows for careful
formulation and reference.
 Potential for Interruptions: Telephone conversations can be interrupted by
noise, poor connection quality, or other distractions, disrupting the flow of
communication.
Overall, while telephone communication offers immediacy and personal connection,
it also has limitations in conveying nuanced information and can be affected by
technical and environmental factors. Its effectiveness depends on the context and
purpose of communication.
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of text messaging as a form
of communication?
Since the invention of the mobile phone, texting has become a common method of
communication and sometimes the most preferred method. Its simplistic nature and
ease of use continue to attract more people into this popular mode of communication.
Texting, like all other methods of communication, comes with its advantages and
disadvantages
Advantages:

 Convenience: Text messaging is extremely convenient, allowing individuals

to communicate quickly and asynchronously without the need for immediate
responses.
 Accessibility: Almost everyone with a mobile phone has access to text
messaging, making it a widely accessible communication method.
 Documentation: Text messages provide a written record of communication,
making it easy to refer back to previous conversations and retrieve important
information.
 Non-intrusive: Unlike phone calls, text messages do not require an
immediate response, allowing recipients to respond at their convenience
without interrupting their workflow.
 Global Reach: Text messaging can reach individuals across the globe,
making it an effective tool for international communication without incurring
high costs.
Disadvantages:

 Lack of Tone and Context: Text messages often lack tone of voice and
context, leading to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of the sender's
intent.
 Limited Expressiveness: Text messages have a character limit, which can
restrict the sender's ability to express complex ideas or emotions effectively.
 Delayed Responses: While text messages offer convenience, they can also
result in delayed responses, especially if recipients are busy or unable to
check their messages promptly.
 Dependency on Technology: Text messaging relies on mobile networks and
devices, making it susceptible to technical issues such as network outages or
device malfunctions.
 Privacy Concerns: Text messages can be intercepted or hacked, posing
privacy risks if sensitive information is shared through this medium without
encryption or proper security measures.

Overall, text messaging offers unparalleled convenience and accessibility but may
lack the richness of other forms of communication such as face-to-face interaction or
phone calls. Its effectiveness depends on the nature of the communication and the
relationship between sender and recipient.

10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of post as a form of

communication?
Certainly, let's explore the advantages and disadvantages of using postal mail as a
form of communication:
Advantages:

 Tangible and Personal: Unlike electronic communication, postal mail offers a

tangible and physical form of communication, which can create a sense of
personal connection between sender and recipient.
 Formal and Official: Postal mail is often perceived as more formal and
official compared to electronic communication, making it suitable for legal
documents, contracts, and formal correspondence.
 Permanent Record: Postal mail provides a permanent record of
communication, as letters and packages can be archived and stored for future
reference, providing a paper trail if needed.
 Reliability: Despite the prevalence of electronic communication, postal
services are generally reliable and have established networks for delivering
mail, even to remote or rural areas.
 No Dependency on Technology: Postal mail does not rely on technology or
electricity, making it a dependable form of communication during power
outages or technical disruptions.

Disadvantages:

 Time-Consuming: Postal mail can be slow, especially for long-distance or

international delivery, requiring several days or even weeks for
correspondence to reach its destination.
  Limited Speed and Urgency: Unlike electronic communication, postal mail
lacks the immediacy of email or instant messaging, making it unsuitable for
urgent or time-sensitive messages.
 Cost: Postal mail can be costly, especially for international or expedited
delivery, and postage rates may vary depending on the size, weight, and
destination of the mail.
 Environmental Impact: Postal mail contributes to paper consumption and
waste, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, making it
less environmentally friendly compared to electronic communication.
 Risk of Loss or Damage: Postal mail is susceptible to loss, damage, or theft
during transit, which can result in important documents or correspondence
being misplaced or compromised.

In summary, postal mail offers a tangible and formal means of communication with a
permanent record but may be slower, costlier, and less environmentally friendly
compared to electronic alternatives. Its suitability depends on factors such as
urgency, formality, and the preferences of the sender and recipient.

UNIT 12: LOBBIES.

Part 1
1. Overview of U12?
Unit 12 is about Lobbies. This unit looks at lobbying organizations such as
charities, pressure groups and industry groups. Besides, we also know more about
the methods of lobbying used such as: demonstrations, petitions, litigation, boycotts
and celebrities. It also mentions free trade and fair trade; a typical example in the
article is that lobbies demand the government to increase trade with African
countries because they recognize that trade between developed and less developed
economies allows poorer countries to improve their economies. However, rich
nations used tariff barriers against imports from poor countries. Understanding that,
in democracies, the government would take the vote’s opinion seriously, charities
tried to attract voters to sign petitions to do fair trade with the poor by using
celebrities. Moreover, we know how to organize a campaign with main objectives,
key messages, information and questions to release news. And finally, it’s worth
mentioning that the good way to influence people's opinions is to find points they
agree with and then build on these to make your case.
Part 2
Requirements:
Answer the question by paraphrasing the question into your own words
Give at least 2 supporting ideas in your answer
Wrap up your answer or make a conclusion at the end of your answer
2. Do you think you will support for a non-profit-making project? Why/ why
not?
I strongly believe in supporting a non-profit-making project due to several reasons
that highlight their significance and potential to create a positive impact on society.
Firstly, non-profit organizations are primarily focused on addressing critical issues
and concerns that may not receive adequate attention from profit-driven entities. By
supporting these projects, we can contribute to the betterment of communities, the
environment, and various sectors that require our collective effort and resources.
Secondly, non-profit projects often rely on volunteers and donations, which fosters a
sense of community and shared responsibility. This collaborative approach allows
individuals to actively participate in positive change and witness the direct effects of
their support on the intended beneficiaries. It also encourages transparency and
accountability, as the funds and resources are directed towards the intended
purpose without the influence of profit motives. Additionally, these plans are often
more adaptable and innovative in their approach, as they are not bound by the
constraints of generating profits. This flexibility enables them to explore and
implement novel solutions to complex problems, which may not be possible within
the confines of a profit-driven organization. Lastly, supporting non-profit-making
projects allows us to promote social justice, equality, and sustainability. By
contributing to these initiatives, we can help bridge the gap between the privileged
and underprivileged, ensure access to essential resources and opportunities, and
contribute to the preservation of our environment for future generations. In
conclusion, from my perspective, supporting non-profit-making projects is crucial for
creating a more equitable, sustainable, and prosperous world. By actively
participating in these initiatives, we can make a meaningful difference and contribute
to the collective well-being of society and the planet.
3. Do you think celebrities should get involved in international politics and
economics? Why/ why not?
In modern life, celebrities can be used popularly for many different purposes such
as advertising and marketing. Besides, they should engage in international politics
and economics for several reasons. Firstly, they help people raise awareness of the
issue. Celebrities have great influence on the public, so they can draw attention to
the society and social media, which means no matter where they go or what they do,
they will be found. And this is a free form of advertisement so that they can make
people focus on important global issues like poverty, climate change, or human right
abuses. Next, famous people can lobby governments and organizations to change
their policies and behavior to meet critical people's demand because they have a
large number of fans. Therefore, their petitions to the government can be considered
because there is a great amount of people who support them. For example, Donald
Trump, was known as a billionaire entrepreneur and TV producer, is the 45th
President of the United States, or some film stars from Bollywood such as Jaya
Bachchan, Raj Babbar and a few others became serious politicians. Lastly, celebrity
involvement can attract donations and support for charitable causes, so the standard
of living can be improved, diseases reduced and economic growth. To conclude, it is
necessary that influencers should be involved in international politics and economies
in order to achieve many benefits for society and the public.
4. Do you think demonstration is a waste of time? Why or why not?
Nowadays, there are many demonstrations breaking out all over the world for the
benefit of people and in my opinion they don’t need to spend the time because
matches and sit-ins don’t work effectively in some countries. Firstly, people are not
allowed to express their opinions freely and hold large groups of protesters. The
government also uses violence against the crowd, so they may be heavily fined for
violating community rules on public order and security. Moreover, demonstrations
can sometimes escalate into violence or chaos, which not only puts participants at
risk but also diverts attention from the core message they aim to convey. This can
lead to a negative perception of the cause and hinder the possibility of finding
common ground for resolving issues. Lastly, the time and resources invested in
organizing and participating in petitions could be better utilized in alternative, more
productive ways. Engaging in constructive conversations with decision-makers,
volunteering in community-building initiatives, or exploring other forms of activism
can be more effective in creating lasting change. In summary, demonstrations can
be seen as a waste of time due to the disruptions they cause, the questionable
effectiveness in achieving long-term change, the potential for escalation into
violence, and the alternative, more productive ways to channel time and resources.
5. Do you think corruption is inevitable in politics? Why or why not?
Corruption is not unavoidable in politics, but it is a pervasive problem that
demands continual awareness and collaborative efforts to overcome. While power
asymmetries, a lack of transparency, and institutional deficiencies can all contribute
to corrupt activities, effective anti-corruption measures and accountability systems
can be put in place. Governments can reduce corruption while upholding democratic
ideals by promoting openness, enforcing ethical norms, establishing independent
oversight agencies, and cultivating an integrity culture. However, eradicating
corruption takes long-term political commitment, public participation, and
international cooperation to address core causes and remove established networks
of corruption.

6. Do you think money is the only measure of success? Why or why not?
Success has many facets and is subjective, involving aspects like social effect,
personal fulfillment, and service to the greater good. As such, money is not the only
metric of success because it is multidimensional and subjective, including personal
fulfillment, social effect, and commitment to the larger good. While financial
prosperity might give opportunities and material luxuries, true success encompasses
emotional well-being, meaningful connections, personal progress, and the realization
of one's objectives and ideals. Success can also be defined by one's influence on
others, capacity to overcome obstacles, and legacy or service to society. As a result,
comparing success exclusively with financial prosperity ignores the breadth and
diversity of human experience and fails to convey the achievement.

Part 3
1. What is “lobby”? Give examples of lobby campaigns you know.
 Lobby (n): is a group of people with similar interests who try to persuade a
government or a decision - maker that a particular policy should be changed.
 Lobby (v): to try to persuade a politician, the government, or an official group
that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be
changed. (Cambridge dictionary)
 Examples of lobby campaign:
 Environmental Lobbying: Environmental advocacy groups often lobby
for policies aimed at combating climate change, protecting endangered
species, promoting renewable energy, and preserving natural habitats.
 Healthcare Lobbying: Lobbying in the healthcare sector encompasses
a wide range of issues, including access to healthcare, drug pricing,
insurance regulations, and public health initiatives.
  Lobby for animal rights: Animal rights organizations can lobby for laws
to protect animals from cruelty, banning certain practices such as
testing animals or raising them for their fur and promoting animal
welfare.
2. What are the methods of lobbying? Describe them in detail.
There are five main methods to lobby.
 Demonstration: when a group of people march or stand together to show that
they disagree with or support something or someone.
 Petition: a document signed by a large number of people demanding or
requesting some action from the government or authority.
 Litigation: taking legal action against companies or institution
 Boycotts: refusing to buy products and services from a targeted company
 Celebrities: using famous people to raise public awareness of a cause.
3. What can you say about the relationship between government, charities and
celebrities?
 The relationship between government, charities, and celebrities can be
multifaceted and impactful in various ways:
 Government Support for Charities: Governments often provide support
to charities through grants, contracts, tax incentives, and partnerships.
This support can help charities fund their programs and services,
address social needs, and achieve their missions more effectively.
 Celebrities as Advocates: Celebrities frequently use their public
platforms and influence to raise awareness about social issues and
support charitable causes. Through endorsements, fundraising
campaigns, and public appearances, celebrities can draw attention to
important issues, mobilize public support, and generate donations for
charities.
 Funding: Government grants and programs can be a source of funding
for charities.
 On the other hand, there can also be challenges and controversies associated
with this relationship. Some critics argue that celebrities may overshadow the
mission of the charity or exploit their involvement for personal gain.
Additionally, government funding for charities can sometimes come with
strings attached, leading to concerns about political interference or the co-
opting of charitable organizations for government agendas.
4. Clarify fair trade and free trade.
 Fair trade and free trade are two different approaches to international trade,
each with its own principles, objectives, and implications.

Fair trade Free trade

 Definition:  Definition:
Fair trade is a way of buying and Free trade is an international
 selling products that makes buying and selling of goods,
certain that the original producer without limits on the amount of
receives a fair price. goods that one country can sell
to another, and without special
taxes on the goods bought from
a foreign country.

 Trade: Trade happens among

businesses and individuals  Trade: Trade happens among
various countries.

 Purposes:
 Helping producers in developing  Purposes:
countries ạchieve better trading - Promoting economic efficiency:
conditions and to promote Free trade aims to maximize
sustainability. economic efficiency by allowing
 Ensuring fair prices for resources to be allocated
producers: Fair trade aims to according to comparative
provide producers, typically in advantage. By enabling countries
developing countries, with fair to specialize in producing goods
and stable prices for their goods. and services in which they have
 Promoting sustainable practices: a competitive advantage, free
Fair trade encourages trade can lead to increased
environmentally sustainable productivity, lower prices, and
farming and production methods, higher economic growth.
such as organic agriculture and - Stimulating competition: Free
conservation practices. It seeks trade encourages competition by
to minimize the environmental exposing domestic industries to
impact of trade and support long- international competition.
term ecological balance. - Expanding consumer choices:
Free trade provides consumers
with a wider variety of goods and
services at lower prices.
 Focuses on:
 Maintaining the human rights of
the workers by promoting good  Focuses on:
working conditions and paying
 Reducing the barriers against
fair wages to them.
trading among various countries.

 Step:
 Step:
 Ensuring that not overburden the
workers and producers and  Changing policies and
provide enough wages. regulations to make trade easier.
 Regulations:  Regulations:
 It involves certain regulations so
 the firms do not take advantage
of the workers and producers.  It involves fewer regulations for
the free flow of goods and
services.
 Example:
Fair trade certification
organizations, such as Fairtrade  Example:
International and Fair Trade
Free trade agreements, such as
USA, set standards and monitor
the North American Free Trade
compliance to ensure that
Agreement (NAFTA) and the
products labeled as "fair trade"
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),
adhere to these principles.
are negotiated between countries
to reduce trade barriers and
promote economic integration.

5. Clarify obligations and guidelines.

The primary difference between obligations and guidelines lies in their nature,
enforceability, and the consequences associated with adherence or non-adherence.
 Nature:
 Obligations are duties, responsibilities, or commitments that individuals or
entities have towards others, themselves, or society. They often stem from
formal agreements, laws, or social expectations.
 Guidelines, on the other hand, are recommendations, rules, or principles that
provide direction, structure, or a framework for action. They are not as binding
as obligations and are often created to achieve specific goals or maintain
fairness.
 Enforceability:
 Obligations are generally more enforceable, as they may be backed by legal
consequences, contractual penalties, or social expectations. Non-compliance
with obligations can lead to legal action, loss of reputation, or other negative
outcomes. Guidelines, however, are more flexible and may not have
immediate or direct legal consequences for not following them.
 Consequences:
 Obligations typically have more significant and direct consequences for non-
compliance. For example, breaking a contractual obligation may result in
financial penalties, while neglecting a legal obligation could lead to legal
action.
 Guidelines, in contrast, may not have immediate or direct repercussions for
not following them. However, not adhering to guidelines may lead to less
efficient outcomes, reduced effectiveness, or negative perceptions in certain
situations.
6. What do you learn about charitable groups?
Charitable organizations are those dedicated to charitable efforts that address
social, humanitarian, or environmental issues. Charitable organizations frequently
provide assistance, resources, and support to disadvantaged people, communities in
need, or problems that require attention. These organizations are often nonprofits
that support and carry out their programs through donations, grants, and volunteers.
Charitable organizations range in size, purpose, and method, from local grassroots
organizations to big worldwide non-governmental organizations (NGOs). They may
provide humanitarian aid, healthcare, education, environmental conservation,
disaster relief, and advocate for social justice. Overall, philanthropic organizations
play an important role in resolving societal issues and fostering positive change,
frequently acting as catalysts for community growth and empowerment.

UNIT 10 : COUNTERFEITING
Part 1
1. Overview of U10?

Unit 10 is about counterfeiting. This unit looks at globalization of deceit.

Digitalisation and the internet have made it easier in expansion of reproducing
and distributing quality counterfeit products. Moreover, the article discusses
about copyright infringement which is becoming a serious problem but
companies ignore it. Counterfeiting not only affects business promotion, but it
also incurs expenses for anti-counterfeiting. Besides, we can know more
about the music industry losing millions because of file sharing systems which
allow the free downloading on the net. We also learn about how to give
reasons by using appropriate expressions and how to show feelings in an
argument. And one more important thing is dilemma: The golden couple
shows us decide who should pay for all legal costs in stealing the confidential
inclusive wedding images.

Part 2
2. Do you think the effects of file-swapping technology on the music
industry are the reasons for its poor performance?

The poor performance of file-swapping technology can be attributed to its

effects on the music industry.

File-swapping technology has definitely impacted the music industry

landscape, but blaming its bad performance primarily on this basis simplifies a
complex problem.

1. Change in income sources: Traditional record sales have decreased as

a result of file-swapping technologies, but new revenue streams like
digital downloads and streaming services have also been made
possible. These sites are now significant revenue streams for record
labels and artists, casting doubt on the idea that the industry's dismal
performance is entirely the result of file-swapping technology.
2. Adaptation and innovation: The music industry has demonstrated
adaptability to the digital age by embracing new technology and
 economic models. Many artists and labels have used social media,
internet platforms, and live performances to connect with their
audiences and make cash. This adaptability suggests that, while file-
swapping technology presented obstacles, it also encouraged
innovation and diversification in the sector.

In conclusion, even though file-swapping technology has significantly changed

the music industry, this is not the only reason for its subpar performance. The
problems facing the sector are complex and call for a sophisticated grasp of
societal, technological, and financial changes in order to be solved.

Part 3
1. What is counterfeiting?
 Counterfeiting refers to the activity of copying or intimating the original
of something without the perpetrator having permission to do it and with
the intention to deceive or defraud such as bank notes, DVDs, or official
documents.
2. Why is counterfeiting on the increase?
Nowadays, counterfeiting has become a global problem. We can catch sight
of fake products anywhere from clothing, handbags, medicine, or electrical
items, and even food, it seems that counterfeiting is on the rise and may be
hard to stop.
Counterfeit goods are on the rise for many reasons, including:
 The increase of consumers’ demand: In modern society, particularly in
developing countries, counterfeiting gives consumers access to lower-
price products that they might not otherwise be able to afford. Moreover,
many fake goods do have a good quality, so a great number of
consumers, especially females, can seek out cheap products but similar
to the authentic designer goods to keep up with the fashion trend.
Therefore, the market for fake goods has expanded.
 The development of technology and digitization: Digitization and the
Internet have made it easier than ever to mass reproduce and distribute
quality counterfeit products. Thanks to technology, the copycats can
imitate a large number of fake products, which are almost
indistinguishable from the genuine article. The Internet also has a great
help to counterfeiters, giving them detailed information about goods to
copy and allowing them to link to customers and suppliers easily.
 High Profits: Counterfeiting can be a lucrative business. Counterfeiters
can sell their products and save much money at a fraction of the cost of
the real thing, leading to high profits. It is also a reason why they
produce more and more fake goods.
In conclusion, despite having negative effects not only on legal businesses but
also on consumers, counterfeiting still continues and is copying an ever-
widening range of products.
3. What excuses can you give for the purchase of fake products?/ How
does counterfeiting benefit consumers?
 Counterfeit goods benefit consumers, especially in developing
countries, by giving them access to lower-priced goods, such as
medicines, that they might not otherwise be able to afford . Consumers
will get almost the same quality at a much lower price than the high
price of the genuine product.
 Some people may not be able to afford genuine products, so
purchasing counterfeit products allows them to enjoy the same products
at a more affordable price.
4. What infringements are more serious than others?
 Infringements that involve violations of fundamental rights or result in
significant harm to individuals or society are typically considered more
serious than others.
 For example, intellectual property infringement that results in significant
financial loss for companies or individuals from counterfeiting, which
pose a long-term threat to their profitability and lead to negative
reputation because it is considered as less exclusive or confused with
fake imitations.
 For consumers, fake goods can affect their health. That means it can
lead to injuries, deaths and illnesses for users. Especially food, drink,
medicine, cosmetics. To illustrate, there are many people who buy poor
quality medicines that are widely advertised on the market. As a result,
not only do they not get cured, but they also suffer from many other
diseases due to counterfeit products .
5. What are the most serious consequences of counterfeiting?
There are a large amount of negative impacts of counterfeit products on the
economy and the different objectives.
 To legitimate businesses: It poses a threat to the long-term profit for
companies and a harm to the trust of their investors and suppliers
because they can be considered as less exclusive or confused with fake
goods. Therefore, that can lead to huge financial losses for them and
affect the reputation of the authentic ones.
 Counterfeit goods can lead to job losses in legitimate industries, as well
as lead to the closure of small businesses that cannot compete with
counterfeit goods.For example, 17 120 jobs were lost in the European
Union in just one year due to competition from cheaper counterfeits.
  Harm to consumers: Counterfeit products often lack quality control
measures and may not meet safety standards, putting consumers at
risk of harm or injury and posing a threat to health such as cancers,
infectious disease.
 To the government : In addition to lost revenues and negative
reputations, counterfeiting immeasurably impacts the employment rates
in many other countries around the world.Moreover, companies that
manufacture counterfeit goods don’t always take environmental rules
into account, which can have a serious impact on the local environment.
The destruction of seized goods is especially an expensive process that
creates a great deal of waste.
6. What measures should be taken to fight against counterfeiting?
 For the government : Currently, sanctions against fake, counterfeit and
poor quality goods are still light, causing many businesses making
counterfeit goods to be willing to be fined when discovered. Therefore,
The government should pass and enforce stricter anti-counterfeit laws,
with stiff penalties for those involved in the production and distribution of
counterfeit goods.
 For companies : Borrowing from security devices developed for use on
dollar bills are clearly visible and are intended to help consumers
distinguish fakes from genuine goods. Moreover, tracking their products
through the supply chain and to distinguish genuine articles from fakes,
they also need to take the copycats to court. In addition, companies
should collaborate with industry associations and organizations to share
information, best practices and resources to combat counterfeiting.
 For consumers : Consumer education campaigns can help raise
awareness of the dangers of counterfeit goods and help consumers
recognize genuine products. Resolutely say no to fake, counterfeit and
poor quality goods.

7. How to present an argument effectively?

To present an argument effectively, we should know how to :

 Identify your purpose and audience: Before you start crafting your
argument, you need to define your purpose and audience. What are you
trying to achieve with your argument? What are the main points you
want to convey? Who are you addressing and what are their
expectations, interests, and objections? By answering these questions,
you can tailor your argument to suit your specific goal and context.

Part 1: Overview
Unit 9 is about recruitment . This unit looks at the recruitment process. An effective
method that companies applied is speed hiring in a short time at minimum cost. A
typical example is Bellagio hotel which managed successfully to recruit the large
number of workers in the article: A full house. By using this technique, they
implemented 3 steps: screening, interviewing and checking. Moreover, we can know
more about the different types of job interviews and different types of questions
which the candidates were asked. Besides, the unit also points out the information
that should be included on the CV when applying for a position, how to make a small
talk and close a conversation at the right moment and in the right way as well as
attitudes to personal space and a case study related to Bellagio interview.

Part 2: Imagine you were given responsibility for hiring several thousand
employees for a new hotel in a short period of time. How would you
organize the recruitment process?

Hiring staff is a vital and quite difficult task in the business. If I were in charge
of employing thousands of workers for a new hotel in a short amount of time, I
would set up the hiring process according to the “speed hiring” method. Speed
hiring refers to a technique implemented by many countries to speed up the
recruitment process in short time and at low cost through online application
and HR system including three rounds:

- To begin with, instead of spending time and money training staff to receive
and manage many paper forms, I will review information that the candidates
have filled in online application forms on the computer; therefore, I can assess
applicants’ communication skills and overall demeanor in order to shorten the
time to move on the next step - interview.

- Come the interviews, I will ask the applicants several behavioral questions
and use a PC embedded in their desktops to evaluate the answers on a rating
sheet and the scores are fed into the database. Through this stage, I can
choose the suitable applicants quickly for the final round - checking.

- At a background check, after a manager clicks on CONDUCT

BACKGROUND CHECK, law - enforcement officials will receive candidates’
applications online and check their employment and education history. Then I
will make the final decision if applicants pass the drug test by creating an
electronic personnel file and payroll forms which decrease paper work for HR
people.

—> From my perspective, speed hiring is an effective method which helps

companies save money and key resources. Therefore, businesses should use
this technique reasonably to make great savings and hire the best candidates.

Part 3

1. In what ways can companies employ new workers?

- Companies can employ new workers through various ways, including:

  Direct hiring: Companies can directly hire new workers by advertising
job openings, collecting applications or resumes, and conducting
interviews to select suitable candidates.
 Job portals and online platforms: Companies can post recruitment
information on job portals, career websites, and social media platforms
to attract potential candidates. The online platform allows companies to
reach a wider audience and receive digital applications.
 Recruitment and headhunting agencies: The company can cooperate
with recruitment or headhunting agencies to find suitable candidates.
These agencies have expertise in candidate sourcing and screening
and can help companies identify the best talent for specific job roles.
 Internship and apprenticeship programs: Companies can create
internship and apprenticeship programs to attract young talent. These
programs give students or recent graduates the opportunity to gain real-
world experience while companies evaluate their skills and future
employment potential.

2. Can you describe the process of SPEED HIRING?

SPEED HIRING is a new way of hiring that allows companies to hire a large
number of staff quickly and at a low cost by using an online recruitment
system.

- The first comes the screening in which candidates’ communication skills and
overall demeanor are assessed to be shortlisted for the interview.

- Next, the speed interview with a set of behavioral questions to check how the
candidates deal with different situations and the scores are achieved within 30
minutes.

- To make the final decision, recruiters will then get candidates’ background
checked by law enforcement officials who receive application files online.
Once candidates pass the drug test, their information will be transmitted from
the application database to the new hire database to become the new
members of the organization.

=> Speed hiring saves time and money by empowering HR people and
reducing the amount of HR transactions, making recruitment more efficient for
the company.

3. What are the roles of Human Resources in SPEED HIRING?

In SPEED HIRING, the roles of Human Resources (HR) are crucial, as they
play a significant part in facilitating and managing the entire process. Some of
the roles of HR in SPEED HIRING include:

- Planning and preparation: HR identifies the hiring needs, job requirements,

and desired candidate profiles. They work closely with the hiring managers
and departments to understand the necessary skills and qualifications for the
role.

- Screening and shortlisting: HR screens the initial pool of candidates to

identify the most suitable ones for the SPEED HIRING event. This involves
reviewing resumes, evaluating qualifications, and conducting phone or video
interviews to gauge their compatibility with the role and the company's culture.

- Event coordination: HR is responsible for organizing, scheduling, and

coordinating the SPEED HIRING event. They arrange the logistics, reserve
the venue, ensure technology and equipment are in place, and manage all
necessary arrangements for a smooth event experience.

- Follow-up and decision-making: HR assists in the follow-up process after the

SPEED HIRING event. They coordinate with the hiring managers to review
feedback, compare evaluations, and make decisions regarding the candidates
selected for further interviews or job offers.

4. How would you prepare yourself for the SPEED HIRING process?

There are a few things to note to prepare for a quick recruitment process:

 Research the company: Become familiar with the organization's

products, services, mission, values, and recent news. This will
demonstrate your interest and help you tailor your skills and experience
to their requirements.
 Review the job description: Understand the qualifications,
responsibilities and skills needed for that position. Identify your own
strengths and experiences that make you a good fit.
 Research common interviewing techniques: The agile hiring process
may involve unique and quick questions, behavioral assessments, or
group activities. Get familiar with these techniques to be better
prepared.
 Conduct a self-assessment: Identify your strengths, weaknesses, and
areas that need improvement. Think about how you can effectively
present your experience and skills during a quick interview process.
 Practice time management: The recruiting process is often fast-paced,
requiring you to think and respond quickly. Practice answering
questions concisely but comprehensively in a short time frame.

5. What should be included in a CV?

A CV (Curriculum Vitae) usually includes the following sections:

 Personal information: Name, contact information (phone number, email

address and sometimes address).
 Personal statement or objectives: A brief summary highlighting your
goals, skills and professional qualities.
  Employment history: Each previously held job titles, along with company
names and the duration of employment for each, dates of employment,
and a description of your responsibilities and achievements in each role.
 Qualifications: List your education level, including degree title, name of
educational institution, number of years of study and main course
components
 Skills: Highlight relevant skills, such as technical or professional
abilities, spoken languages, computer proficiency, leadership skills, etc.
 Achievements and awards: Mention any significant achievements or
recognitions you received during your studies or professional career.
 Personal interests: sports, languages and other hobbies.

6. What kinds of interviews may a job- seeker attend?

There are three main kinds of interviews:

- Traditional interview : This is usually just a series of standard questions

about qualifications, work experience, knowledge and expectations. So what
you have here is basically a list of quite straightforward questions.

- Case interview : which is particularly challenging. What happens here is that

the interviewer presents a problem and then follows this with a series of
questions to find out how the candidate would approach the problem.
Candidates must be able to analyze the problem logically, formulate
appropriate questions and communicate effectively with the interview.

- Behavioral interview : It’s designed to find out how candidates actually

behave in certain situations. The questions are usually based on anecdotes
from the candidate’s own past. They are designed to find out about how the
candidates handled tricky situations and relationships in the past.

7. How to make small talk effectively?

- Conversation about things that are not important, often between people who
do not know each other well. (Cambridge dictionary)

- To make small talk effectively, consider the following tips:

 Choose a topic that is appropriate and interesting for both parties, such
as the weather, hobbies,..This helps to establish a connection and keep
the conversation going.
 Be genuinely interested: Show genuine interest in the other person by
actively listening, asking open-ended questions, and maintaining eye
contact.
 Be a good listener: Pay attention to what the other person is saying and
respond appropriately. Avoid interrupting or shifting the conversation
back to yourself.
  Practice empathy: Try to understand the other person's perspective and
emotions. This can help you respond in a more understanding and
engaging manner.
 Be mindful of non-verbal cues: Pay attention to the other person's body
language and adjust your own accordingly. This can help create a more
comfortable and relaxed atmosphere.
 Use open-ended questions: Ask questions that cannot be answered
with a simple "yes" or "no." This allows the conversation to flow more
naturally.

Unit 8: Finance
Part 1:
1.Overview of Unit 8.
Unit 8 is about Finance.This unit focuses on different types of financial statements,
creative accounting and the ahold financial scandal. Investors and employees have
experienced huge losses which is caused by poor management and unacceptable
accounting practices. This has led to demand for stricter corporate governance.
Moreover, the article titled “ Europe’s Enron ” discusses Ahold's financial disaster,
which should cause European corporations to demand accounting and corporate
governance, similar to what the United State did following the Enron’s scandal.
Besides, we can know more about how to make the profit and loss account ( P&L)
statement and creative accounting which companies often use to attract investors
and talented employees. We also learnt about adjectives and adverbs used in how to
describe graphs or charts, how to use the phrases to draw the listener’s attention to
particular details and how to make an impressive and formal presentation in using
attitudes and visual aids at work. And one more thing is important is the dilemma:
Counting the costs show us how, what, why to do this and review the company
policy or budget allocation.
Part 2:
2. If you were a potential shareholder, would you feel confident in investing in
a company which has a promising retained profit? Why or why not?
As I know, retained profit or retained earnings refers to the portion of a business'
earnings that it keeps after taking shareholder dividends into account. It can be
found on a company’s balance sheet under the equity section. It is an important
matter for investors and analysts as it provides insight into a company’s financial
strength and growth potential. A company that retains a higher percentage of its
profits may be viewed as having a stronger financial position as it has more money
to invest in future growth opportunities.
So, If I were a potential stakeholder, I am ready to invest in a company which has a
promising retained earnings. Because it brings several benefits for me:
-First of all, I can check the current financial situation of the business. Seeing the
financial statements, they can provide me with information about revenues,
expenses, profitability, debt load and ability to meet its short-term and long-term
financial obligations. Therefore, I can realize the company’s strengths and
weaknesses to decide whether to continue putting money into that business or not.
-Secondly, I can see the return of investment. It is undeniable that every investor
expects to receive an amount of return when they decide to invest in any company.
As a shareholder, I want regular income in the form of dividends after I contribute
capital to the business and also expect my interests to come first when the company
makes a profit.
-> In conclusion, I would like to put money in a business which has a promising
retained profit because when it earns profit, it is able to pay for the company’s
shareholders and I can return investment from this.
3. Do you think of any other famous financial scandals?
Financial scandals are a serious problem for businesses, governments and investors
around the world.
1. In my knowledge, in recent days, Vietnam is facing its largest banking scandal,
with the recent arrest of real estate developer,Truong My Lan who was accused of
embezzling around 304 trillion dong. On November 17, the 79-year-old chairman of
Van Thinh Phat Group embezzled money from Saigon Commercial Bank( SCB ),
where she was a majority stakeholder. Over several years, Truong allegedly
operated over 1000 domestic and foreign subsidiaries and shell companies, securing
more than $ 43 billion in loans from SCB, with approximately one-third of this sum
misappropriated through the creation of “ghost companies” by Truong, her family and
associates.This scandal has exposed weaknesses in the banking system, with calls
for improved professional training, tighter corporate governance and enhanced
inspection mechanisms to prevent further abuse.
2. Around the world, during the 1990s WorldCom was the second largest
telecommunications company in the US. However, in 2002, this company collapsed
after wide ranging accounting fraud was uncovered. Telecom companies performed
very well during the 1990s as the use of mobile phones grew. When the industry
later came under pressure, WorldCom executives turned to cooking the book. They
inflated revenue, and listed expenses as investments to create the impression that
the company was still profitable and growing. When auditors discovered that
revenues and profits had been overstated by as much on $ 7 billion, the stock price
quickly collapsed from $ 60 to $ 1, and thousands of employees lost their jobs. The
company filed for bankruptcy protection and later emerged as MCI, a much smaller
restructured company. MCI was later bought by Verizon Communications. The
WorldCom scandal remains one of the world’s largest corporate scandals and
resulted in huge losses for investors and employees.
4.Do you think CEOs who falsify accounts are criminals and should go
to jail or is it an acceptable risk to falsify accounts if it helps to
safeguard the company’s future and jobs?
The question of whether false accounting created by the CEO is a criminal offense or
an acceptable risk is a controversial one. As we all know, the CEO is the person with
the most important position in a company, the main person responsible for managing
the company's financial situation, so when there are accounting violations, it will be
considered a crime to violate business ethics. Additionally, if these anomalies are
discovered, they can be exploited, which will do more harm than good in the long
run. However, in some cases, fake accounts can be an acceptable risk if it can
preserve the company's future. For example, the CFO of a software company may
take a portion of revenue that should be recorded as a liability on the balance sheet
and record that portion of revenue as earned in the current period to achieve a
certain revenue target to maintain the company's business operations. In short, not
only the CEO who fakes an account is a criminal, it depends on the reason why the
CEO does so.
Part 3:
1. What does ‘The bottom line’ refer to?

The bottom line means the final line in the accounts of a company or organization,
which states its total profit or loss.

- The reference to “bottom” describes the relative location of the net income figured
on a company’s income statement. It reflects the fact that all expenses have already
been taken out of revenues and there is nothing left to subject. It also refers to any
action that may increase or decrease net earning for a company’s overall profit. In
other words, this line measures how efficient the company was at using its expenses
to generate its income.

2. What are the common ways to falsify financial documents?

There are several common methods that individuals or organizations may use to
falsify financial documents:

 Investing revenues from companies that don’t exist : individuals or

organizations may create fake companies or fabricate revenue figures to
deceive investors or stakeholders. They might receive payments or generate
revenues through illegal means and then use those funds for personal gain or
to finance other legitimate or illegitimate activities.
 Overstating current profits by including possible future earnings: This practice
is often used to make the company's financial performance look better than it
actually is, potentially misleading investors and stakeholders. By incorporating
anticipated profits from future deals, contracts, or projects, the company
artificially inflates its current profits.
 Hiding debts on the books of subsidiaries : Hiding debt to reduce costs is one
of the common fraud techniques on financial statements for the purpose of
declaring unprofitable profits. Then pre-tax profit will increase corresponding
to the number of hidden costs or debts.
 Not including debts of subsidiaries and acquisitions: the debts incurred by the
subsidiaries of a company are not being considered or included in the stated
financial information.

3. What would you do if your boss asked you to falsify your company’s
financial statement?
-If my boss asked me to falsify the company's financial statements, I would consider
the consequences that would follow from that action.
+Explore alternative solutions: Instead of falsifying financial statements, I would
consider other ways to resolve any issues or concerns that led to the request. There
may be legal and ethical ways to resolve the situation without compromising integrity
or jeopardizing the company's reputation.
-If my boss puts me in a position where he or she asks me to cover up actual, not
mirror, wrongdoing, I will report him or her. That means going to human resources
(HR) at a larger company or going over his or head if I work at a company too small
to have an HR department. Because it is illegal and unethical behavior, which
impacts on the reputation of the company and leads to huge losses for the business,
investors, and employees. If the consequences are serious, the company can go
bankrupt.

4. Why is it necessary for companies to have stricter corporate

governance?
It is necessary because many companies suffer from huge losses which are the
consequences of mismanagement and irregularities.This is likely to make big
mistakes in financial reporting. Along with that is poor corporate governance,
because this can destroy the activity of a company and the final profit. Therefore, it
leads to a demand for stricter corporate governance and independent auditors to
check the balance sheets, which show the overall performance of companies and
income statements which show the difference between total income and outgoings
for a given period.

5. Do you think CEOs who falsify accounts are criminals and should go
to jail or is it an acceptable risk to falsify accounts if it helps to
safeguard the company’s future jobs?
The question of whether false accounting created by the CEO is a criminal offense or
an acceptable risk is a controversial one. As we all know, the CEO is the person with
the most important position in a company, the main person responsible for managing
the company's financial situation, so when there are accounting violations, it will be
considered a crime to violate business ethics. Additionally, if these anomalies are
discovered, they can be exploited, which will do more harm than good in the long
run. However, in some cases, fake accounts can be an acceptable risk if it can
preserve the company's future. For example, the CFO of a software company may
take a portion of revenue that should be recorded as a liability on the balance sheet
and record that portion of revenue as earned in the current period to achieve a
certain revenue target to maintain the company's business operations. In short, not
only the CEO who fakes an account is a criminal, it depends on the reason why the
CEO does so.