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Lecture 7 (Week 7)

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40 views22 pages

Lecture 7 (Week 7)

Uploaded by

depofag980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 7: Foundations and its Types

WEEK 7
DR. RANA RABNAWAZ AHMED
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING (CE -321)
What Is Footing?
 A footing transfers structural loads to the ground underneath, provides stability to the
foundation, helps prevent it from settling, sinking, or cracking, provides a level surface
upon which to build the structure, and minimizes movement.

 A footing is usually the first part of a structure to be built.

 The selection of suitable types of footing generally depends on the following factors:
• The depth of the soil at which safe-bearing strata exist.
• The type and condition of soil.
• The type of superstructure.
General requirements for footing design
 A site investigation is essential for the determination of the chemical and physical properties
of the soil.

 Determine the magnitude and distribution of loads from the superstructure.

 Decide the most suitable and economical types of foundation.

 Determine the depth of the footings and method of excavation.

 Consider the permissible bearing pressure used in the design.


Which Type of Footing Is Best
 The type of footing often depends on the size of the structure it will stabilize and support, the load-
bearing capacity of the ground or soil underneath, foundation depth, and frost depths.

 The depth of the water table, distance to adjacent structures, and the magnitude of the loads being
supported by foundation walls, columns, or posts also need to be factored in too.

 Additionally, local building codes should always be reviewed before building any structure to ensure
there are no issues with compliance.

 The best type of footing for one structure in one area may differ from that needed in a different
area.
Types of Footings
1. Strip Footing
 Strip footing is also known as wall
footing.

 It distributes the weight of a load-


bearing wall across the area of the
ground.

 This type of footing is commonly used


as foundations of load-bearing walls
where the soil is of good bearing
capacity.
2. Spread Footing
 As the name suggests, a spread is
given under the base of the foundation.

 Such that the load of the structure is


distributed on a wide area of the soil in
such a way that the safe bearing
capacity of soil is not exceeded.
3. Isolated Footings
 These types of footings may be
square, circular, or individually
rectangular slab of uniform thickness
provided under each column.
4. Stepped Footings
 Stepped footing is constructed by excavating

the soil to the required depth and pouring

concrete in layers as it appears like a set of stair

steps, each layer being wider than the one

above it.
5. Combined Footings
 When two or more columns are supported by a footing
it is called combined footing.
 This type of footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal
in plan.
 Combined footing is provided under the following
situations.

 When columns are close to each other and their individual


footings overlap.
 Soil having low bearing capacity and requiring more area
under the individual footing.
 The column end is situated near the property line and the
footing can not be extended.
6. Strap Footing
 In this type of footing, the outer and inner
column is connected by a strap beam.

 The individual footing areas of the columns


are so arranged that the Centre of the
combined loads of the two columns passes
through the Centre of the two footing areas.

 Once this criterion is achieved, the pressure


distribution below each individual footing will
be uniform.
7. Raft Foundation
 This foundation covers the entire area under the
structure.

 This foundation has RCC slab covering the whole


area or slab and beam together.

 These types of footing are adopted when heavy


structures are to be constructed on soft made-up
ground or marshy sites with uncertain behavior.

 Raft foundation is also known as mat foundation.


8. Sloped Footing Or Trapezoidal Footing
 These types of footing having sloping
top or side faces are known as sloped
footings.

 This sloping enhances the footing's


bearing capacity by increasing its surface
area in contact with the soil.
9.Inverted Arch Footing
 This inverted arch footing are old foundation suitable for building bridges, tanks, underground
sewers and reservoirs.
 It can be used for structures where loads are concentrated on columns or where a load is
distributed over a large area or where the bearing capacity of the soil is poor.
10. Grillage foundations
 Grillage foundations are used to convey heavy loads

from steel columns to low bearing capacity soils.

 These types of footing consists of steel beams in one or

two levels are lighter and economical as they avoid deep

digging.

 Beams in each tier are held in place by spacer bars, the

space between the beams is filled with concrete to

protect the steel beam from corrosion.


11. Pile Footing
 Pile foundations are used when the supporting ground
or soil strata aren’t strong enough to support the
expected loads of the structure if using a foundation on a
shallow footing.

 The piles provide support through two different


methods – end bearing or friction bearing. They are
known as deep foundations.

 Piles may be wood, steel, precast concrete, or poured


concrete and are used to support bridges, water tanks,
skyscrapers, and other structures.
11. Pile Footing (cont.)
 End Bearing Piles
 End bearing piles are drilled or driven through weak or
loose soil or ground strata until they reach solid rock or
strong weight-bearing soil strata. Structural loads are
transmitted through the pile to the bearing strata at its
end.

 These are long-lasting or permanent supports and are


the most commonly used piles in construction. They are
frequently used for high-rise and bridge construction as
they minimize settling.
11. Pile Footing (cont.)
 Friction Piles
 Friction or floating piles are driven through the soil strata and rely on
friction to distribute the load weight evenly to the surrounding soil. They
are commonly used when load-bearing soil or rock is too deep or it’s not
economically viable to reach.

 Friction piles can be wood, metal, or concrete but are usually cylindrical
to maximize the load transfer surface. They are commonly used for
bridges, and to support large structures on poor supporting soil like sand.
12. Concentrically Loaded Footing
 A concentrically loaded footing is one in which the
loads acting on the base are centered on the footing
area, so the load axis and footing axes are the same.

 The loads are distributed uniformly downwards from


the structure and upwards from the ground.

 Most isolated, spread, individual, or other types of


footings are concentrically loaded footings.
13. Eccentrically Loaded Footing
 An eccentrically loaded footing is one that is not
concentrically loaded.

 It is an unconventional design where the load and


footing axis are not the same.

 However, the maximum pressure under the footing


mustn’t exceed the allowable bearing pressure of the soil
or ground strata.
THANKS

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