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Common Lecture Notes Nurture Course (11th Appearing)
Topic : Circular Motion Lectures / Hours allotted : 6L/9H

LECTURE # 01
CIRCULAR MOTION :
When a particle moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed (or moving) point remains constant, then its
motion is known as circular motion with respect to that fixed (or moving) point. The fixed point is called centre,
and the distance of particle from it is called radius.
1. KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION :
1.1 Variables of Motion :
(a) Angular Position :
To decide the angular position of a point in space we need to specify (i) origin and (ii) reference line. The
angle made by the position vector w.r.t. origin, with the reference line is called angular position. Clearly
angular position depends on the choice of the origin as well as the reference line.
Circular motion is a two dimensional motion or motion in a plane.
Suppose a particle P is moving in a circle of radius r and centre O.
The angular position of the particle P at a given instant may be described by the angle q between OP and OX.
This angle q is called the angular position of the particle.
Y

P
Dq P
q X
O

(b) Angular Displacement :

Definition: Angle through which the position vector of the moving particle rotates in a given time interval is called
its angular displacement. Angular displacement depends on origin, but it does not depends on the reference line.
As the particle moves on above circle its angular position q changes. Suppose the point rotates through an angle
Dq in time Dt, then Dq is angular displacement.
F Important points :
· Angular displacement is a dimensionless quantity. Its SI unit is radian, some other units are degree and revolution
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2p rad = 360° = 1 rev

· Infinitesimally small angular displacement is a vector quantity, but finite angular displacement is a scaler, because
while the addition of the Infinitesimally small angular displacements is commutative, addition of finite angular
displacement is not.
r r r r
dq1 + dq2 = dq2 + dq1 but q1 + q2 ¹ q 2 + q1

· Direction of small angular displacement is decided by right hand thumb rule. When the fingers are directed along
the motion of the point then thumb will represents the direction of angular displacement.

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(c) Angular Velocity w
(i) Average Angular Velocity

Angular displacement q2 – q1 Dq
wav = Þ wav = =
Total time taken t 2 – t1 Dt
where q1 and q2 are angular position of the particle at time t1 and t2. Since angular displacement is a scaler,
average angular velocity is also a scaler.
(ii) Instantaneous Angular Velocity
It is the limit of average angular velocity as Dt approaches zero. i.e.
r r
r Dq dq
w = li m =
Dt ®0 Dt dt
uur r
Since infinitesimally small angular displacement dq is a vector quantity, instantaneous angular velocity w is
also a vector, whose direction is given by right hand thumb rule.
F Important points :
· Angular velocity has dimension of [T–1] and SI unit rad/s.
· For a rigid body, as all points will rotate through same angle in same time, angular velocity is a characteris-
tic of the body as a whole, e.g., angular velocity of all points of earth about earth’s axis is (2p/24) rad/hr.
· If a body makes ‘n’ rotations in ‘t’ seconds then average angular velocity in radian per second will be
2pn
wav =
t
If T is the period and ‘f’ the frequency of uniform circular motion
2p
wav = = 2pf
T
Ex.1 If angular displacement of a particle is given by q = a - bt + ct2 , then find its angular velocity.

dq
Sol. w= = –b + 2ct
dt
Ex.2 Is the angular velocity of rotation of hour hand of a watch greater or smaller than the angular velocity of Earth’s
rotation about its own axis ?
Sol. Hour hand completes one rotation in 12 hours while Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours. So, angular
æ 2p ö
velocity of hour hand is double the angular velocity of Earth ç w =
è T ÷ø
(d) Angular Acceleration a :
(i) Average Angular Acceleration :
Let w1 and w2 be the instantaneous angular speeds at times t1 and t2 respectively, then the average angular
acceleration aav is defined as
r r r
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r w – w1 Dw
aav = 2 =
t 2 – t1 Dt
(ii) Instantaneous Angular Acceleration :
It is the limit of average angular acceleration as Dt approaches zero, i.e.,
r r
r Dw dw
a = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
r r r r
r dq r dw d 2w r dw
since w = , \a = = 2, Also a = w
dt dt dt dq

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F Important points :
· Both average and instantaneous angular acceleration are axial vectors with dimension [T–2] and unit rad/s2.
· If a = 0, circular motion is said to be uniform.
1.2 Motion with constant angular velocity
q = wt , a = 0
1.3 Motion with constant angular acceleration
w0 Þ Initial angular velocity
w Þ Final angular velocity
a Þ Constant angular acceleration
q Þ Angular displacement
Circular motion with constant angular acceleration is analogous to one dimensional translational motion with
constant acceleration. Hence even here equation of motion have same form.
w =w0 + at

1
q = w0t + at 2
2

w2 = w 0 2 + 2 a q

æ w + w0 ö
q=ç ÷t
è 2 ø

a
qn th = w0 + ( qn – qn–1 )
2
2. RELATION BETWEEN SPEED AND ANGULAR VELOCITY :
r r r
v = w´ r
r r r
Here, v is velocity of the particle, w is angular velocity about centre of circular motion and ' r 'is position of
particle w.r.t. center of circular motion.
r r
Since w ^ r
v = w r for circular motion.
Ex.3 A particle is moving with constant speed in a circular path. Find the ratio of average velocity to its instantaneous

p
velocity when the particle describes an angle q =
2

q qR pR
Sol. Time taken to describe angle q, t = = =
w v 2v
Total displacement 2R 2 2
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Average velocity = = = v
Total time pR / 2v p
Instantaneous velocity = v

2 2
The ratio of average velocity to its instantaneous velocity = Ans.
p
Ex.4 A fan is rotating with angular velocity 100 rev/sec. Then it is switched off. It takes 5 minutes to stop. (a) Find the
total number of revolution made before it stops. (Assume uniform angular retardation) (b) Find the value of angular
retardation (c) Find the average angular velocity during this interval.

æ w + w0 ö æ 100 + 0 ö
Sol. (a) q =ç ÷t =ç ÷ ´ 5 ´ 60 = 15000 revolution
è 2 ø è 2 ø
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(b) w = w0 +at Þ 0 = 100 – a (5 × 60) Þ a = rev/sec2
3
Total Angle of Rotation 1500
(c) wav = = = 50 rev. / sec.
Total time taken 50 ´ 60
Ex.5 A fan rotating with w = 100 rad/s, is switched off. After 2n rotation its angular velocity becomes 50 rad/s.
Find the angular velocity of the fan after n rotations.
Sol. w2 = w02 + 2a q
502 = (100)2 + 2a (2p . 2n) ...(1)
If angular velocity after n rotation is wn
wn2 = (100)2 + 2a (2p . n) ....(2)
from equation (1) and (2)

502 – 1002 2a( 2p.2 n) 502 – 1002

= =2 Þ w2n = + 1002
w2n – 1002 2a 2pn 2

w = 25 10 rad / s Ans.
Ex.6 If a body rotates such that its angular acceleration varies with time as
a = 4t3 + 2t rad/s2
find angular speed of body at t =2 sec if it starts from rest.
dw
Sol. = 4t 3 + 2t
dt
w 2
( )
2
ò dw = ò (4t + 2t)dt Þ w = t + t
3 4 2
0 Þ w = 20 rad/s
0 0

Ex.7 A solid body rotates about a stationary axis with an angular retardation a = k w where w is the angular velocity
of body. Find time after which body will come to rest if at t =0 angular velocity of body was w0.
0 t
dw dw 2 w0
Sol. a = –k w Þ = –k w Þ ò w = ò0
– kdt Þ t=
dt w0 k

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Illustration :- 4,5,6

B.Box :- 1,2,3,5,6
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Ex-1 :- 1,3,4,5,6,10,12,13,14,16,17,18,23

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Illustration :- 4,5,6

B.Box :- 1,2,3,4,5

Ex-1 :- 1,3,4,5,6,9,10,12,13,14,16,17,18,23

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LECTURE # 02
3. RELATIVE ANGULAR VELOCITY
Just as velocities are always relative, similarly angular velocity is also always relative. There is no such thing as
absolute angular velocity. Angular velocity is defined with respect to origin, the point from which the position
vector of the moving particle is drawn.
F Consider a particle P moving along a circular path shown in the figure given below

Here angular velocity of the particle P w.r.t. ‘O’ and ‘A’ will be different
da
Angular velocity of a particle P w.r.t. O, wPO =
dt
db
Angular velocity of a particle P w.r.t. A, wPA =
dt
Definition :
Angular velocity of a particle ‘A’ with respect to the other moving particle ‘B’ is the rate at which position vector
of ‘A’ with respect to ‘B’ rotates at that instant. (or it is simply, angular velocity of A with origin fixed at B). Angular
velocity of A w.r.t. B, wAB is mathematically define as

Component of relative velocity of A w.r.t. B, perpendicular to line AB ( VAB )^

wAB = =
seperation between A and B rAB

F Important points:
· If two particles are moving on two different concentric circles with different velocities then angular velocity of B
as observed by A will depend on their positions and velocities. Consider the case when A and B are closest to each
other moving in same direction as shown in figure. In this situation

(VBA)^ = VB – VA
Separation between A and B is rBA = rB – rA

(VBA ) VB – VA
So, wBA = r =
rB – rA
BA
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· If two particles are moving on the same circle or different coplanar concentric circles in same direction with
different uniform angular speed wA and wB respectively, the rate of change of angle between
uuur uuur
OA and OB is

dq
= wB – wA
dt

So the time taken by one to complete one revolution around O w.r.t. the other
uuur uuur
· wB – wA is rate of change of angle between OA and OB . This is not angular velocity of B w.r.t. A. (Which is rate
at which line AB rotates)
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Ex.6 Find the angular velocity of A w.r.t. B in the figure given below:

Sol.

Ex.7 Find the time period of meeting of minute hand and second hand of a clock.

2p 2p
Sol. wmin = rad / min ., wsec = rad / min
60 1
qsec – qmin = 2p (for second and minute hand to meet again)
(wsec – wmin) t = 2p
2p(1–1/60) t = 2p

60
Þ t= min
59
Ex.9 A particle is moving with constant speed in a circle as shown, find the angular velocity of the particle A with respect
to fixed point B and C if angular velocity with respect to O is w.

( v AO )^ v
Sol. Angular velocity of A with respect to O is ; wAO = = =w
rAO r

( v AB )^ v w ( v AC ) ^ v w
\ wAB = = = and wAC = = =
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rAB 2r 2 rAC 3r 3

Ex.10Particles A and B move with constant and equal speeds in a circle as shown, find the angular velocity of the particle
A with respect to B, if angular velocity of particle A w.r.t. O is w.

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Sol. Angular velocity of A with respect to O is
( v AO ) ^ v ( v AB )^
wAC = = =w Þ Now, wAB =
rAO r rAB
vAB = 2v, since vAB is perpendicular to rAB'

\ ( v AB )^ = v AB = 2v ; rAB = 2 r

( v AB )^ 2v
wAB = = =w
rAB 2r
Ex.11 Find angular velocity of A w.r.t. O at the instnat shown in the figure.

Sol. Angular velocity of A with respect to O is :

( v AO )^
wAO =
rAO
v
v AO = v, ( v AO )^ =
2
rAO = d 2
( v AO )^ v/ 2 v
wAO = = =
rAO d 2 2d
Ex.12 Find angular velocity of A w.r.t. B at the instant shown in the figure.

( v AB )^
Sol. Angular velocity of A with respect to B is ; wAB =
rAB
v AB = 2 v ( v AB ) ^
rAB = 2 d
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( v AB )^ v/ 2 v
wAB = = =
rAB d 2 2d

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Illustration :- 1,2,3

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Illustration :- 1,2,3

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LECTURE # 03
Relation between angular and linear acceleration
r r r
v = w´ r
r
r dv d r r
a= = ( w´ r )
dt dt
r r
dw r r dr
= ´ r + w´
dt dt
r r r r r
a = a ´ r + w´ v
r r r
a = a T + aC
r r r
a T = a ´ r is tangential acceleration
r r r
a cp = w´ v is centripetal acceleration
r r r r r
a = a T + aC ( a T and aC are two components of net linear acceleration)

r
so | a |= a 2T + a C2

4. RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION

There are two types of acceleration in circular motion ; Tangential acceleration and centripetal acceleration.
(a) Tangential acceleration :-
Component of acceleration directed along tangent of circle is called tangential acceleration. It is responsible for
changing the speed of the particle. It is defined as,
r
dv d | v |
at = = = Rate of change of speed
dt dt
at = ar

F IMPORTANT POINT
r r r
(i) In vector form a t = a ´ r

(ii) If tangential acceleration is directed in direction of velocity then the speed of the particle increases.
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(iii) If tangential acceleration is directed opposite to velocity then the speed of the particle decreases.
(b) Centripetal acceleration :-
It is responsible for change in direction of velocity. In circular motion, there is always a centripetal acceleration.
Centripetal acceleration is always variable because it changes in direction.
Centripetal acceleration is also called radial acceleration or normal acceleration.

r r r v2
a c = w´ v a c = wv = w2 r =
r

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(c) Total acceleration :
Total acceleration is vector sum of centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration.
r
r dv r r
a= = ar + at
dt

a = a 2t + a 2r

ar
tan q =
at

F IMPORTANT POINT
(i) Differentiation of speed gives tangential acceleration.
r
(ii) Differentiation of velocity (v) gives total acceleration.

r r r
dv d | v | dv
(iii) & are not same physical quantity. is the magnitude of rate of cfhange of velolcity, i.e. magnitude
dt dt dt
r
d|v|
of toal acceleration and is a rate of change of speed, i.e. tangential acceleration.
dt
Ex.13 A particle travels in a circle of radius 20 cm at a speed that uniformly increases. If the speed changes from
5.0 m/s to 6.0 m/s in 2.0 s, find the angular acceleration.
Sol. Since speed increases uniformly, average tangential acceleration is equal to instantaneous tangential acceleration
The instantaneous tangential acceleration is given by
\ This instantaneous tangential acceleration is given by

dv v 2 – v1
at = =
dt t 2 – t1

6.0 – 5.0
= m / s2 = 0.5 m / s2
2.0

0.5m / s 2
The angular acceleration is a = a t / r = = 2.5 rad / s 2
20cm
Ex.14Find the magnitude of the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radius 10 cm with uniform speed
completing the circle in 4s.
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Sol. The distance covered in completing the circle is 2 p r = 2 p × 10 cm. The linear speed is

2p´10cm
v = 2pr / t = = 5p cm / s.
4s

v 2 ( 5p cm / s )
2
The acceleration is a = = = 2.5 p2 cm / s 2
r 10cm
Ex.15A particle moves in a circle of radius 2.0 cm at a speed given by v = 4t, where v is in cm/s and t is in seconds.
(a) Find the tangential acceleration at t = 1s.
(b) Find total acceleration at t = 1s.
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Sol. (a) Tangential acceleration

dv
at =
dt

d
or at = (4t) = 4 cm / s2
dt

v 2 ( 4) 2
ac = = = 8 cm / s 2
R 2

Þ a = a 2t + a 2c = ( 4) 2 + (8) 2 = 4 5 cm / s 2
Ex.16A particle is moving with a constant angular acceleration of 4 rad./sec2 in a circular path. At time t = 0 particle
was at rest. Find the time at which the magnitudes of centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration are
equal.
Sol. at = aR Þ v = 0 + aRt

v2 a2R2t 2
ac = =
R R

a2R2t 2 1 1
Q | a t | = | a c | Þ aR = Þ t2 = =
R a 4
1
t = sec. Ans.
2
5. DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION :
If there is no force acting on a body it will move in a straight line (with constant speed). Hence if a body is moving
in a circular path or any curved path, there must be some force acting on the body. If speed of body is constant,
the net force acting on the body is along the inside normal to the path of the body and it is called centripetal force.
Centripetal force.
mv 2
Centripetal force (Fc) = mac = = m w2 r
r
However if speed of the body varies then, in addition to above centripetal force which acts along inside normal,
there is also a force acting along the tangent of the path of the body which is called tangential force.
dv
Tangential force(Ft) = Mat = M = M a r ; where a is the angular acceleration.
dt
F IMPORTANT POINT

mv 2
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Remember is not a force itself. It is just the value of the net force acting along the inside normal which
r
is responsible for circular motion. This force may be friction, normal, tension, spring force, gravitational force
or a combination of them.
So to solve any problem in uniform circular motion we identify all the forces acting along the normal (toward’s
mv 2
center), calculate their resultant and equate it to .
r
If circular motion is nonuniform then in addition to above step we also identify all the forces acting along the
r
mdv md | v |
tangent to the circular path, calculate their resultant and equate it to or .
dt dt

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Ex.17A block of mass 2kg is tied to a string of length 2m, the other end of which is fixed. The block is moved on a
smooth horizontal table with constant speed 5 m/s. Find the tension in the string.
Solution :

here centripetal force is provided by tension.

mv 2 2 ´ 52
T= = = 25N
r 2
Ex.18 A block of mass m moves with speed v against a smooth, fixed vertical circular groove of radius r kept on smooth
horizontal surface.

Find :
(i) normal reaction of the floor on the block.
(ii) normal reaction of the vertical wall on the block.
Sol. Here centripetal force is provided by normal reaction of vertical wall.
(i) normal reaction of floor NF = mg
mv 2
(ii) normal reaction of vertical wall =
r
Ex.19A block of mass m is kept on the edge of a horizontal turn table of radius R, which is rotating with constant angular
velocity w (along with the block) about its axis. If coefficient of friction is m, find the friction force between block
and table
Sol. Here centripetal force is provided by friction force.
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Friction force = centripetal force = mw2R

Ex.20 A block of mass m is tied to a spring of spring constant k , natural length l , and the other end of spring is fixed
at O. If the block moves in a circular path on a smooth horizontal surface with constant angular velocity w , find
tension in the spring.

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Sol. Assume extension in the spring is x . Here centripetal force is provided by spring force.

mw2l
Centripetal force,kx = mw (l + x) Þ x =
2

k – mw2
kmw2l
therefore, Tension = kx =
k – mw2
Ex.21The coefficient of friction between block and table is m. Find the tension in the string if the block moves on the
horizontal table with speed v in circle of radius R.

mv 2
Sol. The magnitude of centripetal force is
R

mv 2
(i) If limiting friction is greater than or equal to , then static friction alone provides centripetal force, so tension
R
is equal to zero. T = 0 Ans.

mv 2
(ii) If limiting friction is less than , then friction as well as tension both combine to provide the necessary
R
mv 2
centripetal force. T + f2 =
R
mv 2
In this case friction is equal to limiting friction, f2 = mmg \ Tension =T = – mmg Ans.
R

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Illustration :- Q. 7,8,9

B.B.2 :- Q. 7,9,10

Ex-1 :- Q. 2,5,7,8,11,15,19,20,21,22,24,25,26, 27 to 40

Ex-2 :- Q. 1,4,5,8,9,12,13
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HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Illustration :- Q. 7,8,9

B.B.2 :- Q. 6,7,8,9,10

Ex-1 :- Q. 2,5,7,8,11,15,19,20,21,22,24,25,26 and 27 to 40

Ex-2 :- Q. 1,4,5,8,9,12,13

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LECTURE # 04
9. CIRCULAR TURNING ON ROADS :
When vehicles go through turnings, they travel along a nearly circular arc. There must be some force which will
produce the required centripetal acceleration. If the vehicles travel in a horizontal circular path, this resultant force
is also horizontal. The necessary centripetal force is being provided to the vehicles by following three ways.
1. By friction only
2. By banking of roads only.
3. By friction and banking of roads both.
In real life the necessary centripetal force is provided by friction and banking of roads both. Now let us write
equations of motion in each of the three cases separately and see what are the constant in each case.
9.1 By Friction Only
Suppose a car of mass m is moving at a speed v in a horizontal circular arc of radius r. In this case, the necessary
centripetal force to the car will be provided by force of friction f acting towards center

mv 2
Thus, f =
r
Further, limiting value of f is mN or fL = mN = mmg (N=mg)

mv 2
Therefore, for a safe turn without sliding £ fL
r

mv 2 v2
or £ mmg or m³ or v £ mrg
r rg

Here, two situations may arise. If m and r are known to us, the speed of the vehicle should not exceed mrg and

v2
if v and r are known to us, the coefficient of friction should be greater than .
rg
Ex.43 A bend in a level road has a radius of 100 m. Calculate the maximum speed which a car turning this bend may
have without skidding. Given : m = 0.8.
Ans. 28 ms–1

Sol. Vmax = mrg = 0.8 ´ 100 ´ 10 = 800 = 28 m / s

9.2. By Banking of Roads Only

Friction is not always reliable at circular turns if high speeds and sharp turns are involved to avoid dependence
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on friction, the roads are banked at the turn so that the outer part of the road is some what lifted compared to
the inner part.
Applying Newton’s second law along the radius and the first law in the vertical direction.
mv 2
N sin q =
r
or N cosq = mg
from these two equations, we get
v2
tan q = or v = rgtan q
rg

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Ex.44A circular track of radius 600 m is to be designed for cars at an average speed of 180 km/hr. What should be
the angle of banking of the rack?
Sol. Let the angle of banking be q . The forces on the car are (figure)
(a) weight of the car Mg downward and
(b) normal force N.
For proper banking , static frictional force is not needed.
For vertical direction the acceleration is zero. So,
Ncos q = Mg .....(i)
For horizontal direction , the acceleration is v2 / r towards the centre , so that
Nsin q = Mv2 / r .....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), tan q = v2 / rg

180(km / hr) 2
Putting the values , tan q = = 0.4167
(600m)(10 m / s 2 )
q = 22.6°
9.3 By Friction and Banking of Road Both
If a vehicle is moving on a circular road which is rough and banked also, then three forces may act on the vehicle,
of these the first force, i.e., weight (mg) is fixed both in magnitude and direction.

The direction of second force, i.e., normal reaction N is also fixed (perpendicular to road) while the direction of
the third force i.e., friction f can be either inwards or outwards while its magnitude can be varied upto a maximum
limit (fL = mN). So the magnitude of normal reaction N and directions plus magnitude of friction f are so adjusted

mv 2
that the resultant of the three forces mentioned above is towards the center. Of these m and r are also
r
constant. Therefore, magnitude of N and directions plus magnitude of friction mainly depends on the speed of
the vehicle v. Thus, situation varies from problem to problem. Even though we can see that :
(i) Friction f will be outwards if the vehicle is at rest v = 0. Because in that case the component of weight mg sin q
is balanced by f.
(ii) Friction f will be inwards if
v > rg tan q
(iii) Friction f will be outwards if
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v < rg tan q and

(iv) Friction f will be zero if
v = rg tan q
(v) For maximum safe speed (figure (ii)
mv 2
N sin q + f cos q = ....(i)
r
N cos q – f sin q = mg ....(ii)
As maximum value of friction
f = mN

sin q + m cos q v 2 rg(tan q + m) rg(tan q – m)

\ = ; \ v max = Similarly ; v min =
cos q – m sin q rg (1 + m tan q) (1 + m tan q)
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v2
· The expression tan q = also gives teh angle of banking for an aircraft, i.e., the angle through which it should
rg
tilt while negotiating a curve, to avoid deviation from the circular path.
v2
· The expression tan q = also gives the angle at which a cyclist should lean inward, when rounding a corner.
rg
In this case, q is the angle which the cyclist must make with the vertical.

3.2 Conical Pendulum

If a small particle of mass m tied to a string is whirled along a horizontal circle, as shown in figure then
the arrangement is called a 'conical pendulum'. In case of conical pendulum the vertical component of tension
balances the weight while its horizontal component provides the necessary centripetal force. Thus,
mv 2
T sin q = and T cos q = mg Þ v = rg tanq
r q
L
v g tan q T cos q
\ Angular speed w= = T
r r q
r mv
2

r L cos q m
2p T sin q r
So, the time period of pendulum is T = = 2p = 2p
w g tan q g
r=Lsinq mg
3.3 'Death Well' or Rotor
In case of 'death well' a person drives a motorcycle on the vertical
surface of a large wooden well while in case of a rotor a person hangs resting
against the wall without any support from the bottom at a certain angular speed
of rotor. In death well walls are at rest and person revolves while in case of rotor f
person is at rest and the walls rotate. N r
In both cases friction balances the weight of person while reaction provides the mg
centripetal force for circular motion, i.e.,
mv 2 2
f = mg and N = = mrw
r Death well

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Illustration :- 10,11,12,13
B.B.2- 1,2
Ex-1 :- 42,43,44

Ex-2 :- 6,7,15
NODE02\B0AH-AI\TEACHING NOTES\PHYSICS\NURTURE_(11TH)_NOTES\CIRCULAR MOTION.P65

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Illustration :- 10,11,12,13
B.B.2- 1,2
Ex-1 :- 41,42,43
Ex-2 :- 6,7,15

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LECTURE # 05
4. VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION
Suppose a particle of mass m is attached to a light inextensible string of length R. The particle is moving in
a vertical circle of radius R about a fixed point O. It is imparted a velocity u in the horizontal direction at lowest
point A. Let v be its velocity at point P of the circle as shown in the figure.

O
T
q P
A q mgcosq
mgsinq mg
When a particle is whirled in a vertical circle then three cases are possible -
Case I : Particle oscillates in lower half circle.
Case II : Particle moves to upper half circle but not able to complete loop.
Case III : Particle completes loop.
(
Condition of Oscillation 0 < u £ 2gR )
The particle will oscillate if velocity of the particle becomes zero but tension in the string is not zero.
(In lower half circle (A to B))

mv 2A B
v=0
Here, T – mgcosq = T v
R q T¹0

mv 2A v
q
T= + mgcosq A q A
R in mg cosq
gs
In the lower part of circle when velocity become zero and tension is non zero
mg
m means when v = 0, but T ¹ 0
So, to make the particle ossillate in lower half cycle, maximum possible velocity at A can be. given by
1
mv 2A + 0 = mgR + 0 (by COME between A and B)
2
vA = 2gR ....(i)

Thus, for 0 < u £ 2gR , particle oscillates in lower half of the circle (00 < q £ 90°)

This situation is shown in the figure. 0 < u £ 2gR or 0°<q £ 90°

Condition of Leaving the Circle : ( 2gR < u < 5gR )

C v
In upper half cycle (B to C)
qT
NODE02\B0AH-AI\TEACHING NOTES\PHYSICS\NURTURE_(11TH)_NOTES\CIRCULAR MOTION.P65

q B
mv2
Here, T + mg cosq =
R mg
æ mv 2 ö
T = çç R – mg cos q ÷÷ .....(ii)
è ø
In this part of circle tension force can be zero without having zero velocity mean when T = 0, v ¹ 0
form equation (ii) it is clear that tension decreses if velocity decreases. So to complete the loop tension force
should not be zero, in between B to C. Tension will be minimum at C i.e., T c ³ 0 is the required condition.
v C
c

mg
Tc
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mv2c
At Top Tc + mg =
R
if Tc = 0

mv2c
Then mg =
R
vc2 = gR Þ vc = gR
By COME (Between A and C)
1 1
mv 2A + 0 = mv 2c + mg(2R)
2 2
vA2 = vc2 + 4gR

Þ vA2 = 5gR Þ v A = 5gR

Therefore, if 2gR < u < 5gR , the particle leaves the circle.

Note : After leaving the circle, the particle will follow a parabolic path.
vTop ³ Rg
Condition of Looping the Loop u ≥ 5gR ( ) TTop ³ 0

The particle will complete the circle if the string does not

slack even at the highest point ( q = p ) . Thus, tension in

vHz ³ 3Rg vHz ³ 3Rg
THz ³ 3mg THz ³ 3mg
the string should be greater than or equal to zero (T ³ 0)
at q=p. In critical case substituting T=0

Thus, if u ³ 5gR , the particle will complete the circle.

vL ³ 5Rg
TL ³ 6mg

Note : In case of rod tension at top most point can never be zero so velocity will become zero.

\ For completing the loop v L ³ 4gR

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Illustration :- Q. 14,15,16,17
B.B-2:- Q. 3,4,5,6
Ex-1 :- Q. 45 to 62
NODE02\B0AH-AI\TEACHING NOTES\PHYSICS\NURTURE_(11TH)_NOTES\CIRCULAR MOTION.P65

Ex-2 :- Q. 3,10

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Illustration :- Q. 14,15,16,17
B.B.2- Q. 3,4,5,6
Ex-1 :- Q. 44 to 61

Ex-2 :- Q. 3,10

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LECTURE # 06
Ex.31If a particle of mass M is tied to a light inextensible string fixed at point P and particle is projected at A with

velocity VA = 4gL as shown. Find :

(i) velocity at points B and C

(ii) tension in the string at B and C
Assume particle is projected in the vertical plane.

Ans. VB = 2 gL (from energy conservation)

VC = 6 gL

TB = Mg
TC = 7 Mg (where M Þ Mass of the particle)
Ex.32A body weighing 0.4 kg is whirled in a vertical circle with a string making 2 revolutions per second. If the radius
of the circle is 1.2 m. Find the tension (a) at the top of the circle, (b) at the bottom of the circle.
Given : g = 10 m s–2 and p = 3.14.
Sol. Mass, m = 0.4 kg;
1
time period = second, radius, r = 1.2 m
2
2p
Angular velocity, w = = 4p rad s–1 = 12.56 rad s–1.
1/ 2
mv 2
(a) At the top of the circle, T = – mg = mrw2 – mg = m (rw2–g)
r
= 0.4 (1.2 × l12.56 × 12.56 – 9.8) N = 71.2 N
(b) At the lowest point, T = m(rw2 + g) = 80 N

Ex.33Two point mass m are connected the light rod of length l and it is free to rotate in vertical plane as shown.
Calculate the minimum horizontal velocity is given to mass so that it completes the circular motion in vertical
lane.
Sol. Here tension in the rod at the top most point of circle can be zero or negative for completing the loop.
So velocity at the top most point is zero.
From energy conservation

æ1 ö
2 ç mv 2 ÷ = mg( 2l) + mg(4l) + 0
è2 ø
NODE02\B0AH-AI\TEACHING NOTES\PHYSICS\NURTURE_(11TH)_NOTES\CIRCULAR MOTION.P65

Þ v = 6gl

Ex.35A block is released from the top of a smooth vertical track, which ends in a circle of radius r as shown.
(i) Find the minimum value of h so that the block completes the circle.
(ii) If h = 3r, find normal reaction when the block is at the points A and B.
(iii) If h = 2r , find the velocity of the block when it loses the contact with the track.

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Sol. (i) For completing the circle, velocity at lowest point of circle (say A) is 5gr

1
( ) 5r
2
from energy conservation mgh m 5gr Þh=
2 2
(ii) h = 3r
From energy conservation velocity at point A and B are
1
mg.3r = mv 2A Þ v B = 2gr
2
Therefore normal reaction at A and B is -

mv 2A
N A – mg = Þ N A = 7 mg
r

mv 2B
N B – mg = Þ N B = mg
r

(iii) h = 2r
It loses contact with the track when normal reaction is zero

mv 2
= mgcosq .....(1)
r
from energy conservation

1
mgh = mgr ( 1 + cosq) + mv 2 .....(2)
2
from (1) and (2)

2g(h – r) 2gr
v= =
3 3

Ex.36Prove that a motor car moving over a convex bridge is lighter than the same car resting on the same bridge.
Sol. The motion of the motor car over a convex bridge AB is the motion along
the segment of a circle AB (Figure); The centripetal force is provided by
the difference of weight mg of the car and the normal reaction R of the
bridge.

mv 2 mv 2
\ mg – R = or R = mg –
r r
NODE02\B0AH-AI\TEACHING NOTES\PHYSICS\NURTURE_(11TH)_NOTES\CIRCULAR MOTION.P65

Clearly R < mg, i.e., the weight of the moving car is less than the weight of the stationary car.
Ex.37Prove that a motor car moving over a concave bridge is heavier than the same car resting on the same bridge.
Sol. The motion of the motor car over a concave bridge AB is the motion along the segment of a circle AB (Figure);
The centripetal force is provided by the difference of normal reaction R of the bridge and weight mg of the
car.

mv 2 mv 2
\ R – mg = or R = mg +
r r

clearly R > mg, i.e., the weight of the moving car is greater than the weight of hte stationary car.

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Ex.39A simple pendulum is constructed by attaching a bob of mass m to a string of length L fixed at its upper end.
The bob oscillates in a vertical circle. It is found that the speed of the bob is v when the string makes an angle
a with the vertical. Find the tension in the string and the magnitude of net force on the bob at the instant.
Sol. (i) The forces acting on the bob are :
(a) the tension T (b) the weight mg

mv 2
As the bob moves in a circle of radius L with centre at O. A centripetal force of magnitude is required
L
towards O. This force will be provided by the resultant of T and mg cos a. Thus,

mv 2 æ v2 ö
or T – mg cos a = T = m çç gcos a + ÷÷
L è Lø

2
æ v2 ö
(ii) a net = a t2 + a r2 2
= (gsin a) + ç ÷
ç l ÷
è ø

r v4
| Fnet |= ma net = m g 2 sin 2 a + 2
L

Ex.40 A particle in projected with velocity 3gL at point A (lowest point of the circle) in the vertical plane. Find
the maximum height about horizontal level of point A if the string slacks at the point B as shown.

Sol. As tension at B ; T = 0

mv 2B
\ mg cos q =
L
\ v B = gL cos q ....(1)
Now by equation of energy between A and B.
1 1
0 + m mgL = mv 2B + mgL(1 + cos q)
2 2
put vB
1
\ cos q =
3
\ height attended by particle after the point B where the string slacks is ;

v 2B sin 2 q gL cos q(1 – cos2 q) 4L

h'= = =
2g 2g 27
NODE02\B0AH-AI\TEACHING NOTES\PHYSICS\NURTURE_(11TH)_NOTES\CIRCULAR MOTION.P65

\ Maximum height about point A is given by ;

Hmax = L + Lcosq + h'
L 4 L 40L
= L+ + =
3 27 27

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Ex-3 :- Complete

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Ex-3 :- Complete

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