5GLESSONS

JAMB, POST-UTME, WAEC,NECO,

NURSI
NG, NABTEB,&GCE
Examinat
ionsPrepar
ati
onStudi
o

By
OTAI
GBEOSAGI
E

PHYSI
CS
EXAM STUDI
O
LESSON:
1
TOPI
C:PHYSI
CSANDI
TSBRANCHES
QUESTI
ONI
:(POST-
UTME,
UNI
BEN)
Thebr
anchofsci
enceconcer
nedwi
thener
gy
i
s
A.chemi
str
y
B.phy
sics
C.bi
ology
D.geol
ogy

EXPLANATI
ON:
Phy sicsisthestudyofmat t
erinrel
ationto
ener gy.
Phy sicsisoneoft hethr
eemai nbranchesof
science, theothertwobeingchemi str
yand
biology .
Chemi st
ryisthestudyoft hechangest hat
mat terundergo.
Biologyi sthestudyofli
feorl i
vi
ngt hi
ngs.
 BranchesofPhy sics
Themai nbranchesofphy sicsandt heirfocus
i
nclude;
BranchesofPhy sics Focus
Mechani cs Mot i
onandf orce
Thermal phy si
cs Heatandt emper at
ure
(t
her mody nami cs)
Opti
cs Li
ght
Electr
icity Current
Acoust i
cs Soundwav es
At omicphy sics Shellsorener gylevel
s
i
nat oms
Nucl earphy si
cs Thenucl eusofan
atom
Electromagnet ism i nteractionbet ween
el
ect r
icandmagnet ic
fi
elds.
ANSWER:
D

LESSON: 2
TOPIC:FRICTION
QUESTION: (POST-UTME,UNIBEN)
Whent hebrakesinacarareappli
ed,
the
fr
ict
ionalf
orceont hety
resis
A.adi sadv antagebecausei ti
sint he
dir
ect i
onoft hemot i
onoft hecar
B.adi sadv antagebecausei ti
sint he
opposi t
edi rectionoft hemot i
onoft hecar
C.anadv antagebecausei tisinthedirecti
on
ofthemot ionoft hecar
D.anadv antagebecausei tisintheopposi t
e
dir
ect i
onoft hemot i
onoft hecar
EXPLANATI ON:
Fri
ctionist hef orcefrom asur f
acet hat
opposest hemot ionofanobj ectthatisin
contactwi tht hesur f
ace.
Pr operti
esofFr i
cti
on
1.Itiscont actf orce.
2.Itplaysorexi stsonlywhenanobj ect
att
empt st omov eorismov ingalonga
surface.
3.Itactsint heopposi tedirecti
onoft he
dir
ect i
onofmov i
ngobj ect.
4.Itdoesnotdependont hear eaofasur face.
5.Itdependsont henat ureoft hesur f
ace.
6.I
tdependsonthenormal f
orce(orr eacti
on)
ontheobject.
7.I
tdependsontheweightoft heobject.
8.Fri
cti
oalfor
cei
sdir
ectlyproport
ional t
othe
normalfor
ceontheobjectoritsweight.

F∝RorF∝W
F=μW
F=μmg
μi scal l
edcoef f
icientoff ri
ct i
on
9.Frict i
onreducest heef f
iciencyofmachines
ormov i
ngobj ects.
10.Fr icti
ongoeswi t
hadv ant agesand
disadv antages.
Adv ant agesofFr i
cti
on
1.Mov ementofv ehicles;Itenablesvehi
cles
tyrest ohav eagr i
pont her oadsurfaceso
thatt heycanmov ewi thoutski ddi
ng.
2.Br akesi nvehi cles;Itisresponsiblef
or
bringingv ehiclest ost opwhenbr akesare
applied.
3.Walki
ng;I
tpr
event
susf
rom sl
i
dingor
fal
l
ingwhil
ewalki
ng.
4.Cl
imbing;
Itpr
event
susf
rom sl
i
dingwhi
l
e
cl
imbing.
5.Hangi
ng;I
tenabl
esnail
sandscrewsto
remai
ninposit
ionwi
thoutpul
l
ingwhil
e
hangi
ngobj
ects.
6.I
gni
ti
on;
Itcanbeusedt
ogener
atef
ir
e.
7.Wheelorpul
leymotion;I
tenablesthebel
ts
tohaveagri
pont heaxesofwheel sor
pul
ley
ssoast obringabouttur
ningand
rot
ati
on
8.Sharpening;Itenablescert
aindevices,
li
ke
fi
lesorgri
ndst ones,tosharpenobjectsli
ke
knives,
chiselsorcutlasses.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofFr
ict
ion
1.I
tcauseswearandt
ear
.
2.I
tcauseswast
ageofener
gy.
3.I
treducesef
fi
ciencyofmachi
nes.
4.I
tcausest
heheat
ingofengi
nesormov
ing
par
tsinobj
ect
s
5.I
tcancausemov i
ngpartsofobj
ect
sto
gener
atedi
stur
bingsounds.
Way
sofReduci
ngFr
ict
ion
1.Useofl
ubr
icant
s,e.
g.engi
neoi
l
,gr
eese,
etc.
2.Pol
i
shing,
i.
e.maki
ngt
hesur
faceorobj
ect
smooth
3.Useofbal
lorr
oll
erbear
ings
4.Streaml
i
ningt
heshapeoft
hemov
ing
object
5.Li
ghteni
ng,i
.e.r
educi
ngt
hewei
ghtoft
he
movingobject
ANSWER:
D

LESSON:
3
TOPI
C:FUNDAMENTALQUANTI
TIESAND
FUNDAMENTALUNITS
QUESTI
ONI
:(POST-
UTME,
UNI
BEN)
Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
saf
undament
al
quant
it
y?
i.Forcei i
.Lumi nousi nt
ensityi
ii
.Temper at
ure
i
v.Pressure
A.ionl y
B.iionly
C.ii
i onl
y
D.iandi i
E.iiandi ii
EXPLANATI ON:
Physical quantit
iesar epropert
iesthatof
mat t
ert hatcanbemeasur ed.
Exampl esar elength, mass,densit
y,etc.
Units
Unitsaredef i
nit
eorspeci fi
camount sof
physical quantit
iesthatareusedas
standardsi nmeasur ement .
Exampl esar emet res( m),seconds(s),
kil
ogr am (kg),Newt ons(N) ,
etc.
 Ty
pesofPhy
sical
Quant
it
iesandUni
ts
1.Fundament
alquant
it
iesandf
undament
al
uni
ts
2.Der
ivedquant
it
iesandder
iveduni
ts
Fundament
alQuant
it
ies
Theyarephysi
calquanti
ti
esthatarenot
defi
nedfr
om otherphysi
calquanti
ti
es.They
arei
ndependentquanti
ti
esbecausetheyare
notgot
tenfrom combini
ngotherquanti
ti
es.
Theyar
eal
socal
l
edbasi
cquant
it
ies.
Ther
earesev
en(
7)f
undament
alquant
it
ies.
Theyi
ncl
ude;
1.Mass
2.Length
3.Time
4.Temperature
5.Curr
ent
6.Amountofasubst ance
7.Luminousintensi
ty
 Fundament
alUni
ts
Fundamentaluni
tsar
eunitsoffundament
al
quanti
ti
es.Theyarei
ndependentuni
ts.
Theyar
eal
socal
l
edbasi
cuni
ts.
Ther
eareal
sosev
en(
7)f
undament
aluni
ts.
Theyi
ncl
ude;
1.Ki
l
ogr
am
2.Met
res
3.Seconds
4.Kel
vi
n
5.Amper
e
6.Mol
e
7.Candel
a
Quant
it
ySymbolsandDimensi
onSymbol
sof
Fundamental
Quanti
ti
es
Quant
itysy
mbolsaresymbol
swhichphysi
cal
quant
it
iestakei
nphysi
csfor
mul
a,e.g.m f
or
mass.
Dimensi onsy mbolsaresy mbolst hat
fundament alquantit
iestakeindi mensi ons,
e.g.M f orMass.
Thequant i
tyanddimensi onsy mbolsoft he
sev enf undamental quaniti
esknownar e;
Fundament alQuantity Dimension Uni tand
Quant it
y Sy mbol Sy mbol Uni t
Sy mbol
Mass m M kilogr am
(kg)
Lengt h l L met res(m)
Time t T seconds
(s)
Temper at
ure T θ Kel vin(K)
Cur rent I I Amper e
(
A)
Amountofa n N mol e
subst ance (mol .)
Lumi nous I
v J candel a
i
nt ensit
y (cd)
 Vari
ousFor msofLengt h
All
thef ol
l
owingar edif
ferentfor msofl engt
h
andthusar eal
lconsideredasl ength;
di
stance,di
splacement ,breadt h,wi
dth,
thi
ckness,height,
base, r
adi us,diameter,
extensi
on,cir
cumf er
ence, per i
met er
,etc.
ANSWER: E

QUESTI ONI I
:(POST- UTME,UNIBEN)
Whi chofthef ol
lowingisNOTaf undamental
S.Iunit
?
A.Met er
B.Amper e
C.Radian
D.Seconds
E.Kelvin
EXPLANATI ON:
Studytheexpl anati
onon" Quest
ionI"abov
e
toanswert hisquestion.
ANSWER: C
QUESTI ONIII
:(POST-UTME, UNIBEN)
Thephy si
calquanti
tythatismeasuredint
he
unit
, cd,hasthedimensionsy mbol
A.θ
B.Iv

C.T
D.J
E.N
EXPLANATI ON:
Studyt heexplanat
ionon" Quest
ionI"abov
e
toanswert hisquesti
on.
ANSWER: D

LESSON:
4
TOPIC:DERI
VEDQUANTI
TIESANDDERI
VED
UNITS
QUESTI
ONI
:(UTME,
JAMB)
Whichofthef
oll
owi
ngphy
sical
quant
it
iesar
e
der
ived?
 I.AreaI I.ThrustIII
.PressureIV.Mass
A.I,IIandI I
I
B.IIIandI V
C.II,II
IandI V
D.IVonl y
E.IIandI V
EXPLANATI ON:
Der i
vedQuant it
ies
Theyar ephy sicalquantit
iesthataredefi
ned
fr
om ot herphy sicalquantit
ies.Theyare
dependentquant it
iesbecauset heyaregott
en
fr
om combi ningot herquantit
ies.
Ther earemanyder i
vedquant i
ti
esknown.
Someoft hem i ncl
ude;
1.Ar ea
2.Vol ume
3.Vel ocit
yorspeed
4.Accel eration
5.For ce
 Der ivedUni ts
Theyareuni t
sofder i
v edquant i
ti
es.Theyar e
dependentunitsbecauset heyareusual ly
gott
enf rom combi ningot herquant it
ies.
Someoft hem i
nclude;
1.Metresquar e(m2)ast heuni tofar ea
3
2.Metrecube( m )ast heunitofv olume
-
1
3.Metreperseconds( m/ sorms )ast he
uni
tofv eloci
ty
2 -2
4.Metrepersecondssquar e(m/ s orms )
astheuni tofaccelerat i
on
5.Newtons( N)ast heuni tofforce
CommonDer i
vedQuant i
ti
esandThei rUnit
Theyinclude;
Derived For mula Unit
Quantity
Ar
ea Area=lengt
h× m2
br
eadth
Vol
ume Vol
ume=l ength× m3
br
eadt
h×hei ght
Veloci
tyor Velocit
y= m/
s
speed di
stance/t
ime
2
Accel
erat
ion Acceler
ati
on= m/
s
velocit
y/t
ime
For
ce For
ce=mass× N
accel
erat
ion
2
Pr
essur
e Pressure= N/
m
Force/
Area
3
Densi
ty Densit
y= kg/
m
mass/
volume
Moment Moment=Force× Nm
di
stance
Moment
um Momentum=Mass kgm/
s
×veloci
ty
I
mpul
se I
mpul
se=for
ce× Ns
t
ime
Potenti
al Potenti
alenergy= J(
Joul
e)
energy mass×accel erati
on
duetogr avi
ty×
hei
ght
 Kineti
c Ki
net
icener gy=½× J(
Joul
e)
energy mass×v eloci
ty
square
Surface Sur
facetensi
on= N/
m
tension f
orce/
lengt
h
El
ect
ric Char
ge=Curr
ent× C
char
ge t
ime (
Col
oumb)
Potenti
al Pot
enti
aldif
ference J/
C
di
ff
erence =workdone/charge
St
ress St
ress=f
orce/
area m2
N/
St
rai
n Strai
n= Nouni
t
ext
ension/or
igi
nal
l
ength
Young's Young'smodulus= m2
N/
modolus stress/
str
ain
Heat Heatcapacity= J/
kgK
capaci
ty heat/(
mass×
t emperat
ure
dif
fer
ences)
 Wor
k Work=force× J(
Joul
e)
di
stance
Power Power= J/
s
wor
kdone/
ti
me
Var
iousFor
msofFor
ce
All
thefol
lowi
ngaredif
fer
entformsoff
orce
andthusareal
ltr
eat
edasaf orce;
wei
ght
,thr
ust,
upthr
ust
,fr
icti
on,t
ensi
on,
r
eact
ionornor
malforce,et
c.
ANSWER:
E

QUESTI
ONI
I:(
UTME,
JAMB)
Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
sader
iveduni
t?
A.Met
re
B.Coul
omb
C.Ki
l
ogr
am
D.Second
E.Amper
e
EXPLANATI
ON:
Studyt
heexplanat
ionon"Quest
ionI
"abov
e
toanswert
hisquesti
on.
ANSWER:
B

LESSON:
5
TOPI
C:DI
MENSI
ONSOFPHYSI
CAL
QUANTI
TIES
QUESTI (
ON:UTME,
JAMB)
Forwhatr
especti
vev
alueofa,b,
andcwould
thedi
mensionofmomentum beMaLbTc?
A.1,
–2,
1
B.1,
2,–2
C.1,
1,–1
D.2,
2,1
EXPLANATI
ON:
Dimensioni
sdefinedast hepowerstowhi
ch
thefundament
alquanti
tiesthatdef
inea
physical
quant
it
yar er
aised.
Adimensionasanex pr
essioni ndi
cateshow
muchort heextenttowhichf undamental
quant
iti
esareinvolvedi
nt hedef i
nit
ionor
descr
ipt
ionofagi venphysicalquantit
y.
Howt
oSol
vef
ort
heDimensi
onofaPhy
sical
Quant
it
y
Step1:I
denti
fythephy
sical
quant
it
ytobe
analy
zed,e.
g.;
moment
um,
p.
Step2:Def
inethephysi
calquant
it
y
accor
dingt
oitsconvent
ional
formul
a,e.
g.;
moment
um,
p=mass,
m ×v
eloci
ty,
v
p=mv
Step3:Breakdownt hepart
ici
pati
ng
parameterbysystemati
cal
lydefi
ningeach
whereapplicabl
edownt oapointwhereonly
fundamentalquanti
tyar
elefti
ntheformula,
e.g.
;
p=mv
 p=m(
v)=m(
s/t
)=m(
l/
t)=ml
/t
Step4: Codet hesur vivingf undament al
quant it
ieswi ththei rrespect i
vest andard
dimensi onsy mbol s,e. gm, l
,andtcodedas
M, L, andT, e.g.
;
p=ml /t=ML/ T
Step5: Rearranget hesur vi
v i
ngel ement sin
suchawayast oel i
mi nat ef r
act i
onusi ngthe
reciprocal l
awofi ndi ces, e.g.
;
p=ML/ T=MLT--1
Ther efore,thedimensi onofmoment um, pis
MLT-1
Thismeanst hatthebasi cquant it
iesthat
definemoment um ar emass, lengthandt i
me
totheext entofthei rr espect i
v epower s.
Step5: Compar et hepower sint hedimensi on
gottencor r
espondi nglywi t
ht hedi mension
expr essionassumedi nt hequest i
on.
MLT--1=M1L1T--1=MaLbTc
Hence, a=1, b=1, c=- 1
ANSWER: C
LESSON:
6
TOPIC:TOTALENERGYATANYPOINTOFA
BODYPROJECTEDVERTICALLYUPWARDOR
RELEASEDDOWNWARDFROM AHEI GHT
QUESTI (
ON:POST-
UTME,
UNBEN)
Aballofmass0. 1kgi st
hrownv er
tical
l
y
upwardswithaspeedof10ms-1f r
om thet op
ofatower10m hi gh.Neglect
ingair
resi
stance,
itst
otal ener
gyjustbeforehit
ti
ng
thegroundis(akeg=10ms-2)
t
A.5J
B.10J
C.15J
D.20J
EXPLANATI
ON:
Ifabodyispr oj
ectedver
ti
cal
lyupwardor
rel
easeddownwar dfr
om aheight,
thetotal
energyitpossessesatanyheightpoi
ntisa
constantcalcul
atedfr
om anyofthefoll
owing
f
ormuae;
I
.Forupwar
dpr
oject
ion;
2
Tot
alener
gy=mg(
u/2g+h)
I
I.Fordownwar
drel
ease;
Tot
alener
gy=mgh
NOTE:
Thetotal
energyatanypointofabody
rel
easedvert
ical
lydownwardfrom aheight
DOESNOTdependont hev el
ocit
ywit
hwhi ch
i
twhichitisr
eleasedbecausenomat t
ert he
val
ueofsuchv el
ocit
y,i
tistakenaszero.
Fr
om t
hequest
ion;
m =0.
1kg,
u=10m/
s,h=10m, s2.
g=10m/
Sincewear
edeal
ingwi
thupwar
dpr
oject
ion,
theappl
i
cabl
efor
mulai
s;
Tot
alener u2/
gy=mg( 2g+h)
2
=0.
1×10(
10/
2×10+10)
=1(
100/
20+10)
=1(
5+10)
 =1(
15)
=15J
ANSWER:
C

LESSON:
7
TOPIC:Ener
gy,Fr
equencyandWav
elengt
h
OrderofEl
ectr
omagnet
icWaves
QUESTI (
ON:POST-
UTME,
UNBEN)
Whichofthefol
lowingar
rangementsofthe
componentsofelectr
omagneti
cspectr
um is
i
nascendingorderofwavel
engths?
A.Gammar
ays,
ult
rav
iol
etr
ays,
X-r
ays,
inf
ra-
redr
ays
B.Gammar
ays,
X-r
ays,
ult
rav
iol
etr
ays,
inf
ra-
redr
ays
C.i
nfr
a-r
edray
s,ul
tr
avi
oletr
ays,
X-r
ays,
gammar ay
s
D.Gammar
ays,
ult
rav
iol
etr
ays,
inf
ra-
redr
ays,
X-
rays
EXPLANATI ON:
Elect
romagneti
cwavesarewavesthatdonot
requi
reamat er
ial
medium f
ort
heir
propagat
ion.
Theypr
opagatet
hemsel
vesandt
hust
rav
el
thr
oughvacuum.
All
electr
omagneticwav esaretransver
se
waves,i.
e.theyvi
brateoroscil
l
at eina
di
recti
onthatisperpendicul
artothedirect
ion
ofwav etr
avel.
Therearesevencomponentsof
el
ectromagneti
cwavescoll
ecti
vel
ycal
l
edEM
spectrum.Theyi
ncl
ude;
G=Gammar ays
X=Xr ays
M =Microwav es
R=Radi owav es
U=Ultravi
oletrays
V=Visiblel
ight
I=Inf
raredwav es
Theirenergyandf requencychangeinthe
samedi recti
on,wher easthei
rwavel
ength
changeint hedirecti
onoppositetoenergy
andf r
equency .
Theorderofthethei
renergy
,fr
equencyand
wavel
engthisthushighl
i
ghtedbel
ow.
ANSWER:
B

LESSON: 8
TOPI C: Disper si
on
QUESTI ONI : (POST- UTME, UNBEN)
Whi choft hef oll
owi ngcol our
sgi v
est heleast
separ ati
onwhenwhi t
el i
ghtisdispersedbya
tri
angul arglasspr ism?
A.Redandbl ue
B.Yel l
owandgr een
C.Or angeandi ndi go
D.Gr eenandv iolet
EXPLANATI ON:
Disper si
oni st hesepar ati
onofwhi telightint
o
i
tscomponent scol orswhenl i
ghtispassed
throughat r
iangul argl asspr i
sm.
Disper si
onoccur sbyr efracti
onandi tis
causedbydi fferencei nthespeedofmot ion
ofthedi f
ferentcol or sthroughtheglass
medi um.
Dispersioncauseseachcomponentcolorof
white l
ighttotr
avelinanewuniquedi
recti
on
compar edtotheoriginal
dir
ect
ionoft
he
whitelight
.

Theangl ebetweentheori
ginaldir
ectionof
thefull
li
ghtandt henewdirecti
onofal ight
colori
scalledangleofdevi
ation.Redcol or
hastheleastangleofdevi
ationwhi l
ev iolet
colorhasthehighestangl
eofdi spersion.
Theangl ebetweenthedirectionsanytwo
color
siscalledofseparation.Thecloserany
twocolorsare,thesmallertheirangl
eof
separat
ion,whereasthef art
heranytwo
color
s,thelargert
heirangleofseparation.
Thecomponent sofwhitel
ighthasthesame
energy,fr
equency,speedandwav elengt
hin
airorvacuum.Buti ngl
ass,onlyfr
equency
remainsconst ant
.Eachcol
oracqui resa
diff
erentuniquespeed,wavelengt
hand
energyvalue.
Thelessert
heangleofdevi
ati
onf orgi
ven
col
or,thehi
gherthespeedandenergyofthe
col
orbutthelowerthewavel
ength.
ANSWER: B

QUESTIONI I
:(POST-UTME, UNBEN)
Whichcolourisdevi
atedleastwhenwhit
e
l
ightpassesthroughatri
angularpr
ism?
A.Gr
een
B.I
ndi
go
C.Red
D.Viol
et
E.Yell
ow
EXPLANATI
ON:
Studyt
heexplanat
ionon"Quest
ionI
"abov
e
toanswert
hisquesti
on.
ANSWER:
C

QUESTI
ONI
II
:(POST-
UTME,
UNBEN)
Whi
ch
Whi
chofthef ol
l
owi ngpair
sofcol
oursgives
t
hewidestseparat
ioninthespect
rum of
whi
tel
ight?
A.RedandVi
olet
B.Gr
eenandYel
l
ow
C.RedandI
ndi
go
D.Yel
l
owandVi
olet
EXPLANATI
ON:
Studyt
heexplanat
ionon"Quest
ionI
"abov
e
toanswert
hisquesti
on.
ANSWER:
A

LESSON:9
TOPIC:Sur
faceTension
QUESTIONI:(POST-UTME,UNBEN)
Whenthetemper at
ureofal
iqui
dincr
eases,
i
tssurf
acetension
A.decr
eases
B.i
ncr
eases
C.r
emai
nsconst
ant
D.increasesandt hendecr eases
EXPLANATI ON:
Surfacetensionthef orcethatpull
sthe
surfacemol ecul
esofal i
quiddownwardthus
maki ngtheliqui
dsur facedepressedand
str
et chedli
keanel asticmembr aneorski
n.
Mathemat i
cally,
surfacetensi
oni st
herati
oof
theforcedrepressi
ngt hesurfacemolecul
es
ofaliqui
d,Ft othelengthalongwhichthe
for
ceact s,
l.
 -
1
Theuni tofsur facet ensi
onisNm .
Surf
acet ensioni scausedbyani mbalancein
thei
nt ermol ecularforcesofal i
quid.
I
ntermol ecularf orcesattr
acteverymol ecul
e
i
nal iquidinal ldirecti
ons.Becausethe
i
ntermol ecularf orcesareequal andopposite
i
ndirect i
ons, theycancel outtobalancet he
l
iqui
d.
Factorst hatAf f
ectSurfaceTension
Theyi nclude;
1.Temper ature
Surf
acet ensiondecr easesast emperature
i
ncreasesandi ncreasesast emperature
decreases.
2.Nat
ureoft
heLi
qui
d
Sur
facetensionishi
gherinpolarl
iquids(
e.g.
water
,acid,baseorsaltsol
uti
ons)andlower
i
nnonpol arli
quids(
e.g.pet
rol,
kerosene,
di
esel
,etc.)
3.Vi
scosi
ty
Surf
acetensioni
shigheri
nlessvscous(
i or
l
ighter
)li
qui
dsandlesseri
nmor evscous(
i or
thi
cker)l
i
quids.
4.Pr
esenceofi
mpur
it
ies
Surfacetensionishigherinthepresenceof
solubleimpurit
iesandl esseri
nthepresence
ofinsolubleimpuri
tiesbutitaver
ageor
i
ntermedi atei
nv al
uei ntheabsenceofany
ty
peofi mpur it
ies.
5.Pr
esenceofext
ernalf
iel
ds
Exter
nalfi
elds,
e.g.el
ect
ri
cf i
eld,
magneti
c
fi
eld,
reducesurfacet
ensioninli
qui
ds.
Hence,surf
acetensionislesseri
nthe
presenceofanexternal
fieldandhigheri
nthe
absenceofanexternalfi
eld.
LESSON:
10
TOPI
C:Snel
l
'sLawsofRef
lect
ion
QUESTI
ONI
:(POST-
UTME,
UNBEN)
Arayofl
i
ghtstr
ikesaplanemi r
rorata
gl
anci
ngangl
eof50° .Cal
cul
atet heangl
e
bet
weenthei
ncidentandref
lectedrays.
A.20°
B.40°
C.50°
D.80°
E.100°
EXPLANATI
ON:
Ref
lect
ioni
sthebounci
ngbackofawav
e
whenthewavehi
tsanobstacl
e.
Refl
ect
ionanditspar
amet
ersar
eshowni
n
thedi
agram bel
ow.