IP Addressing and

Subnet Masks
(Subnetting)
Subnet Masks
• Identifies the network/subnet portion of an IP address. •
Subnets are created by borrowing bits from the host
 portion.

Partitioning a network into subnets

Equations
 ��
number of subnets created 2
(��−��)
number of usable hosts/subnet 2 −2

Where:
�� ���� ������������ ����
�������� ����������������
�������� ��ℎ�� ℎ������
�������� �� ���� ������������
���� ℎ������ �������� ������
 ��ℎ�� ���������� ����
�������������� (A = 24, B = 16, C = 8)
Using the equation:
Breaking down the 192.168.12.0 network into four
subnets We need to borrow 2 bits from the host.
# of subnets created 2��
Therefore: �� = 2
Equations:
�� # of usable hosts/subnet ���� ��������
2
2 ����������������
2 =4 2(��−��)
− 2 �� ���� #
�������� ��ℎ�� ℎ������ ��������

Usable Hosts per Subnet: ���������� ����

��������������
�� ���� # ���� ℎ������
�������� ������ ��ℎ��
(��−��) 28−2 − 2 = 62
2 −2
Next Step
• Determine the subnet mask required for creating the four subnets.

Recall:
NETWORK HOST
CLASS C 00000000 00000000 00000000 0 0 000000 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3

OCTET 4

Most significant bits

(MSB)

Identifying Subnet Masks

• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
 Host Bits = 8
• Example: (No subnet yet) NETWORK HOST

CLASS C
OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24
Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
 NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)

CLASS C 11111111

OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24
Host Bits = 8

Identifying Subnet Masks

• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
 • If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)

CLASS C 11111111

OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)

CLASS C 11111111
 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111
OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111
OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111
OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255 255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255 255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255 255

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 OCTET 1 OCTET 2 OCTET 3 OCTET 4

Network Bits = 24

Host Bits = 8255 255 255 0

Identifying Subnet Masks
• Subnet mask consist of 1 or 0.
• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)
CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255 255 255 0
Network Bits = 24
Host Bits = 8
of 1 or 0.
Identifying Subnet IP Address 192.168.12.0
Masks • Subnet mask consist

• If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the

network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
 the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)

CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255 255 255 0

Network Bits = 24
Host Bits = 8
of 1 or 0.
Identifying Subnet IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet

Masks • Subnet mask consist Mask 255.255.255.0

 • If bit position is set to 1, it indicates the
network. • If bit position is set to 0, it indicates
the host.
NETWORK HOST
• Example: (No subnet yet)

CLASS C 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255 255 255 0

Network Bits = 24
Host Bits = 8

Identifying Subnet Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Mask 255.255.255.0
NETWORK HOST

NETWORK HOST

CLASS C

CLASS C
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Identifying Subnet
Masks • Example: (with Breaking down the 192.168.12.0
network into four subnets We need
subnets) to borrow 2 bits from the host.
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet
 Mask 255.255.255.0
Identifying Subnet NETWORK HOST

Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
CLASS C
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Identifying Subnet Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
Mask 255.255.255.0

NETWORK HOST

CLASS C

Identifying Subnet Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
Mask 255.255.255.0

NETWORK HOST

CLASS C

Identifying Subnet Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet
Mask 255.255.255.0

NETWORK HOST

CLASS C Borrowed bits

from the host

Identifying Subnet
Masks • Example: (with
11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet
Mask 255.255.255.0
 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK HOST

CLASS C

IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet

Identifying Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0

Masks • Example: (with NETWORK

HOST
subnets)
 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

CLASS C

Mask 255.255.255.0
Identifying Subnet
NETWORK
Masks • Example: (with
HOST

subnets)
CLASS C
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
Identifying Subnet
CLASS C
Masks • Example: (with 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Binary

Mask 255.255.255.0

NETWORK
HOST
Identifying Subnet
Masks • Example: (with 1 1 0 0 0 0
Binary
0 0

subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet
Mask 255.255.255.0 Identifying Subnet
NETWORK
HOST
Masks • Example: (with
subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet
CLASS C
11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000 Mask 255.255.255.0
 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK
HOST

CLASS C

Place Value Binary

1 1 0

subnets)
Identifying Subnet IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet

Masks • Example: (with Mask 255.255.255.0

 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK
HOST

CLASS C

Place Value Binary

128 64 32
1 1 0

subnets)
Identifying Subnet IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet

Masks • Example: (with Mask 255.255.255.0

 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK
HOST

CLASS C
128+6
4+0+0
Place Value Binary +0+0+
0+0
128 64 32
1 1 0

subnets)
Identifying Subnet IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet

Masks • Example: (with Mask 255.255.255.0

 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK
HOST

CLASS C
128+6

4+0+0
Place Value Binary
128 64 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 192
1 1 0

subnets)
Identifying Subnet IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet

Masks • Example: (with Mask 255.255.255.0

 11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK
HOST

CLASS C
128+6
4+0+0
Place Value Binary +0+0+
0+0
128 64 32
1 1 0

= 192
Subnet Mask (with 4 subnets) 255.255.255.192

Identifying Subnet Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet
Mask 255.255.255.0
CLASS C
11111111 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

NETWORK
HOST

128+6
4+0+0
Place Value Binary +0+0+
0+0
128 64 32
1 1 0

= 192
Subnet Mask (with 4 subnets) 255.255.255.192

Identifying Subnet Masks • Example: (with

subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask

255.255.255.192 Identifying Subnet

NETWORK
HOST
Masks • Example: (with
subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask

255.255.255.192

NETWORK
HOST

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111
 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
11111111

Place Value Binary

128 64 32
1 1 0

IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask

Identifying Subnet 255.255.255.192

Masks • Example: (with NETWORK

HOST

subnets)
 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
11111111

Masks • Example: (with

Place
Value
Binary
192.168.12.0 subnets)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
255.255.255.192

Identifying Subnet NETWORK

HOST

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111
 Masks • Example: (with
Place
Value
Binary
192.168.12.0
192.168.12.64
subnets)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
255.255.255.192

Identifying Subnet
NETWORK
HOST

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111
Place
192.168.12.0
Value 192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128
Binary 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask

255.255.255.192
Identifying Subnet
NETWORK
Masks • Example: (with HOST

subnets)

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111
Place
Value
Binary
192.168.12.0
192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128 192.168.12.192
Identifying Subnet
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Masks • Example: (with
255.255.255.192

subnets) NETWORK
HOST
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111
Place

Identifying Subnet
Value
Binary
192.168.12.0
192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128 192.168.12.192
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Masks • Example: (with
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask
 255.255.255.192

NETWORK
HOST

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111
Place

Identifying Subnet
Value
Binary
192.168.12.0

192.168.12.63
192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128 192.168.12.192
Masks • Example: (with
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 subnets)
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask

255.255.255.192
NETWORK
HOST

11111111 11111111 1 1 000000

11111111

Masks • Example: (with

Place
Value
Binary
192.168.12.0
192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128 192.168.12.192
subnets)
192.168.12.63 192.168.12.127 IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
255.255.255.192
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

NETWORK
HOST
Identifying Subnet
 11111111 11111111 1 1 000000
11111111
Place
Value
subnets)
Binary
192.168.12.0
192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128 192.168.12.192
192.168.12.63 192.168.12.127 192.168.12.191 192.168.12.255
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Identifying Subnet 192.168.12.0

192.168.12.64 192.168.12.128 192.168.12.192
192.168.12.63 192.168.12.127 192.168.12.191 192.168.12.255
IP Address 192.168.12.0 Subnet Mask
Masks • Example: (with 255.255.255.192