Ethics in Practice

RIMS- FALL 23

Submitted by: Akash Ali

MS Media Sciences

2st Semester

SAP #: 53076

Date of Submission: 05.04.2024

Riphah Institute of Media Sciences

Riphah International University

Introduction

In Pakistan, child rights appears a essential feature of civil enhancement and human
rights supporting, curtaining the well-being and safety of children is not only a equitable
obligation but also a legitimate duty obligation undergoing international conventions
ratified by Pakistan, including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
(UNCRC). The UNCRC profile a inclusive framework for the preservance and assistance
of children's rights, circumscribe courteous, political, economic, social, and cultural
rights.

Children are the future of any state, and the fundamental reason for the success of
prosperous nations is that they not only acknowledge the rights of their children but
also ensure their protection. The current situation regarding children's rights in Pakistan
is extremely alarming, with children becoming victims of exploitation every day. This is
primarily because we fail to recognize their rights. Alongside the government, various
organizations are also working on children's rights in Pakistan. At present, organizations
such as Save the Children, UNICEF, Child Rights Movement, Child Care Foundation of
Pakistan, Rozan, SOS Children’s Village of Pakistan, Public Welfare Organizations, War
Child, Bargad, Sahil, Pehchan, and SPARC are working on children's rights. At the
governmental level, National Commission for Child Rights (NCCR), Child Protection
Units, and Child Protection and Welfare Bureaus are operating in some districts.

Under 18 years of age, all individuals are considered children, and this is the definition
that has been established for them.

What are rights?

A claim that is based on legal and social foundations.

What are the fundamental rights of children?

Some of the fundamental rights of children, which are related to their life and
development, include the right to life and development, access to education, birth
registration, freedom of expression, protection from forced labor, love and care, special
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care for children, provision of healthcare facilities, protection from violence, protection
from substance abuse, protection from harmful practices and customs, play and leisure.

Key issues related to children's rights:

Not attending school, early marriage, psychological, physical, and sexual violence
against children, physical punishment and abuse, not vaccinating children, children
using drugs, children being exposed to bad company in society, child trafficking, child
abduction, incidents of sexual abuse against children, not registering children's date of
birth, sending children to work to alleviate poverty, and issues of neglecting special
children and their needs.

International Convention on the Rights of the Child:

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the
Child in November 1989, and it was implemented on September 2, 1990. This
convention consists of a total of 54 articles, 41 of which are related to children's rights,
while 13 are related to the responsibilities of states and United Nations agencies.
During the meetings held on September 29 to 30, 1990, 71 heads of state and 88 senior
officials participated. 190 countries signed this convention, while Somalia due to civil
war and America, claiming to be a superpower, did not sign it.

What is included in the Convention on the Rights of the Child?

This convention resulted from lengthy negotiations between member states of the
United Nations. Member states of the United Nations may agree on the provisions of
this convention over a period of 10 years. If a country fully supports an international
convention, it means that it is willing to abide by the convention and that as a signatory
to the convention; the country agrees to fulfill all the obligations stipulated in the
convention. Pakistan also extended its commitment to the convention on December 12,
1990, and thus became a party to the convention on the rights of children. Consequently,
in light of the convention, it became obligatory to amend national laws and to regularly
report on the implementation of the convention in the country.

The following are legal Act related to children rights.

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Article 1 to affirm the status of children as deserving of special consideration and
protection. By establishing a universal age threshold of eighteen for childhood, it
emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing the unique needs, vulnerabilities,
and rights of individuals during their formative years. This recognition sets the stage for
the subsequent articles that outline specific rights and protections for children.

Article 2 is to ensure equality and protection for children by prohibiting discrimination

based on various factors such as race, lineage, creed, religion, language, country, tribe,
or disability. This article underscores the fundamental principle of treating all children
with dignity, respect, and fairness, regardless of their background or circumstances. It
emphasizes the universal rights of children to be free from discrimination and to have
equal opportunities for growth, development, and participation in society.

Article 3 is to prioritize the well-being and welfare of children in all decision-making

processes. It underscores the principle that the best interests of the child should be
paramount in any actions or decisions taken by courts, social institutions, or
governmental authorities. This article emphasizes the importance of considering
children's physical, emotional, and developmental needs, as well as their safety and
happiness, when determining policies, interventions, or legal matters that may affect
them. Overall, it promotes a child-centered approach to decision-making, ensuring that
children's rights and welfare are upheld and protected.

Article 4 The importance of actively implementing and enforcing the rights outlined in
the agreements. It emphasizes that simply recognizing these rights is not sufficient;
signatory states must take concrete legal and administrative actions to ensure that
these rights are upheld and protected within their jurisdictions. This article underscores
the commitment of the signatory states to actively promote and safeguard the rights of
children, ensuring that they are not merely theoretical ideals but tangible guarantees
that are upheld in practice. It highlights the accountability of states in fulfilling their
obligations to protect and promote the rights of children.

Article 5 is the acknowledgment of the state's responsibility in ensuring the well-being

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and development of children. It emphasizes that the upbringing of children is a
collective responsibility that falls upon each state, highlighting the role of governments
in creating conducive environments for children to thrive. Additionally, it underscores
the importance of parents and guardians in respecting children's rights and fulfilling
their duties towards them, including providing education, guidance, and support to help
children achieve their aspirations. This article emphasizes the collaborative effort
required between the state and caregivers to ensure that children's rights are upheld
and their needs are met effectively.

Article 6 is the fundamental right of every child to life and the obligation of all nations
to ensure the survival and well-being of children from birth.

Article 7 is the importance of registering the birth of every child promptly after their
birth, ensuring they are officially recognized, named, granted citizenship, and their birth
details are recorded by the government. This ensures the protection of the child's
identity and access to rights and services throughout their life.

Article 8 is the necessity for governments to ensure that children are properly identified
in terms of their citizenship and family connections. This includes measures to
establish and maintain accurate records that facilitate the recognition of a child's legal
status and familial ties, ensuring their rights and responsibilities are upheld within
society.

Article 9 is the protection of the familial bond between children and their parents. It
emphasizes that children should not be separated from their parents unless it is
absolutely necessary for legal reasons, and even then, the decision should be made with
the child's best interests as the primary consideration. This article highlights the
importance of maintaining family unity and ensuring that any separation is carried out in
a manner that minimizes harm to the child.

Article 10 is the right to family reunification for parents and children who are separated
due to migration and residing in different countries. It emphasizes the importance of
preserving family unity and ensuring that legal barriers do not prevent families from
being together in another country.

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Article 11 is the prevention of child abduction, highlighting the responsibility of the
state to protect children from being forcefully taken or abducted by groups and ensuring
the prompt recovery of abducted children. This underscores the importance of
safeguarding children from potential dangers and ensuring their safety and well-being
within society.

Article 12 is the promotion of freedom of expression for children. It emphasizes that

every child has the right to express their thoughts, opinions, and ideas through various
mediums such as speech, writing, or art. Additionally, it stresses the importance of
considering the child's age and maturity level when evaluating and respecting their
views, ensuring that their voices are heard and valued in society.

Article 13 is the promotion of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion for children.
It asserts that every child has the right to form their own beliefs, express their thoughts,
and practice their chosen religion or belief system. This article underscores the
importance of respecting children's autonomy and individuality in matters of faith and
conscience, ensuring their freedom to explore and express their spiritual and moral
convictions without interference or coercion.

Article 14 is the universal right to education for every child. It emphasizes that
education is not only a fundamental right but also highlights the importance of making
primary education compulsory and freely accessible to all children. This article
underscores the significance of education in promoting equal opportunities, fostering
personal development, and Article .

Article 15 Children shall have the right to join or form associations.building a

foundation for lifelong learning.

Article 16 is the protection of a child's privacy and personal space. It emphasizes that a
child's privacy, including their family life, home, and correspondence, should be
respected and not unlawfully infringed upon by external parties or authorities. This
article underscores the importance of safeguarding children's personal boundaries and
ensuring their right to privacy is upheld.
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Article 17 is the promotion of access to information for children. It emphasizes the
responsibility of the government to ensure that children have access to a diverse range
of information from various sources. This article underscores the importance of
providing children with the knowledge and resources they need to learn, explore, and
make informed decisions, thus empowering them to participate fully in society.

Article 18 is the recognition of parental responsibility in the upbringing and

development of children. It emphasizes that parents or guardians hold the primary
responsibility for nurturing and guiding their children's growth. Additionally, it highlights
the role of the state in supporting parents to fulfill this responsibility effectively,
ensuring that children receive the care, support, and guidance they need for their overall
well-being and development.

Article 19 is the obligation of the state to safeguard children from all forms of abuse
and neglect. It emphasizes the importance of implementing comprehensive measures,
including legislative, administrative, social, and educational actions, to protect children
from physical or mental harm, exploitation, and neglect. This article underscores the
commitment to ensuring the safety and well-being of children, highlighting their right to
grow up in a nurturing and supportive environment free from any form of violence or
mistreatment.

Article 20 is the protection of children who do not have families. It emphasizes the
responsibility of the government to implement special measures to ensure the welfare
and well-being of these children by providing them with a nurturing environment and, if
necessary, establishing institutions for their care. This article underscores the
importance of ensuring that children without families receive the support and protection
they need to thrive and develop to their fullest potential.

Article 21 is the prioritization of the best interests of the child in adoption decisions. It
emphasizes that competent authorities should make adoption decisions with the
primary consideration being the welfare and well-being of the child. This article
underscores the importance of ensuring that adoption processes are conducted in a

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manner that promotes the child's safety, stability, and overall development, highlighting
the fundamental principle that adoption should serve the best interests of the child.

Article 22 is the provision of special protection and assistance to refugee and migrant
children. It underscores the importance of addressing the unique vulnerabilities and
challenges faced by children who are refugees or migrants, emphasizing the need for
tailored support and safeguards to ensure their safety, well-being, and rights are upheld.
This article highlights the commitment to providing refugee and migrant children with
the necessary protection, access to services, and opportunities for a dignified life
despite their circumstances.

Article 23 is the recognition of the rights of children with disabilities to receive special
care and education. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring that children with
disabilities have access to the necessary support and resources to facilitate their
development and inclusion in society. This article underscores the commitment to
promoting the well-being and empowerment of children with disabilities by providing
them with tailored services and opportunities to thrive and participate fully in all aspects
of life.

Article 24 is the recognition of every child's right to access health services and enjoy
the highest attainable standard of health. It emphasizes the importance of providing
children with necessary healthcare facilities for the treatment of illnesses and
rehabilitation of health conditions. Additionally, it highlights the commitment to
reducing the mortality rate of newborns, underscoring the significance of ensuring the
well-being and survival of children from infancy through access to adequate healthcare.
This article reinforces the principle that every child deserves the right to health and
healthcare services to support their growth, development, and overall well-being.

Article 25 is the oversight and evaluation of institutions responsible for the protection,
care, and treatment of children. It emphasizes the state's obligation to periodically
review the functioning of these institutions to ensure they are effectively fulfilling their
mandate and providing adequate care for children. Additionally, it underscores the
importance of maintaining minimum standards for facilities available to children,
highlighting the commitment to safeguarding their well-being and ensuring they receive
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appropriate care and support. This article reinforces the principle of accountability and
continuous improvement in the provision of services for children, aiming to uphold their
rights and promote their best interests.

Article 26 is the recognition of every child's right to social security, including access to
insurance. It underscores the importance of ensuring that children have access to
social protection measures that safeguard their well-being and provide support in times
of need. This article emphasizes the commitment to promoting economic security and
stability for children, highlighting the importance of ensuring they have access to
essential resources and support systems to thrive and develop to their fullest potential.

Article 27 is the acknowledgment of every child's entitlement to an adequate standard

of living conducive to their comprehensive development. This article underscores the
importance of ensuring that children have access to the necessary resources and
conditions that support their physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and social well-being. It
emphasizes the commitment to promoting environments that facilitate the holistic
growth and fulfillment of children, affirming their right to live in circumstances that
nurture their overall development and enable them to thrive.

Article 28 is the recognition of every child's right to education and the government's
responsibility to ensure access to it. It emphasizes that education is a fundamental
right for all children, with primary education being compulsory and provided free of
charge. Additionally, the article highlights the importance of ensuring access to
technical and vocational education, underscoring the commitment to providing children
with opportunities for skills development and lifelong learning. This article reinforces
the principle that education is essential for the empowerment and development of
children, promoting equal access to educational opportunities for all.

Article 29 is the emphasis on developing an education system that enhances children's

abilities, fosters their personality, and prepares them to be responsible citizens. It
underscores the importance of education not only in imparting knowledge but also in
nurturing skills, values, and attitudes that contribute to the holistic development of

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children. This article highlights the broader goals of education, which include equipping
children with the tools they need to contribute positively to society and participate
actively as responsible members of their communities.

Article 30 is the recognition of the rights of children belonging to minority communities

to preserve and practice their own culture, religion, and language. It emphasizes the
importance of respecting the cultural identity and heritage of minority children, ensuring
that they have the freedom to embrace and maintain their cultural traditions and beliefs.
This article underscores the commitment to promoting diversity and inclusivity,
affirming the right of minority children to express and celebrate their cultural, religious,
and linguistic heritage within their communities.

Article 31 is the recognition of children's right to leisure, play, and cultural engagement.
It emphasizes that children should have the opportunity to participate in recreational
and cultural activities, encouraging their involvement in the cultural and artistic life of
their communities. This article underscores the importance of promoting children's
holistic development by providing avenues for leisure and creative expression, fostering
their social, emotional, and cognitive well-being. It highlights the principle that children
should have access to diverse experiences that enrich their lives and contribute to their
overall growth and fulfillment.

Article 32 is the protection of children from economic exploitation and the regulation of
child labor. It emphasizes the government's responsibility to safeguard children from
engaging in labor that may harm their physical, mental, or emotional well-being.
Additionally, the article underscores the importance of setting minimum ages for
employment and establishing regulations to ensure that working conditions for children
are safe and appropriate. This article reinforces the principle that children have the right
to be protected from exploitation in the workforce and should have the opportunity to
grow and develop in a healthy and nurturing environment.

Article 33 is the protection of children from drug abuse and the prevention of their
exposure to hazardous drugs. It emphasizes the importance of safeguarding children's

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well-being by implementing measures to prevent drug abuse and ensuring that
dangerous substances are not prepared or distributed in any way that could harm
children. This article underscores the commitment to promoting a safe and healthy
environment for children, free from the negative impacts of drug abuse and addiction. It
highlights the principle that children should be protected from the dangers of substance
abuse and supported in making healthy choices for their physical and mental well-being.

Article 34 is the protection of children from all forms of sexual abuse and exploitation.
It emphasizes the importance of safeguarding children's well-being by preventing any
form of sexual exploitation, including abuse, harassment, trafficking, and other harmful
practices. This article underscores the commitment to promoting a safe and secure
environment for children, free from the risks and traumas associated with sexual
exploitation. It highlights the principle that children have the right to live free from any
form of sexual harm and should be protected from exploitation in all its forms.

Article 35 is the prevention of child trafficking for any purpose. It emphasizes the
responsibility of the state to take proactive measures to prevent the trafficking of
children, ensuring their protection from exploitation and abuse. This article underscores
the commitment to safeguarding children's rights and well-being by addressing the root
causes and risks associated with child trafficking. It highlights the principle that
children should be protected from being trafficked and exploited for any purpose, and
that concerted efforts should be made to combat this egregious violation of their rights.

Article 36 is the protection of children from all forms of exploitation that impede their
development. It emphasizes the importance of safeguarding children's well-being by
preventing any form of exploitation, including labor exploitation, trafficking, abuse, and
other harmful practices. This article underscores the commitment to promoting a
nurturing and supportive environment for children, free from the risks and harms
associated with exploitation. It highlights the principle that children have the right to
grow and develop in a safe and secure environment, protected from any form of
exploitation that may hinder their physical, emotional, or psychological development.

Article 37 is the protection of children from cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or

punishment, as well as from extreme forms of punishment such as capital punishment
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or life imprisonment without the possibility of release. It emphasizes the importance of
safeguarding children's rights and well-being by ensuring that they are treated with
dignity and respect, even in situations of detention or punishment. This article
underscores the commitment to promoting a humane and child-centered approach to
justice, highlighting the principle that children should never be subjected to torture or
other forms of severe punishment that could cause lasting harm to their physical or
psychological well-being.

Article 38 is the protection of children from direct involvement in armed conflicts and
their recruitment into armed forces. It emphasizes the importance of safeguarding
children's rights and well-being by prohibiting their participation in hostilities and military
activities. This article underscores the commitment to promoting the safety and welfare
of children by ensuring that they are not exposed to the dangers and traumas of armed
conflict. It highlights the principle that children should be protected from being recruited
or used as soldiers, recognizing their vulnerability and the need to safeguard their rights
and dignity during times of conflict.

Article 39 is the rehabilitation and support of child victims affected by war, violence,
neglect, or exploitation. It emphasizes the responsibility of the government to provide
appropriate treatment and care for children who have experienced trauma and hardship
due to such circumstances. This article underscores the commitment to promoting the
recovery and well-being of child victims by ensuring access to necessary services and
support systems that address their physical, emotional, and psychological needs. It
highlights the principle that children affected by adversity should be provided with the
resources and assistance necessary to rebuild their lives and regain a sense of security
and dignity.

Article 40 is the protection of the legal rights of children who come into conflict with
the law. It emphasizes that children, whether accused or found guilty of breaking the
law, are entitled to have their human rights respected and to be treated fairly in
accordance with legal procedures. This article underscores the commitment to ensuring
that children in conflict with the law receive adequate legal assistance and
representation to safeguard their rights and ensure their fair treatment within the justice

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system. It highlights the principle that children, like adults, are entitled to due process
and fair treatment under the law, recognizing their vulnerability and the need to protect
their rights and dignity throughout legal proceedings.

Article 41 is the commitment to upholding the highest standards for children's rights,
even if they exceed the requirements set forth in existing agreements or national laws.
It emphasizes the principle of prioritizing the well-being and protection of children by
ensuring that the most robust standards for their rights are maintained and adhered to,
regardless of any lower standards established elsewhere. This article underscores the
importance of continually striving for the advancement and enhancement of children's
rights, acknowledging that superior standards should always be upheld to ensure the
fullest protection and promotion of children's rights and well-being globally.

Literature Review

In spite of notable progress in recent years, Pakistan pursues to face countless

challenges in safeguarding the rights of its children. These challenges stem from
profuse socio-economic factors, including dearth, limited access to education and
healthcare, cultural norms, and scant legal protection mechanism.

(Ahmed, S.(2019); Children's Rights in Pakistan: A critical overview, journal of child

rights and policies,12(2),87_102.

One of the most pressing issues is child labor, with millions of children engaged in
hazardous and ruthless work across various sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing,
and domestic service. Child labor robs of children of their right to education, reveal
them to physical and psychological harm, and sustain the cycle of poverty).

(Khan, A., & Malik, S. (2020). The Influence of Electronic Media on Children’s Rights
Awareness in Pakistan. International Journal of Communication Ethics, 7(1), 45-62.

Additionally , access to quality education remains a worthy of attention challenges,

particularly in rural and marginalized communities. Fencing such as poverty, gender
intolerance , lack of configuration , and cultural standard contribute to low school
enrollment and high dropout rates among children, especially girls).

(Rafique, M., & Ahmed, R. (2018). A Content Analysis of Television Coverage of

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Children’s Rights in Pakistan. Journal of Media Studies, 15(2), 112-130).

(Child marriage is another critical concern in Pakistan, with a remarkable number of

girls married off before the age of 18. Early marriage not only cheat of girls of their
childhood but also reveal them to health risks, domestic cruelty, and limited good time
for education and economic delegation).

(Siddiqui, F., & Hassan, Z. (2017). The Impact of Electronic Media Coverage on
Children’s Rights Policy-Making in Pakistan. Journal of Development Communication,
14(1), 78-94.

What’s more , issues such as child deal , sexual exploitation, and juvenile justice system
reform require urgent attention to ensure the protection and healing of unsafe children).

(Ali, M., & Hussain, S. (2021). Challenges and Opportunities for Electronic Media in
Promoting Children’s Rights in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Media Studies, 8(2), 167-
183.

Regardless of these challenges, Pakistan has taken steps to address child rights
violations through judicial reforms, policy initiatives, and the establishment of
institutions dedicated to child protection. Civil society organizations, non-governmental
organizations, and international partners play a vital role in supporting for children's
rights, providing support services, and raising awareness within communities).

(Iqbal, N., & Khan, R. (2019). Ethical Issues in Electronic Media Coverage of Children’s
Rights: A Case Study of Pakistan. Journal of Media Ethics, 6(3), 210-225).

Inclosing, while progress has been made in forward and protecting child rights in
Pakistan, significant challenges are keep going Addressing these challenges requires a
multi-faceted approach involving government action, community engagement, and
international cooperation to ensure that every child in Pakistan can enjoy their elemental
integrity to survival, protection, development, and contribution.

Child rights in Pakistan pertains to the need for deeper analysis and empirical evidence
regarding the effectiveness of interventions and policies aimed at addressing various
challenges, including child labor, access to education, and child marriage. The article

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lacks in-depth exploration of specific government reforms and programs, as well as
quantitative data on outcomes. Additionally, there is a deficiency in examining the
cultural factors influencing child rights violations and proposing contextually relevant
solutions. Overall, the research gap underscores the necessity for more comprehensive
research to inform effective strategies for promoting and protecting child rights in
Pakistan.

Literature Review

The definition of child abuse, as outlined by the World Health Organization,

encompasses any form of mistreatment that poses physical or psychological risks to a
child's development (Hussain et al., 2018). Despite variations in professional
interpretations, efforts are underway to standardize these definitions for better
comprehension (Malik et al., 2018). This includes instances where children are not
developmentally prepared to provide consent or situations that contravene cultural
norms (Mahmood & Zahoor, 2018). Examples of child sexual abuse (CSA) may involve
coercing a child into unlawful sexual activities or exploiting them for commercial gain
(Tariq et al., 2017).

Understanding the distinction between the two primary forms of child sexual abuse is
crucial. Non-contact abuse encompasses actions like exposing a child to pornography
or displaying one's genitalia to a child, while contact abuse entails a spectrum of
behaviors such as genital fondling, coerced sexual acts, masturbation, and sexual
intercourse (Khan & Raza, 2017). Awareness of these abuse types is pivotal for
prevention and intervention efforts (Zaman & Rana, 2017).

Recognizing the pivotal role of parents in providing Comprehensive Sexuality Education

(CSE) to their children, safeguarding them from sexual abuse, and nurturing their self-
esteem is imperative (Rehman et al., 2016). Moreover, acknowledging the media's sway
over young people's attitudes towards sexuality underscores the importance of media
literacy education in supporting CSE endeavors (Ayub & Khan, 2020). An integrated
approach to parental involvement and media literacy education can empower young
individuals with accurate information and skills necessary for making sound decisions

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about their sexual well-being (Khan & Riaz, 2020). Ethically reporting on child sexual
abuse in electronic media is a responsibility for professional researchers (Bari & Khan,
2020). In response to the Kasur Incident in 2015, where children endured prolonged
sexual abuse, the Pakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism (PCEJ) emerged to address
such concerns (Mahmood & Aslam, 2020). While the media plays a crucial role in
identifying and penalizing perpetrators, sensationalized coverage risks exacerbating
harm to victims if not handled with sensitivity (Raza & Khan, 2020). PCEJ advocates for
ethical journalism practices, including safeguarding victim privacy, reporting with
sensitivity, distinguishing between facts and opinions, providing context, regular follow-
up, and promoting preventive education and reforms (Saeed & Malik, 2020).
Researchers must acknowledge the media's role in reporting incidents like the Kasur
scandal to raise public awareness and prevent future occurrences (Shahid & Ramzan,
2021). This underscores the significance of the Pakistani television series "Udaari,"
which aired in 2016, addressing social issues such as child sexual abuse, parental
opposition to music careers, police investigations, and uncritical support of politicians
(Saleem & Iqbal, 2020). Co-produced by Momina Duraid and Kashaf Foundation, written
by Farhat Ishtiaq, and directed by Muhammad Ehtesham Uddin, the series challenged
stereotypes and taboos to foster awareness and seek solutions.

Children's rights persist as one of the most delicate facets within the realm of human
rights issues. Their portrayal in the media often falls prey to exploitation, trafficking, and
abuse, sensationalized and reported in manners that gravely undermine the collective
endeavor to safeguard children's rights (Cohen, Ragan, & Amsden, 2003). Urgent calls
beckon upon mass media to adopt a more ethical and discerning approach towards
shedding light on the diverse forms of violence inflicted upon children. Systemic
violence and discrimination against children based on factors such as ethnicity,
socioeconomic status, or gender necessitate a recognition of the intersecting layers of
oppression against the younger generation (Ogunlayi, 2005). However, where does the
process of rectification commence? A thorough examination of the tenets of media
accountability and impartial reporting can provide insights into distinguishing between
responsible journalism and dysfunctional media practices.

Salazar (2008) highlights the shortcomings of both local and international media in their

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coverage of Chile's ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child, particularly in their failure to underscore the socioeconomic disparities among
Chilean children, exemplified in instances of child labor. The exploitation of children
through labor not only strips them of their dignity but also subjects them to deplorable
conditions where the demands exceed their physical and mental capacities
(Nieuwenhuys, 2005). The oversight of these class divides not only exposes the
superficial understanding of media dynamics but also underscores the inadequacy of
the UN's prescribed framework in empowering marginalized groups of Chilean children.
Across the globe, media outlets risk becoming mere conduits when they neglect to
challenge the normative assessment of an individual's worth based solely on their
socioeconomic standing, relegating children to the status of second-class citizens in
this narrative.

Sarkar and Mendoza (2005) advocate for the pivotal role of media in bolstering Bolivia's
democracy, where children are encouraged to engage in the National Congress to grasp
their significance as active participants in civic affairs. The dissemination of messages
through advertising in free media channels holds substantial value in shaping discourse
and fostering the realization of rights (Ridout & Smith, 2008). Consequently, the nexus
between children's rights and new media emerges as a delicate yet crucial alliance.

Similarly, Ogunlayi (2005) conducted both quantitative and qualitative research among
students in southwestern Nigeria regarding adolescents' sexual rights. The findings
revealed that while a considerable percentage in Ikeja (60.3%) and Ikorodu (62.3%) were
aware of their sexual and reproductive rights, they lacked comprehensive knowledge of
the specifics. It was deduced that with the implementation of intervention programs
facilitated by governmental and media support, adolescents could enhance their
understanding of their rights, overcoming socio-cultural barriers.

Conversely, Kravdal (2004) addresses the issue of child mortality by focusing on

maternal education in India. Increased awareness of maternity and preventive health
services among mothers significantly impacts the well-being of children. Media plays a
pivotal role in disseminating these crucial messages nationwide. Drawing from data
collected in the National Family Health Survey II, Kravdal observes that individualistic
perspectives often exacerbate child mortality rates and related rights issues concerning
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nutrition, education, and basic care. Model-based services, including community
parental education initiatives led by NGOs and government agencies with media
assistance, have led to a notable reduction in child mortality rates.

The recognition that individuals' opinions are valued, regardless of age, proves
empowering for young people who often feel marginalized and detached in their
traditionally passive societal roles (O'Kane & Karkara, 2007). Similarly, Cohen, Ragan,
and Amsden (2003) explore the role of visual media in shaping children's understanding
of environmental issues. Their study reveals that children possess remarkable ideas for
environmental sustainability, yet they often hesitate to express their views on such
matters.

The infringement upon children's rights and the suppression of their voices represent
pressing concerns that have not received adequate attention or remedial action. While
media conglomerates may prioritize profitability, they often overlook the detrimental
effects of sensationalizing children's rights issues in the pursuit of commercial
competition. Children bear the brunt of society's most intricate and politically charged
dilemmas, such as being offspring of internally displaced refugees, homeless due to
poverty, victims of sexual trafficking, ensnared in the complexities of drug wars,
employed at a young age, or belonging to marginalized religious minorities, among
others. Effectively addressing these multifaceted forms of brutality demands a more
conscientious approach from mass media, allowing children to glimpse hope and
empowerment within their societal segment.

The study of child poverty has traditionally been dominated by classical economists and
specialists in social policy, primarily operating within human capital frameworks.
Economists have held sway over the definitions, measurements, and policy
formulations regarding poverty. However, the global economic downturn and the failure
of economic growth to mitigate poverty have prompted introspection among
economists (Morrow, 2012). For instance, Atkinson (2011) argues that mainstream
economics has strayed from its historical roots as a fundamentally moral discipline
focused on promoting welfare. Similarly, Shiller and Shiller (2011) highlight the
increasing technical complexity within economics, suggesting a departure from
understanding "how the world works" and advocating for interdisciplinary perspectives
17
from fields such as history, sociology, and psychology to foster holistic thinking
centered on the overarching moral objective of enhancing human well-being. It's
reasonable to posit that considerations of welfare are intrinsically linked to moral
inquiries concerning human rights and dignity.

In discussions surrounding child poverty, children are often enveloped within the
broader construct of the 'family,' typically narrowly construed as comprising parents.
Measures of poverty are predominantly anchored in parental income or expenditure,
leading to recommendations that parental employment is the panacea for liberating
children from persistent impoverishment. Within this framework, children are implicitly
relegated to the status of 'objects' or 'products' of the system (Alderson, 2008: 81). This
perspective is epitomized by World Bank policies that advocate for global interventions
grounded in human capital assumptions, wherein formal education and economic
growth are posited as the means to elevate children out of poverty (Penn, 2002). The
prevailing 'global model of childhood,' often associated with the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC) but equally intertwined with the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) and the Education for All agenda, conceptualizes childhood primarily as a
phase dedicated to formal schooling. This paradigm is increasingly endorsed by parents,
children, NGOs, and governments worldwide.

Research Methodology

Data Collection

Data collection for this research involves sourcing information from various prominent
news channels in Pakistan, including Geo News,ARY News, BOL News,Samaa TV,
Express News, Dunya News, Suno TV, GTV, Such TV, Lahore Rung, PTV World, 92 News,
Dawn news. The focus is on gathering data from news bulletins and headlines over the
past two years. This approach ensures a comprehensive and current dataset, reflecting
the most recent developments and coverage trends. The data is primarily collected
online, utilizing the digital archives and online repositories of these news channels. This
method allows for efficient access to a wide range of news content, ensuring that the
18
collected data is both extensive and representative of the media landscape in Pakistan.
By systematically reviewing and recording the headlines and bulletins from these
sources, the research aims to capture the various perspectives and reporting styles of
different news outlets, providing a robust foundation for analysis.

Research Method

The research methodology employed in this study is quantitative, focusing on the

systematic collection and analysis of data from the headlines of various prominent
Pakistani news channels, including Geo News,ARY News, BOL News,Samaa TV, Express
News, Dunya News, Suno TV, GTV, Such TV, Lahore Rung, PTV World, 92 News, Dawn
news. This approach involves gathering data in a structured and numerical form, which
allows for the application of statistical techniques to analyze the frequency, distribution,
and patterns of news coverage. By quantitatively assessing the headlines, the research
aims to provide an objective and measurable understanding of how different news
channels prioritize and present information over the past two years. The data collection
process involves extracting headlines from the online archives of these channels,
ensuring that a comprehensive dataset is obtained. Each headline is treated as a data
point, which is then coded and categorized based on predefined variables such as topic,
sentiment, and prominence. Statistical tools are used to analyze this data, enabling the
identification of trends, correlations, and disparities in news coverage across different
channels. This quantitative methodology ensures that the findings are based on
empirical evidence, providing a robust foundation for drawing conclusions about the
media landscape in Pakistan. The use of a quantitative approach allows for the
replication of the study and the verification of results, enhancing the reliability and
validity of the research outcomes. By employing quantitative analysis, the research aims
to deliver precise and generalizable insights into the reporting practices of Pakistani
news channels.

Data Analysis

Content analysis is a systematic and objective method used to analyze the collected
data from online sources, including prominent Pakistani news channels such as Geo
News,ARY News,

19
Bol News,Samaa TV, Express News, Dunya News, Suno TV, GTV, Such TV, Lahore Rung,

PTV World, 92 News, Dawn news. This technique involves a detailed examination of the
content, themes, and patterns within the news bulletins and headlines over the past two
years. By employing content analysis, the research aims to categorize and quantify the
information presented by these news channels, allowing for an in-depth understanding
of how various issues are reported and emphasized. The process began with the coding
of data, where specific keywords, phrases, and themes were identified and recorded.
This coding system enabled the researcher to systematically organize large volumes of
data, making it possible to detect trends and draw comparisons across different
channels. Additionally, content analysis facilitates the identification of biases, the
prominence of certain topics, and the framing of news stories. By applying this method,
the research not only provides a quantitative overview of the news coverage but also
offers qualitative insights into the editorial choices and narrative structures employed
by these media outlets. Consequently, content analysis served as a powerful tool in
elucidating the media landscape in Pakistan, helping to uncover the underlying patterns
in news reporting and contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the media’s
role in shaping public perception and discourse.

20
References:
Fredman, S. (2005). Women and children last: reflections on the Convention on the
Rights of the Child. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 13(4), 307-328.

Hammarberg, T. (2005). Realizing the rights of children. International Journal of Law,

Policy and the Family, 19(1), 21-42.

Sanders, A. (2010). Using Children's Rights Approaches to Address Child Labor. Human
Rights Quarterly, 32(3), 679-702.

Tobin, J. (2005). The Right to Education: Towards a Rights-Based Framework for

National and International Education Policy-Making. International Journal of Human
Rights, 9(1), 1-23

Lundy, L., & McEvoy, K. (2012). ‘This is Me as a Child’: Children’s Participation Rights in
Practice. Human Rights Law Review, 12(2), 411-437.

Themes

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Data Analysis

In the data analysis, data from on-air news and programs related to children's rights
over the past two years have been provided. The data analysis includes news data
related to children's rights, detailing which channel highlighted children's issues the
most on electronic media. Children faced the following issues:

Physical abuse

Sexual abuse

Murder

Educational issues

Health-related issues

Missing children

22
TV Child Child Child Child Child Missing Child Child
Channels Violence Sexual Murder Education Health Child Appreciation Issues
Name Assaul Talk
t Shows

Geo News 03 01 02 01 01

ARY News 01 01 01

Bol News 01 01 03

Samaa TV 01

Express 01
News

Dunya 01 01 01
News

Suno TV 01

GTV 01

Such TV 01

Lahore 01
Rung

PTV World 01

92 News 01

Dawn 01
news

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In the past two years, a total of 28 news reports and programs were broadcast.

Geo News: Geo News broadcast the most news (08) and programs related to children's
rights. The analysis based on issues shows that physical abuse and sexual violence
were the most reported problems. Geo News aired the most news (03) on child abuse.
The data of the news related to children's rights broadcast by Geo News is as follows.

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25
26
27
ARY News: ARY News broadcast 02 news related to children's rights, including one
detailed interview. The data of the news broadcast by ARY News is as follows.

28
Bol News: Bol News broadcast a total of 05 news and programs related to children's
rights. Out of these five, three were detailed programs. The data of the news and
programs related to children's rights broadcast by Bol News is as follows.

29
30
31
Samaa TV: The number of programs and news related to children's rights broadcast on
Samaa TV channel is 01, and it consists of a detailed interview. The data of the
programs and news broadcast on Samaa TV channel is as follows.

Dunya News: Dunya News broadcast a total of 03 programs and news related to
children's rights. Dunya News broadcast news on children's education, missing children,
and the encouragement of children by the Child Protection Bureau. The data of the news
broadcast is as follows.
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33
Suno TV: Only one program related to children's rights was broadcast on Suno TV, and
the data of this program is given below.

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GTV: GTV broadcast news related to a seminar organized for journalistic organizations
on children's rights. The data of the news broadcast by GTV is as follows.

35
Sach TV: Sach TV broadcast news related to a seminar organized for journalistic
organizations on children's rights. The data of the news broadcast by Sach TV is as

follows.

36
Lahore News: Lahore News broadcast only one news report related to the
encouragement of children by the Child Protection Bureau.

37
PTV World: PTV World broadcast only one program related to children's rights, which
discussed children's rights in detail. The data of the broadcast program is as follows.

38
92 News: 92 News broadcast only one news report related to children's education. The
data of the broadcast news is as follows.

Dawn News: Dawn News also broadcast only one news report related to the issue of
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children's health. The data of the broadcast news is as follows.

Conclusion

This research highlights a significant disparity in the attention given to children's rights
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across different Pakistani news channels. While some channels like Geo News and Bol
News show substantial engagement, others fall short in addressing these critical issues
comprehensively. The overall coverage tends to focus more on sensational aspects like
abuse while neglecting broader aspects like education and health. There is a need for
more balanced, detailed, and impactful reporting to ensure children's rights are
adequately represented and addressed in the media.

Discussion

My Research revolves around the state of children's rights, particularly in Pakistan, as

depicted through media coverage and the actions taken by relevant authorities.

The data underscores the prevalence of violence against children, with cases of
violence, sexual abuse, and murder being the most reported. This highlights a grim
reality where children are subjected to various forms of harm and exploitation.

The Research article sheds light on the role of media channels in highlighting children's
rights issues. Geo News emerges as a prominent platform for covering such stories,
followed by other channels like ARY News and Bol News. However, despite coverage,
the passage suggests a lack of comprehensive awareness campaigns focusing on
children's health and education.

The case of Junaid Jatt's wife subjecting a child to abuse underscores the influence of
media coverage in prompting action and drawing attention to such incidents. It
suggests that media attention plays a crucial role in addressing and potentially
preventing cases of child abuse and neglect.

The Research article highlights systemic challenges in ensuring children's access to

adequate healthcare and education facilities. It points out shortcomings in schools and
hospitals, emphasizing the need for government intervention and policy reforms to
address these issues effectively.

In this research article Despite discussions in governmental bodies like the Senate, the
passage indicates a lack of significant action taken to address children's rights issues
comprehensively. It calls for concrete measures to be taken by authorities to safeguard
the rights and well-being of children in Pakistan.

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Despite discussions in governmental bodies like the Senate, the passage indicates a
lack of significant action taken to address children's rights issues comprehensively. It
calls for concrete measures to be taken by authorities to safeguard the rights and well-
being of children in Pakistan.

Overall, paints a sobering picture of the state of children's rights, emphasizing the
urgent need for concerted efforts from media, government, and society to address the
myriad challenges faced by children in Pakistan.

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