Lecture

Presentation

Chapter 6
Circular Motion,
Orbits, and
Gravity

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Velocity and Acceleration in Uniform Circular
Motion (UCM)
• Although the speed of a particle
in uniform circular motion is
constant, its velocity is not
constant because the direction
of the motion is always changing.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-2

 Period, Frequency, and Speed
• The time interval it
takes an object to go
around a circle one
time is called the
period of the motion.
• We can specify
circular motion by
its frequency, the number of revolutions per second:

• The SI unit of frequency is inverse seconds, or s–1 Hertz.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-3

 Period, Frequency, and Speed

• Given Equation 6.2

relating frequency
and period, we can
also write this equation
as

• We can combine this with the expression for centripetal

acceleration:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-4

 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
• Riders traveling around on a circular carnival ride are
accelerating, as we have seen:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-5

 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
• A particle of mass m
moving at constant speed v
around a circle of radius r
must always have a net
force of magnitude mv2/r
pointing toward the center
of the circle.
•

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-6

 QuickCheck 6.2

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. The ball is accelerating because

A. The speed is changing.

B. The direction is changing.
C. The speed and the direction are changing.
D. The ball is not accelerating.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-7

 QuickCheck 6.2

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. The ball is accelerating because

A. The speed is changing.

B. The direction is changing.
C. The speed and the direction are changing.
D. The ball is not accelerating.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-8

 Conceptual Example 6.1 Velocity and
acceleration in uniform circular motion
A car is turning a tight corner at a constant speed. A top
view of the motion is shown in FIGURE 6.2. The velocity
vector for the car points to the east at the instant shown.
What is the direction of the acceleration?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-9

 Conceptual Example 6.1 Velocity and
acceleration in uniform circular motion (cont.)
REASON The curve that the car is following is a segment of a
circle, so this is an example of uniform circular motion. For
uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed toward
the center of the circle, which is to the south.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-10

 QuickCheck 6.3

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball?

A. Tangent to the circle, in the direction of the ball’s motion

B. Toward the center of the circle

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-11

 QuickCheck 6.3

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball?

A. Tangent to the circle, in the direction of the ball’s motion

B. Toward the center of the circle

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-12

 QuickCheck 6.4

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. What force is producing the centripetal acceleration
of the ball?

A. Gravity
B. Air resistance
C. Normal force
D. Tension in the string

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-13

 QuickCheck 6.4

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. What force is producing the centripetal acceleration
of the ball?

A. Gravity
B. Air resistance
C. Normal force
D. Tension in the string

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-14

 QuickCheck 6.5

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. What is the direction of the net force on the ball?

A. Tangent to the circle

B. Toward the center of the circle
C. There is no net force.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-15

 QuickCheck 6.5

A ball at the end of a string is being swung in a horizontal

circle. What is the direction of the net force on the ball?

A. Tangent to the circle

B. Toward the center of the circle
C. There is no net force.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-16

 QuickCheck 6.6

An ice hockey puck is tied by a string to a stake in the ice.

The puck is then swung in a circle. What force is producing
the centripetal acceleration of the puck?

A. Gravity
B. Air resistance
C. Friction
D. Normal force
E. Tension in the string

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-17

 QuickCheck 6.6

An ice hockey puck is tied by a string to a stake in the ice.

The puck is then swung in a circle. What force is producing
the centripetal acceleration of the puck?

A. Gravity
B. Air resistance
C. Friction
D. Normal force
E. Tension in the string

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-18

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-19
Slide 6-20
 QuickCheck 6.7

A coin is rotating on a turntable; it moves without sliding.

At the instant shown in the figure, which arrow gives the
direction of the coin’s velocity?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-21

 QuickCheck 6.7

A coin is rotating on a turntable; it moves without sliding.

At the instant shown in the figure, which arrow gives the
direction of the coin’s velocity?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-22

 QuickCheck 6.8

A coin is rotating on a turntable; it moves without sliding.

At the instant shown in the figure, which arrow gives the
direction of the frictional
force on the coin?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-23

 QuickCheck 6.8

A coin is rotating on a turntable; it moves without sliding.

At the instant shown in the figure, which arrow gives the
direction of the frictional
force on the coin?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-24

 QuickCheck 6.9

A coin is rotating on a turntable; it moves without sliding.

At the instant shown, suppose the frictional force
disappeared. In what direction would the coin move?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-25

 QuickCheck 6.9

A coin is rotating on a turntable; it moves without sliding.

At the instant shown, suppose the frictional force
disappeared. In what direction would the coin move?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-26

 Conceptual Example 6.4 Forces on a car, part I
Engineers design curves
on roads to be segments
of circles. They also
design dips and peaks in
roads to be segments of
circles with a radius that
depends on expected speeds
and other factors. A car is moving at a constant speed and
goes into a dip in the road. At the very bottom of the dip, is
the normal force of the road on the car greater than, less
than, or equal to the car’s weight?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-27

 Conceptual Example 6.4 Forces on a car, part I
(cont.)
Because points upward,
by Newton’s second law
there must be a net force
on the car that also points
upward. In order for this
to be the case, the free-body
diagram shows that the magnitude of the normal force must
be greater than the weight.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-28

 QuickCheck 6.1

A hollow tube lies flat on a table.

A ball is shot through the tube.
As the ball emerges from the
other end, which path does
it follow?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-29

 QuickCheck 6.1

C
A hollow tube lies flat on a table.
A ball is shot through the tube.
As the ball emerges from the
other end, which path does
it follow?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-30

 Example 6.7 Finding the maximum speed to
turn a corner
What is the maximum speed with
which a 1500 kg car can make a
turn around a curve of radius
20 m on a level (unbanked) road
without sliding? (This radius turn
is about what you might expect
at a major intersection in a city.)
.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-31

 Example 6.7 Finding the maximum speed to
turn a corner (cont.)
SOLVE The only force in the x-direction,
toward the center of the circle, is static
friction. Newton’s second law along the
x-axis is

The only difference between this example and the preceding

one is that the tension force toward the center has been
replaced by a static friction force toward the center.
Newton’s second law in the y-direction is

so that n = w = mg.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-32
 Example 6.7 Finding the maximum speed to
turn a corner (cont.)
The net force toward the center of the circle is the force of static friction.
Recall from Equation 5.7 in Chapter 5 that static friction has a maximum
possible value:

Because the static friction force has a maximum value, there will be
a maximum speed at which a car can turn without sliding. This speed
is reached when the static friction force reaches its maximum value
fs max = μsmg. If the car enters the curve at a speed higher than the maximum,
static friction cannot provide the necessary centripetal acceleration and the
car will slide.
Thus the maximum speed occurs at the maximum value of the force of
static friction, or when

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-33

 Example 6.7 Finding the maximum speed to
turn a corner (cont.)
Using the known value of fs max, we find

Rearranging, we get

For rubber tires on pavement, we find from Table 5.2 that

μs = 1.0. We then have

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-34

 Example 6.7 Finding the maximum speed to
turn a corner (cont.)

• The car’s mass canceled out. The maximum speed does not
depend on the mass of the vehicle, though this may seem
surprising.
• The final expression for vmax does depend on the coefficient of
friction and the radius of the turn. Both of these factors make
sense. You know, from experience, that the speed at which you
can take a turn decreases if μs is less (the road is wet or icy) or
if r is smaller (the turn is tighter).

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-35

 Example Problem
A level curve on a country road has a radius of 150 m. What
is the maximum speed at which this curve can be safely
negotiated on a rainy day when the coefficient of friction
between the tires on a car and the road is 0.40?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-36

 QuickCheck 6.10

A physics textbook swings back and

forth as a pendulum. Which is the
correct free-body diagram when the
book is at the bottom and moving to
the right?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-37

 QuickCheck 6.10

A physics textbook swings back and

forth as a pendulum. Which is the
correct free-body diagram when the
Centripetal acceleration
book is at the bottom and moving to requires an upward force.
the right?

C.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-38
 QuickCheck 6.11

A car that’s out of gas coasts

over the top of a hill at a steady
20 m/s. Assume air resistance is
negligible. Which free-body
diagram describes the car at this
instant?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-39

 QuickCheck 6.11

A car that’s out of gas coasts

over the top of a hill at a steady
20 m/s. Assume air resistance is
Now the centripetal
negligible. Which free-body acceleration points down.
diagram describes the car at this
instant?

A.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-40

 QuickCheck 6.12

A roller coaster car does a loop-the-loop. Which of the

free-body diagrams shows the forces on the car at the top of
the loop? Rolling friction can be neglected.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-41

 QuickCheck 6.12

A roller coaster car does a loop-the-loop. Which of the

free-body diagrams shows the forces on the car at the top of
the loop? Rolling friction can be neglected.

The track is above

the car, so the
normal force of the
E. track pushes down.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-42

A rider on a Ferris wheel moves in a vertical circle of radius r
at constant speed v. Is the normal force that the seat exerts
on the rider at the top of the wheel?

A)The same as the force the seat exerts at the bottom of

the wheel
B)Less than the force the seat exerts at the bottom of the
wheel
C)More than the force the seat exerts at the bottom of
the wheel

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