UNIT – V:

Analysis of Data: Measure of Central Tendency – Chi-Square test.

Interpretation: Meaning – Technique.
Report Writing: Steps – Layout of project Report.

ANALYSIS OF DATA:
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

DEFINITION
The central tendency is stated as the statistical measure that represents the
single value of the entire distribution or a dataset. It aims to provide an
accurate description of the entire data in the distribution.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

The central tendency of the dataset can be found out using the three
important measures namely mean, median and mode.

Mean
The mean represents the average value of the dataset. It can be calculated as
the sum of all the values in the dataset divided by the number of values. In
general, it is considered as the arithmetic mean. Some other measures of mean
used to find the central tendency are as follows:
 Geometric Mean
 Harmonic Mean
 Weighted Mean
It is observed that if all the values in the dataset are the same, then all
geometric, arithmetic and harmonic mean values are the same. If there is

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variability in the data, then the mean value differs. Calculating the mean value
is completely easy. The formula to calculate the mean value is given by:

The histogram given below shows that the mean value of symmetric
continuous data and the skewed continuous data.

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In symmetric data distribution, the mean value is located accurately at the
center. But in the skewed continuous data distribution, the extreme values in
the extended tail pull the mean value away from the center. So it is
recommended that the mean can be used for the symmetric distributions.

MERITS OF ARITHMETIC MEAN

 Arithemetic mean rigidly defined by algebric formula

 It is easy to calculate and simple to understand
 It based on all observations and it can be regarded as representative of
the given data
 It is capable of being treated mathematically and hence it is widely used
in statistical analysis.
 Arithmetic mean can be computed even if the detailed distribution is
not known but some of the observation and number of the observation
are known.
 It is least affected by the fluctuation of sampling

DEMERITS OF ARITHMETIC MEAN

 It can neither be determined by inspection or by graphical location

 Arithmetic mean cannot be computed for qualitative data like data on
intelligence honesty and smoking habit etc
 It is too much affected by extreme observations and hence it is not
adequately represent data consisting of some extreme point
 Arithmetic mean cannot be computed when class intervals have open
ends

Median
Median is the middle value of the dataset in which the dataset is arranged in
the ascending order or in descending order. When the dataset contains an
even number of values, then the median value of the dataset can be found by
taking the mean of the middle two values.

Consider the given dataset with the odd number of observations arranged in
descending order – 23, 21, 18, 16, 15, 13, 12, 10, 9, 7, 6, 5, and 2

3
Here 12 is the middle or median number that has 6 values above it and 6
values below it.

Now, consider another example with an even number of observations that are
arranged in descending order – 40, 38, 35, 33, 32, 30, 29, 27, 26, 24, 23, 22, 19,
and 17

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When you look at the given dataset, the two middle values obtained are 27
and 29.

Now, find out the mean value for these two numbers.

i.e.,(27+29)/2 =28

Therefore, the median for the given data distribution is 28.

MERITS OF MEDIAN

(1) Simplicity:- It is very simple measure of the central tendency of the

series. I the case of simple statistical series, just a glance at the data is enough
to locate the median value.

(2) Free from the effect of extreme values: - Unlike arithmetic mean,
median value is not destroyed by the extreme values of the series.

(3) Certainty: - Certainty is another merits is the median. Median values are
always a certain specific value in the series.

(4) Real value: - Median value is real value and is a better representative
value of the series compared to arithmetic mean average, the value of which
may not exist in the series at all.

(5) Graphic presentation: - Besides algebraic approach, the median value

can be estimated also through the graphic presentation of data.

(6) Possible even when data is incomplete: - Median can be estimated even
in the case of certain incomplete series. It is enough if one knows the number
of items and the middle item of the series.

DEMERITS OF MEDIAN:

(1) Lack of representative character: - Median fails to be a representative

measure in case of such series the different values of which are wide apart
from each other. Also, median is of limited representative character as it is not
based on all the items in the series.

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(2) Unrealistic:- When the median is located somewhere between the two
middle values, it remains only an approximate measure, not a precise value.

(3) Lack of algebraic treatment: - Arithmetic mean is capable of further

algebraic treatment, but median is not. For example, multiplying the median
with the number of items in the series will not give us the sum total of the
values of the series

MODE
The mode represents the frequently occurring value in the dataset. Sometimes
the dataset may contain multiple modes and in some cases, it does not contain
any mode at all.

Consider the given dataset 5, 4, 2, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 5

Since the mode represents the most common value. Hence, the most
frequently repeated value in the given dataset is 5.

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MERITS OF MODE:

(1) Simple and popular: - Mode is very simple measure of central tendency.
Sometimes, just at the series is enough to locate the model value. Because of
its simplicity, it s a very popular measure of the central tendency.

(2) Less effect of marginal values: - Compared top mean, mode is less
affected by marginal values in the series. Mode is determined only by the
value with highest frequencies.

(3) Graphic presentation:- Mode can be located graphically, with the help of
histogram.

(4) Best representative: - Mode is that value which occurs most frequently
in the series. Accordingly, mode is the best representative value of the series.

(5) No need of knowing all the items or frequencies: - The calculation of

mode does not require knowledge of all the items and frequencies of a
distribution. In simple series, it is enough if one knows the items with highest
frequencies in the distribution.

DEMERITS OF MODE:

(1) Uncertain and vague: - Mode is an uncertain and vague measure of the
central tendency.

(2) Not capable of algebraic treatment: - Unlike mean, mode is not capable
of further algebraic treatment.

(3) Difficult: - With frequencies of all items are identical, it is difficult to

identify the modal value.

(4) Complex procedure of grouping:- Calculation of mode involves

cumbersome procedure of grouping the data. If the extent of grouping
changes there will be a change in the model value.

(5) Ignores extreme marginal frequencies:- It ignores extreme marginal

frequencies. To that extent model value is not a representative value of all the

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items in a series. Besides, one can question the representative character of the
model value as its calculation does not involve all items of the series.

CHI-SQUARE TEST

Definition

The chi-square or chi-squared test is a statistical test used to find the

relationship between the observed values and the expected values of raw
variables. These values are random, independent, and mutually exclusive of
the categorical dataset within a given distribution. It helps the researchers to
check the degree to which observed data fits within a population of
independent variables.

CONDITIONS FOR APPLYING CHI-SQUARE TEST

1. Determine whether both variables are categorical.

2. Determine whether simple random sampling was applied.
3. Determine whether all expected frequencies are greater than or equal to 1.
4. If the answer to any of the previous steps is negative, then conclude that
the conditions for conducting the chi-square test for independence are not
satisfied; otherwise, the conditions hold.

Example

Problems

P.G Professional
School Degree/Diploma Total
Degree Degree
Strongly
6 27 42 51 126
agree
Agree 6 6 27 42 81
Neutral 6 6 12 9 33
Disagree 6 3 9 12 30
Strongly
6 6 9 9 30
disagree
Total 30 48 99 123 300

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 (Oi-Ei) 2
X2 = -----------
Ei
Oi = Observed frequency
Ei = Expected frequency

RTxCT
Ei = ----------------
GT

RT = Row total
CT = Column total
GT = Grand total

EXPECTED FREQUENCY
12.6 20.16 41.58 51.66
8.1 12.96 26.73 33.21
3.3 5.28 10.89 13.53
3 4.8 9.9 12.3
3 4.8 9.9 12.3

CHI-SQUARE TEST
OI EI (OI-EI)2 (OI-EI)2/EI
6 12.6 43.56 3.457
27 20.16 46.78 2.320
42 41.58 0.176 0.017
51 51.66 0.435 0.008
6 8.1 4.41 0.544
6 12.96 48.441 3.737
27 26.73 0.072 0.002
42 33.21 77.264 2.326
6 3.3 7.29 2.209
6 5.28 0.518 0.086
12 10.89 1.2321 0.113
9 13.53 20.520 1.516
6 3 9 3
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 3 4.8 3.24 0.675
9 9.9 0.81 0.081
12 12.3 0.09 0.007
6 3 9 3
6 4.8 1.44 0.3
9 9.9 0.81 0.081
12 12.3 0.09 0.007
23.186

Degree of freedom
= R-1 x C-1
= 4-1 x 5-1
=3 x 4
= 12
Calculated of value x2 = 23.186
Book Value = 21.026
Conclusion:
Since calculated value of x2 is less than the tabulated value the null hypothesis is
accepted.

ADVANTAGES OF CHI-SQUARE TEST

1. Can test association between variables

2. Identifies differences between observed and expected values

DISADVANTAGES OF CHI-SQUARE TEST

1. Can't use percentages

2. Data must be numerical
3. Categories of 2 are not good to compare
4. The number of observations must be 20+
5. The test becomes invalid if any of the expected values are below 5
6. Quite complicated to get right - difficult formula

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INTERPRETATION

Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the collected facts
after. An analytical and/or experimental study. In fact, it is a search for
broader meaning. of research findings.

DEFINITION

"Interpretation refers to the process of making sense of numerical data that

has been collected, analysed and presented".

TECHNIQUES OF INTERPRETATION

1. Over the Phone Interpretation

What you’ll do, when you and the person with whom you want to
communicate are not available for face-to-face interaction? How will you
ensure fluent communication if they speak a different language than yours?
That’s where you’ll need telephone interpreting.

Just imagine, how much your business will get profit when there will be no
language barrier. You can communicate with utmost ease. Today, when the
facility of VOIP and telephone is everywhere, performing phone interpretation
has become convenient.

2. Consecutive Interpretation

Have you ever gone to an event where you have heard an interpreter speaking
after the actual speaker has finished his speech?

In this technique, the speaker pauses for some time in order to allow an
interpreter to interpret from the source language to the target language. This
is one of the most popular types of language interpretation. Consecutive
interpretation is divided into two parts:

✓ Long Consecutive Interpretation-

Here the interpreter takes notes of the speech to convey a long interpretation

✓ Short Consecutive Interpretation-

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Here the interpreter works relying on his/her memory. Each speech segment
will be short enough to keep in mind.

3. Simultaneous Interpretation

Commonly known as conference interpreting, this technique is meant to be

used for people who have limited English proficiency or the ones who doesn’t
understand the language you speak.

The direct audio feed is transmitted to the conference room where the
interpreter sits and within a few seconds after every sentence finishes,
interpretation is given. It’s of course complicated but it is a very effective
interpretation technique. Furthermore, this might helped you know what is
simultaneous interpretation.

4. Video Interpretation

You might have heard about video interpretation, it’s really famous in the
corporate world. It’s the most innovative technique used by companies to
connect with hearing-impaired listeners without much hassle.

The most crucial benefit it gives is that an interpretation doesn’t need to be

physically present, it can be done from a remote location very easily.

Working with the right company, with the right interpreter, and choosing the
right type of simple interpretation or elite language interpretation according
to your needs will make you realize it’s really worth every cent invested.

PRECAUTIONS IN INTERPRETATION
1) The interpreter must be objective.
2) The interpreter must understand the problem in its proper perspective.
3) He / she must appreciate the relevance of various elements of the problem.
4) See that all relevant, adequate and accurate data are collected.
5) See that the data are properly classified and analyzed.
6) Find out whether the data are subject to limitations? If so what are they?
7) Guard against the sources of errors.
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8) Do not make interpretations that go beyond the information / data.
9) Factual interpretation and personal interpretation should not be confused.

NEED OF INTERPRETATION
 Maintaining Continuity of Research
 Pointers for further Research
 Communicate Significance of Research
 Transition of Exploratory Research to Experimental Research

ESSENTIALS FOR INTERPRETATION

a) The data are homogeneous: It is necessary to ascertain that the data are
strictly comparable. We must be careful to compare the like with the like and
not with the unlike.
b) The data are adequate: Sometimes it happens that the data are
incomplete or insufficient and it is neither possible to analyze them
scientifically nor is it possible to draw any inference from them. Such data
must be completed first.
c) The data are suitable: Before considering the data for interpretation, the
researcher must confirm the required degree of suitability of the data.
d) The data are properly classified and tabulated: Every care is to be taken
as a pre-requisite, to base all types of interpretations on systematically
classified and properly tabulated data and information.
e) The data are scientifically analyzed: Before drawing conclusions, it is
necessary to analyze the data by applying scientific methods. Wrong analysis
can play havoc with even the most carefully collected data.

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RESEARCH REPORT:

“Research report is a research document that contains basic aspects of the

research project”.

“Research report is the systematic, articulate, and orderly presentation of

research work in a written form”.

“Research report is a research document that contains basic aspects of the

research project”.

CONCEPT OF RESEARCH REPORT

• Has an abstract or summary that provides a brief synopsis of the contents.

• Has a specific purpose and target audience.

• Has clearly labeled sections and headings.

• May contain data presented in for example graphs or tables.

• Often the text is broken up-bullet points, lists: is not always continuous
prose.

• Written concisely and to the point.

• Written formally and objectively.

• To communicate a research process clearly and in a simple manner.

• To give a logical structure to the methods, results, and findings of research.

• To inform the target audience of the findings and viable recommendations of

the research.

• To provide a document that would be easy to read and navigate for the
reader.

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TYPES OF RESEARCH REPORTS
(A) Technical Report
In the technical report the main emphasis is on (i) the methods employed, (it)
assumptions made in the course of the study, (iii) the detailed presentation of
the findings including their limitations and supporting data.
A general outline of a technical report can be as follows:
1. Summary of results: A brief review of the main findings just in two or
three pages.
2. Nature of the study: Description of the general objectives of study,
formulation of the problem in operational terms, the working hypothesis, the
type of analysis and data required, etc.
3. Methods employed: Specific methods used in the study and their
limitations. For instance, in sampling studies we should give details of sample
design viz., sample size, sample selection, etc.
4. Data: Discussion of data collected, their sources, characteristics and
limitations. If secondary data are used, their suitability to the problem at hand
be fully assessed. In case of a survey, the manner in which data were collected
should be fully described.
5. Analysis of data and presentation of findings: The analysis of data and
presentation of the findings of the study with supporting data in the form of
tables and charts be fully narrated. This, in fact, happens to be the main body
of the report usually extending over several chapters.
6. Conclusions: A detailed summary of the findings and the policy
implications drawn from the results be explained.
7. Bibliography: Bibliography of various sources consulted be prepared and
attached.

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8. Technical appendices: Appendices be given for all technical matters
relating to questionnaire, mathematical derivations, elaboration on particular
technique of analysis and the like ones.
9. Index: Index must be prepared and be given invariably in the report at the
end.
(B) Popular Report
The popular report is one which gives emphasis on simplicity and
attractiveness. The simplification should be sought through clear writing,
minimization of technical, particularly mathematical, details and liberal use of
charts and diagrams.
1. The findings and their implications: Emphasis in the report is given on
the findings of most practical interest and on the implications of these
findings.
2. Recommendations for action: Recommendations for action on the basis
of the findings of the study is made in this section of the report.
3. Objective of the study: A general review of how the problem arise is
presented along with the specific objectives of the project under study.
4. Methods employed: A brief and non-technical description of the methods
and techniques used, including a short review of the data on which the study
is based, is given in this part of the report.
5. Results: This section constitutes the main body of the report wherein the
results of the study are presented in clear and non- technical terms with
liberal use of all sorts of illustrations such as charts, diagrams and the like
ones.

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6. Technical appendices: More detailed information on methods used, forms,
etc. is presented in the form of appendices. But the appendices are often not
detailed if the report is entirely meant for general public.

DIFFERENT STEPS IN WRITING REPORT (Or) STEPS IN ORGANIZATION

OF RESEARCH REPORT
(a) Logical analysis of the subject matter: It is the first step which is
primarily concerned with the development of a subject. There are two ways in
which to develop a subject (a) logically and chronologically. The logical
development is made on the basis of mental connections and associations
between the one thing and another by means of analysis. Logical treatment
often consists in developing the material from the simple possible to the most
complex structures. Chronological development is based on a connection or
sequence in time or occurrence. The directions for doing or making something
usually follow the chronological order.
(b)Preparation of the final outline: It is the next step in writing the research
report “Outlines are the framework upon which long written works are
constructed. They are an aid to the logical organisation of the material and a
reminder of the points to be stressed in the report.”
(c)Preparation of the rough draft: This follows the logical analysis of the
subject and the preparation of the final outline. Such a step is of utmost
importance for the researcher now sits to write down what he has done in the
context of his research study.
(d)Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft: This step happens to be
most difficult part of all formal writing. Usually this step requires more time

17
than the writing of the rough draft. The careful revision makes the difference
between a mediocre and a good piece of writing.
(e)Rewriting and polishing, one should check the report for
weaknesses in logical development or presentation. The researcher should
also “see whether or not the material, as it is presented, has unity and
cohesion; does the report stand upright and firm and exhibit a definite
pattern, like a marble arch? Or does it resemble an old wall of moldering
cement and loose brick.”
(f) Preparation of the final bibliography: Next in order comes the task of
the preparation of the final bibliography. The bibliography, which is generally
appended to the research report, is a list of books in some way pertinent to
the research which has been done. It should contain all those works which the
researcher has consulted.
For books and pamphlets the order may be as under:
1. Name of author, last name first.
2. Title, underlined to indicate italics.
3. Place, publisher, and date of publication.
4 .Number of volumes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF REPORT WRITING

1. Decision Making Tool: Today’s complex business organizations require
thousands of information. A Reports provide the required information a large
number of important decisions in business or any other area are taken on the
basis of information presented in the reports. This is one of the great
importance of report.

18
2. Investigation: Whenever there is any problem, a committee or commission
or study group investigates the problem to find out the reason behind the
problem and present the findings with or without the recommendation in the
form of a report. It is another importance of report.
3. Evaluation: Large scale organizations are engaged in multidimensional
activities. It is not possible for a single top executive to keep personal watch
on what others are doing. So, the executive depends on reports to evaluate the
performance of various departments or units.
4. Quick Location: There is no denying the fact that business executives need
information for quick decision-making. As top executives are found to be busy
for various purposes), they need vital sources of information. Such sources
can be business reports.
5. Development of skill: Report writing skill develops the power of
designing, organization coordination, judgment and communication.
6. Neutral presentation of facts: Facts are required to be presented in a
neutral way; such presentation is ensured through a report as it investigates,
explains and evaluates any fact independently.
7. Professional Advancement: Report also plays a major role in professional
achievement. For promotion to the rank and file position, satisfactory job
performance is enough to help a person. But for promotion to high level
position, intellectual ability is highly required. Such ability can be expressed
through the report submitted to higher authority.
8. Proper Control: Whether activities are happening according to plan or not
is expressed through a report. So, controlling activities are implemented
based on the information of a report.

19
9. A managerial Tool: Various reports make activities easy for the managers.
For planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating and controlling, manager
needs help from a report which acts as a source of information.
10. Encountering Advance and Complex Situation: In a large business
organization, there is always some sort of labor problems which may bring
complex situations. To tackle that situation, managers take the help of a
report.

DRAFTING OF REPORTS
Step 1: Decide on the 'Terms of reference'
Step 2: Decide on the procedure
Step 3: Find the information
Step 4: Decide on the structure
Step 5: Draft the first part of your report
Step 6: Analyze your findings and draw conclusions
Step 7: Make recommendations
Step 8: Draft the executive summary and table of contents
Step 9: Compile a reference list
Step 10: Revise your draft report

Step 1: Decide on the 'Terms of reference'

To decide on the terms of reference for your report, read your instructions
and any other information you've been given about the report, and think
about the purpose of the report:
• What is it about?

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• What exactly is needed?
• Why is it needed?
• When do I need to do it?
• Who is it for, or who is it aimed at?
This will help you draft your Terms of reference.

Step 2: Decide on the procedure

This means planning your investigation or research, and how you'll write the
report. Ask yourself:
• What information do I need?
• Do I need to do any background reading?
• What articles or documents do I need?
• Do I need to contact the library for assistance?
• Do I need to interview or observe people?
• Do I have to record data?
• How will I go about this?
Answering these questions will help you draft the procedure section of your
report, which outlines the steps you've taken to carry out the investigation.

Step 3: Find the information

The next step is to find the information you need for your report. To do this
you may need to read written material, observe people or activities, and/or
talk to people.
Make sure the information you find is relevant and appropriate. Check the
assessment requirements and guidelines and the marking schedule to make

21
sure you're on the right track. If you're not sure how the marks will be
assigned contact your lecturer.
What you find out will form the basis, or main body, of your report – the
findings.

Step 4: Decide on the structure

Reports generally have a similar structure, but some details may differ. How
they differ usually depends on:
• The type of report – if it is a research report, laboratory report, business
report, investigative report, etc.
• How formal the report has to be.
• The length of the report.
Depending on the type of report, the structure can include:
• A title page.
• Executive summary.
• Contents.
• An introduction.
• Terms of reference.
• Procedure.
• Findings.
• Conclusions.
• Recommendations.
• References/Bibliography.
• Appendices.
• The sections, of a report usually have headings and subheadings, which are
usually numbered

Step 5: Draft the first part of your report

Once you have your structure, write down the headings and start to fill these
in with the information you have gathered so far. By now you should be able

22
to draft the terms of reference, procedure and findings, and start to work out
what will go in the report’s appendix.
Findings
The findings are result of your reading, observations, interviews and
investigation. They form the basis of your report. Depending on the type of
report you are writing, you may also wish to include photos, tables or graphs
to make your report more readable and/or easier to follow.
Appendices
As you are writing your draft decide what information will go in the appendix.
These are used for information that:
• is too long to include in the body of the report, or
• supplements or complements the information in the report. For example,
brochures, spreadsheets or large tables

Step 6: Analyse your findings and draw conclusions

The conclusion is where you analyse your findings and interpret what you
have found. To do this, read through your findings and ask yourself:
• What have I found?
• What's significant or important about my findings?
• What do my findings suggest?
For example, your conclusion may describe how the information you collected
explains why the situation occurred, what this means for the organisation, and
what will happen if the situation continues (or doesn't continue).

23
Step 7: Make recommendations
Recommendations are what you think the solution to the problem is and/or
what you think should happen next. To help you decide what to recommend:
• Reread your findings and conclusions.
• Think about what you want the person who asked for the report should to
do or not do; what actions should they carry out?
• Check that your recommendations are practical and are based logically on
your conclusions.
• Ensure you include enough detail for the reader to know what needs to be
done and who should do it.

Step 8: Draft the executive summary and table of contents

Some reports require an executive summary and/or list of contents. Even
though these two sections come near the beginning of the report you won't be
able to do them until you have finished it, and have your structure and
recommendations finalised.
An executive summary is usually about 100 words long. It tells the readers
what the report is about, and summarise the recommendations.

Step 9: Compile a reference list

This is a list of all the sources you've referred to in the report and uses APA
referencing.

Step 10: Revise your draft report

It is always important to revise your work. Things you need to check include:

24
• If you have done what you were asked to do. Check the assignment question,
the instructions/guidelines and the marking schedule to make sure.
• That the required sections are included, and are in the correct order.
• That your information is accurate, with no gaps.
• If your argument is logical. Does the information you present support your
conclusions and recommendations?
• That all terms, symbols and abbreviations used have been explained.
• That any diagrams, tables, graphs and illustrations are numbered and
labelled.
• That the formatting is correct, including your numbering, headings, are
consistent throughout the report.
• That the report reads well, and your writing is as clear and effective as
possible.

LAYOUT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT (OR) CONTENTS OF A REPORT

(A) preliminary pages; (B) the main text; and (C) the end matter. Let us deal
with them separately.

(A) Preliminary Pages

In its preliminary pages the report should carry a title and date, followed by
acknowledgements in the form of ‘Preface’ or ‘Foreword’. Then there should
be a table of contents followed by list of tables and illustrations so that the
decision-maker or anybody interested in reading the report can easily locate
the required information in the report.

25
(B) Main Text
The main text provides the complete outline of the research report along with
all details. Title of the research study is repeated at the top of the first page of
the main text and then follows the other details on pages numbered
consecutively, beginning with the second page. Each main section of the
report should begin on a new page. The main text of the report should have
the following sections:
(i) Introduction; (ii) Statement of findings and recommendations; (iii) The
results; (iv) The implications drawn from the results; and (v) The summary.
(i) Introduction: The purpose of introduction is to introduce the research
project to the readers. It should contain a clear statement of the objectives of
research i.e., enough background should be given to make clear to the reader
why the problem was considered worth investigating.
(ii) Statement of findings and recommendations: After introduction, the
research report must contain a statement of findings and recommendations in
non-technical language so that it can be easily understood by all concerned. If
the findings happen to be extensive, at this point they should be put in the
summarised form.
(iii) Results: A detailed presentation of the findings of the study, with
supporting data in the form of tables and charts together with a validation of
results, is the next step in writing the main text of the report.
(iv) Implications of the results: Toward the end of the main text, the
researcher should again put down the results of his research clearly and
precisely. He should, state the implications that flow from the results of the
study, for the general reader is interested in the implications for
understanding the human behaviour.

26
(v) Summary: It has become customary to conclude the research report with
a very brief summary, resting in brief the research problem, the methodology,
the major findings and the major conclusions drawn from the research results.

(C) End Matter

At the end of the report, appendices should be enlisted in respect of all
technical data such as questionnaires, sample information, mathematical
derivations and the like ones. Bibliography of sources consulted should also
be given.

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