Part-B Micro-Project Report

Title : Transmission line fault detection system with temperature

protection

1.0) Rationale :
The Electric Power system in Generation, Transmission & Distribution we can use small
and large equipment. So we can use the different protective scheme for different equipment.
This course will empower the students with the different faults and clearing there faults in
Power System . Further the electrical power systems of all sorts and at all levels are
incomplete without the use of the relevant relays , circuit breaker , C.T , P.T. This course will
also make the students familiar with the working and clearing faults in the power system.

2.0) Aims/Benefits of the micro-project :

1) For getting knowledge about faults detection by using relay.
2) For protection of power system
3) To detection and protection to Power System.

3.0) Course outcomes Achieved :

a) Identify various types faults in power.

4.0) Literature review

Transmission Line Fault Detection is a crucial aspect of the electrical power system that
helps to ensure the stability and reliability of the power supply by detecting and isolating
faults in the transmission line. In recent years, many researchers have focused on developing
advanced electrical components and techniques for transmission line fault detection. In this
literature survey, we will review some of the recent research works in this field. One of the
recent studies focuses on the use of artificial intelligence algorithms for transmission line
fault detection. The study used a neural network-based approach to detect faults in the
transmission line. The results showed that the proposed approach was able to detect faults in
the transmission line with high accuracy and in a timely manner. Another study focused on

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the use of digital signal processing techniques for transmission line fault detection. The study
proposed a new approach based on the analysis of the power system frequency response. The
results showed that the proposed approach was able to accurately detect faults in the
transmission line and was able to improve the accuracy of the traditional fault detection
methods. In a different study, researchers proposed the use of microcontroller-based systems
for transmission line fault detection. The proposed system used a relay module, a thermistor
temperature sensor, and a transformer to detect and isolate faults in the transmission line. The
results showed that the proposed system was able to accurately detect faults in the
transmission line and was able to improve the stability and reliability of the power system. In
conclusion, the literature survey shows that there is a significant amount of research work
being done in the field of transmission line fault detection. Researchers are developing
advanced electrical components and techniques to improve the accuracy and reliability of
fault detection systems. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms, digital signal processing
techniques, and microcontroller-based systems are some of the recent approaches being used
for transmission line fault detection. The implementation of these advanced techniques is
expected to significantly improve the stability and reliability of the electrical power system.

4.1) . INTRODUCTION :
Transmission lines play a vital role in delivering electrical energy from power generation
plants to load centres. However, faults like short circuits can occur in these transmission
lines, which can cause significant damage to the equipment and disrupt power supply. To
ensure the stability and reliability of the electrical power system, it is imperative to detect and
isolate such faults in a timely manner. This is where the concept of Transmission Line Fault
Detection comes into play. In this process, advanced electrical components such as a relay
module, a thermistor temperature sensor, and a transformer are used to detect and isolate
faults in the transmission line. The relay module acts as a switch, controlling the power
supply to the thermistor sensor. When a fault occurs, the relay module switches the power
supply to the thermistor sensor, which then senses the rise in temperature due to the fault.
The transformer is used to step down the voltage from the transmission line to a level that can
be safely handled by the thermistor sensor. The use of a relay module, a thermistor
temperature sensor, and a transformer in the fault detection system offers several advantages.
The system is compact and reliable, making it easier to integrate into existing power systems.
The thermistor temperature sensor is highly sensitive and can accurately detect faults in the
transmission line, allowing for quick and effective isolation of the affected section. The
transformer helps to ensure the safety of the system by reducing the voltage to a level that
can be safely handled by the thermistor sensor. In conclusion, the Transmission Line Fault
Detection system using a relay module, a thermistor temperature sensor, and a transformer is
a crucial component of the electrical power system. It helps to ensure the stability and
reliability of the power system by detecting and isolating faults in the transmission line in a
timely manner. The use of advanced electrical components makes the system compact,
reliable, and easy to integrate into existing power systems.

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4.2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION:
Transmission line faults are a major problem in the electrical power system and can cause
significant disruption in the power supply. Some of the main problems associated with
transmission line faults include:
1) Power Outages: Transmission line faults can result in power outages, which can affect
both residential and commercial customers. This can cause significant inconvenience
and financial losses, especially for businesses that rely on a constant power supply.
2) Equipment Damage: Transmission line faults can cause damage to electrical
equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, which can be costly to repair or
replace.
3) Increased Energy Losses: Faults in the transmission line can result in increased energy
losses, which can have a significant impact on the efficiency of the electrical power
system.
4) Safety Hazards: Transmission line faults can also pose a safety hazard, as they can
cause electrical arcs and fires. This can put both the public and electrical workers at
risk.
5) Reduced Reliability: Faults in the transmission line can reduce the reliability of the
electrical power system, as they can result in power outages and disruptions in the
power supply.
In conclusion, transmission line faults pose a significant problem for the electrical
power system, and it is important to have effective methods for detecting and
isolating these faults to ensure the stability and reliability of the power supply

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4.3) Circuit Diagram

Equations Mathematical Derivation

i) Line to line fault: A line to line fault is one where short-circuiting occurs
between two phases of a system.

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 ii) Line to ground fault: A line to ground fault is one where short-circuit occurs
between one phase of the system

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 From here we identify that, here in this prototype we supplied the 4.95A current and
after the fault happened it was detect and switch off the transmission line in 0.5 -
1sec(by the help of multimeter).
Meantime detecting the fault and engineers are clear fault in short time and
reestablish power system as quickly as possible on very minimum interruption.

4.4) Research Gapping & Analysis

The research gap and analysis for the project Transmission Line Fault Detection
using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involves identifying the
current limitations and challenges of existing transmission line fault detection methods,
and exploring the potential for further improvement using advanced electrical
components and techniques.

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 One of the current limitations of existing transmission line fault detection methods is
the inability to accurately detect faults in a timely manner. This is due to the limitations
of traditional fault detection techniques such as overcurrent protection and differential
protection, which are based on the analysis of current and voltage signals. These
techniques may not be able to accurately detect faults in real-time due to the complex
nature of power system signals.
Another limitation is the lack of reliability and stability of existing fault detection
systems. Some existing systems may not be able to detect faults in certain conditions,
leading to power outages and disruptions in the electrical power system.
To address these limitations, the project Transmission Line Fault Detection using Relay
Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer explores the potential of using advanced
electrical components such as relay module, thermistor temperature sensor, and
transformer for transmission line fault detection. The use of these components offers
several advantages, including accurate and timely fault detection, compact and reliable
design, and ease of integration into existing power systems.
In terms of research gaps, there is still room for further improvement in the accuracy
and reliability of the fault detection system using these components. For example,
further research can be done to optimize the design of the relay module, thermistor
sensor, and transformer to improve their performance and reduce the cost of the system.
In conclusion, the research gap and analysis of the project Transmission Line Fault
Detection using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer highlights the
current limitations and challenges of existing transmission line fault detection methods,
and explores the potential for improvement using advanced electrical components and
techniques. The implementation of this project is expected to significantly improve the
stability and reliability of the electrical power system, and further research is needed to
optimize the design of the components and improve their performance.

4.5) Equipment List

1) Double channel relay module - The relay module is the primary component of
the fault detection system. It is used to switch the
power supply to the thermistor temperature
sensor, based on the fault conditions.

2) Jumper wire female to female - The jumper wire is used

to connect the various components of the system, such
as the relay module, the thermistor sensor, and the
transformer.

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 3) Thermistor temperature sensor module - The thermistor sensor is used to
detect the rise in temperature due to the fault in the transmission line. The relay
module switches the power supply to the thermistor sensor when a fault occurs,
and the thermistor senses the rise in temperature.

4) Transformer - The transformer is used to step-down the voltage from the

transmission line to a level that can be safely handled by the thermistor sensor
5) Copper wire - The copper wire is used to make connections between the
components of the system and to carry electrical signals.
6) Steel towers - The steel towers support the transmission line and help to keep it
in place.
7) Three bulb - The three bulb is used to represent the load on the transmission
line.
8) 8) Hard card board - The hard card board is used as a base for mounting the
components of the system.

4.6) Theoretical framework

The theoretical aspects of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection using Relay
Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involve the understanding of the electrical
components and techniques used for fault detection in transmission lines.
Relay Module: A relay module is an electrical component that is used for switching and
controlling electrical circuits. In this project, the relay module is used for detecting and
isolating transmission line faults. When a fault occurs, the relay module will detect the
change in current or voltage and trigger the appropriate action, such as opening a switch
to isolate the faulted section of the transmission line.
Thermistor Sensor: A thermistor is a type of temperature sensor that is used to measure
the temperature of an object or environment. In this project, the thermistor sensor is used
to detect the temperature increase that occurs during a fault in the transmission line. The
thermistor sensor will detect the rise in temperature and trigger the relay module to
isolate the faulted section of the transmission line.
Transformer: A transformer is an electrical component that is used to transfer electrical
energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. In this project, the
transformer is used to isolate the faulted section of the transmission line and prevent the
fault from spreading to other parts of the electrical power system.

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 The combination of these electrical components and techniques results in a highly reliable
and efficient transmission line fault detection system. The relay module detects the fault
and triggers the appropriate action, while the thermistor sensor provides accurate
temperature readings to confirm the presence of a fault. The transformer isolates the
faulted section of the transmission line, preventing the fault from spreading and
minimizing the impact on the electrical power system.
In conclusion, the theoretical aspects of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection
using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involve the understanding of the
electrical components and techniques used for fault detection in transmission lines,
and how these components can be combined to create a reliable and efficient fault
detection system.

5.0) Actual Methodology of our Project

The methodology of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection using Relay Module,
Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer can be outlined as follows:
Design and setup: The components such as the double channel relay module, thermistor
temperature sensor module, transformer, capacitor bank, copper wire, steel towers, three
bulbs, and hard card board will be assembled and connected according to the schematic
diagram.
Power supply and testing: The system will be powered up and tested to ensure that all
components are functioning correctly. The three bulbs will be used to indicate the status of
the system, with each bulb representing a different stage of the fault detection process.

Monitoring and detection: The relay module will continuously monitor the current and
voltage in the transmission line. If a fault occurs, the relay module will detect the change in
current or voltage and trigger the appropriate action. The thermistor sensor will also detect
any temperature increase that occurs during a fault, confirming the presence of a fault.
Isolation and protection: If a fault is detected, the relay module will isolate the faulted section
of the transmission line by opening the switch. The transformer will then prevent the fault
from spreading to other parts of the electrical power system. The capacitor bank will also
help to stabilize the system and reduce energy losses during a fault. Evaluation and
improvement: The performance of the transmission line fault detection system will be
evaluated and any necessary improvements will be made to ensure its reliability and
efficiency. In conclusion, the methodology of the project Transmission Line Fault Detection
using Relay Module, Thermistor Sensor, and Transformer involves the design and setup of
the components, power supply and testing, continuous monitoring and detection, isolation
and protection during a fault, and ongoing evaluation and improvement to ensure the
reliability and efficiency of the system.

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 Isolation and
Design Monitoring protection
and setup and detection
Power
supply
Evaluation and Isolation and
and improvement protection
testing

Flow Of Diagram

∙Procedure
The system works as follows:
1. Normal Operation - When the transmission line is functioning correctly, the relay module does
not switch the power supply to the thermistor sensor.
2. Fault Detection - When a fault occurs in the transmission line, the relay module switches the
power supply to the thermistor sensor, and the thermistor senses the rise in temperature due to
the fault.
3. Isolation of Fault - The fault is isolated by switching off the power supply to the affected
section of the transmission line.
4. Repair and Restoration - The repair and restoration of the fault can be carried out after the
fault has been isolated.

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6.0) ACTUAL RESOURCES USED
Sr. Name of specification Quantity Remark Cost
No. resource

1 Dual Channel 2 Available 400

relay

2 Ac to Dc 200v ac to 5v dc 1 Available 120

convert

3 Thermistor Sence temp. 1 Available 145

temperature
Sensor

5 Dc wires - 20 Available 20

6 Jumper female - 10 Available 20

to Female

7 Wooden stick - 10 Available 40

8 Wooden - 1 Available 350

Plywood

9 Bulb 240v ac 3 Available 60

10 Holder Plastic made 3 Available 45

11 Copper - 3 Available 30
Conductor

12 Pints Asian paints 2 Available 280

13 Ice-cream stick Wooden 150 Available 60

14 Tuff Bond & - 3&5 Available 200

Fevicol

15 Double tap 1 Available 20

16 Wire Clips PlasticWith 100 Available 30

screw

Total 1820 Rs only

7.0) Output of the Micro- project

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8.0) skill developed/learning outcome of this micro project
By preparing micro project many skills developed like

a) Teamwork
b) Time management
c) Leadership
d) Critical thinking
e) Transmission line skills
f) Communication skills

9.0) application of this Micro project

This as modal of Transmission line fault detection but actual set up is used in Sub station
,power station , industries etc.

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