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Unit 3

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20 views34 pages

Unit 3

ghj

Uploaded by

jagrutibhere8208
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

I/O communication
Contents
• Devices and communication buses:
• Types of I/O communication, types of serial
communication, Serial protocols, Devices and
buses- RS-232C, RS-485, HDLC, SPI, SCI, SIP,
SDIO. Parallel ports and interfacing. Parallel
device protocols: ISA, PCI, PCI/X, ARM bus,
Wireless devices.
Communication Types
• Modes of Communication
– Full Duplex
– Half Duplex

Types of I/O communication


-Serial Communication
-Parallel Communication
Types of Serial Communication
• Asynchronous Data Transfer
– START(0)
– DATA
– STOP(1)
– PARITY
Synchronous Data Transfer
• Simplex
– Data can be transferred from Transmitter to
Receiver
• Half Duplex
– Transmission can occur only in one direction at a
time either from master to slave & slave to master
but not both.
• Full Duplex
Transmission can occur from master to slave &
slave to master at the same time.
Serial Protocols: Devices & Buses
• Low pin counts

• Communication with just one I/O pin

• Inter process communication


RS-232
• Recommended Standard 232 is a standard
introduced in 1960 for serial communication
transmission of data. It formally defines the
signals connecting between a DTE such as a
computer terminal, and a DCE, such as a
modem. The RS-232 standard had been
commonly used in computer serial ports.
• RS232 is a standard protocol used for serial
communication, it is used for connecting
computer and its peripheral devices to allow
serial data exchange between them
RS-232
• Recommended Standards(Physical,Mechnical &
Electrical characteristics)
• Full duplex
• Data Terminal Equipment
• Data Communication Equipment
• Format uses 8N1(Data bit,No parity & Stop bit)
• 7E1(Data bit,Even Parity & Stop bit)
• Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
• In RS-232, user data is sent as a time- series of
bits.Both Synchronous and Asynchronous
transmissions are supported by the standard.
RS-232 devices may be classified as Data
Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data
Communication Equipment (DCE), this
defines that each device which wires will be
sending and receiving each signal. DTE refers
to terminals and computers that sends and
receives data. DCE refers to communication
equipment, such as modems, that are
responsible for data transferring.
How RS 232 Works?
• RS232 works on the two-way communication
that exchanges data to one another. There are
two devices connected to each other, (DTE)
Data Transmission Equipment& (DCE) Data
Communication Equipment which has the
pins like TXD, RXD, and RTS& CTS.
TXD TRANSMITTER

RXD RECEIVER

RTS REQUEST TO SEND

CTS CLEAR TO SEND

GND GROUND
• Now, from DTE source, the RTS generates the
request to send the data. Then from the other
side DCE, the CTS, clears the path for
receiving the data. After clearing a path, it will
give a signal to RTS of the DTE source to send
the signal. Then the bits are transmitted from
DTE to DCE.
• Now again from DCE source, the request can
be generated by RTS and CTS of DTE sources
clears the path for receiving the data and gives
a signal to send the data. This is the whole
process through which data transmission
takes place.
Limitation of RS 232

• The limited transmission speed, relatively


large voltage swing, and large standard
connectors motivated development of the
universal serial bus(USB) which has displaced
RS-232.Multi-drop connection among more
than two devices is not defined.Also multi-
drop have limitations in speed and
compatibility.
RS 485
• Standard defining the electrical characteristics
of drivers & receivers for use in serial
communication.
• Suitable for long distance & in electronically
noisy environment
• Multiple receivers may be connected
• Supports inexpensive local networks
• Termination resistor connected across two
wires
• Master Slave Arrangement

• Full Duplex Operation

• Repeaters
Application
• Computer & Automation System
• SCSI-2 & SCSI-3 uses this specification to
implement the Physical layer for Data
transmission between a Controller & Disk
drive.
• Used in commercial aircraft cabins vehicle bus
• In theatre to control lighting
• To implement industrial control system
• To implement used in building automation
• Used in model railways
High Level Data Link Control
• HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) is a group
of protocols or rules for transmitting data
between network points (sometimes called
nodes). In HDLC, data is organized into a unit
(called a frame) and sent across a network to
a destination that verifies its successful arrival.
The HDLC protocol also manages the flow or
pacing at which data is sent.
• HDLC is one of the most commonly-used
protocols in what is layer 2 of the industry
communication reference model called Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI). (Layer 1 is the
detailed physical level that involves actually
generating and receiving the electronic
signals.
• Layer 3 is the higher level that has knowledge
about the network, including access to router
tables that indicate where to forward or send
data. On sending, programming in layer 3
creates a frame that usually contains source
and destination network addresses. HDLC
(layer 2) encapsulates the layer 3 frame,
adding data link control information to a
new, larger frame.
High Level Data Link Control
• It is a bit oriented code transparent synchronous
data link layer protocol.
• Provides both connection oriented & connection
less.
• HDLC can be used for Point-Multipoint connection
• Master-slave Mode
• Normal Response Mode
• Asynchronous Balanced Mode
• Based on SDLC Protocol
Framing
• Frames can be transmitted over synchronous
& Asynchronous serial communication link.
• Unique sequence of bits used as a frame
delimiter.
• Synchronous Framing
– Bit Stuffing
• Asynchronous Framing
Structure

FLAG ADDRESS CONTROL INFORMATION FCS FLAG

8 Bits 8 OR MORE 8 OR 16 VARIABLE 16 OR 32 8 BITS


BITS BITS length 8 * n bits BITS
HDLC Frame Types
• Information Frame : Transport user data from
the network layer. In addition they can also
include flow & error control information
piggybacked on data.

• Supervisory Frame : These are used for flow &


error control whenever piggybacking is
impossible.

• Unnumbered Frame : These are used for


miscellaneous purpose such as link
management.
Link Configuration
• Normal Response Mode
– Unbalanced configuration in which only primary
terminal may initiate Data Transfer.

– The secondary terminal transmits data only in


response to commands from Primary Terminal.

– The Primary terminal polls the secondary


terminal to determine whether they have data to
transmit & then selects one of them
Asynchronous Response Mode
• Unbalanced configuration in which secondary
terminal may transmit without permission
from the primary terminal.

• The primary terminal still retains


responsibility for Line Initialization, Error
Recovery & Logical Disconnect.
Asynchronous Balanced Mode
• Balanced Configuration in which either station
Initialize ,Supervise, Recover from errors &
send frames at any time.

• No-Master slave relationship.

• The DTE & DCE are treated as equal.


Basic Operation
• Initialization

• Specifies the mode NRM,ABM & ARM

• Specifies whether 3 or 7 bit sequence numbers


are in use or not. The HDLC module on the other
end transmit Frame When the request is
accepted .

• And if the request is rejected it sends Disconnect


Mode (DM)frame
Control Field
HDLC Control Field
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

N(R) N(S)
Receive Sequence no P/F Send Sequence no 0 I-frame

N(R)
Receive Sequence no P/F Type 0 1 S-Frame

Type P/F Type 1 1 U-Frame


Control Field
Extended HDLC Control Field
15 - 9 8 7-1 0

N(R) N(S) Extended


Receive Sequence no P/F Send Sequence no 0 I-frame

N(R) Extended
Receive Sequence no P/F 0 0 0 0 Type 0 1 S-Frame
Serial Peripheral Interface

• Short Distance Communication

• Full Duplex Mode

• Master-Slave Architecture

• SPI is a four wire serial bus


Interface

• SCLK

• MOSI

• MISO

• SS
Session Initiation Protocol
• SIP is a text based protocol (HTTP & SMTP)
• SIP is a signaling protocol used for Initiating,
Maintaining & Terminating real time sessions
that include Voice,Video & Messaging
applications.
• Used for signaling & controlling multimedia
communication session.
• The protocol defines the specific format of
messages exchanged & sequence for
communication.
• SIP can be used with the
– User Datagram Protocol
– Transmission Control Protocol
– Stream Control Transmission Protocol
• For the transmission of media streams SIP
employs
– Real Time Transport Protocol(RTP)
– Secure Real Time Transport Protocol(SRTP)
– For secure transmission of SIP message over
insecure network links the protocol may be
encrypted with Transport Layer Security

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