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Number System

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17 views16 pages

Number System

Uploaded by

vvonline2021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

✓Electronic circuits are broadly classified into two – Analog and digital
✓In analog circuits, currents and voltages vary in a continuous manner.

✓In digital circuits, the voltages have only two levels – either a high or
a low level.
• The term digital refers to a process that is achieved by using discrete unit.
• In number system there are different symbols (numbers) and each symbol has an absolute value and also has
place value.
• RADIX OR BASE: The radix or base of a number system is defined as the number of different digits which can
occur in each position in the number system.

• Number system:
In general a number in a system having base or radix ‘ r ’ can be written as an an-1 an-2 ………a0 . a -1 a -2 …………a- m
(eg. 1115.52)
This will be interpreted as
Y = an x rn + an-1 x rn-1 + an-2 x rn-2 + ……… + a0 x r0 + a-1 x r -1 + a-2 x r -2 +………. +a -m x r –m
1115.52 = 1 x 103 + 1 x 102 + 1 x101 + 5x 100 + 5 x 10-1+ 2 x 10 -2
where Y = value of the entire number
an = the value of the nth digit
r = radix (base)
• TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEM:- There are four types of number systems. They are
1. Decimal number system
2. Binary number system
3. Octal number system
4. Hexadecimal number system

DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM:


✓ The decimal number system contain ten unique symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.
✓ In decimal system 10 symbols are involved, so the base or radix is 10.
✓ It is a positional weighted system.
✓ The value attached to the symbol depends on its location with respect to the decimal point.
For example:-
9256.26 = 9 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 6 x 1 + 2 x (1/10) + 6 x ( 1/100)
= 9 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100 + 2 x 10-1 + 6 x 10-2
In general,
dn dn-1 dn-2 …………… d0 . d -1 d -2 …………d - m is given by
(dn x 10n ) + (dn-1 x 10n-1 ) + (dn-2 x 10n-2 ) + … + ( d0 x 100 ) + ( d-1 x 10 -1 ) + (d-2 x 10 -2 ) +…+(d -m x 10 –m)
• Binary number system:
✓ A binary number system is a code that uses only two basic symbols.
✓ The base or radix of this number system is 2
✓ The digits can be any two distinct characters, but it should be 0 or 1.
✓ A binary digit is called a bit
✓ The binary equivalent for some decimal numbers are given below
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Binary 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000

✓ The binary point separates the integer and fraction parts.


✓ In general, dn dn-1 dn-2 …………… d0 . d -1 d -2 …………d – k is given by (dn x 2n ) + (dn-1 x 2n-1 ) + (dn-2 x 2n-2 ) + ….+ ( d0 x 20 )
+ ( d-1 x 2 -1 ) + (d-2 x 2 -2 ) +….+(d -k x 2 –k )
✓ Eg.
✓ 2 = 1 x 21 + 0 x 20
✓ 3 = 1 x 21 + 1 x 20
✓ 4 = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 0 x 20
• Binary to decimal conversion:
• (1001)2 = X10
1001 =1x23 + 0x22 + 0x21 +1x20
=8+0+0+1
(1001)2 = (9)10

Fractions: For fractions the weights of the digit positions are written from right of the binary point and weights
are given as follows.
(0.0110)2= X10
=0x2-1 + 1x2-2+ 1x2-3 + 0x2-4
=0x0.5 + 1x0.25 + 1x0.125 + 0x0.0625
= (0.375)10
• (1011.101) 2=X10
=1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2 + 1x2-3
=8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= (11.625)10

Decimal to binary conversion (Double Dabble method) :


In this method the decimal number is divided by 2 progressively and the remainder is written after each division.
Then the remainders are taken in the reverse order to form the binary number.
Eg 1. Eg 2.
(12)10 = X2
(21)10 = X2

(12)10 = (1100)2 (21)10 = (10101)2


• Fractions:
The fraction is multiplied by 2 and the carry in the integer position is written after each multiplication.
Then they are written in the forward order to get the corresponding binary equivalent.
E.g.: (0.4375)10 = X2
2 x 0.4375 = 0.8750 => 0
2 x 0.8750 = 1.750 => 1
2 x 0. 750 = 1.5 => 1
2 x 0.5 = 1.0 => 1
(0.4375)10 = (0.0111)2

Octal Number System


✓ Octal number system has a base of 8
✓ i.e., it has eight basic symbols. First eight decimal digits 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 are used in this system.
• Octal to decimal conversion:
In the octal number system each digit corresponds to the powers of 8.
To convert from octal to decimal multiply each octal digit by its weight and add the resulting products.
E.g.:
(47)8 = X10
47 = 4 x 81 + 7 x 80 = 32 + 7 = 39
(48)8 = (39)10
E.g.:
(22.34)8 = X10
22.34 = 2 x 81 + 2 x 80 + 3 x 8-1 + 4 x 8-2
=16 + 2 + 3 x 1/8 +4 x 1/64 = (18.4375)
(22.34)8 = (18.4375)10
• Decimal to octal conversion:
✓ Here the number is divided by 8 progressively and each time the remainder is written and finally the remainders
are written in the reverse order to form the octal number.
✓ If the number has a fraction part, that part is multiplied by 8 and carry in the integer part is taken. Finally the
carries are taken in the forward order.
E.g.:
(19.11)10 = X8

0.11 x 8 = 0.88 => 0


0.88 x 8 = 7.04 => 7
0.04 x 8 = 0.32 => 0
0.32 x 8 = 2.56 => 2
0.56 x 8 = 4.48 => 4
(19.11)10 = (23.07024)8
• Octal to binary conversion:
• Since the base of octal number is 8, i.e., the third power of 2 (23) , each octal number is converted into its
equivalent binary digit of length three.

• E.g.: (57.127)8 = X2 Octal Binary


0 000
• 5 = 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 =4+1 101 1 001
2 101
• 7 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 =4+2+1 111
3 011
• 1 = 0x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 = 0+0+1 001 4 100
• 2 = 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 =0+2+0 010 5 101
• 7 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 =4+2+1 111 6 110
7 111

• (57.127)8 = (101111.001010111)2
• Binary to octal:

• The given binary number is grouped into a group of 3 bits, starting at the octal point and each group is
converted into its octal equivalent.
• E.g.: (1101101.11101)2 = X8

• 001 101 101 . 111 010

• (1101101.11101)2 = (155.72)8
• Hexadecimal Number System:
• The hexadecimal number system has a base of 16 (24).
• It has 16 symbols from 0 through 9 and A through F.
• 0 = 0x23 +0x22 + 0x21 + 0x20 =0000
• 1 = 0x23 +0x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 =0001
• ……………………..
• 10 = 1x23 +0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 =1010 (A)
• 11 = 1x23 +0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 =1011 (B)……………….
• Binary to hexadecimal:
The binary number is grouped into bits of 4 from the binary point then the corresponding hexadecimal equivalent is
written.
E.g.: (100101110 . 11011) 2 = X16
1110 = 1x23 + 1x22 +1x21 +0x20 = 14 => E
0010 = 0x23 + 0x22 +1x21 +0x20 = 2
0001 = 0x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +1x20 = 1
1101 = 1x23 + 1x22 +0x21 +1x20 = 13 => D
1000 = 1x23 + 0x22 +0x21 +0x20 = 8

(100101110 . 11011) 2 = (12E . D8)16

• Hexadecimal to binary:
Since the base of hexadecimal number is 16, i.e., the fourth power of 2, each hexadecimal number is converted into
its equivalent binary digit of length four.
E.g.:
(5D. 2A)16 = X2

(5D. 2A)16 = (01011101.00101010)2


• Decimal to hexadecimal:
The decimal number is divided by 16 and carries are taken after each division and then written in the reverse
order.
The fractional part is multiplied by 16 and carry is taken in the forward order.
E.g.: (2479.859)10 = X16

16 x 0.859 = 13.744 => 13 (D)


16 x 0.744 = 11.904 => 11 (B)
16 x 0.904 = 14.464 => 14 (E)
16 x 0.464 = 7.424 => 7
16 x 0.424 = 6.784 => 6

(2479.859)10 = (9AF.DBE76)16
• Hexadecimal to decimal:
• Each digit of the hexadecimal number is multiplied by its weight and
then added.

E.g.: (81.21) 16 = X10


=8 x 161 + 1 x 160 + 2 x 16-1 + 1 x 16-2
=8 x 16 + 1 x 1 + 2/16 + 1/162 = (129.1289)10
(81.21) 16 =(129.1289)10

✓ Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal => Multiply each digit with corresponding base powers
✓ Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal => Divide and take reminders using corresponding base

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