Unit

13 Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)

A Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it.

He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn’t have his key now.

Ten minutes later:

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

Has he lost his key? No, he has found it.
Did he lose his key? Yes, he did.
He lost his key (past simple)
but now he has found it. (present perfect)

The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It tells us about the situation now.
‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his key now (see Unit 7).
The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says ‘Tom lost his key’,
we don’t know whether he has the key now or not. We know only that he lost it at some time in the past.
Compare present perfect and past simple:
They’ve gone away. They’ll be back on Friday. (they are away now)
They went away, but I think they’re back at home now. (not They’ve gone away)
It has stopped raining now, so we don’t need the umbrella. (it isn’t raining now)
It stopped raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (not It has stopped)

B You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings:
I’ve repaired the washing machine. It’s working OK now.
‘Hannah has had a baby! It’s a boy.’ ‘That’s great news.’
Usually, you can also use the past simple:
I repaired the washing machine. It’s working OK now.
Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new:
Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
(not has been … has written)
My mother grew up in Italy. (not has grown)
Compare:
Somebody has invented a new type of washing machine.
Who invented the telephone? (not has invented)

C We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it,
we normally use the past simple:
A: Ow! I’ve burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? (not have you done)
A: I picked up a hot dish. (not have picked)
A: Look! Somebody has spilt something on the sofa.
B: Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. (not hasn’t been … haven’t done)

Past simple ➜ Unit 5 Present perfect ➜ Units 7–8 Present perfect and past 2 ➜ Unit 14
26 American English ➜ Appendix 7
 Unit
Exercises 13
13.1 Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect where possible. Otherwise use the past simple.
1 2
The office is empty now.
I can’t get in.
Everybody
I ’ve lost (lose) my
(go) home.
key.

3 4
I meant to call you last night,
but I
(forget).
Helen
(go) to New York for a holiday, but
she’s back home in London now.
5 6 Can you help us? Our car
before

(break) down.

Are you OK? Yes, I (have) a

headache, but it’s OK now.

13.2 Are the underlined parts of these sentences OK? Correct them where necessary.
1 Did you hear about Sophie? She’s given up her job. OK
2 My mother has grown up in Italy. My mother grew up
3 How many plays has William Shakespeare written?
4 I’ve forgotten his name. Is it Joe or Jack?
5 Who has invented paper?
6 Drugs have become a big problem everywhere.
7 We’ve washed the car, but now it’s dirty again.
8 Where have you been born?
9 Ellie has gone shopping. She’ll be back in about an hour.
10 Albert Einstein has been the scientist who
has developed the theory of relativity.

13.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1 It stopped raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (it / stop)
2 The town where I live is very different now. It has changed a lot. (it / change)
3 I studied German at school, but most of it now. (I / forget)
4 The police three people, but later they let them go. (arrest)
5 What do you think of my English? Do you think ? (it / improve)
6 Are you ready to go? your coffee? (you / finish)
7 for a job as a tour guide, but I wasn’t successful. (I / apply)
8 Where’s my bike? outside the house, but it’s not there now. (it / be)
9 Quick! We need to call an ambulance. an accident. (there / be)
10 A: I’ve found my phone.
B: Oh, good. Where it? (you / find)
A: at the bottom of my bag. (It / be)
11 A: Ben won’t be able to play tennis for a while. his arm. (He / break)
B: Oh. How ? (that / happen)
A: off a ladder. (He / fall)

27
Unit
14 Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)
A We do not use the present perfect (I have done) when we talk about a finished time (for example,
yesterday / last year / ten minutes ago etc.). We use a past tense:
It was very cold yesterday. (not has been)
Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived)
Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten)
I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed.
Use the past to ask When … ? or What time … ? :
When did your friends arrive? (not have … arrived)
What time did you finish work?
Compare:

Present perfect Past simple

Tom has lost his key. He can’t get Tom lost his key yesterday.
into the house. He couldn’t get into the house.
Is Carla here or has she left? When did Carla leave?

B Compare:

Present perfect (have done) Past simple (did)

I’ve done a lot of work today. I did a lot of work yesterday.
We use the present perfect for a period of time We use the past simple for a finished time in
that continues until now. For example: the past. For example:
today / this week / since 2010. yesterday / last week / from 2010 to 2014.
unfinished finished
today yesterday
past now past now
It hasn’t rained this week. It didn’t rain last week.
Have you seen Anna this morning? Did you see Anna this morning?
(it is still morning now) (it is now afternoon or evening)
Have you seen Ben recently? Did you see Ben on Sunday?
(in the last few days or weeks)
I’ve been working here since 2010. I worked here from 2010 to 2014.
(I still work here now) (I don’t work here now)
I don’t know where Lisa is. I haven’t seen A: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday?
her. (= I haven’t seen her recently) B: I don’t think so. I didn’t see her.
We’ve been waiting for an hour. We waited (or were waiting) for an
(we are still waiting now) hour. (we are no longer waiting)
Jack lives in Los Angeles. He has lived Jack lived in New York for ten years.
there for seven years. Now he lives in Los Angeles.
I’ve never ridden a horse. (in my life) I never rode a bike when I was a child.
It’s the last day of your holiday. You say: After you come back from holiday you say:
It’s been a really good holiday. I’ve really It was a really good holiday. I really
enjoyed it. enjoyed it.

28 Past simple ➜ Unit 5 Present perfect ➜ Units 7–8 Present perfect and past 1 ➜ Unit 13
 Unit
Exercises 14
14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences OK? Correct them where necessary.
1 I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere. OK
2 Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? Did you eat
3 I’ve bought a new car. You must come and see it.
4 I’ve bought a new car last week.
5 Where have you been yesterday evening?
6 Maria has left school in 1999.
7 I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
8 ‘Have you been to Paris?’ ‘Yes, many times.’
9 I’m very hungry. I haven’t eaten much today.
10 When has this bridge been built?

14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
1 (it / not / rain / this week) It hasn’t rained this week.
2 (the weather / be / cold / recently) The weather
3 (it / cold / last week) It
4 (I / not / eat / any fruit yesterday) I
5 (I / not / eat / any fruit today)
6 (Emily / earn / a lot of money / this year)
7 (she / not / earn / so much / last year)
8 (you / have / a holiday recently?)

14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1 I haven’t been (I / not / be) to Canada, but I’d like to go there.
2 Paul and Lucy arrived (arrive) about ten minutes ago.
3 I’m tired. (I / not / sleep) well last night.
4 (There / be) a bus drivers’ strike last week, so
(there / be) no buses.
5 Edward (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then
(he / give) it up. Now he works as a gardener.
6 Mary lives in Dublin. (She / live) there all her life.
7 My grandfather (die) before I was born.
(I / never / meet) him.
8 I don’t know Karen’s husband. (I / never / meet) him.
9 It’s nearly lunchtime, and (I / not / see) Martin all morning. I wonder
where he is.
10 A: (you / go) to the cinema last night?
B: Yes, but the movie (be) awful.
11 A: (It / be) very warm here since we arrived.
B: Yes, (it / be) 35 degrees yesterday.
12 A: Where do you live? B: In Boston.
A: How long (you / live) there? B: Five years.
A: Where (you / live) before that? B: In Chicago.
A: And how long (you / live) in Chicago? B: Two years.

14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.

1 (something you haven’t done today) I haven’t eaten any fruit today.
2 (something you haven’t done today)
3 (something you didn’t do yesterday)
4 (something you did yesterday evening)
5 (something you haven’t done recently)
6 (something you’ve done a lot recently)

➜ Additional exercises 2–4 (pages 303–04), 14–15 (pages 310–11) 29

 Key to Exercises

9.4 UNIT 11 12.3

2 I’ve been looking / I have been 3 He has been ill/unwell since Sunday.
11.1
looking 4 She got married a year ago.
2 have you lived
3 are you looking 5 I’ve had a headache since I woke up.
3 It’s raining
4 She’s been teaching / She has 6 The meeting started/began at
4 has been
been teaching 9 o’clock.
5 Have you been waiting
5 I’ve been thinking / I have 7 I’ve been working in a hotel for six
6 We’re living
been thinking months. / I’ve been working there …
7 I haven’t known
6 he’s working / he is working 8 Kate started learning Japanese a
8 She’s
7 She’s been working / She has long time ago.
9 have you had
been working
10 I’ve been feeling 12.4
8 you’re driving / you are driving
2 No, I haven’t seen Lisa/her
9 has been travelling 11.2
for about a month.
2 How long have you known
3 No, I haven’t been swimming for a
UNIT 10 Katherine?
long time.
3 How long has your sister
10.1 4 No, I haven’t ridden a bike for ages.
been in Australia?
2 She’s been travelling / She has been 6 No, it’s about a month since I (last)
4 How long have you been
travelling … saw Lisa/her. or
teaching English? / How long have
She’s visited / She has visited … No, it’s been about a month since …
you taught English?
3 He’s won / He has won … 7 No, it’s a long time since I
5 How long have you had that jacket?
He’s been playing tennis / He has (last) went swimming. or
6 How long has Joe been working
been playing … No, it’s been a long time since …
at the airport? / How long has Joe
4 They’ve been making / They 8 No, it’s ages since I (last) rode a bike.
worked at the airport?
have been making … or No, it’s been ages since …
7 Have you always lived in Chicago?
They’ve made / They have made …
11.3 UNIT 13
10.2
3 ’s been / has been
2 Have you been waiting long? 13.1
4 ’s / is
3 Have you caught any fish? 2 has gone 5 had
5 haven’t played
4 How many people have you invited? 3 forgot 6 has broken
6 ’ve been waiting / have been waiting
5 How long have you been teaching? 4 went
7 ’ve known / have known
6 How many books have you written?
8 hasn’t been 13.2
How long have you been writing
9 lives or ’s living / is living 3 did William Shakespeare write
books?
10 ’s lived / has lived or ’s been living 4 OK
7 How long have you been
/ has been living 5 Who invented
saving (money)?
11 ’s been watching / has been 6 OK
How much money have you saved?
watching 7 We washed
10.3 12 haven’t watched 8 Where were you born?
2 Somebody’s broken / 13 ’ve had / have had 9 OK
Somebody has broken 14 haven’t been 10 Albert Einstein was the scientist who
3 Have you been working 15 ’ve always wanted / have always developed
4 Have you ever worked wanted 13.3
5 has she gone
3 I’ve forgotten / I have forgotten
6 I’ve had / I have had UNIT 12 4 arrested
7 I’ve been watching / I have been
12.1 5 it’s improved / it has improved
watching
2 for (also correct without for) 6 Have you finished
8 He’s appeared / He has appeared
3 for (also correct without for) 7 I applied
9 I haven’t been waiting
4 since 8 It was
10 you’ve been crying / you have
5 for 9 There’s been / There has been
been crying
6 since 10 did you find … It was
11 it’s stopped / it has stopped
7 since 11 He’s / He has broken … or He
12 They’ve been playing / They
8 for broke … did that happen … He fell
have been playing
13 I’ve lost / I have lost … Have 12.2
2 How long have you had this car?
UNIT 14
you seen
14 I’ve been reading / I have been 3 How long have you been waiting? 14.1
reading … I haven’t finished 4 When did your course start? 3 OK
15 I’ve read / I have read 5 When did Anna arrive in London? 4 I bought
6 How long have you known each 5 Where were you
other? 6 Maria left school
7 OK
8 OK
9 OK
10 When was this bridge built?

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 Key to Exercises

14.2 UNIT 16 17.3

2 The weather has been cold recently. 3 I didn’t have / hadn’t got my phone
16.1
3 It was cold last week. 4 I have a cold or I’ve got a cold
2 They’d been playing football. /
4 I didn’t eat any fruit yesterday. 5 OK
They had been playing …
5 I haven’t eaten any fruit today. 6 I didn’t have any energy
3 I’d been looking forward to it.
6 Emily has earned a lot of money 7 OK (or It hasn’t got many shops.)
/ I had been looking forward …
this year. 8 Did you have (Had you is unusual)
4 She’d been having a bad dream. /
7 She didn’t earn so much last year. 9 OK
She had been having …
8 Have you had a holiday recently? 10 he had a beard
5 He’d been watching a film. /
11 OK (or We’ve got plenty of time.)
14.3 He had been watching …
12 do you have a shower
3 I didn’t sleep 6 They’d been waiting a long time. /
4 There was … there were They had been waiting … 17.4
5 worked … he gave 2 has a break
16.2
6 She’s lived / She has lived 3 had a party
2 I’d been waiting / I had been waiting
7 died … I never met 4 have a look
… I realised (that) I was (in …)
8 I’ve never met / I have never met 5 ’s having / is having a nice time
3 went … had been working or had
9 I haven’t seen 6 had a chat
worked
10 Did you go … was 7 Did you have trouble
4 had been playing … started
11 It’s been / It has been … it was 8 had a baby
5 Example answer:
12 have you lived / have you been living 9 was having a shower
I’d been walking for about ten
… did you live … did you live 10 haven’t had a holiday / haven’t had a
minutes when a car suddenly
break
14.4 stopped just behind me.
Example answers:
16.3 UNIT 18
2 I haven’t bought anything today.
2 We’d been travelling
3 I didn’t watch TV yesterday. 18.1
3 He was looking
4 I went out with some friends 2 used to have/ride
4 She’d been running
yesterday evening. 3 used to live
5 He was walking
5 I haven’t been to the cinema recently. 4 used to be
6 I’d had it
6 I’ve read a lot of books recently. 5 used to eat/like/love
7 I’d been going
6 used to take
8 I’ve been training
UNIT 15 7 used to be
9 (When I finally arrived,) she was
8 used to work
15.1 waiting … she’d been waiting
3 It had changed a lot. (such a long time) 18.2
4 I hadn’t heard it before. 10 a he was already working 2 used
5 She’d arranged to do something else. / b had already been working 3 used to be
She had arranged … c He’s been working 4 did
6 The film had already started. 5 used to
7 We hadn’t been there before. UNIT 17 6 use
8 I hadn’t seen him for five years. 7 to
17.1
9 They’d just had lunch. / They had 8 be able
2 h
just had … 9 didn’t
3 c
10 He’d never played before. / He had
4 g 18.3
never played …
5 b 2–6
15.2 6 a ғ She used to be very lazy, but
2 there was … 7 e she works very hard these days.
She’d gone / She had gone 8 f ғ She didn’t use to like cheese,
3 He’d just come back from / but she eats lots of cheese now. or
17.2
He had just come back from She used not to like cheese, but …
3 don’t have / haven’t got (haven’t is
… He looked
less usual) ғ She used to play the piano,
4 got a phone call but she hasn’t played the
4 didn’t have
He was piano for a long time. / … played it
5 doesn’t have / hasn’t got (hasn’t is
He’d sent her / He had sent her … for a long time.
less usual)
she’d never replied (to them) / she
6 do you have / have you got (have ғ She didn’t use to drink tea,
had never replied (to them) but she likes it now. or She used
you is less usual)
not to drink tea, but …
15.3 7 didn’t have
2 I went 8 Does he have / Has he got (Has he is ғ She used to have a dog, but it
died two years ago.
3 had gone less usual)
4 he’d already travelled / he had 9 did you have
already travelled 10 don’t have / haven’t got
5 broke 11 had … didn’t
6 we saw … had broken … we
stopped

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