A Mini Project report submitted on

AN IOT BASED SOLAR MONITORING AND CLEANING

SYSTEM
A partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Award of the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED

By

KUNDURU NITHYA (20671A0459)

JAKKULA DEVAKI NANDHINI (20671A0455)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

J.B. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

UGC AUTONOMOUS

(Accredited by NAAC & NBA, Approved by AICTE & Permanently

affiliated by JNTUH) Yenkapally, Moinabad mandal, R.R. Dist-75 (TS) 2020-2024

I
 A Mini Project report submitted on
AN IOT BASED SOLAR MONITORING AND CLEANING
SYSTEM
A partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Award of the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED

By

KUNDURU NITHYA (20671A0459)

JAKKULA DEVAKI NANDHINI
(20671A0455)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. HIMANSHU SHARMA
Associate Professor-Department of ECE

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

J.B. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

UGC AUTONOMOUS

(Accredited by NAAC & NBA, Approved by AICTE & Permanently affiliated by

JNTUH) Yenkapally, Moinabad mandal, R.R. Dist-75 (TS) 2020-2024

I
J.B. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
UGC AUTONOMOUS

(Accredited by NAAC & NBA, Approved by AICTE & Permanently affiliated by

JNTUH) Yenkapally, Moinabad mandal, R.R. Dist-75 (TS)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled

AN IOT BASED SOLAR POWER MONITORING AND CLEANING
SYSTEM was carried out by KUNDURU NITHYA, JAKKULA DEVAKI
NANDHINI, bearing 20671A0459,20671A0455, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the J.B. Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad, during the academic year 2023-24, is a bonafide record
of work carried out under our guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any
other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

Dr. HIMANSHU SHARMA Dr. TOWHEED SULTHANA

Associate Professor Professor
Internal guide HOD-ECE

I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is to acknowledgement of the intensive drive and technical

competence of many individuals who have contributed to the success of
our dissertation.

We would like to sincerely thank to our internal guide,

Dr.Himanshu Sharma, Associate Professor who stimulated many
thoughts for this project and Staff-Members of Department of ECE for
their goodwill gestures towards me.

We are very grateful to Dr. Towheed Sulthana, Professor &

HOD, ECE who has not only shown at most patience, but fertile in
suggestions, vigilant in directions of error and who have been infinitely
helpful.

We wish to express deepest gratitude and thanks to Principal Dr. P.C.

KRISHNAMA CHARY for his constant support and encouragement in
providing all the facilities in the college to do the project work.

KUNDURU NITHYA (20671A0459)

JAKKULA DEVAKI NANDHINI
(20671A0455)

I
 ABSTRACT

The designed project measures different solar cell parameters like voltage,
water presence by using multiple sensor data acquisition. The project uses a
solar panel to monitor sunlight and Arduino board which has ATmega family
microcontroller attached to it. The project requires a voltage divider and voltage
sensor to measure voltage. These measurements are then displayed by the
microcontroller on a LCD screen. Thus this system allows user to effectively
monitor solar parameters using this system. All the parameters are displayed on
App through Wifi. Here using moisture sensor, it detects the presence of water
on panel. If the sensor gives 1 signal to microcontroller means no water have
accumulated and it does not affect solar panel performance. If the sensor gives 0
signal to the microcontroller, it means the presence of water on panel, and this
triggers the servo motor to which the brush is attached. In this way cleaning
mechanism is performed

V
 INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
ABSTRACT V
CHAPTER–1 1
1. Introduction 1
CHAPTER-2 4-5
2. Literature survey 4
2.1 Existing system 5
CHAPTER-3 6-10
3. IOT 6
3.1 Features of IOT 8
3.2 IOT Enablers 9
3.3 Characteristics of IOT 9
3.4 Application domains 9
3.5 Modern applications 10
CHAPTER-4 11-12
4. Project description 11
4.1 Block diagram 11
4.2 Working 11
CHAPTER-5 13-31
5. Design of hardware 13
5.1 Arduino 13
5.1.1 Power pins 15
5.1.2 Ground pins 16
5.1.3 IOREF pin 16
5.1.4 Input and Output pins 16
5.2 Power supply 18
5.3 LCD screen 20
5.4 Voltage sensor 21
5.5 Solar Panel 22
VI
5.6 ESP8266 Wifi 24
5.7 Battery 26
5.8 Servo motor 30
5.9 Moisture Sensor 31

CHAPTER-6 33-43
6. Design of software 33
6.1 Introduction to Arduino IDE software 33
6.1.1 Software steps 33
6.2 Telnet monitor 37

6.3 Appendix 40
CHAPTER-7 44-45
7. Result 44

7.1 Output 44

CHAPTER – 8 46

8. Conclusion 46

FUTURE SCOPE 47
REFRENCES 48

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE NO

FIGURE 3.1 Internet of Things 6

FIGURE 3.2 IoT Architecture 7
FIGURE 5.1 Arduino Uno R3 Board 14
FIGURE 5.2 Block Diagram of Power Supply 18
FIGURE 5.3 Schematic Diagram of Power Supply 18
FIGURE 5.4 Bridge Rectifier 19
FIGURE 5.5.LCD Screen Circuit Diagram 21
FIGURE 5.6 Voltage Sensor 22
FIGURE 5.7 Solar panel 23
FIGURE 5.8 Cylindrical Panasonic 18650 lithium-ion cell before closing. 27
FIGURE 5.9 Lithium-ion battery monitoring electronics 27
(over - charge and deep-discharge protection)
FIGURE 5.10 Servo motor 31
FIGURE 5.11 Moisture sensor 31
FIGURE 7.1 case 1 44
FIGURE 7.2 case 2.1 45
FIGURE 7.3 case 2.2 45

VI
I
 CHAPTER-1

1. Introduction
The rising costs of fossil fuels, global warming, and severe weather
conditions have compelled many nations to look into alternative sources of
energy to reduce reliance on fossil-based fuels. Solar energy is considered as
fastest growing renewable energy source for electricity generation after the wind
energy. It involves conversion of solar energy into electric and/or heat energies.
The sunlight is collected either directly by using photovoltaic cells or indirectly
using concentrated solar energy.

The solar photovoltaic (PV) energy system directly converts the sun photons
energy to electricity through the solar cells. Solar cells are made from light
sensitive semiconductors that use photon energy to dislodge electrons to drive
an electric current. The two broad classifications of photovoltaic modules are
the mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline. Polycrystalline solar cells are formed
from multiple silicon crystals while mono-crystalline solar cells are made from a
single silicon crystal and they usually have higher efficiency. The output of
power generated from a solar cell largely depends on weather conditions most
especially the solar irradiance and air temperature. The recent development in
energy sector have shown that solar-energy market is one of the most rapidly
expanding renewable energy markets in the world. Presently there is significant
increasing in demands for remote monitoring and control equipment for
solarenergy applications. The advancement in the solar cell technology has led
to the development of a more efficient, flexible and lighter PV cells named
smart solar. Solar manufacturing company now embeds electronics such as
power optimizers, micro DC-to-DC converters, and condition monitoring
devices in the solar PV modules. The monitoring and measurement of solar PV
parameters and site condition has some importance in evaluating the
performance of existing solar installations, advanced system monitoring and the
prediction of future generation. They also aid in decision making, product
development, system maintenance, and many other applications. A solar PV
energy system requires reliable means of data acquisition of all the electrical and
meteorological data for condition monitoring, and evaluation of the system
performance. Acquiring such data has been capital intensive when state of the
art equipment is to be installed at the site and there is
1
a concern of reliability over the use of satellite data in place of site data. This
study involves the development of low-cost arduino-based solar photovoltaic
parameter-measuring system with data logger. The developed system
successfully measures the solar photovoltaic parameters such as incident light
intensity, voltage, current, and temperature.

Due to the rise of global warming and extreme weather conditions, many
existing countries have forced to look after the alternative sources in order to
reduce dependence on fossil based fuels like coal and etc., solar energy is one of
the most promising renewable resources which is currently being used all over
the world to contribute for making rising demands of electric power. Solar
power is a conversion of sunlight into electricity, the sunlight is collected either
directly by using photovoltaic (PV) or indirectly using concentrated of the solar
energy. Photovoltaic was initially used as a power source for a small and
medium size applications. It is powered by a single solar cell to a remote homes.
As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of solar photovoltaic
systems has grown into millions. Solar power stations produces hundreds of
megawatts. Solar PV is becoming inexpensive and becoming low carbon
technology to harness renewable energy from the sun. The purpose of this
project is to improve the power collection efficiency with developing the track
of solar panel. In order to maximize the generation of output power of the solar
panel arduino is used. Concentration of solar energy from the sun using light
rays is a point by using lens (or) mirror and tracking system. The light from the
sun also produce heat.

Energy is the prime factor for the development of a nation. An enormous

amount of energy is extracted, distributed, converted and consumed in the
global society daily. 85% of energy production is dependent on fossil fuels. The
resources of the fossil fuels are limited and their use results in global warming
due to emission of greenhouse gases. To provide a sustainable power production
and safe world to the future generation, there is a growing demand for energy
from renewable sources like solar, wind, geothermal and ocean tidal wave. Solar
panels directly convert solar radiation into electrical energy. Solar panel is
mainly made from semiconductor materials. Si used as the major component of
solar panels, which is maximum 24.5% efficient. Increasing the cell efficiency,
maximizing the power
2
output and employing a tracking system with solar panel are three ways to
increase the overall efficiency of the solar panel.

3
 CHAPTER - 2

2. Literature survey

Solar energy is available abundant in the tropics, like in Indonesia. Its

prominent utilization is for electrification in remote and rural areas by using
the solar home systems (SHS) of low to medium power capacity. The SHS
may form a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system, which easily installed due
to the use of off-the-shelf modular components including solar modules and
balance of system, i.e., solar charge controller (SCC), battery storage and
DC/AC inverter. More recently, application of the grid-connected SHS
becomes popular for the urban/populated areas in perspective of sustainable
development and favorable regulated tariffs of imported/exported electrical
energy between the local PV power plants and the national grid. The PV
systems require to install in open spaces with direct exposure to the Sun by
avoiding shading effects from surrounding objects, i.e., buildings and
vegetation. Meanwhile, electricity generated by the PV systems strongly
depend on the ambient environmental conditions such as solar irradiance, air
temperature, relative humidity, local wind speed and direction, and dust
deposits. The PV systems can supply DC and AC loads, and their related
performance parameters include voltage, current, panel temperature, and
power. Type of the PV used affects the electrical performance by a 10-16.2%
conversion efficiency from incident solar radiation into electricity. The PV
panel temperature increases significantly due to the heat released from the rest
of the incident solar radiation hence reducing the PV efficiency of the panel.
The PV systems work during long time periods and generate a lot of data. The
traditional data collection employs a manual method with conventional
instruments such as multimeters and thermocouples, which is a
timeconsuming process. A correct reading by the user is difficult to obtain due
to the rapid change of the environmental conditions. Automatic-sensor based
data acquisition (DAQ) systems thus become mandatory and provide quick
response and accuracy in real-time instead of the manual measurement for
both monitoring the PV system performance and storing the data. The
monitoring of the PV system parameters help to ensure the system health,
deliver information about the energy potential, energy extracted, operating

4
temperature analysis of

5
different of faults that might occur, and associated energy loss, and reduce
expenses by assisting detection of any flaw in the PV system .

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

So far the performance of power extracted from the solar panels monitoring is
not automated and the parameters are unknown to the end user. The existing
system for solar panel cleaning mechanism is operated using a mobile
application. The power supply is given to the solar panel cleaning system
through the rechargeable battery and it occurs by triggering switch from
mobile application. To stop the cleaning process, off signal from mobile
application is given.

6
 CHAPTER – 3

3. IOT TECHNOLOGY

The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea
of everyday physical objects being connected to the internet and being able
to identify themselves to other devices. The term is closely identified with
RFID as the method of communication, although it also may include other
sensor technologies, wireless technologies or QR codes.

INTERNET OF THINGS

Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and

sensors to internet enabling to collect and exchange data without human
interaction called as the Internet of Things (IoT).The term "Things" in the
Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in day to day life which
is accessed or connected through the internet.

Fig 3.1: Internet of Things

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with

artificial intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to
deliver complete systems for the product or services. The system created by
IoT has greater transparency, control, and performance. As we have a
platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we connect
all the things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect

7
our home

8
appliances such as air conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these
things are managed at the same platform. Since we have a platform, we can
connect our car, track its fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location
of the car

HOW DOES INTERNET OF THING (IoT) WORK?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture).
However, the key concept of there working are similar. The entire working
process of IoT starts with the device themselves, such as smartphones,
digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely communicate with the
IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyse the data from all multiple
devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications
to devices.

Fig 3.2: IoT Architecture

9
 3.1.FEATURES OF IOT
The most important features of IoT on which it works are
connectivity analysing, integrating, active engagement, and many more.
Some of them are

• Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection

between all the things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud.
After connecting the
IoT devices, it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and
cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-directional communication.

• Analysing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time

analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective business
intelligence. If we have a good insight into data gathered from all these
things, then we call our system has a smart system.

• Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user

experience as well.

• Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through
the use of data. For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans
have going to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of
your choice from the retailer.

• Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure
any change in the environment and report on their status. IoT technology
brings passive networks to active networks. Without sensors, there could
not hold an effective or true IoT environment.

• Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or

services to active engagement between each other.

• Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of

all the IoT system otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system.
For example, if a coffee machine itself order the coffee beans when it goes
to end but what happens when it orders the beans from a retailer and we
are not present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of the IoT
system. So, there must be a need for endpoint management.

1
 3.2 IOT ENABLERS

• RFIDs: uses radio waves in order to electronically track the tags attached
to each physical object.

• Sensors: devices that are able to detect changes in an environment (ex:

motion detectors).

• Nanotechnology: as the name suggests, these are extremely small devices

with dimensions usually less than a hundred nanometers.

• Smart networks: (ex: mesh topology).

3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF IoT

• Massively scalable and efficient

• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
• An abundance of physical objects is present that does not use IP, so IoT is
made possible.

• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be
automatically programmed to sleep.

• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be

connected in another instant of time.

• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order

to save bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off
periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable
and thus prove to be inefficient.

3.4 APPLICATION DOMAINS

IoT is currently found in four different popular domains:

• Manufacturing/Industrial business - 40.2%
• Healthcare - 30.3%
• Security - 7.7%
• Retail - 8.3%

1
3.5.MODERN APPLICATIONS

1. Smart Grids
2. Smart cities
3. Smart homes
4. Healthcare
5. Earthquake detection
6. Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
7. Smartphone detection
8. Water flow monitoring

1
 CHAPTER - 4

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter deals with working and circuits of solar power generation. It
can be simply understood by its block diagram &circuit diagram.

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLAR LCD

BATTERY WIFI APP

ARDUINO

VOLTAGE SERVO
BRUSH
SENSOR MOTOR

MOISTURE
SESENSOR

4.2 WORKING:

There are Power Stations for Maintaining or Monitoring the Power Circuits
or Parameters related to Solar Panel. Parameters like Voltage, Moisture,
which are important to monitor. The Monitoring of two parameters are also
important in Households too. So, here we discuss on how to Monitor Solar
Panel Parameters.

Figure shown the block diagram of the research and the complete of block
diagram for this project that have been develop by using Arduino software.
In this project, it consist three main parts : the voltage divider, the LED light

1
indicator, wifi, Voltage sensor, servo motor and the LCD screen display.
The power generated from the solar panel is 12V approximately. In this
project, the main controller are use the Arduino Uno and its need the power
supply . The power supply for this controller is 5V. Then, the Arduino Uno
must have coding for it to function as desired. Lastly, the LCD is to display
the output that have written in the coding inside the Arduino Uno. . We
studied that, using IoT technology, user can itself monitor and control the
devices in the agricultural field as per our application.

In cleaning first RAIN sensor detects the water on panel. If the sensor gives
1 signal to microcontroller means no water is present and it does not affect
solar panel performance. When it gives 0 to controller means need to
remove water by cleaning mechanism. Microcontroller take action as per
programmed in uploaded in it. It drives the drive mechanism within control
of limit sensors and make one complete cycle for cleaning After further
check RAIN module check for water on panel if it is clean then wait for
water to be accumulated as on cycle is going on.

HARDWARE COMPONETS

 Arduino UNO R3 ATMEGA 328P

 Moisture Sensor
 Voltage Sensor
 Solar panel
 Brush
 Servomotor
 Connecting Wires
 Battery(12v,1.6A)
 ESP8266
 LCD display

1
 CHAPTER - 5

5. DESIGN OF HARDWARE

This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware implementation of solar

monitoring and cleaning. It discuss the circuit diagram of each module in
detail.

5.1 ARDUINO:
The most common version of Arduino is the Arduino Uno. This board
is what most people are talking about when they refer to an Arduino. The
Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family and a great
choice for beginners. There are different revisions of Arduino Uno, below
detail is the most recent revision (Rev3 or R3).

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Microcontroller : ATmega328

Operating Voltage : 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) : 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) : 6-20V

14 (of which 6 provide PWM
Digital I/O Pins :
output)

Analog Input Pins : 6

DC Current per I/O Pin : 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA

Flash Memory KB used by bootloader

1
2 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5

1
SRAM : 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM : 1KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed : 16 MHz

Length : 68.6 mm

Width : 53.4 mm

fig
5.1 Arduino Uno R3 Board

USB Plug & External Power Supply Plug

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source.

The Arduino Uno can be powered from a USB cable coming from your
computer or a wall power supply that is terminated in a barrel jack. The
power source is selected automatically. The USB connection is also how you
will load code onto your Arduino board. Please on my other post on how to
program with Arduino can be found in Installing and Programming Arduino.

1
 NOTE: The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If
supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five
volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7
to 12 volts.

Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator is not actually something you can (or should)
interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is
there and what it’s for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it says – it
controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it
as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm
the circuit. Of course,it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to
anything greater than 20 volts.

5.1.1 Power Pins

Voltage In Pin – The input voltage to the Arduino board when it’s
using an external power source(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB
connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage
through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.

5V Pin – This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board.
The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 –
12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. It’s not recommended.3.3V Pin – A 3.3 volt supply
generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

5.1.2 Ground Pins

There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used
to ground your circuit.

5.1.3 IOREF Pin

1
This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF
pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.

5.1.4 Input and Output Pins

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output.
They operate at 5 volts. These pins can be used for both digital input (like
telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-5k Ohms. In addition, some
pins have specialized functions.

Serial Out (TX) & Serial In (RX)

Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial
chip.

External Interrupts

Pins 2 and 3 can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value,

a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

PWM – You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins
(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be
used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). Think of these
pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).

SPI – Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). SPI stands for Serial
Peripheral Interface. These pins support SPI communication using the SPI
library.

Analog Input Pins – Labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). These pins can read the signal from
an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital
value that we can read. By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it
1
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF Pin (Stands
for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone).
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

TWI – Pins A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI

communication using the Wire library.

Reset Pin

Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.Typically used to

add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

LED Indicators

Power LED Indicator – Just beneath and to the right of the word
“UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’.
This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power
source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is
wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!

On-Board LED – There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When
the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off. This
useful to quickly check if the board has no problem as some boards has a
preloaded simple blinking LED program in it.

TX & RX LEDs – These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re
loading a new program onto the board).

Reset Button: Pushing the reset button temporarily connect the reset pin to
ground and restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very
useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.

5.2. POWER SUPPLY:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC

mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and
other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks,

2
 each of which performs a particular function. A DC power supply which
maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of AC mains fluctuations
or load variations is known as “Regulated DC Power Supply”.

Fig:5.2 Block Diagram of Power Supply

Fig:5.3 Schematic Diagram of Power Supply

5.2.1. TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical

power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can

either be stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our
circuit the transformer of 230v/12-0-12v is used to perform the step down
operation where a 230V AC appears as 12V AC across the secondary winding.

2
5.2.2. RECTIFIER:
A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as
RECTIFIER. The process of conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification.

Bridge Rectifier:

Fig:5.4 Bridge Rectifier

OPERATION:

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in

forward biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased. During negative half
cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased
while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased.

5.2.3. FILTER:

A Filter is a device which removes the AC component of rectifier output but

allows the d.c component to reach the load. We have seen that the ripple
content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of
fullwave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages
of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be
removed by one of the following methods of filtering. A capacitor, in
parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage
though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to
appears the load.

2
5.2.4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order
to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent
the required output voltage.

5.3. LCD SCREEN:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character
consists of 5x7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply
voltage and whether messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that
reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer
potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have
built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor
for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

Fig: 5.5.LCD Screen Circuit Diagram

5.4.VOLTAGE SENSOR:
This module is based on resistance points pressure principle, and it can
make the input voltage of red terminal reduce 5 times of original voltage.
The max
2
 Arduino analog input voltage is 5 V, so the input voltage of this module
should be not more than 5 V x 5 = 25 V ( if for 3.3 V system, the input
voltage should be not more than 3.3 V x 5 = 16.5 V ).Because the Arduino
AVR chip have 10 bit AD, so this module simulation resolution is 0.00489
V (5 V / 1023), and the input voltage of this module should be more than
0.00489 V x 5 = 0.02445 V.

FEATURES

• Voltage input range : 0-25 V DC

• Voltage detection range : DC0.02445 V-25 V
• Voltage analog resolution : 0.00489 V
• Operating voltage output : 3.3V – 5V MAX
• 100% Arduino Compatible

fig 5.6 Voltage Sensor

Hardware Connections

The Voltage Sensor Module has to be connected to Uno as follows:

• + to 3.3V
• - to Gnd
• S to Analog 0(A0)

5.5 Solar panel (3w):

Solar panel refers either to a photovoltaic (PV) module, a solar hot water
panel, or to a set of solar photo voltaic modules electrically connected and
mounted on a supporting structure. A PV module is a packaged, connected
assembly of solar cells. Solar panels can be used as a component of a larger
photovoltaic
2
 system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential
applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test
conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a
module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8%
efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230
watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19%
efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of
power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system
typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and
sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

• Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use waferbased
crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon.
The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer
or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and
moisture. Most solar modules are rigid, but semiflexible ones are available,
based on thin-film cells. These early solar modules were first used in space in
1958.

• Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage

and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires
that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other
nonmagnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected
electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular
terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to
facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.

• Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial

module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.

2
fig 5.7 solar panel

5.6 ESP8266 WIFI

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and
microcontroller capability produced by Shanghai-based Chinese
manufacturer, Espressif Systems.

The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with
the ESP01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer, Ai-Thinker. This
small module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and
make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at
the time there was almost no Englishlanguage documentation on the chip and
the commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact that there were
very few external components on the module which suggested that it could
eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore
the module, chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese
documentation.

2
The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing for
singlechip devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi.[4]

The successor to these microcontroller chips is the ESP32.

2
ESP8266

ESP-01 module by Ai-Thinker

Manufacturer Espressif Systems

Type 32-bit microcontroller

CPU @80MHz (default) or

160 MHz

Memory 32 KiB instruction, 80

KiB user data

Input 16 GPIO pins

Power 3.3 V DC

2
5.7. BATTERY(12v, 1.5A)

A Lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery which

uses the reversible reduction of lithium ions to store energy. It is the
predominant battery type used in portable consumer electronics and electric
vehicles. It also sees significant use for grid-scale energy storage and
military and aerospace applications. Compared to other rechargeable battery
technologies, Li-ion batteries have high energy densities, low self-discharge,
and no memory effect (although a small memory effect reported in LFP cells
has been traced to poorly made cells).

Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across types of

lithium-ion batteries. Most commercial Li-ion cells use intercalation
compounds as the active materials. The anode or negative electrode is
usually graphite, although silicon-carbon is also being increasingly used.
Cells can be manufactured to prioritize either energy or power density.
Handheld electronics mostly use lithium polymer batteries (with a polymer
gel as electrolyte),a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2) cathode material, and a
graphite anode, which together offer a high energy density. Lithium iron
phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4 spinel, or
Li2MnO3-based lithium rich layered materials,LMR-NMC),and lithium
nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC) may offer longer
lives and may have better rate capability. NMC and its derivatives are
widely used in the electrification of transport, one of the main technologies
(combined with renewable energy) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
from vehicles.

Lithium-ion batteries can be a safety hazard if not properly engineered and

manufactured since cells have flammable electrolytes and if damaged or
incorrectly charged, can lead to explosions and fires. Much development has
made progress in manufacturing safe Lithium-ion batteries batteries.
Lithium Ion All Solid State Batteries are being developed to eliminate the
flammable electrolyte. Improperly recycled batteries can create toxic waste,
especially from toxic metals and are at risk of fire. Moreover, both lithium
and other key strategic minerals used in batteries have significant issues at

2
extraction, with lithium being water intensive in often arid regions and
other minerals often

3
being conflict minerals such as cobalt. Both environmental issues have
encouraged some researchers to improve mineral efficiency and alternatives
such as iron-air batteries.

Research areas for lithium-ion batteries include extending lifetime,

increasing energy density, improving safety, reducing cost, and increasing
charging speed,[19][20] among others. Research has been under way in the area
of nonflammable electrolytes as a pathway to increased safety based on the
flammability and volatility of the organic solvents used in the typical
electrolyte. Strategies include aqueous lithium-ion batteries, ceramic solid
electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, ionic liquids, and heavily fluorinated
systems.

Fig 5.8 Cylindrical Panasonic 18650 lithium-ion cell before closing.

3
 Fig 5.9 Lithium-ion battery monitoring electronics (over-charge and deep
discharge protection)

Charging and discharging

During discharge, lithium ions (Li+) carry the current within the battery cell
from the negative to the positive electrode, through the non-aqueous electrolyte
and separator diaphragm.[70]

During charging, an external electrical power source (the charging

circuit) applies an over-voltage (a higher voltage than the battery produces, of
the same polarity), forcing a charging current to flow within each cell from the
positive to the negative electrode, i.e., in the reverse direction of a discharge
current under normal conditions. The lithium ions then migrate from the
positive to the negative electrode, where they become embedded in the porous
electrode material in a process known as intercalation.

Energy losses arising from electrical contact resistance at interfaces

between electrode layers and at contacts with current collectors can be as high
as 20% of the entire energy flow of batteries under typical operating
conditions.

The charging procedures for single Li-ion cells, and complete Li-ion
batteries, are slightly different:

A single Li-ion cell is charged in two stages:

3
Constant current (CC)
Constant voltage (CV)

A Li-ion battery (a set of Li-ion cells in series) is charged in three

stages: Constant current

Balance (only required when cell groups become unbalanced during use)
Constant voltage

Charging temperature limits for Li-ion are stricter than the operating limits.
Lithium-ion chemistry performs well at elevated temperatures but prolonged
exposure to heat reduces battery life. Li-ion batteries offer good charging
performance at cooler temperatures and may even allow "fast-charging" within
a temperature range of 5 to 45 °C (41 to 113 °F). Charging should be
performed within this temperature range. At temperatures from 0 to 5 °C
charging is possible, but the charge current should be reduced. During a low-
temperature charge, the slight temperature rise above ambient due to the
internal cell resistance is beneficial. High temperatures during charging may
lead to battery degradation and charging at temperatures above 45 °C will
degrade battery performance, whereas at lower temperatures the internal
resistance of the battery may increase, resulting in slower charging and thus
longer charging times. Consumer-grade lithium-ion batteries should not be
charged at temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F). Although a battery pack may
appear to be charging normally, electroplating of metallic lithium can occur at
the negative electrode during a subfreezing charge, and may not be removable
even by repeated cycling. Most devices equipped with Li-ion batteries do not
allow charging outside of 0–45 °C for safety reasons, except for mobile phones
that may allow some degree of charging when they detect an emergency call in
progress.

3
 5.8. SERVO MOTOR

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise

control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a
suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a
relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed
specifically for use with servomotors. Servomotors are not a specific class of
motor, although the term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable
for use in a closed-loop control system.
Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, or automated
manufacturing.

Mechanism
A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to
control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either
analogue or digital) representing the position commanded for the output shaft.
The motor is paired with some type of position encoder to provide position and
speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The
measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the
external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that required,
an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either
direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the
positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.

The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a potentiometer

and bang-bang control of their motor; the motor always rotates at full speed (or
is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in industrial motion
control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos used for
radiocontrolled models.

More sophisticated servomotors use optical rotary encoders to measure the

speed of the output shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the motor speed.
Both of these enhancements, usually in combination with a PID control
algorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its commanded position more
quickly and more precisely, with less overshooting.

3
 Fig 5.10 servo motor

5.9. MOISTUR SENSOR

Fig 5.11 moisture sensor

Moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil or any other
items. Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture
requires removing, drying, and weighting of a sample, soil moisture sensors
measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other
property of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or
interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content.

The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be
calibrated and may vary depending on environmental factors such as soil
type, temperature, or electric conductivity. Reflected microwave radiation is
affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing in hydrology
and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or
gardeners.

Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric

3
water content. Another class of sensors measure another property of
moisture in

3
soils called water potential; these sensors are usually referred to as soil water
potential sensors and include tensiometers and gypsum blocks.

3
 CHAPTER – 6

6. DESIGN OF SOFTWARE

6.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE:

This is free software (evaluation version) which solves many of the pain
points for an embedded system developer. This software is an Integrated
Development Environment(IDE), which integrated text editor to write
program, a compiler and it will convert your source code into HEX file. Here
is simple guide to start working with Arduino IDE Vision which can be used
for:

• Writing programs in Arduino IDE

• Compiling and assembling programs
• Debugging programs

6.1.1 SOFTWARE STEPS:

Before you can start doing anything with the Arduino, you need to download
and install the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment).

After the opening IDE the settings are changed in order to connect to the Arduino.
3
Before you can start doing anything in the Arduino programmer, you must

set The board-type and serialport.

To set the board, go to the following:

Tools --> Boards

Select the version of board that you are using. Since I have an Arduino
Uno plugged in, I obviously selected "Arduino Uno." To set the serial port,
go to the following:
Tools --> Serial Port

3
Arduino programs are called sketches. The Arduino programmer comes with
a ton of example sketches preloaded. This is great because even if you have
never programmed anything in your life, you can load one of these sketches
and get the Arduino to do something.

4
The serial monitor allows your computer to connect serially with the
Arduino. This is important because it takes data that your Arduino is
receiving from sensors and other devices and displays it in real-time on your
computer. Having this ability is invaluable to debug your code and
understand what number value the chip is actually receiving.

For instance, connect center sweep (middle pin) of a potentiometer to A0,

and the outer pins, respectively, to 5v and ground. Next upload the sketch
shown below:

File --> Examples --> 1.Basics --> Analog Read Serial

Click the button to engage the serial monitor which looks like a magnifying
glass. You can now see the numbers being read by the analog pin in the
serial monitor. When you turn the knob the numbers will increase and
decrease. The numbers will be between the range of 0 and 1023. The reason
for this is that the analog pin is converting a voltage between 0 and 5V to a
discreet number.

6.2 TELNET monitor

The TELNET monitor verifies that the TCP/IP-based service can accept
incoming sessions and respond in a timely manner. It provides a method to

4
 monitor the availability of connection-based TCP/IP applications and
devices that are not directly supported within ipMonitor by a specific
monitor type.

The monitor establishes a TCP/IP connection to the remote resource. After

availability has been confirmed, the monitor safely disconnects.

Use the TELNET Monitor to verify that:

• A TCP/IP connection to an application or device can be established.

• The application or device responds within a required number of seconds.

Any connection-based application can be monitored using the TELNET

protocol, even if the application is not directly supported by a monitor type.
To test if the service or device is accepting sessions, select the correct
TCP/IP port.

Create a TELNET monitor

1. Click Devices in the toolbar.

2. Locate and click the targeted device you want to monitor.

3. In the toolbar, click Add > Add New Monitor.

4. In the Select Monitor menu, click TELNET.

5. Under Identification, enter a name in the Monitor Name field using up to

64 characters.

This name will appear in the Monitors List, Monitor Status, Logs pages, and
your reports.

4
 You can change this name later, if necessary. Ip Monitor does not use this
field to internally identify this monitor.

6. Select Enabled to enable the monitor.

When enabled, the monitor tests the specified resource using the settings
you enter under Test Parameters. You can disable the monitor later if
required.

7. (Optional) Select Store Monitor Statistics for Recent Activity and

Historical Reports to enable this functionality.

8. Under Test Parameters, enter the IP address or domain name of the targeted
server.

9. Enter the TCP port number that the targeted resource responds on. The
default is TCP port 23.

10. Under Timing, configure the fields for the monitor testing states.

a. In the Maximum Test Duration field, enter the maximum test duration rate
(in seconds) that the monitor times out before the test is considered a
failure.

b. In the remaining fields, enter the number of second between each test while
the monitor is in an OK state (Up), a failed state while alerts are processed
(Down), and a failed state and the maximum number of alerts have been

4
processed (Lost).

4
 In the Lost state, no additional failure alerts are processed.
However, a recovery notification is sent if the monitor recovers.

11. Enter the amount of time delay for each monitor testing state. For example,
you may choose to intensify testing when a monitor enters a Warn state and
reduce testing when the monitor enters a Lost state.

12. Under Notification Control, complete the fields to determine how many
test failures must occur before an alert is sent.

a. Enter the number of test failures that occur for each alert before ipMonitor
generates an alert for the monitor. The default option is 3.

b. Enter the maximum number of alerts to send before the monitor enters a
Lost state.
The monitor must be assigned to a notification alert to generate an action.

13. Under Recovery Parameters, complete the fields to indicate the corrective
action used to automatically restore a resource using the External Process
Recovery, Reboot Server Recovery, or Restart Service Recovery action.

a. Enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), NetBIOS, or IP Address

of the machine hosting the service that needs a restart or the machine that
needs a restart. You can also click Browse to locate and select the
machine.

4
b. Select the set of credentials used by the recovery alert. You can select a
specific credential to execute recovery alerts that require access to
restricted resources, such as Reboot Server, Restart Service, or External
Process.

c. Select the list of services to restart on the target machine specified in the
FQDN/NetBIOS/IP Address field. This field is only required for the
Restart Service alert. If a service has dependencies, select all dependent
services.

14. Click OK.

6.3 Appendix:

#include <Servo.h> Source code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

Servo servo; // Create a servo object

LiquidCrystal lcd (13, 12, 11, 10, 9 , 8);

int soil = 2; int

servoPin = 6;

int volt = A5;

float vout = 0.0; float vin = 0.0; float R1 =

30000.0; float R2 = 7500.0; int value = 0;
unsigned char rcv, count, gchr, gchr1, robos =
's'; int sti = 0;

String inputString = ""; // a string to hold incoming data boolean

stringComplete = false; // whether the string is complete

void okcheck()
{ unsigned char rcr; do
{ rcr =

4
Serial.read();

4
 } while (rcr != 'K'); }
void setup() {
lcd.begin(16, 2);

pinMode(soil, INPUT);

servo.attach(servoPin); servo.write(90); // Set the servo to its initial

position (90 degrees) delay(1000); // Delay to allow the servo to
reach its initial position

Serial.begin(115200); // Initialize serial communication

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" WELCOME TO THE");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" PROJECT "); delay(2000);
lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Wifi init");

Serial.write("AT\r\n"); delay(500); okcheck();

Serial.write("ATE0\r\n"); okcheck();
Serial.write("AT+CWMODE=3\r\n"); delay(500);
Serial.write("AT+CIPMUX=1\r\n"); delay(500); okcheck();
Serial.write("AT+CIPSERVER=1,23\r\n"); okcheck();

lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Waiting For");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Connection"); do {
rcv = Serial.read();

} while (rcv != 'C');

4
 lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Connected");
delay(2000); lcd.clear();

void loop() { value =

analogRead(volt); vout =
(value * 5.0) / 1024.0; vin =
vout / (R2/(R1+R2));

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Voltage:");
lcd.setCursor(8,0); lcd.print(vin);
lcd.setCursor(13,0); lcd.print("V");

if (digitalRead(soil) == LOW) {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("SOIL: WET
");

Serial.write("AT+CIPSEND=0,10\r\n"); delay(500);
Serial.write("\r\nSOIL:WET\r\n"); delay(500);
servo.write(0); delay(2000); servo.write(90);
delay(1000);

}
if (digitalRead(soil) == HIGH) { lcd.setCursor(0,
1); lcd.print("SOIL:
DRY ");
Serial.write("AT+CIPSEND=0,10\r\n"); delay(500);

}
Serial.write("AT+CIPSEND=0,10\r\n"); delay(500);
Serial.write("\r\nVOLTAGE:");

4
Serial.println(vin);delay(500); delay(200);
}

5
 CHAPTER-7

7. Result
When Arduino is connected to the supply, the lcd screen gets on. It displays
‘waiting for connection’. From mobile phone connect to esp with wifi. After
successful connection, it displays the values of voltage and the case of water
presence on panel like dry or wet, both on lcd screen and in mobile telnet
application in your mobile phone. When the moisture sensor senses the
water, it displays wet and the brush attached to the servo motor starts
cleaning the panel until it becomes dry.

7.1 Output
Output when all the hardware components are connected

successfully Case(1) : When the panel is dry, it displays the voltage values

and condition of panel i.e , dry.

fig 7.1 case 1

5
Case(2) : When the moisture is detected on the solar panel, it displays the
voltage value and the condition of panel. It also triggers the servo motor to
which the brush is attached. Cleaning process takes place in this stage.

fig 7.2 case 2.1

The monitoring parameter will be displayed in the mobile telnet app also
which is shown below.

fig 7.2 case 2.2

5
 CHAPTER - 8

8. Conclusion
The exigency of electricity is rising day by day and traditional sources of
energy are not producing enough energy to meet the requirements.
Applications of monitoring system are in Rooftop solar, ground mounted
solar, solar cities and many more. The energy is alternatively depends upon
the primary parameters like temperature, voltage, current and to keep track
on all these parameters on real time IOT played a vital role through ATmega
management. Results are displayed on LCD as well as on mobile devices.
User will be able to track, monitor and control this panels virtually to
maximize electricity generation. Accompanying the monitoring system
cleaner is installed in our system to ameliorate efficiency of the system. As
we know that prevention is better than curing as a result the cleaning action
prevents the primary accumulating surface dust on the panels before it
hinders the efficiency of panels to a greater extent.

So the purposed system that is solar power plant monitoring system can
measure the voltage, water content. The real time monitoring of all these
parameter is done by using the IOT platform. After successful of checking all
the current and voltage value the efficiency of the solar panel is calculate. In
situation where the efficiency of the solar panel goes beyond certain
threshold or if there is any water detected on panel, it is possible to clean the
solar panel with the help of IOT solar panel cleaner machine. Hence, in this
manner efficiency of solar panel is increase.

5
FUTURE SCOPE
In future there will be advancements that will verifiably continue to improve
and augment our current technologies among them are new materials, new
ways of building solar panels and new place to put them. And we can also
set this system of monitoring and cleaning to an array of solar panels
simultaneously and all can be controlled with a single platform. And inbuilt
efficiency calculations can be also be done with effectively proven
techniques and formulas.

5
 REFERENCES
[1] Jiju K. et. al., 2014. "Development of Android based on- line monitoring
and control system for Renewable Energy Sources." Computer,
Communications, and Control Technology (I4CT), International Conference
on. IEEE, 2014

[2]John Balfour “Introduction to Photovoltaic” United States of America,

(2013).

[3]Kabalci, Ersan, Gorgun A. and Kabalci Y., 2013. "Design and

implementation of a renewable energy monitoring system." Power
Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG), Fourth
International Conference on. IEEE, 2013.

[4]Yoshihiro G. et. al., 2007. "Integrated management and remote monitoring

system for telecommunications power plants with fully DC-powered center
equipment." INTELEC 07-29th International Telecommunications Energy
Conference. IEEE, 2007.