ART APPRECIATION

TOPIC I. ARTS AND HUMANITIES FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF

HUMANITIES
HUMANITIES
comes from the Latin words 1. Human nature is inherently good.
humanus and humanitas meaning humans, 2. Individuals are free and are capable of
the field of humanities provides human being making choices.
opportunity to think critically and creatively, in
order to understand the values and cultures of 3. Human potential for growth and
the world and to bring clarity to the future. development is virtually unlimited.
 They encourage creativity that lets us 4. Self-concept plays an important role in
develop innovative thinking models. growth and development.
 expand our knowledge of human
cultures and help us understand what 5. Individuals have an urge for self-
binds us together and what actualization.
differentiates us from one another.
6. Reality is defined by each person.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both
themselves and to others.

ART
The study of humanities may also be attributed
to the symmetry and balance discussed by  it is a human activity in creating visual,
the art piece known as the Vitruvian Man of auditory or performing
Leonardo da Vinci. artifacts(artworks), expressing the
This image demonstrates the blend of author's imaginative, conceptual ideas,
mathematics and art during the or technical skill, intended to be
Renaissance and demonstrates appreciated for their beauty or
Leonardo's deep understanding of emotional power.
proportions.
PHILOSOPHY
what he believed to be a divine connection
between the human form and the universe  derived from the Greekwords philos or
philein,which means love andsophia ,
According to Leonardo's preview in the means wisdom.
accompanying text, written in mirror writing,
it was made as a study of the proportions HISTORY
of the (male) human body as described in
Vitruvius' De architectura.  derived from the Latin word historia ,
means record the events from the
past.
 ART APPRECIATION
RELIGION imaginations and dreams in an amazing,
meaningful and enjoyable way. (Adams,
 derived from the Latin word religare or
2002).
religio, means to bind.
4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of
MUSIC
perception, insights, feelings and intuition.
 Greek word mousa , whichmeans 5. It is the heightened expression of human
muse and the Latinword musa , which dignity and weaknesses felt and shared so
denotes thegoddess of music powerfully in a world increasingly aware of
,torepresent a song or poetry. its successes and failures.
LANGUAGE 6. It is man’s expression of himself as an
 latin word lingua , which means individual and how he views his existence,
tongue, language provides avenues and
for better communication using the 7. Art also provides enjoyment and
art of speaking and listening. stimulation specially when people
LITERATURE understand them

 Latin word littera or litterature, which FUNCTIONS OF ART

means letter or knowledge of books. Arts is a much needed avenue for people
THE ARTS to:

WHAT IS ART? 1. Express freely oneself;

 The word “art” is derived from arti, 2.Socially express his need for display,
which denotes craftmanship, skill, celebration and communication; and
mastery of form, inventiveness 3. Physically express the need for utility off
 Art serves as a technical and creative functional objects.
record of human needs and
achievements.
NATURE OF ARTS
The following are identified natures of the
Arts from the point of view of different
artists and philosophers:
1. Art or arts is comes from the word Aryan,
root “ar” which means to join or put together
and has its Latin term being “sars” or “artis”
which means everything that is artificially
made or composed by man (wikipedia)
2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most
important means of expression developed
by man.
3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or
composition of some common but significant
qualities of nature such as sounds, colors,
lines, movements, words, stone and wood
to express feelings, thoughts,
 ART APPRECIATION
ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY IMMANUEL KANT
PHILOSOPHY AND ARTS RELATED  Kant set art free from content, subject
matter, the client’s wishes, the
 Philosophy is a field of discipline which
community’s desires and the needs
has attempted to explain almost all
of religion.
aspects of human existence.
 Philosophy is the study of general and The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses
fundamental questions about according to Kant are:
existence, knowledge, values,
1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is
reason, mind, and language.
order, harmony and symmetry; and
Art or Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the
2. Beauty leads to
study of beauty and taste, concerned with
a response of
the nature of art and used as a basis for
awe that
interpreting and evaluating individual
overwhelms the
works of art. It is a branch of philosophy that
viewers of the art.
deals with the nature of beauty and taste,
as well as the philosophy of art ARTIST AND ARTISANS
THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS  it is a person engaged in an activity
related to creating art, practicing the
PLATO
arts, or demonstrating an art
 known for his Dialogues together
The job responsibilities of an artist
with Socrates.
include
 An artist's work is
nothing but a copy  Developing ideas for a canvas or
(mimesis) of the product;
original object that  Selecting a medium for a final work,
is to be found in including texture, size, or area;
the world of ideas  Collecting work for a portfolio
and forms.  Applying for grants for financial
2 THEORIES OF ART support

1) ART IS IMITATION ARTIS

2) ART IS DANGEROUS  a skilled craft worker who makes or
ARISTOTLE creates thing by hand that may be
functional or strictly decorative.
 art back to the love of imitation and
recognizing likenesses which The job responsibilities of an artisan
characterizes humans. But for him, include:
art was not mere copying. As a  Using and mixing mediums like paint,
realization in the external form of a metal, glass or fabrics;
true idea, art idealizes nature and  Shaping, gluing, sewing, testing and
completes its faults seeking to grasp producing products,
the universal  Displaying work at various sites
type in the including auctions, craft shows or
individual online markets
phenomenon.
 Estimating costs and materials needs
 ART APPRECIATION
ARTISAN  Music. include common elements such
as pitch (which 19 governs melody and
harmony), rhythm (and its associated
concepts tempo, meter, and
articulation), dynamics (loudness and
softness), and the sonic qualities of
timbre and texture (which are
sometimes termed the "color" of a
musical sound).
 Theatre or theater. is collaborative
form of performing art that uses live
performers, typically actors or
ART FORMS actresses, to present the experience
 The arts refer to the theory, human of a real or imagined event before a
application and physical expression live audience in a specific place,
of creativity found in human cultures often a stage.( Zarzuela)
and societies through skills and  Literature. is any body or collection
imagination in order to produce of written work. Itis classified
objects, environments and according to whether it is fiction or
experiences. nonfiction, and whether it is poetry or
prose.
Architecture
APPRECIATINGTHE ARTS
 Architecture is an art form that reflects
how we present ourselves across the 1. Give a good physical description of
earth’s landscape, and, like other the artwork based on their knowledge of
expressive mediums, it changes with art elements and materials;
styles, technologies and cultural 2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what
adaptations. the artist wants his work to represent
 Sculpture. an artistic form in which and the learner’s subjective reaction to
hard or plastic materials are worked the works which includes their thoughts
into three-dimensional art objects. and feelings;
Materials may be carved, modeled,
molded, cast, wrought, welded, 4. Give meaning to the artwork based
sewn, assembled, or otherwise on its description, analysis and context;
shaped and combined. and
 Paintings. Is the application of 5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is
pigments to a support surface that good or bad based on the learner’s
establishes an image, design or perception of it and its aesthetic and
decoration? In art the term “painting” cultural value.
describes both the act and the result.
Most painting is created with pigment in Art is not meant to be looked at only for
liquid form and applied with a brush. what it is. It is meant to stimulate thought
 Dance. Is the movement of the body because it allows viewers to draw their own
in a rhythmic way, usually to music emotions and pull from their personal
and within a given space, for the experiences when viewed.
purpose of expressing an idea or
emotion, releasing energy, or simply
taking delight in the movement itself.
 ART APPRECIATION
PART 2: SUBJECT AND CONTENT Non-representational or Non-objective art
The Subject of an Artwork  highly subjective and can be difficult to
define, abstract; does not represent
Subject
real objects
The subject is the main focus object in the
Examples
work of art, whereas the content is the overall
meaning of the piece.  Composition VII by Wassily Kandinski
To determine subject matter in a particular The Sources of Subject
piece of art, one may be guided by the
questions: ARTIST'S INSPIRATION:
1. NATURE- refers to the phenomena of
 What is actually depicted in this
the physical world, and also to life in
artwork?
general.” It is considered the most
 What is the artist trying to express to
commonly used source of art.
the world...?
2. People- considered the most
interesting subject of an artwork
 What is his or her message? And which may be real or imagined
how are they conveying that
3. History- It is the depiction of factual
message?
events that occurred in the past whose
purpose is either to remember
Content important events of long ago or to teach
the learners about the lessons of the
Content is the message given by the past.
piece of art. It involves the subject, the
techniques used to make the piece, the colors Examples:
used, and anything that was used by the artist
o Bonifacio Monument by
to make a statement and give a message.
Guillermo Tolentino
o The Making of the Philippine
Flag by Fernando Amorsolo
4. Legends- based on legends present to
viewers of the art something tangible
even when unverified. Art brings life to
these stories.
Examples:

2 Kinds of Subject o Si Malakas at si Maganda by

Marcelo Chan
Representational art or Objective Art o Lost Excalibur by Rashieq
Sasman
 aims to represent actual objects or
5. Religion- Religion has played an
subjects from reality
enormous role in inspiring works of
Examples: visual arts, music, architecture and
literature through ages.
 Planting Rice by Fernando Amorsolo
 Apple Blossoms by Kristina Joy Examples:
o The Hand of God by Auguste
Rodin
 ART APPRECIATION
o The Last Supper by Leonardo Da o It is the capability of the artist to use
Vinci their imagination to look beyond what
6. Mythology- These are sources of we can physically see and translate
subjects that come from the stories of intangible emotions onto the canvas.
gods and goddesses of Ancient
FORMS OF ABSTRACTION:
Greece, Rome, Norse and Egyptians.
Distortion- Distortion is the
Examples:
alteration of the original shape
o Medusa by Luciano Garbati (or other characteristic) of
7. Dreams and Fantasy- The wonder of something.
the unconscious is what is being
Elongation- Elongation is when
expressed by art works under this
the art subject is lengthened,
subject source.
protracted or extended.
Examples:
o Artworks by Josephine Wall and
Barbara Devlin
8. Technology- The modernity of the Mangling
present is also an inspiration being
used by artists as a source of subject. o Artists show the
subject as cut,
Examples: lacerated, mutilated or
hacked with repeated
o Humanity Drowning in
blows.
Technology by Elizabeth Elkin
o The WEEE Man Cubism
Ways of Presenting the Subject o This is the
presentation of
Naturalism
abstract figures
o refers to the depiction of realistic through the use of a
objects in a natural setting cone, cylinder, sphere,
o a true-to-life style which involves the triangle, square, cube and circle in
representation or depiction of nature place of real pictorial elements.
(including people) with the least
Symbolism
possible distortion or interpretation.
o This is the use of a
Example: Hay Making by Jules
visible sign of an idea to
Bastien-Lepage
convey to the viewers,
Realism readers or audiences
the message of his work.
o in the arts is generally the attempt to
represent subject matter truthfully, Fauvism
without artificiality and avoiding
o the name applied to
speculative fiction and supernatural
the work produced
elements.
by a group of artists
Abstraction (which included
Henri Matisse and André Derain)
o finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of the artist)
characterized by strong colors and
and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as
fierce brushwork.
for the viewer).
 ART APPRECIATION
Dadaism
a protest movement in the art
that is playful and experimental.
“Dada” means a “hobby horse”.
Dadaism is most often
nonsensical.
Futurism
o developed in Italy
about the same time
as cubism appeared in
France. Futurist
painters wanted their works to capture
Surrealism
o It emphasizes the activities of the
subconscious
state of the mind.
The mechanical
energy of
modern life.
o This method
mirrors the evils of the present society.
Surrealism means super realism,
influenced by Freudian psychology.
Expressionism
o Features art
works
describing
pathos,
morbidity,
chaos or even defeat and was
introduced in Germany from 1900 –
1910.
o Expressionists believe that man needs
spiritual rebirth for him to corrects
defects that ruin the society.
 ART APPRECIATION
TOPIC 3: The Artist & his Medium Blending
LESSON 1: The Process of Art Production o May be accomplished by
using the finger or a
Medium
paper stump to gradually
When an artist is ready to express change the tone from dark to light
himself in art and to give shape to his vision,
2. Ink made of graphite
his first thought would be on what medium to
which comes in different
use.
hardness from soft to hard
The Technique or thickness from thick to
needle-like.
The technique of the artwork shows
the level of familiarity with the medium being 3. Pastel- This is composed of dry pigment
manipulated held together by a gum binder and
compressed into sticks.
Curation
3 Kinds of Pastel
Derived from the word “curare” which
means to take care. It is a process that ✔ Soft Pastel
involves managing, overseeing and
assembling or putting together a presentation ✔ Hard Pastel
or exhibit for some type of artistic collection
✔ Oil Pastel
Lesson 2: The Different Media of the Visual
Pastel Techniques
Art
o Stippling- Using
I. Graphic or Two-Dimentional Arts
pastel of different
A. Drawing- The fundamental skill needed in colors to produce
the visual arts. small marks, thus,
creating a pattern.
1. Pencil- made of graphite which o Feathering- Using
comes in different hardness from soft to the point of the pastel
hard or thickness from thick to needle- to make parallel
like. strokes creating a
Shading Techniques feather-like effect.
o Scumbling- It is like
o Hatching- A layering but using
series of thin pastel.
parallel lines o Impasto- The
that run in the same direction.. technique of thickly
o Cross- applying the pastel
Hatching- A by pressing it hard on
series of thin the paper creating an
parallel lines and criss-crossing it with opaque effect.
another set of tin parallel lines. o Sgraffito- Technique
o Stippling- that applies a thick
Uses the sharp deposit of pastel on
point of the the support then using
pencil to make a blunt pen, scrapes it
dot patterns in off to reveal the underlying color
some parts of the drawing.
 ART APPRECIATION
4. Charcoal An organic medium that 4. Tempera- pigment is mixed with egg yolk
comes from burnt wood. (sometimes with the white) as binder
2 Kinds of Charcoal 5. Fresco- pigment is mixed
with water and applied on a
1. Compressed Charcoal- The vine
portion of the wall with wet
charcoal which comes in thin sticks that
plaster. It is used for mural
is easy to blend and erase.
paintings. .
2. Manufactured Charcoal- Made
6. Acrylic- modern medium
from loose charcoal mixed with a binder
with synthetic paint using
and pressed into sticks.
acrylic emulsion as binder.
5. Paper- The most common surface used
in two-dimensional art
C. Mosaic
3 Types of Paper
wall or floor decorations made of
 Hot-pressed Paper- Smooth
small tiles or irregularly cut pieces
 Cold-pressed Paper- Has moderate of colored stones or glass
texture.
 Rough Paper- Has the most texture d. Collage derived from a
French word “coller” which
means to stick. This is a
technique of making art by
gluing or pasting on firm
support materials or found
objects.

B. Painting- it is the process of applying paint e. Printmaking- Process

onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like used for making
paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. reproductions of graphic
works. Allows for the
A. Pigment- part of the paint that gives repeated transfer of a
color master image from a printing plate (matrix)
B. Different Media for Painting: onto a surface.

1. Watercolor- pigments Printmaking Techniques:

are mixed with water and 1) Relief Painting (Raised)- The oldest
applied to paper. method of printmaking. The technique
2. Gouache- the pigment involves cutting away certain parts of the
has been mixed with water surface and leaving the ‘raised’ part to
and added with a chalk-like produce the image.
2) Intaglio Printing (Depressed)- Instead of
material to give it an
opaque effect.
3. Oil Paints- pigments are
mixed with oil as its binder.
It is a dense painting
medium and gives rich,
beautiful colors. Discovered by a Flemish
the surface of the plate
painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century.
for the image, the lines of
 ART APPRECIATION
the image are cut or incised to a metal C. Process of Substitution- This process is
plate. also known as casting. This method involves
3) Surface Printing (Flat)- Includes all using a mold to produce a 3D figure in
processes in which printing is done from a another material.
flat surface.
Different Media of Sculpture
Sculpture- originated from the Latin word
a. Stone- A natural medium. Hard and
“sculpere” which means to carve. It is defined
relatively permanent.
as the art or practice of creating three-
dimensional forms or figures. b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies in
hardness and durability depending on the kind
3 Kinds of Sculpture
of tree it came from.
1) Freestanding- Sculptures
c. Metal- It has three unique qualities: tensile
which can be viewed from all
strength, ductility and malleability.
sides.
2) Relief- Sculptures in d. Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed
which the figures project with water and poured into mold.
from a background
e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or
clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
temperature.
Two Variations of Relief Sculpture:
f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a
 Low Relief (bas relief)- Figures are
combination of sand and soda lime.
slightly raised/projected from its
background. g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from
 High Relief- Almost half of the figures organic polymers
project from its background, more
Architecture Art of designing buildings and
shadows are created
other structures which will serve a definite
function.
Construction Principles
a. Post and Lintel- Makes
use of two vertical supports
(post) and spanned by a
3. Kinetic (mobile)- A horizontal beam (lintel). It
sculpture that is capable was invented by the
of movement by wind, Greeks.
water or other forms of
energy.
b. Arch- A Roman
The Process of Creating Sculptures
invention that
A. Subtractive Process- Involves removing consists of separate
or cutting away pieces of the material to form pieces of wedge-
the figure. shaped blocks
called voussoirs
B. Additive Process- The process involves arranged in a semi-circle.
the construction of a figure by putting
together bits of the material or by welding
together metal parts to create figures.
 ART APPRECIATION
Structures that can be Built from the b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a
Principle of Arch: building can be constructed using wood
except the foundations
 Barrel Vault- A
succession of c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and
arches. taller structures with less use of
material when compared to stone or
wood.
 Groin Vault- A d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and
structure that is water, with aggregates of sand and
formed by gravel
intersecting arches
resulting in four Literature and the Combined Arts
openings.
A. Literature- Art of combining spoken or
written words and their meanings into forms
 Dome- Structure which have artistic and emotional appeal.
with the shape of an
inverted cup. Types of Literature
a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s
 Truss- System of
to the number and length of lines and
triangular forms stanzas but in recent years they have
assembled to form become more free-flowing
a rigid framework.
b. Fiction- Written work that is not real
 Cantilever- A and which uses elaborate figurative
structure that language.
makes use of a c.Non-fiction- Subject matter comes
beam or slab that
from real life.
extends horizontally into space beyond
its supporting post. d. Drama- Includes all plays or any
written works that are meant to be
 Buttress- A performed.
structure that I built
b. Music- defined as the art of combining and
as a support for the
regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce
wall.
compositions that express various ideas and
feelings.
Media of Architecture
a. Vocal Medium- the oldest and most
Compressive Strength- Refers to those popular medium for music is the human
materials that can support heavy weights voice.
without crumbling or breaking down.
Classification of Human Voice
Materials that are used for Creating (Komien,2008):
Building and Infrastructures:
✔ Soprano- Highest female singing voice.
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are
favored over other materials for its ✔ Contralto- Female singing voice that is low
durability, adaptability to sculptural and rich in quality.
treatment and its use for building simple ✔ Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice.
structures in its natural state.
 ART APPRECIATION
✔ Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that
in quality. evolved from rock and roll and pop music.

✔Baritone- Male singing voice that is between g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music
tenor and bass that emerged from the independent music of
the 1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s.
Traditional Instruments of Music
Dance
String Instruments- Provide basic
orchestral sounds. Dance is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is
the man’s gestures that express emotions
Two kinds are: through rhythmic movements.
 Bowed strings- that produce tones by Types of Dances
means of a bow of horse hair (VIOLIN)
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances
 Plucked strings- that produce tones
associated with national and/or cultural
by plucking the strings with a finger or
groups.
with a plectrum held in one’s hand.
(GUITAR) b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that
are generally performed in pairs.
Woodwind Instruments - Create sounds by
blowing into them. c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the
Medieval era.
Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped
mouthpieces and expands into a bell-shaped d. Modern- Sometimes called contemporary
end. or interpretative dances. They represent
rebellion against the classical formalism of
Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by
ballet.
hitting them.
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to
Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by
those dances performed by one dancer or a
means of a keyboard which consist of a series
group of dancers
of black and white keys
Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama
Some Genres of Music:
a. Classical Music- European tradition that  Drama -Genre of literature that is
covered the years of 1750 to 1830. Forms intended to be acted-out or performed
such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata on stage in front of an audience.
were standardized.  Theatre - Combined art that includes
music, dance, painting, sculpture, and
b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional architecture.
popular culture or is written in such a style.
Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is genre
inspired in the tradition of rock and roll.
b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American battle between good and evil wherein good
communities in the late 19th and early 20th always wins.
centuries.
c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.
e. Blues- Originated from the African
Americans in the deep South of the United
States in the late 19th Century.
 ART APPRECIATION
d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and
criticized human behavior to pave the path to
some form of salvation for human actions.
e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the
emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical
action, exaggerated situations and improbable
characters
Cinema, Genres of Motion Pictures and
People Behind Motion Picture
 Cinema - Series of images that are
projected onto a screen to create the
illusion of motion.
B. Genres of Motion Pictures:
a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in
movie theaters.
b. Animated movies- Use images
created by artists/ animators.
c. Documentary movies- deal
primarily with facts, not fiction.
d. Experimental films- Sequence of
images, literal or abstract, which do not
necessarily form a narrative.
e. Educational Films- Specifically
intended to facilitate learning at home
or classrooms
People Behind a Motion Picture:
a.Actors- Play the roles of the
characters.
b. Producer- handles finances.
c.Screenwriter- develops stories and
ideas for the screen or adapts
interesting
d. Director- Studies the script, plans
and visualizes how the film should be
portrayed and guides the actors and the
production crew as they carry out the
project.
 ART APPRECIATION
Topic 4: Line and Kinds of Line artists possess characteristics of color.
Color adds beauty and meaning to all
Line - A line can be defined in several
forms of art
ways: It is a path made by a moving
point; a series of dots; a prolongation Properties of Color
of points or according to Paul Klee is a
Hue - It is the name given to the color, for
dot that went for a walk
example; red, green, violet and blue.
Kinds of lines
 For pigments, RED, YELLOW
 Straight lines are geometric, and BLUE are called primary
impersonal and differ in the hues. They are considered
direction that they take. The primary because these hues
straight lines may move from cannot be produced from
left to right, start from the top combining any hues.
going down, slant or move up  When two primary hues are
and down forming angles mixed in equal amounts,
 Horizontal lines - move from secondary hues are
left to right or vice versa. It is a produced. These are
line that appears to be laying ORANGE, GREEN and
down. VIOLET
 Vertical Line - start from  Mixing equal amounts of the
bottom to top or vice versa. It is primary and secondary hues
a line that appears to be produces intermediate hues
standing. ( Conveys Strength) which are RED ORANGE,
 Diagonal lines - are slanting BLUE GREEN and BLUE
lines. In the visual art, diagonals VIOLET.
suggest two meanings, a  Combining in equal mixture any
positive and a negative one. two secondary hues
 Zigzag lines - Are angular lines produces the tertiary hues
that resulted in abrupt change in
the direction of a straight line
thus forming angles.
 Curved lines - are technically
curvilinear lines. Curve lines
suggest grace, movement and
flexibility indicative of life and
energy
Lines can possess a variety of Value - refers to. the lightness or darkness
characteristics, depending on shape, density, of a color The value of any hues can be
rhythm, angularity, and the material that have changed by adding a neutral such as black or
produced them. white.
Properties of Color and How Colors Relate  Shade - When black is combined with
and Light and Shadow
hue.
Color - The significance of color as an  Tint - When white is added with hue.
element of the visual arts cannot be  Intensity-denotes the brightness or
over emphasized. People see and dullness of a color. It gives color its
perceive the world as a multitude of strength. Colors differ in intensity or
colors. Also the materials used by the vividness.
 ART APPRECIATION
dominant component white cool colors
 Hues become less intense (dull) have blue as their dominant component.
when white is added because color
Light and shadow focuses on what is
becomes lighter in value.
 The hues’ intensity diminishes when
black is added and as the value
darkens.
 If gray is added, the result will be a
variation in intensity without any
change in value.
known as achromatic value. This refers
Color harmony is one method of to the changes in the amount of reflected
establishing color quality in a composition. light which ranges from black to gray to
There are several ways of creating harmony white and vice versa.
that an artist can use.
Chiaroscuro is the technique of
The most common are the following: manipulating light and shadow in painting.

1. Monochromatic It's a high-contrast lighting technique that

harmony - When a uses a key light to achieve dark

single color in the backgrounds with starkly lit subjects.

composition is  Fernando Amorsolo, also

varied in intensity mastered chiaroscuro, but his
and value by focus was more on the
adding white or black. manipulation of light rather than

2. Complementary Harmony - results shadow.

when two colors that are opposite each

other in the color wheel are placed side by
side.

3. Analogous harmony - results when

hues that are adjacent or beside each
other in the color wheel is used in a
composition

Color temperature - refers to the relative

warmth or coolness of a color. Warm
colors are colors that have YELLOW as its
 ART APPRECIATION
Lesson 3 - Shape and Classification Methods of creating Space

of Shapes  Overlapping planes (interposition) -

create space when an object covers a
A shape is formed when two ends of a line part of another object which is behind
meet to enclose an area. it.
 Relative size - objects that appear
Picture plane - any flat surface onto which large/big indicate nearness and small-
the artwork is created. sized objects as distant. Aside from
Negative shapes - these are between the creating the illusion of space, this can
shapes that are not occupied by any form. In also be interpreted as power and
painting, these spaces can be as important import
as the shapes themselves.  Position on the picture plane
(relative height) - In some paintings,
Classification of Shapes: spatial
 Natural or organic shapes - representation is
those are seen in nature like the based upon the
shape of leaves, animals, position of
mountains, flowers and objects relative
seashells. to the bottom of the frame
 Abstract shapes - those that A picture plane can be divided
into three parts;
have little or no resemblance to
■ Foreground - the bottom part.
natural objects
■ Middle ground - where the
 Non-objective or biomorphic
horizon is.
shapes - seldom have
■ Background - the topmost
reference to recognizable
part
objects, but most often show a
similarity to some organic or Color is also used to give the illusion of
human forms. distance. Warm colors advance and make
 Geometric shapes - these are objects look closer while cool colors recede
triangles, rectangles, squares, making objects look farther away.
cylinders, cubes
Perspective - deals with the effect of
Texture, Methods of Creating Space and distance on the appearance of objects. It
Movement enables the viewer to perceive distance and
to see the position of objects in space.
Texture - refers to the feel or tactile quality of
the surface of an object. It has to do with the Linear perspective - give the perception
characteristic of the surface, whether it is distance by means of converging lines. It has
rough or smooth, fine or coarse, polished or to do with the direction of lines and with the
dull, plain or irregular. size of objects
Visual texture - in such cases where Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of
touching the artwork is not allowed, textured haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. Near
can be perceived by the eyes. objects are seen in detail with the full intensity
of color and as objects recede, details are
Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is
lost and objects appear grayer.
created by techniques that add depth and
distance to two-dimensional art. In sculpture
and architecture, however, space is actually
present.
 ART APPRECIATION
Space in sculpture may be viewed in two  Melody - is the succession of
ways: tones arranged in such a way
as to give it a musical sense. It
 it may be considered a single
may also refer to the rising and
solid object or an assemblage
falling of the tune in time.
of solids that exhibits space ;
 Harmony - is the sounding of a
 or space may be perceived as it
series of groups of tones in the
enters into relations with its
same time. It may also refer to
surroundings− extending into it,
the pleasing sound that is
enveloping it, or relating across
produced when two or more
it
notes are played together.
Space in architecture is created and defined Concordance results when the
by the shape, position, and the materials combination of sounds are in
employed by the architect agreement which makes it
sound good while dissonance
Two ways to present motion or movement
results when the combination is
in their art: not pleasant to hear.
 Actual movement - in art,  Timbre - is tonal quality or the
specifically in sculptures results character of the tone that is
in kinetic art. Actual movements produced by an instrument or
may be achieved naturally using by the human voice. Timbre
wind and water or mechanically allows the listener to distinguish
through some energy source the sound between a guitar and
(batteries or electricity). a violin for example. In the
 Implied movement - results same way, people can be
when a variety of lines are used identified by their voices. A
together, repeated, change in man’s voice sounds different
position, or from a woman’s voice and an
decreased/increased in size. old person’s voice is different
This gives the impression of from that of a child.
movement in a stationary two  Form - is the structure or the
dimensional art framework of a composition
 Actual Movement – Artwork Vocal Forms
that incorporates actual  Opera is a drama set to music
movement is kinetic complete with actions,
Kinetic artwork can move costumes and scenery
through:  Cantata is a religious story told
1. Natural properties (like in music without actions
wind)  Moro-moro is a Philippine
2. Mechanically/technologic drama set to music which
ally driven depicts the conflict between the
3. The artist or viewer can Christians and the Muslims
move it Instrumental Forms
 Sonata is a long composition
Elements of Music for solo instruments (piano,
 Rhythm - is a movement or Violin)
pattern with uniform recurrence  Symphony is a sonata for the
of accented and accented beat orchestra
 ART APPRECIATION
Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of done by actors on stage before
the sound in music indicated by symbols to a live audience.
regulate the volume of the sound.  Plot is the overall structure of
the play. It is concerned about
 pp pianissimo - very soft
what the story is all about.
 p piano - soft
Traditional plots have a
 mp mezo piano - half soft
beginning, a middle, and an
 ff fortissimo - very loud
ending.
 crescendo - gradually becoming
 Exposition is the part that
louder
familiarizes the audience with
 decrescendo - gradually
the characters and the situation
becoming
they are in.
Music plays an important role in the dance to  Complication happens in the
which it is closely related. middle part of the play which
develops the conflict that was
Movement is how the dancers use their
started in the exposition.
bodies to move and create organized  Resolution is also called the
patterns. Dancers also use gestures which anticlimax or the part where
express specific emotions or ideas in sign conditions in the story are
language. normalized and the situation
Choreography refers to how the steps and becomes stable
movements are connected for it to be Setting is the locale and period in which the
performed in an organized manner story takes place. It includes the scenery,
Technique is the skill of the dancer in props and costumes used in staging.
executing the movements. A good dancer Characters are the persons involved in the
has complete control over the muscles of the story.
body thus creating grace and fluidity of
movements. Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the
characters in the story. It what the characters
Theme is the content or the main ingredient use when conversing with each other or when
of the dance. It tells what the dance is trying expressing his thoughts and emotions.
to convey. It has something to do with the
message of the dance. Theme is what the story means. It is how the
individual elements are put together to give
Design is the planned organization or the story significance and perspective. It
patterns of movement in time and space. relates something about life that is presented
Pattern in time, is provided by rhythm to be in its totality. The theme may be directly or
executed in space on a stage or dance floor. indirectly stated
Costume. The type of dance performed and Elements of Theater
the costumes worn relate closely to the
customs, beliefs, and environment of the  The Playwright’s role is to
people. Costumes enhance the effect of the work out the plot in terms of the
dance actual actions to be performed
and dialogue to be spoken by
Elements of Drama actors within the limited facilities
 Drama is basically one of the of the stage.
genres of literature that is  The Performers are the ones
written primarily to be who portray the characters in a
performed. The performance is play.
 ART APPRECIATION
 The Director works with the Principles of Art
playwright to present which is
Form refers to how specific elements in the
interpreted and translated into
artwork are organized to produce a unified
dramatic action.
whole.
 Production Design includes
the scenery, props, makeup, Form is further classified into:
costumes, lights, music, sound
 Primary Features. This is how
and all other special effects
used in a theater production the artwork appears to the
viewers. Its physical attributes
Elements of Cinema (Motion Picture) in terms of medium, color,
texture and size.
 Acting and the Stars Acting is
 Secondary Features. This is
the art of portraying or
how the primary features of the
impersonating a character in the
artwork relate to one another.
story. A performer during filming
Particularly, this refers to
should embody the character he
balance, proportion, unity and
is portraying. The actor’s
harmony that are used to create
portrayal must be perfect and
the whole composition. Form
complete.
refers to how specific elements
 Set and Directors should know
in the artwork are organized to
the setting of the story and build
produce a unified whole.
artificial sets.
 Music and Musical Director. Content refers to the message the artist
Music is indispensable in wants to convey through his art.
motion pictures. The musical
The levels of contents:
director is in charge of
selecting, composing new  Factual is the literal
songs, writing orchestration, interpretation of the work, its
preparing background music, images, attributes, actions and
creating musical scores and poses.
 Conventional level takes into
supervising all recording.
 Color in the movies is an consideration the basic genres
innovation in cinematography. It and the figurative meanings
costs twice as much as the usually indicated by familiar
black and white films. Most films signs and symbols and the
are now shown in high definition quality of work.
 Subjective level takes into
(HD) color.
 Make-up, Hair and Costume consideration the effect of form
Design. These people are and content on the viewers of
responsible for applying the the art.
 Context refers to the message
specific type of make-up,
hairstyle and costume to the the artist wants to convey
actors before they face the through his art.
camera. The two types of context are;
 Sound, Camera and Special
Effects Technicians. Sound  Primary context pertains to the
technicians are responsible for characteristic of the artist, his
making the dialogue clear and personality, beliefs, interests
music of fine quality and values.
 ART APPRECIATION
 Secondary context pertains to Rhythm is created when one or more
the setting. The historical elements of design are used
period, time in which the work repeatedly to produce a feeling of
was produced. Included here organized, continuous, sometimes
are the functions served by the flowing movement. To keep rhythm
art work, its religious 85 and exciting and active, variety is
philosophical conviction, socio important.
political and economical Variety is the use of several elements
undertones, climate and of design that adds interest in order to
geography. hold the viewer's attention and guide
the viewer’s eye through and around
Principles of Design
the work of art.
Balance is the distribution of the visual Unity is the feeling of harmony
weight of objects, color, texture and between and among the parts of the
space. The use of these elements work of art, which creates a feeling of
should be balanced to make the completeness in the composition
viewers see and feel design as stable.
Rule of Thirds and the Seven Da Vincian
Three types of balance:
Principles
Symmetrical balance results when
the elements used on one side of the The Rule of Thirds
design are similar to those on the other
 The surface with two equally
side.
spaced vertical lines and two
Asymmetrical balance is when the
equally spaced horizontal lines.
sides of the composition are different
 These lines divide the picture
but still looked balanced.
plane into nine equal parts with
Radial balance is achieved when the
four intersecting points.
elements are arranged around a
 Based on studies, placing an
central point. Elements may exhibit
object in one of the intersecting
similarities as they spread around the
points results in a pleasing
central point.
composition.
Emphasis is the part of the design
 Balance is achieved by placing
that catches the viewer's attention. The
another object at the point
artist will usually make one area stand
opposite the first one
out by contrasting it with other areas.
Movement is the path the viewer's eye The Seven Da Vincian - Principles Leonardo
takes when looking through the work da Vinci was more than an artist. He was also
of art. Such movement can be implied an architect, scientist, inventor, anatomist,
along lines edges, shape, and color geologist, historian and writer. Through the
within the work of art. centuries, Da Vinci influenced various areas
Pattern is the repetition of objects, in many disciplines. Based on the research
shapes, lines, or symbols all over the conducted by Michael J. Gleb (born 1952),
space or picture plane. specifically, in his book “How to Think like
Proportion is the feeling of unity Leonardo da Vinci” (1998), da Vinci’s genius
created when all parts relate well with was based on 7 principles which he called the
each other. seven da Vincian Principles.
Repetition works with patterns to
make the work seem active. The
repetition of elements of design
creates unity within the artwork.
 ART APPRECIATION
healthy habits are practiced and
sustained. A sound mind is
usually the product of a sound
body and vice versa.
7. Connessione is realizing that
all things are interconnected. It
is discovering patterns in the
way things work and how things
and lives work out.
Interconnectedness is seeing
how events in the past led to
the present state of affairs. A
1. is approaching life with closer study of history would
Curiosita a heightened level of make one realize how events in
wonder and continuous search the past explains the present
to know and learn more.
2. Dimostrazione is the
commitment to test knowledge
and to persist in this task, which
includes experiencing both
success and failures in
undertaking.
3. Sensazione is experiencing life
through refinement of the
senses. For example, the eyes
should do more than see, it
should be able to distinguish
between the beauty of various
colors, note minute details and
savor the physicality of
everything the world has to
offer.
4. Sfumato literally translates to
“going up in smoke” . It is
accepting life’s paradoxes and
uncertainties. It is knowing and
realizing that not everything is
cause and effect and that
events happen that even logic
can explain.
5. Arte/Scienza is finding a
balance between art and
science or logic and
imagination. This relates to the
concept of a whole brain
thinking (not just the left and
right brain).
6. Corporalita is taking care of
one’s body. Ensuring that