A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
“COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM”
FOR THE DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
GAWARE SACHIN DNYANESHWAR (2211520052)
HADOLE PRATHAMESH NAGESH (2211520058)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Ms. S.A. Samrat
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
CSMSS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC,
CHH. SAMBHAJINAGAR ,
MAHARASHTRA,
INDIA

AND
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

CHHATRAPATI SHAHU MAHARAJ SHIKSHAN SANSTHA‟S
COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC
KANCHANWADI, PAITHAN ROAD,
Chh.Sambhaji Nagar

A
MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
ON
“COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM”
FOR THE DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

GAWARE SACHIN DNYANESHWAR

HADOLE PRATHAMESH NAGESH

COMPUTER ENGINEERING THIRD YEAR

SUBMITTED TO
COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
YEAR 2024-2025
 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
This is to certify that Following Students of fifth semester of Diploma in
Computer Engineering of Institute CSMSS College of Polytechnic (code:1152)
have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in subject OSY (22516) for the
academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar DATE:- / /2024

SR.NO ENROLLMENTNO. NAMEOFSTUDENT

1 2211520052 Sachin Dnyaneshwar Gaware
2 2211520058 Prathamesh Nagesh Hadole

Ms.S.A. Samrat Mrs.R.S.Pophale Dr.Ganesh B.Dongre

(Course (H.O.D) (Principal)
Teacher)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us most
throughout our project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principal
of CSMSS College of Polytechnic Dr. Ganesh B. Dongre for being always with us
as a motivator. We are thankful to the H.O.D. of Computer Engineering Department
Mrs.R.S.Pophale for her kind support. We are grateful to our Project Guide Ms.S.A.
Samrat for nonstop support and continuous motivation for the project. Her help
made us possible to complete our project with all accurate information. A special
thanks of our goes to our friends who helped us in completing the project, where
they all exchanged their own interesting ideas.We wish to thanks our parents for
their personal support or attention who inspired us to go our own way. Finally, we
would like to thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

SR. ENROLLMENT NAME OF

NO. NO. STUDENT
1 2211520052 Sachin Dnyaneshwar Gaware

2 2211520058 Prathamesh Nagesh Hadole

Ms.S.A. Samrat
(Project Guide)
 INDEX

SR.NO TITLE PAGEG.NO

1 MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL 01

2 AIM/BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT 01

3 COURSE OUTCOME 01

4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 01

5 ACTION PLAN 02

6 RESOURCE USED 03

7 RATIONALE 04

8 LITERATURE REVIEW 05

9 ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED 06/12

11 SKILL DEVELOPMENT 13

12 APPLICATIONS 13
 MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL
TITLE OF MICRO-PROJECT:- COMPONENTS OF OPERATING
SYSTEM

1.0 AIMS/BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT

Aim:- Components help you get the correct computing by detecting CPU and memory hardware errors.

Benefits:-
 Hardware Abstraction: programs interact with OS, not hardware
 Resource Sharing: multiple programs share system resources
 Improved Productivity: streamlines computer use
 Enhanced Security: protects against unauthorized access
 Compatibility: allows different programs to run on the same system
 Error Handling: manages errors and exceptions
 Multitasking: runs multiple programs concurrently

2.0 COURSE OUTCOMES

The theory, practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught and
implemented, so that the student demonstrates the following industry oriented.

COs associated with the above mentioned competency:

a. Install operating system and configure it.

b. Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

c. Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

d. Apply scheduling algorithms to calculate turnaround time and average waiting time.

e. Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.

f. Apply file management techniques

3.0 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Methodology for operating system Here is a proposed methodology for designing and implementing
components of an operating systems. The aim of the various methodologies is correct computing by
detecting CPU and memory hardware errors

1
4.0 ACTION PLANS:
.

Planned
Planned Name of
Sr. Finish
No. Details of activity Responsible
Start date
date Team
Members
Select the topic about
1. 15.08.2024 25.08.2024 ALL
the micro-project.

Collect information
2. about our topic. 26.08.2024 29.08.2024 ALL

To understand the concept of

3. topic. 01.09.2024 05.09.2024 ALL

Analysis, coding and

4. debugging 05.09.2024 20.09.2024 ALL

To prepare project
5. Report 25.09.2024 30.10.2024 ALL

2
5.0 RESOURCES REQUIRED:

Sr. Name of Specification Quantity Remarks

resources/material
No.
1. Computer Windows 10 1

2. Internet Youtube/Google

3. Textbook/Manual Operating 1
System

NAME OF TEAM MEMBERS

Sr. No Roll Numbers Name of Students

1 26 Sachin Dnyaneshwar Gaware

2 30 Prathamesh Nagesh Hadole

Approved by
Ms.S.A. Samrat

3
 Micro-Project Report
TITLE:-COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1.0 RATIONALE

An Operating System is basically a system program that controls the execution of application
programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware. It manages the computer
system resources to be used in an efficient manner. This course enables to learn internal functioning of
operating system and will help in identifying appropriate Operating System for given applications/task. This
course is also a prerequisite for the group of courses included in 'Cloud Infrastructure Maintenance' Elective
group.

2.0 AIMS/BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT

Aim:- Components help you get the correct computing by detecting CPU and memory hardware errors.

Benefits:-
 Hardware Abstraction: programs interact with OS, not hardware
 Resource Sharing: multiple programs share system resources
 Improved Productivity: streamlines computer use
 Enhanced Security: protects against unauthorized access
 Compatibility: allows different programs to run on the same system
 Error Handling: manages errors and exceptions
 Multitasking: runs multiple programs concurrently

3.0 COURSE OUTCOMES

The theory, practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught and
implemented, so that the student demonstrates the following industry oriented.
COs associated with the above mentioned competency:

a. Install operating system and configure it.

b. Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

c. Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

d. Apply scheduling algorithms to calculate turnaround time and average waiting time.

e. Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.

f. Apply file management techniques

4
 LITERATURE REVIEW:
I. Introduction

 What is operating system?

An Operating system is an interface between users and the hardware of a computer system. It is a
system software that is viewed as an organized collection of software consisting of procedures and functions,
providing an environment for the execution of programs. The operating system manages resources of system
software and computer hardware resources. It allows computing resources to be used in an efficient way.
Programs interact with computer hardware with the help of operating system. A user can interact with the
operating system by making system calls or using OS commands.
 Types of components of operating system
1. Process management
2. Files management
3. I/O device management
4. Main memory management
5. Secondary storage management

5
 ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED
1) Process management
Process management is a key part of an operating system. It controls how processes are carried out,
and controls how your computer runs by handling the active processes. This includes stopping processes,
setting which processes should get more attention, and many more. You can manage processes on your own
computer too.

The OS is responsible for managing the start, stop, and scheduling of processes, which are programs
running on the system. The operating system uses a number of methods to prevent deadlocks, facilitate inter-
process communication, and synchronize processes. Efficient resource allocation, conflict-free process
execution , and optimal system performance are all guaranteed by competent process management. This
essential component of an operating system enables the execution of numerous applications at once,
enhancing system utilization and responsiveness

 Advantages of System Software

1. Running Multiple Programs: Process management lets you run multiple applications at the same time, for
example, listen to music while browsing the web.
2. Process Isolation: It ensures that different programs don’t interfere with each other, so a problem in
one program won’t crash another.
3. Fair Resource Use: It makes sure resources like CPU time and memory are shared fairly among programs,
so even lower-priority programs get a chance to run.
4. Smooth Switching: It efficiently handles switching between programs, saving and loading their states
quickly to keep the system responsive and minimize delays.

 Disadvantages of System Software

1) Overhead: Process management uses system resources because the OS needs to keep track of
various data structures and scheduling queues. This requires CPU time and memory, which can affect the
system’s performance.
2) Complexity: Designing and maintaining an OS is complicated due to the need for complex
scheduling algorithms and resource allocation methods.
3) Deadlocks: To keep processes running smoothly together, the OS uses mechanisms like
semaphores and mutex locks. However, these can lead to deadlocks, where processes get stuck waiting for
each other indefinitely.

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 2) Files management

 A file system is a method an operating system uses to store, organize, and manage files and directories
on a storage device. Some common types of file systems include:

 FAT (File Allocation Table): An older file system used by older versions of Windows and other
operating systems.
 NTFS (New Technology File System): A modern file system used by Windows. It supports features
such as file and folder permissions, compression, and encryption.
 ext (Extended File System): A file system commonly used on Linux and Unix-based operating systems.
 HFS (Hierarchical File System): A file system used by macOS.
 APFS (Apple File System): A new file system introduced by Apple for their Macs and iOS devices.
 A file is a collection of related information that is recorded on secondary storage. Or file is a collection
of logically related entities. From the user’s perspective, a file is the smallest allotment of logical
secondary storage.

 Advantages of Files management

a) Organization: A file system allows files to be organized into directories and subdirectories, making it
easier to manage and locate files.
b) Data Protection: File systems often include features such as file and folder permissions, backup and
restore, and error detection and correction, to protect data from loss or corruption.
C) Improved Performance: A well-designed file system can improve the performance of reading and writing
data by organizing it efficiently on disk
 Disadvantages of Files management
a) Compatibility Issues: Different file systems may not be compatible with each other, making it difficult to
transfer data between different operating systems.
b) Disk Space Overhead: File systems may use some disk space to store metadata and other overhead
information, reducing the amount of space available for user data.
c) Vulnerability: File systems can be vulnerable to data corruption, malware, and other security threats,
which can compromise the stability and security of the system.

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 3). I/O device management

Device Administration within An operating system controls every piece of hardware and virtual device
on a PC or computer. Input/output devices are assigned to processes by the device management system based
on their importance. Depending on the situation, these devices may also be temporarily or permanently
reallocated.
Usually, systems are hardware or physical devices like computers, laptops, servers, cell phones, etc.
Additionally, they might be virtual, like virtual switches or machines. A program may require a variety of
computer resources (devices) to go through to the end. It is the operating system’s responsibility to allocate
resources wisely. The operating system is alone in charge of determining if the resource is available. It deals
not only with device allocation but also with deallocation, which means that a device or resource must be
removed from a process once its use is over.
 Types of Device Management
There are three main types of devices:

1. Boot Device: It stores information in a fixed-size block, each one with its own address. Example,
disks.
2. Character Device: It delivers or accepts a stream of characters. the individual characters are not
addressable. For example, printers keyboards etc.
3. It is for transmitting data packets

8
 3 I/O device management
 Advantages of I/O device management

1. Centralized control: IoT management tools allow for centralized control of devices.
2. Real-time monitoring: IoT management tools allow for real-time monitoring of devices.
3. Scalability: IoT systems should be designed to scale with a business as it grows and the volume of data
increases.
4. Device communication: IoT devices can communicate easily with each other by transmitting data using
sensors and RFID tags.

 Disadvantages of Embedded System

1. Hard to keep up.
2. Hard to take a back-up of implanted documents.
3. You need to reset all setting, due to happen any issue in the framework.
4. Investigating is Harder.
5. Harder to move information from one framework to other framework

9
 4. Main memory management
The main memory is central to the operation of a Modern Computer. Main Memory is a large array of
words or bytes, ranging in size from hundreds of thousands to billions. Main memory is a repository of
rapidly available information shared by the CPU and I/O devices. Main memory is the place where
programs and information are kept when the processor is effectively utilizing them. Main memory is
associated with the processor, so moving instructions and information into and out of the processor is
extremely fast. Main memory is also known as RAM (Random Access Memory). This memory is volatile.
RAM loses its data when a power interruption occurs.

 Advantages of Main memory management

1. Allow the memory ability to be 1 MB despite the fact that the addresses related with the individual
directions are 16 bits wide.

2. Allow the utilization of independent memory regions for the program code and information
and stack part of the program.

3. It permits a program and additionally its information to be put into various areas of memory
at whatever point the program is end.

4. Multitasking turns out to be simple

 Disadvantages of Main memory management

1. Availability of external fragmentation

2. Algorithms of memory management are costly.
3. Segmentation discovers free memory areas sufficiently large.
4. Paging keeps rundown of free pages.
5. Segments of inconsistent size not fit also for trading.

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 5. Secondary storage management

Primary memory has limited storage capacity and is volatile. Secondary memory overcomes this
limitation by providing permanent storage of data and in bulk quantity. Secondary memory is also termed
external memory and refers to the various storage media on which a computer can store data and programs.
The Secondary storage media can be fixed or removable. Fixed Storage media is an internal storage medium
like a hard disk that is fixed inside the computer. A storage medium that is portable and can be taken outside
the computer is termed removable storage media.

 Advantages of Secondary storage management

1. Large storage capacity: Secondary memory devices typically have a much larger storage capacity
than primary memory, allowing users to store large amounts of data and programs.
2. Non-volatile storage: Data stored on secondary memory devices is typically non-volatile,
meaning it can be retained even when the computer is turned off.
3. Portability: Many secondary memory devices are portable, making it easy to transfer data
between computers or devices.
4. Cost-effective: Secondary memory devices are generally more cost-effective than primary
memory.

 Disadvantages of Secondary storage management

1. Slower access times: Accessing data from secondary memory devices typically takes longer than
accessing data from primary memory.
2. Mechanical failures: Some types of secondary memory devices, such as hard disk drives, are
prone to mechanical failures that can result in data loss.
3. Limited lifespan: Secondary memory devices have a limited lifespan, and can only withstand a
certain number of read and write cycles before they fail.
4. Data corruption: Data stored on secondary memory devices can become corrupted due to factors
such as electromagnetic interference, viruses, or physical damage.

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6. 0 ACTUAL RESOURCES USED:

Sr. No. Name of Resource/Material Specifications Qty Remarks

1 Windows 11 Intel Core i5 1

2 Text book/Manual Operating System 1

SKILL DEVELOPED /LEARNING OUTCOME OF THIS MICROPROJECT

1. Understanding operating systems

2. Programming.
3. Understanding how operating systems work
4. Understanding file systems

APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROJECT
1. Security: Keeps the system and applications safe through authorization
2. Secondary storage management: Manages devices that store data without power, like hard
disk drives and solid-state drives
3. File management: Creates, locates, and shares files
4. Error handling: Detects and resolves errors in the system, such as device failures, power outages,
and program bugs
5. Input/output operations: Manages input and output devices, and determines the output that
results from a user's input
6. Coordination: Coordinates hardware components and allocates software to different users

To be Approved by the Concerned Teacher:

Ms.S.A. Samrat
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
ENGINEERING

13