An Internship Report on

AI-ML VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Under the Faculty Guidance of

Dr.K.P.N.V SATYA SREE

Professor

IN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARINING

Submitted by:

AYINALA KOTESWARARAO
Reg.No:21NG1A6102

IN
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 Student’s Declaration

I, AYINALA KOTESWARARAO a student of SUMMER INTERNSHIP Program,

Reg.No.21NG1A6102, of branch ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE
LEARNING in the College of USHA RAMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY do here by declare that I have completed the mandatory
internship from MAY 2023 to JULY 2023 in AMAZON WEB SERVICES under the
Faculty Guidance of Dr.K.P.N.V SATYA SREE, DEPARTMENT OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

SIGNATURE AND DATE

 Official Certification

This is to certify that AYINALA KOTESWARARAO Reg. No. 21NG1A6102

has completed his internship course in AMAZON WEB SERVICES on AI-ML
VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP under my supervision as a part of partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Degree of B.Tech in DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE in the college of USHA RAMA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.

This is accepted for evaluation.

Faculty Guide Head of the Department Principal

URCET AI-ML VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP

Certificate from Intern Organization

URCET AI-ML VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter-1 Introduction to Artificial 7-9 Week 1

Intelligence

1.1 History of AI 8
Chapter-2 Dive into AI 10-11 Week 2

2.1 Categories of AI 10

Chapter-3 Case study on Artificial 12-14 Week 3

Intelligence
3.1 Google Deep mind 12

3.2 Machine Learning 12

3.3 Deep reinforcement learning 12

3.4 Alpha GO 13
3.5 Controversies 13

3.6 Healthcare 14
Chapter-4 Goals of AI 15-19 Week 4
4.1 Main Goals of Artificial 15-16
Intelligence
4.2 Typical problems to which AI 16-17
are applied
4.3 Other fields in which Ai 17-19
methods are implemented
Chapter-5 Applications of AI 20-22 Week 5
5.1 Main goals of Artificial 20-21
Intelligence
5.2 Future scope of AI 22-22
Chapter-6 Introduction to Machine 23-26 Week 6
learning
6.1 A taste of ML 23

6.2 Relation to data mining 23

6.3 Relation to optimization 24

6.4 Future of Machine Learning 25-26

Chapter-7 Goals of ML 27-32 Week 7

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7.1 Main goals of ML 27-29

7.2 Future scope of ML 29-32
Chapter-8 Introduction to AI-ML 33-41 Week 8

8.1 Definition of Artificial 33

Intelligence
8.2 Definition of Machine 33-35
Learning
8.3 AI-ML Algorithms 35-41

Chapter-9 Techniques of Machine 42-47 Week 9

Learning
9.1 Supervised learning 42-44

9.2 Un supervised learning 44-45

9.3 Reinforcement learning 45-47

Chapter-10 Regression 48-49 Week 10

10.1 Linear Regression 48

10.2 Polynomial Regression 48

10.3 Decision tree Regression 49

10.4 Logistic Regression 49

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WEEK 1

Introduction to AI
1.1 History of AI

Artificial:
The simple defintion of Artificial is made or produced by human beings rather than occurring
naturally, especially as a copy of something natural.

Intelligence:
The simple definition of Intelligence is the ability to learn or understand or to deal with newor
trying situations reason also the skilled use of reason. The ability to apply knowledge to
manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria.

Artificial Intelligence:
The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and
translation between languages.
AI which stands for artificial intelligence refers to systems or machines that mimic human
intelligence to perform tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on the information
they collect. AI manifests in a number of forms.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to
new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Most AI examples that you hear about today – from
chess-playing computers to self-driving cars – rely heavily on deep learning and natural
language processing.
Artificial intelligence is generally divided into two types – narrow (or weak) AI and general
AI,also known as AGI or strong AI.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to the natural
intelligence displayed by animals and humans. OED (OUP) defines artificial intelligence as
the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision- making, and
translation between languages.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1.1.1 History:

The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent machines, may be found in Greek
mythology. Intelligent artifacts appear in literature since then, with real mechanical devices
actually demonstrating behaviour with some intelligence after modern computers became
available to create programs that perform different intellectual tasks.

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1.1.2 Timeline of AI

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WEEK 2

DIVE INTO AI

2.1Categories of AI:
AI divides roughly into two sketches

1.Conventional AI
2.Computational intelligence (CI)

1. Conventional AI
The foundations of conventional AI are numerical techniques like data analytics, including
statistical analysis, modelling, and machine learning. This has been the primary approach to AI
over the past few decades with significant success by numerous companies in many industries.
This approach limits the situations to which conventional AI can be applied." These techniques
include fuzzy logic, have become known as soft computing.
Methods include:

•Expert Systems
•Case based reasoning
•Bayesian networks
•Modular method of building Systems

2. Computational intelligence

Computational Intelligence (CI) is the theory, design, application and development of biologically
and linguistically motivated computational paradigms. Deep Learning, in particular deep
convolutional neural networks. Nowadays, deep learning has become the coremethod for artificial
intelligence. In fact, some of the most successful AI systems are basedon CI.
The expression computational intelligence usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a
specific task from data or experimental observation. Even though it is commonly considered a
synonym of soft computing, there is still no commonly accepted definition of computational
intelligence.
Methods include:
1.Neural networks
2.Fuzzy systems
3.Evolutionary computation
4.Genetic algorithms

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Techniques of Artificial Intelligence

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WEEK 3

Case study on Artificial Intelligence

3.1 Google Deep mind:

That technology is also known as Google DeepMind. DeepMind uses raw pixel data as inputand
learns from experience. The AI uses deep learning on a convolutional neural network, with a
model-free reinforcement learning technique called Q-learning.
Our longterm aim is to solve intelligence, developing more general and capableproblemsolving
systems, known as artificial general intelligence (AGI). Guided by safety and ethics, this
invention could help society find answers to some of the world's most pressingand fundamental
scientific challenges.

DeepMind made headlines in 2016 after its AlphaGo program beat a human professional Go
player Lee Sedol, a world champion, in a five-game match, which was the subject of a
documentary film
3.1.1 History:

DeepMind Technologies is a British artificial intelligence subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. and

research laboratory founded in 2010. DeepMind was acquired by Google in 2014. The company
is based in London, with research centres in Canada, France, and the United States. In 2015, it
became a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc, Google's parent company.
DeepMind has created a neural network that learns how to play video games in a fashion similar
to that of humans, as well as a Neural Turing machine, or a neural network that maybe able to
access an external memory like a conventional Turing machine, resulting in a computer that
mimics the short-term memory of the human brain.
A more general program,Alpha Zero,beat the most powerful programs playing go,chess and
shogi (Japanese chess) after a few days of play against itself using reinforcement learning.

3.2 Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that
'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. Itis seen
as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample
data, known as training data, in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly
programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of applications,
such as in medicine, email filtering, speech recognition, and computer vision, where it is difficult
or unfeasible to develop conventional algorithms to perform the needed tasks.
3.3 Deep reinforcement learning

Deep reinforcement learning is a subfield of machine learning that combines reinforcement

learning and deep learning. RL considers the problem of a computational agent learning to make
decisions by trial and error.

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Deep reinforcement learning is a category of machine learning and artificial intelligence where
intelligent machines can learn from their actions similar to the way humans learn fromexperience.
Inherent in this type of machine learning is that an agent is rewarded or penalisedbased on their
actions.
Many applications of reinforcement learning do not involve just a single agent, but rather a coll
-ection of agents that learn together and co-adapt. These agents may be competitive, as in many
games, or cooperative as in many real-world multi-agent systems. Multi-agent reniforment studie
the problems introduced in this setting.

3.4 Alpha GO
AlphaGo is a computer program that plays the board game Go. It was developed by DeepMind
Technologies a subsidiary of Google. Subsequent versions of AlphaGo became increasingly
powerful, including a version that competed under the name Master.
He started his career in 1996 (promoted to professional dan rank at the age of 12), winning 18
international titles since then. He is a "national hero" in his native South Korea, known for his
unconventional and creative play. Lee Sedol initially predicted he would defeat AlphaGo in a
"landslide".
AlphaGo Zero, developed by Google-owned DeepMind, is the latest iteration of the AIprogram.
The original AlphaGo defeated Go master Lee Sedol last year, and AlphaGo Master, an updated
version, went on to win 60 games against top human players.

3.5 Controversies
The use of AI in judicial systems around the world is increasing, creating more ethical questions
to explore. AI could presumably evaluate cases and apply justice in a better, faster, and more
efficient way than a judge.
AI methods can potentially have a huge impact in a wide range of areas, from the legal
professions and the judiciary to aiding the decision-making of legislative and administrative
public bodies. For example, they can increase the efficiency and accuracy of lawyers in both
counselling and litigation, with benefits to lawyers, their clients and society as a whole.
Existing software systems for judges can be complemented and enhanced through AI tools to
support them in drafting new decisions. This trend towards the ever-increasing use of
autonomous systems has been described as the automatization of justice.
But there are many ethical challenges:

• Lack of transparency of AI tools: AI decisions are not always intelligible to humans.

• AI is not neutral: AI-based decisions are susceptible to inaccuracies, discriminatory
outcomes, embedded or inserted bias.
• Surveillance practices for data gathering and privacy of court users.
• New concerns for fairness and risk for Human Rights and other fundamental values.

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3.6 Health Care

AI in healthcare is an umbrella term to describe the application of machine learning (ML)

algorithms and other cognitive technologies in medical settings. In the simplest sense, AI iswhen
computers and other machines mimic human cognition, and are capable of learning, thinking,
and making decisions or taking actions.

Artificial intelligence is used in healthcare to discover links between genetic codes, power
surgical robots and maximize hospital efficiency.

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WEEK 4

Goals of AI
4.1 Main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning,
learning, natural language processing, perception, and the ability to move and manipulate objects.
General intelligence (the ability to solve an arbitrary problem) is among the field's long-term
goals.

4.1.1 Deduction, reasoning, problem solving:

Deductive reasoning:

Deductive reasoning is inferring new information from previously known data connected
logically. The argument's conclusion must be proper if and only if the premises are true.
Moreover, in AI, deductive reasoning is a propositional logic requiring many rules and facts.
It's also known as top-down reasoning, and it's the opposite of inductive reasoning. Inductive
reasoning:

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4.1.2 Knowledge representations:

Human beings are good at understanding, reasoning and interpreting knowledge. And using this
knowledge, they are able to perform various actions in the real world. But how do machines
perform the same? In this article, we will learn about Knowledge Representation inAI and how it
helps the machines perform reasoning and interpretation using Artificial Intelligence in the
following sequence
Different Types of

KnowledgeCycle of Knowledge Representation

Techniques of Knowledge RepresentationRepresentation Requirements.
Knowledge Representation in AI describes the representation of knowledge.

4.1.3 planning:
The planning in Artificial Intelligence is about the decision making tasks performed by therobots
or computer programs to achieve a specific goal.
The execution of planning is about choosing a sequence of actions with a high likelihood to
complete the specific task.
The field of robotics is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to
handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub-problems of localization
(knowing where you are), mapping (learning what is around you) and motion planning .

4.1.4 Natural language processing:

Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence within computerscience
that focuses on helping computers to understand the way that humans write and speak. This is a
difficult task because it involves a lot of unstructured data.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent
systems using a natural language such as English. Processing of Natural Language is required
when you want an intelligent system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you
want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system, etc.

4.1.5 General intelligence:

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the representation of generalized human cognitiveabilities in
software so that, faced with an unfamiliar task, the AGI system could find a solution.
4.1.6 Perception:
For example: Human beings have sensory receptors such as touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing.
So, the information received from these receptors is transmitted to human brain to organize the
received information.
4.1.7 Social intelligence
social intelligence is the capacity to understand others and to act rationally and emotionally in
relations with others. This is an ability that not only human but also artificial agents have, as
modelled in artificial intelligence and agent-based research in particular.

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Social intelligence is a general term at the intersection between different disciplines including
philosophy, social science/sociology, economics, legal science, psychology, etc., and computer
science. Broadly speaking, social intelligence is the capacity to understand others and to act
rationally and emotionally in relations with others. This is an ability that not only human but also
artificial agents have, as modelled in artificial intelligence and agent-based research in particular.

4.2 Typical problems to which AI are Applied:

These are the most common problems with AI development and implementation you might
encounter and ways in which you can manage them:
Determining the right data set. ...
The bias problem. ...
Data security and storage. ...
Infrastructure. ...
AI integration. …
Computation. ...
Niche skillset. ...
Expensive and rare.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of artificial intelligence in the corporate world

and in modern human lives. Serhii Pospielov, AI practice lead at Exa del, examines the top ten
challenges enterprises face in AI development and implementation and shares ten ways to
overcome them.

4.3 Other fields in which AI methods are implemented

Apart from this, AI has various fundamental application incorporating NLP, healthcare,
automotive, gaming, speech recognition, finance, vision system, etc. and required for; To design
expert systems equipped with the knowledgeable practice that is proficient to acquire,manifest,
decipher and justify to its user.
Computer translation: It mainly includes machine simultaneous translation.

Information Retrieval: For example, when I tell the computer what I am looking for, then itcan
search related things for me.
Intelligent customer service: We interact with the computer through voice and let it answerour
questions.

4.3.1 Automation:
The most complex level of automation is artificial intelligence (AI) automation. The additionof
AI means that machines can ―learn‖ and make decisions based on past situations they have
encountered and analyzed.
Automation is a machine executing a series of instructions exclusively set by humans. If an
action isn't explicitly described in the instructions, the machine can't do it. With AI, however,the
machine can take broad rules outlined by humans, and determine its own pathways to success.

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4.3.2 Cybernetics:
Cybernetics is the science of human-machine interaction that employs the principles feedback,
control and communication.
Wiener defined cybernetics as ―the science of control and communications in the animal and
machine.‖ This definition relates cybernetics closely with the theory of automatic control andalso
with physiology, particularly the physiology of the nervous system.
There are many examples of cybernetic systems and that are the various kinds of automatic
control devices in engineering. For instance, an automatic pilot or a controller that maintains a
constant temperature in a room, electronic computers, the human brain, biological populations,
as well as human society.

4.3.3 Hybrid intelligent System:

Hybrid intelligence is a way for humans and AI (Artificial Intelligence) to interact where theAI is
not just enhancing human intelligence, but responding in real time to the preferences ofa human
user. This, then, optimizes both algorithmic creativity and human creativity.
In many studies, the combination of a meta-heuristic algorithm and neighbourhood search,
named hybrid intelligent algorithm (HIA), is considered. On the other hand, by considering all
affecting factors in the manufacturing process, multi-objective optimization (MOO) is pursued
simultaneously.
These three types are:

Artificial Narrow Intelligence.Artificial General Intelligence.Artificial Super Intelligence.

4.3.4 Intelligent agent:
An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment. The agents
sense the environment through sensors and act on their environment through actuators. An AI
agent can have mental properties such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.

1. Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work forsensors
and hand, legs,vocal tract work for actuators2.
2. Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP forsensors
and various motors for actuators.
3. Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory inputand
act on those inputs and display output on the screen.

4.3.5 Intelligent Control:

Intelligent control refers to approaches to control systems design, modelling, identification, and
operation that use artificial intelligence techniques, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks,machine
learning, evolutionary computation, and genetic algorithms.
Artificial intelligence offers its tools to automatic control at two decision points: input andcontrol.
Visual, voice and information pattern as inputs to control systems are treated, especially for
quality control, medical applications.

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4.3.6 Automated reasoning:

Automated reasoning is the area of computer science that is concerned with applying reasoning
in the form of logic to computing systems. If given a set of assumptions and a goal,an automated
reasoning system should be able to make logical inferences towards that goal automatically.

4.3.7 Data mining:

In artificial intelligence and machine learning, data mining, or knowledge discovery in databases,
is the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful information
from data. Statistical methods are used that enable trends and other relationshipsto be identified
in large databases.
Data mining is the process of analysing dense volumes of data to find patterns, discovertrends,
and gain insight into how that data can be used. Data miners can then use those findings to make
decisions or predict an outcome.

4.3.8 Knowledge Representation:

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR²) is the field of artificial intelligence
(AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can
use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition orhaving a dialog in a natural
language. There are mainly four ways of knowledgerepresentation which are given as follows.

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WEEK 5
Applications of AI

5.1 Goals of Artificial Intelligence:

AI is primarily achieved by reverse-engineering human capabilities and traits and applyingthem
to machines. At its core, AI reads human behaviour to develop intelligent machines. Simply put,
the foundational goal of AI is to design a technology that enables computer systems to work
intelligently yet independently. The essential goals of AI are explained below.
1. Develop problem-solving ability

AI research is focused on developing efficient problem-solving algorithms that can make logical
deductions and simulate human reasoning while solving complex puzzles. AI systems offer
methods to deal with uncertain situations or handle the incomplete information conundrum by
employing probability theory, such as a stock market prediction system.
2. Incorporate knowledge representation

AI research revolves around the idea of knowledge representation and knowledge

engineering.
It relates to the representation of ‗what is known‘ to machines with the ontology for a set of
objects, relations, and concepts.
• Develop problem-solving ability. ...
• Incorporate knowledge representation. ...

• Facilitate planning. ...

• Allow continuous learning. ...
• Encourage social Intelligence. ...
• Promote creativity. ...
• Achieve general intelligence. ...
• Promote synergy between humans and AI.

5.1.1 Hospitals and medicines:

In healthcare, delays can mean the difference between life and death, so Viz.ai helps care teams
react faster with AI-powered healthcare solutions. The company's AI products can detect issues
and notify care teams quickly, enabling providers to discuss options, provide faster treatment
decisions, thus saving lives.
AI in healthcare can be used for a variety of applications, including claims processing, clinical
documentation, revenue cycle management and medical records management.

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5.1.2 Heavy Industry:

AI-driven systems can discover patterns and trends, discover inefficiencies, and predict future
outcomes based on historical trends, which ultimately enables informed decision-making. As
such, they are potentially beneficial for many industries, notably heavy industry.
AI applications range from consumer-oriented solutions (such as chatbots) to highly complex
industrial use cases, like predicting the need for manufacturing equipment maintenance.
Examples from seven industries provide a glimpse into the breadth and depth of thepossibilities
for AI.
5.1.3 Game Playing:
AI in gaming refers to responsive and adaptive video game experiences. These AI-powered
interactive experiences are usually generated via non-player characters, or NPCs, that act
intelligently or creatively, as if controlled by a human game-player.
The Future of AI In Gaming Looking at the future of AI and gaming, AI will keep on
empowering the creation of online games, offering more interactivity, infinite combinations of
stories and landscapes, high-level graphics and visuals, more realistic NPCs and customized
experiences.

Gaming implementation of AI

5.1.4 Speech Recognition:

Speech recognition uses the AI technologies of NLP, ML, and deep learning to process voicedata
input. It is a data analysis technology that is not pre-programmed explicitly. ML is fed large
volumes of data, and using algorithms, recognizes patterns. ML learns data from data. Then a
text result or other form of output is provided. Some of the tasks that NLP uses to break down the
digitized language are:
· Part of speech tagging, such as discerning between a noun or verb regarding the same word.

· Word sense disambiguation, distinguishes a word meaning from multiple possibilities.

· Named entity recognition, determines if a word is a location or a name, for example.

5.1.5 Understanding natural languages:

Natural language understanding is a branch of artificial intelligence that uses computer software
to understand input in the form of sentences using text or speech. NLU enables humancomputer
interaction. NLU enables human-computer interaction. It is the comprehension of human
language such as English, Spanish and French, for example, thatallows computers to understand

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commands without the formalized syntax of computer languages. NLU also enables computers to
communicate back to humans in their own languages.

5.1.6 Computer vision:

Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers and systems to
derive meaningful information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs — and take
actions or make recommendations based on that information. If AI enables computers to think,
computer vision enables them to see, observe and understand.

5.2 Future scope of AI:

The future of AI
The scope of Artificial Intelligence is limited to domestic and commercial purposes as the
medical and aviation sectors are also using AI to improve their services. If AI is outperforming
human efforts, then opting for AI automation will reduce costs in the long runfor a business.
The future of Artificial Intelligence is bright in India, with many organizations opting for AI
automation. It is essential to understand the recent developments in AI to find suitable job roles
based on your competencies.
Due to the bright scope of Artificial Intelligence in the future, the number of AI start-ups is
expected to increase in the coming years. Indicating the opportunities, the number of AI startups
in India has increased significantly.

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WEEK 6

Introduction to Machine Learning

6.1 A Taste of ML:
Over the past two decades Machine Learning has become one of the mainstays of information
technology. With the ever increasing amounts of data becoming available there isgood reason to
believe that smart data analysis will become even more influence as a necessary ingredient for
the technological progress. Machine learning fits mathematical models to data in order to derive
insights or make predictions.
It is useful to characterize learning problems according to the type of data they use. This is agreat
help when encountering new challenges, since quite often problems on similar data types can be
solved with very similar techniques. For instance natural language processing and bioinformatics
use very similar tools of natural language text and for DNA sequences.

6.2 Relation to data mining:

The data mining process can be broken down into these four primary stages:

Data gathering: Relevant data for an analytics application is identified and assembled. The data
may be located in different source systems, a data warehouse or a data lake, an increasingly
common repository in big data environments that contain a mix of structured and unstructured
data. External data sources may also be used. Wherever the data comes from, a data scientist
often moves it to a data lake for the remaining steps in the process.
Data preparation: This stage includes a set of steps to get the data ready to be mined. It starts
with data exploration, profiling and pre-processing, followed by data cleansing work tofix errors
and other data quality issues. Data transformation is also done to make data sets consistent,
unless a data scientist is looking to analyse unfiltered raw data for a particular application.

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Optimization is the process where we train the model iteratively that results in a maximumand
minimum function evaluation. It is one of the most important phenomena in Machine Learning to
get better results.

2. Maxima and Minima:

Maxima is the largest and Minima is the smallest value of a function within a given range. We
represent them as below:
Global Maxima and Minima: It is the maximum value and minimum value respectively on the
entire domain of the function

3. Gradient Descent:
Gradient Descent is an optimization algorithm and it finds out the local minima of a
differentiable function. It is a minimization algorithm that minimizes a given function.

Let‘s see the geometric intuition of Gradient Descent:

Slope of Y=X² (Image by Author)
Let‘s take an example graph of a parabola, Y=X²

Here, the minima is the origin(0, 0). The slope here is Tanθ. So the slope on the right side is
positive as 0<θ<90 and its Tanθ is a positive value. The slope on the left side is negative as
90<θ<180 and its Tanθ is a negative value.
Slope of points as moved towards minima (Image by Author)

One important observation in the graph is that the slope changes its sign from positive tonegative
at minima. As we move closer to the minima, the slope reduces.
So, how does the Gradient Descent Algorithm work?Objective: Calculate X*- local
minimum of the function Y=X².

Pick an initial point X₀ at random

Calculate X₁ = X₀-r[df/dx] at X₀. r is Learning Rate (we‘ll discuss r in Learning Rate Section).Let
us take r=1. Here, df/dx is nothing but the gradient.

Calculate X₂ = X₁-r[df/dx] at X₁.

Calculate for all the points: X₁, X₂, X₃, ……., Xᵢ-₁, Xᵢ

General formula for calculating local minima: Xᵢ = (Xᵢ-₁)-r[df/dx] at Xᵢ-₁

4. Learning Rate:
Learning Rate is a hyperparameter or tuning parameter that determines the step size at each
iteration while moving towards minima in the function. For example, if r = 0.1 in the initial step,
it can be taken as r=0.01 in the next step. Likewise it can be reduced exponentially as weiterate
further. It is used more effectively in deep learning.
In the above example, we took r=1. As we calculate the points Xᵢ, Xᵢ+₁, Xᵢ+₂,….to find thelocal
minima, X*, we can see that it is oscillating between X = -0.5 and X = 0.5.

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When we keep r as constant, we end up with an oscillation problem. So, we have to reducethe
―r‖ value with each iteration. Reduce the r value as the iteration step increases.

5. Gradient Descent In Logistic Regression:

The formula for the optimal plane in logistic regression after applying sigmoid function is:
Optimal Plane — Logistic Regression (Image by Author)
Apply Gradient Descent Algorithm on Logistic Regression:

Gradient Descent in Logistic Regression (Image by Author)

We‘ll calculate W₀, W₁, W₂, …., Wᵢ-₁, Wᵢ to find W*. When (Wᵢ-₁ — Wᵢ) is small i.e., whenWᵢ-₁,
Wᵢ converge, we declare W* = Wᵢ
The disadvantage of Gradient Descent:

When n (number of data points) is large, the time it takes for k iterations to calculate theoptimum
vector becomes very large.

6. Stochastic Gradient Descent (Sgd):

In SGD, we do not use all the data points but a sample of it to calculate the local minimum of the
function. Stochastic basically means Probabilistic. So we select points randomly from the
population.
SGD in Logistic Regression

Here, m is the sample of data selected randomly from the population, n

Time Complexity: O(km²). m is significantly lesser than n. So, it takes lesser time to compute
when compared to Gradient Descent.

6.3 Future of Machine Learning:

Machine Learning is not only offering tremendous growth opportunities but also disrupting long-
standing industries. Machine Learning is easily one of humanity‘s best allies by enabling
businesses to make more informed decisions, helping developers look at problems in innovative
ways, and offering insights round the clock with inhuman speeds and accuracy.
Computational finance (credit scoring, algorithmic trading)

Computer vision (facial recognition, motion tracking, object detection) Computational biology
(DNA sequencing, brain tumor detection, drug discovery) Automotive, aerospace, and
manufacturing

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WEEK 7

Goals of ML

7.1 Main goals of ML:

7.1.1 Image processing:

Image processing is done to enhance an existing image or to sift out important informationfrom
it. This is important in several Deep Learning-based Computer Vision applications, where such
pre-processing can dramatically boost the performance of a model.
when it comes to image data, ML algorithms can interpret images the same way our brains do.
These are used almost everywhere, right from face recognition while capturing images on our
smartphones, automating tedious manual work, self-driving cars and everything in between.

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7.1.2 Robotics:
The robots are designed to be used for any purpose but these are using in sensitive environments
like bomb detection, deactivation of various bombs etc. Robots can take any form but many of
them have given the human appearance.
Characteristics of Robotics are:
Appearance:
Robots have a physical body. They are held by the structure of their body and are moved bytheir
mechanical parts. Without appearance, robots will be just a software program.

Brain:
Another name of brain in robots is On-board control unit. Using this robot receive information
and sends commands as output. With this control unit robot knows what to do else it‘ll be just a
remote-controlled machine.

Sensors:
The use of these sensors in robots is to gather info from the outside world and send it toBrain.
Basically, these sensors have circuits in them that produces the voltage in them.

Actuators:
The robots move and the parts with the help of these robots move is called Actuators. Some
examples of actuators are motors, pumps, and compressor etc. The brain tells these actuators
when and how to respond or move.

Program: Robots only works or responds to the instructions which are provided to them in the
form of a program. These programs only tell the brain when to perform which operation like
when to move, produce sounds etc. These programs only tell the robot how to use sensorsdata to
make decisions.

Behaviour:
Robots behaviour is decided by the program which has been built for it. Once the robot starts
making the movement, one can easily tell which kind of program is being installed inside the
robot.
7.1.3 Video games:
In video games, various artificial intelligence techniques have been used in a variety of ways,
ranging from non-player character (NPC) control to procedural content generation (PCG).
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on using algorithms and
statistical models to make machines act without specific programming. This is in sharp contrast
to traditional methods of artificial intelligence such as search trees and expert systems.

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7.1.4 Data Mining:

Data mining is designed to extract the rules from large quantities of data, while machine learning
teaches a computer how to learn and comprehend the given parameters. Or to put it another way,
data mining is simply a method of researching to determine a particular outcome based on the
total of the gathered data. There is no universal agreement on what ―DataMining‖ suggests that.
The focus on the prediction of data is not always right with machine learning, although the
emphasis on the discovery of properties of data can be undoubtedly applied to Data Mining
always.

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7.1.5 Text Analysis:

Text is a group of words or sentences. Text analysis is analysing the text and then extracting
information with the help of text. Text data is one of the biggest factor that can make a company
big or small. For example
• On E-Commerce website people buy things. With Text Analysis the E-Commerce websitecan
know what it‘s customer likes and it through this data it can make it‘s productivity higher.
• Using Text analysis and some Machine Learning Algorithm our Alexa Google Home mini
works. These two are based on Natural Language Processing.
• Using Text Analysis we can decide whether a E-mail is a Spam or a Non Spam
Rapid increment in computerized or digital information has prompted an enormous volume of
information and data. A substantial portion of the available information is stored in Text
databases, which consist of large collections of documents from various sources. Text databases
are rapidly growing due to the increasing amount of information available in electronic form. In
excess of 80% of the present information is in the form of unstructured orsemi-organized data.
Traditional information retrieval techniques become inadequate for the increasingly vast amount
of text data. Thus, text mining has become an increasingly popular and essential part of Data
Mining. The discovery of proper patterns and analysing the text document from the huge volume
of data is a major issue in real-world application areas.
“Extraction of interesting information or patterns from data in large databases is known
asdata mining.”

7.1.6 Health care:

1. Radiology:
AI is being used to analyse X- ray, CT and MRI scans, to diagnose medical conditions in patients.
The computer vision techniques allow programs to detect abnormalities in radiology images, and
have reached up to 100% accuracy on test datasets, for several diseases. Not onlydoes AI provide
an accurate diagnosis, but also is very time efficient as compared to conservative diagnostic
techniques. In the recent COVID-19 outbreak, AI has proved to be a great asset in zero-contact
diagnosis, especially for contagious diseases. The success of AI in the field of medical diagnosis,
gives hope for a future with minimized errors and speedy diagnosis, which will take healthcare
years ahead of its time.

2. Medical Data Analysis:

With deep learning and cutting edge tools, AI is structuring medical data, to provide doctors and
medical researchers with better understanding of the enormous medical data cache. From
processing and analysis clinical trials, to find the effects of vaccines, drugs and more, to tracing
the origins of strains of viruses, AI is helping scientists track and further medical research, by
eliminating redundant methods of data analysis and manual filtering of data.

3. Drug Discovery:
Integrating AI with bio-tech platforms is one of the most interesting applications of AI in
healthcare today. Several pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer are applying machine learning,
in search of immuno-oncology drugs. By finding patterns in medical data, and studying the

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outcomes of existing drugs on patients, they are trying to discover new combinations of drug

ingredients for developing novel drugs. With some very advanced projects like Chem GAN
currently available online, researchers and AI engineers are trying unprecedented techniques for
discovering new drugs and vaccines to combat chronic and several other illnesses.

7.2 Future scope of ML:

Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that
'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. Itis seen
as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample
data, known as training data, in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly
programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of applications,
such as in medicine, email filtering, speech recognition, and computer vision, where it is difficult
or unfeasible to develop conventional algorithms to perform the needed tasks.
The investment sector has always been a profitable business. In earlier days, investing money
required a thorough knowledge of domestic as well as international markets. People used to
manually study and analyse the trends of the market.
The application called Upstox is trending in the market. It is a trading application used for the
stock market. This application helps us in getting insights into the market and various growing
companies without any manual intervention and brokerage.
The demand for qualified AI professionals already surpasses that of data scientists, and thistrend
is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
Machine Learning plays a vital role in the field of enterprises as it enables entrepreneurs to
pretend the customers‘ behaviour and business functioning behaviour. Nowadays leading
companies like Google, Amazon, MAC, Uber, and many more are utilizing these technologies in
an efficient way, as a result, machine learning become a core operational partof functioning.

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WEEK 8
Introduction to AI-ML
8.1 Definition of Artificial Intelligence:
The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and
translation between languages.
The term "artificial intelligence" had previously been used to describe machines that mimic and
display "human" cognitive skills that are associated with the human mind, such as "learning" and
"problem-solving". This definition has since been rejected by major AI researchers who now
describe AI in terms of rationality and acting rationally, which does notlimit how intelligence can
be articulated.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years sincehas
experienced several waves of optimism followed by disappointment and the loss of funding
(known as an "AI winter‖), followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding.AI
research has tried and discarded many different approaches since its founding, including
simulating the brain, modelling human problem solving, formal logic, large databases of
knowledge and imitating animal behaviour. In the first decades of the 21st century, highly
mathematical-statistical machine learning has dominated the field, and this technique has proved
highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems throughout industryand academia.

8.2 Definition of Machine Learning:

Machine Learning (ML) has proven to be one of the most game-changing technological
advancements of the past decade. In the increasingly competitive corporate world, ML is
enabling companies to fast-track digital transformation and move into an age of automation.
Some might even argue that AI/ML is required to stay relevant in some verticals, such asdigital
payments and fraud detection in banking or product recommendations .

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A subset of machine learning is closely related to computational statistics, which focuses on

making predictions using computers, but not all machine learning is statistical learning. The
study of mathematical optimization delivers methods, theory and application domains to the field
of machine learning. Data mining is a related field of study, focusing on exploratory dataanalysis
through unsupervised learning. Some implementations of machine learning use data and neural
networks in a way that mimics the working of a biological brain. In its application across
business problems, machine learning is also referred to as predictive analytics.
Types of Machine Learning:

There are four types of machine learning algorithms: supervised, semi-supervised,unsupervised

and reinforcement.

Supervised learning:
In supervised learning, the machine is taught by example. The operator provides the machine
learning algorithm with a known dataset that includes desired inputs and outputs, and the
algorithm must find a method to determine how to arrive at those inputs and outputs. While the
operator knows the correct answers to the problem, the algorithm identifies patterns in data,
learns from observations and makes predictions. The algorithm makes predictions and is
corrected by the operator – and this process continues until the algorithm achieves a high level
of accuracy/performance.

Under the umbrella of supervised learning fall: Classification, Regression and Forecasting.
1. Classification: In classification tasks, the machine learning program must draw a conclusion
from observed values and determine to what category new observationsbelong.
For example, when filtering emails as ‗spam‘ or ‗not spam‘, the program must look atexisting
observational data and filter the emails accordingly.
2. Regression: In regression tasks, the machine learning program must estimate – and
understand – the relationships among variables. Regression analysis focuses on one
dependent variable and a series of other changing variables – making it particularly usefulfor
prediction and forecasting.
3. Forecasting: Forecasting is the process of making predictions about the future based onthe
past and present data, and is commonly used to analyse trends.

Semi-supervised learning:
Semi-supervised learning is similar to supervised learning, but instead uses both labelled and
unlabelled data. Labelled data is essentially information that has meaningful tags so that the
algorithm can understand the data, whilst unlabelled data lacks that information. By using this
combination, machine learning algorithms can learn to label unlabelled data.

Unsupervised learning:

Here, the machine learning algorithm studies data to identify patterns. There is no answer keyor
human operator to provide instruction. Instead, the machine determines the correlations and
relationships by analysing available data. In an unsupervised learning process, the machine
learning algorithm is left to interpret large data sets and address that data accordingly. The
algorithm tries to organise that data in some way to describe its structure.

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This might mean grouping the data into clusters or arranging it in a way that looks more
organised.

As it assesses more data, its ability to make decisions on that data gradually improves and
becomes more refined.

Under the umbrella of unsupervised learning, fall:

1. Clustering: Clustering involves grouping sets of similar data (based on defined criteria).
It‘s useful for segmenting data into several groups and performing analysis on each dataset to
find patterns.
2. Dimension reduction: Dimension reduction reduces the number of variables being
considered to find the exact information required
3. Reinforcement learning:
It focuses on regimented learning processes, where a machine learning algorithm is providedwith
a set of actions, parameters and end values. By defining the rules, the machine learning algorithm
then tries to explore different options and possibilities, monitoring and evaluating each result to
determine which one is optimal. Reinforcement learning teaches the machine trial and error. It
learns from past experiences and begins to adapt its approach in response to the situation to
achieve the best possible result.

8.3 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence ofAlgorithms:

8.3.1 Algorithms of Machine learning:
Below is the list of Top 10 commonly used Machine Learning (ML) Algorithms:

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• Linear regression
• Logistic regression
• Decision tree
• SVM algorithm
• Naive Bayes algorithm
• KNN algorithm
• K-means
• Random forest algorithm
• Dimensionality reduction algorithms
• Gradient boosting algorithm and Ada Boosting algorithm
1. Linear Regression:

To understand the working functionality of Linear Regression, imagine how you would arrange
random logs of wood in increasing order of their weight. There is a catch; however –you cannot
weigh each log. You have to guess its weight just by looking at the height and girth of the log
(visual analysis) and arranging them using a combination of these visible parameters. This is
what linear regression in machine learning is like.

In this process, a relationship is established between independent and dependent variables by

fitting them to a line. This line is known as the regression line and is represented by a linear
equation Y= a *X + b.
In this equation:
• Y – Dependent Variable
• a – Slope
• X – Independent variable
• b – Intercept

2. Logistic Regression:
Logistic Regression is used to estimate discrete values (usually binary values like 0/1) from aset
of independent variables. It helps predict the probability of an event by fitting data to a logit
function. It is also called logit regression. These methods listed below are often used to help
improve logistic regression models:

1.include interaction terms

2.eliminate features
3.regularize techniques
4.use a non-linear mode

3. Decision Tree:
Decision Tree algorithm in machine learning is one of the most popular algorithm in use
today; this is a supervised learning algorithm that is used for classifying problems. It works
well in classifying both categorical and continuous dependent variables. This algorithm
divides the population into two or more homogeneous sets based on the most significant
attributes/ independent variables.

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4. SVM (Support Vector Machine) Algorithm:

SVM algorithm is a method of a classification algorithm in which you plot raw data as points
in an n-dimensional space (where n is the number of features you have). The value of each
feature is then tied to a particular coordinate, making it easy to classify the data. Lines called
classifiers can be used to split the data and plot them on a graph.

5. Naive Bayes Algorithm:

A Naive Bayes classifier assumes that the presence of a particular feature in a class is
unrelated to the presence of any other feature.

Even if these features are related to each other, a Naive Bayes classifier would consider all of
these properties independently when calculating the probability of a particular outcome.

A Naive Bayesian model is easy to build and useful for massive datasets. It's simple and is
known to outperform even highly sophisticated classification methods.

6. KNN (K- Nearest Neighbours) Algorithm:

This algorithm can be applied to both classification and regression problems. Apparently,
within the Data Science industry, it's more widely used to solve classification problems. It‘s a
simple algorithm that stores all available cases and classifies any new cases by taking a
majority vote of its k neighbours. The case is then assigned to the class with which it has the
most in common. A distance function performs this measurement. Things to consider before
selecting K Nearest Neighbours Algorithm:

• KNN is computationally expensive

• Variables should be normalized, or else higher range variables can bias the algorithm

• Data still needs to be pre-processed.

7. K-Means:
It is an unsupervised learning algorithm that solves clustering problems. Data sets are
classified into a particular number of clusters (let's call that number K) in such a way that all
the data points within a cluster are homogenous and heterogeneous from the data in other
clusters.
How K-means forms clusters:

• The K-means algorithm picks k number of points, called centroids, for each cluster.

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• Each data point forms a cluster with the closest centroids, i.e., K clusters.

• It now creates new centroids based on the existing cluster members.

• With these new centroids, the closest distance for each data point is determined. This
process is repeated until the centroids do not change.

8. Random Forest Algorithm:

A collective of decision trees is called a Random Forest. To classify a new object based on its
attributes, each tree is classified, and the tree ―votes‖ for that class. The forest chooses the
classification having the most votes (over all the trees in the forest).

Each tree is planted & grown as follows:

• If the number of cases in the training set is N, then a sample of N cases is taken at
random.
This sample will be the training set for growing the tree.

• Each tree is grown to the most substantial extent possible. There is no pruning.

9. Dimensionality Reduction Algorithms:

In today's world, vast amounts of data are being stored and analysed by corporates,
government agencies, and research organizations. As a data scientist, you know that this raw
data contains a lot of information - the challenge is to identify significant patterns and
variables.

Dimensionality reduction algorithms like Decision Tree, Factor Analysis, Missing Value
Ratio, and Random Forest can help you find relevant details.

10. Gradient Boosting Algorithm and AdaBoosting Algorithm:

8.3.2 Algorithms of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence has grown to have a significant impact on the world. With large
amounts of data being generated by different applications and sources, machine learning
systems can learn from the test data and perform intelligent tasks.
There are various types of artificial intelligence, such as reactive, limited memory, theory of
mind, and self aware. The machine performs various AI algorithms in order to carry out the
tasks.Algorithms are subsets of machine learning that automates the process of machine
learning. It is these algorithms that tell the machine how to learn on its own.

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Classification of Algorithms:
a) Naive Bayes:

Naive Bayes algorithm works on Bayes theorem and takes a probabilistic approach, unlike
other classification algorithms. The algorithm has a set of prior probabilities for each class.
Once data is fed, the algorithm updates these probabilities to form something known as
posterior probability. This comes useful when you need to predict whether the input belongs
to a given list of classes or not.
b) Decision Tree:
The decision tree algorithm is more of a flowchart like an algorithm where nodes represent
the test on an input attribute and branches represent the outcome of the test.
It is a very simple kind of a probabilistic tree that enables to make decisions about some kind
of process. This tool assumes a tree like model and its possible consequences.
c) Random Forest:
Random forest works like a group of trees. The input data set is subdivided and fed into
different decision trees. The average of outputs from all decision trees is considered. Random
forests offer a more accurate classifier as compared to Decision tree algorithm.
Random forests is used in many industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, banking etc.
d) Support Vector Machines:
SVM is an algorithm that classifies data using a hyperplane, making sure that the distance
between the hyperplane and support vectors is maximum.
It is a supervised learning algorithm that can be used for either classification and regression
problems. One of the example of SVM is Face detection, classification of images, hand
writing detection, text and hypertext categorization, etc.
e) K Nearest Neighbours:
KNN algorithm uses a bunch of data points segregated into classes to predict the class of a
new sample data point. It is called ―lazy learning algorithm‖ as it is relatively short as
compared to other algorithms.
2. Regression Algorithms:
Regression algorithms are a popular algorithm under supervised machine learning algorithms.
Regression algorithms can predict the output values based on input data points fed in the
learning system. There are various types of regression such as linear regression, polynomial
regression, etc. The most common algorithms under this section are
a)Linear regression:
It is used to measure genuine qualities by considering the consistent variables. It is the
simplest of all regression algorithms but can be implemented only in cases of linear
relationship or a linearly separable problem. The algorithm draws a straight line between data
points called the best-fit line or regression line and is used to predict new values.
b) Lasso Regression:
Lasso regression algorithm works by obtaining the subset of predictors that minimizes
prediction error for a response variable. This is achieved by imposing a constraint on data
points and allowing some of them to shrink to zero value.
The lasso regression is used to obtain the subset of predictors that helps in minimizing the
error in prediction. Lasso puts a constraint on the model parameters that make the regression
coefficients shrink to zero.

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c) Logistic Regression:
Logistic regression is mainly used for binary classification. This method allows you to
analyse a set of variables and predict a categorical outcome. Its primary applications include
predicting customer lifetime value, house values, etc.
There are multiple real-life applications of logistic regression such as banking. A credit card
company can know if the transaction amount and credit score will lead to fraudulent
transaction or not.
e) Multiple Regression Algorithm:
Multiple Regression Algorithm uses a combination of linear regression and non-linear
regression algorithms taking multiple explanatory variables as inputs. The main applications
include social science research, insurance claim genuineness, behavioural analysis, etc.
3. Clustering Algorithms:
Clustering is the process of segregating and organizing the data points into groups based on
similarities within members of the group. This is part of unsupervised learning. The main aim
is to group similar items. For example, it can arrange all transactions of fraudulent nature
together based on some properties in the transaction. There are various advantages to using
clustering algorithms.
a) K-Means Clustering:
It is the simplest unsupervised learning algorithm. The algorithm gathers similar data points
together and then binds them together into a cluster. The clustering is done by calculating the
centroid of the group of data points and then evaluating the distance of each data point from
the centroid of the cluster. Based on the distance, the analysed data point is then assigned to
the closest cluster. ‗K‘ in K-means stands for the number of clusters the data points are being
grouped into.
b) Fuzzy C-means Algorithm:
FCM algorithm works on probability. Each data point is considered to have a probability of
belonging to another cluster. Data points don‘t have an absolute membership over a
particular cluster, and this is why the algorithm is called fuzzy.Fuzzy C- Means is a
clustering technique wherein the data set gets grouped into N clusterswhere each data point
in the dataset belongs to every cluster in one way or the other.
c) Expectation-Maximisation (EM) Algorithm:
It is based on Gaussian distribution we learned in statistics. Data is pictured into a Gaussian
distribution model to solve the problem. After assigning a probability, a point sample is
calculated based on expectation and maximization equations.
d) Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm:
These algorithms sort clusters hierarchical order after learning the data points and making
similarity observations. It can be of two types
• Divisive clustering, for a top-down approach
• Agglomerative clustering, for a bottom-up approach

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WEEK 9

Techniques of machine learning

9.1 Supervised Learning:

In this type of machine learning, data scientists supply algorithms with labeled training data and
define the variables they want the algorithm to assess for correlations. Both the input and the
output of the algorithm is specified.

Supervised learning is the types of machine learning in which machines are trained using well
"labelled" training data, and on basis of that data, machines predict the output. The labelled data
means some input data is already tagged with the correct output.

Supervised learning, also known as supervised machine learning, is a subcategory of machine

learning and artificial intelligence. It is defined by its use of labeled datasets to train algorithms
that to classify data or predict outcomes accurately.

Steps Involved in Supervised Learning:First Determine the type of training dataset

Collect/Gather the labelled training data. Split the training dataset into training dataset, test
dataset, and validation dataset.Determine the input features of thetraining dataset, which
should have enough knowledge so that the model can accurately predict the output.
Determine the suitable algorithm for the model, such as support vector machine, decision tree,
etc.
Types of supervised Machine learning Algorithms:

Supervised learning can be further divided into two types of problems:

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1. Regression

Regression algorithms are used if there is a relationship between the input variable and the output
variable. It is used for the prediction of continuous variables, such as Weather forecasting,
Market Trends, etc. Below are some popular Regression algorithms which comeunder supervised
learning:

o Linear Regression
o Regression Trees
o Non-Linear Regression
o Bayesian LinearRegression
o Polynomial Regression
2. Classification

Classification algorithms are used when the output variable is categorical, which means thereare
two classes such as Yes-No, Male-Female, True-false, etc.

Spam Filtering,

o Random Forest o Decision Trees o Logistic Regression o Support vector Machines

Advantages of Supervised learning:

o With the help of supervised learning, the model can predict the output on the basis ofprior
experiences.
o In supervised learning, we can have an exact idea about the classes of objects.
o Supervised learning model helps us to solve various real-world problems such as fraud
detection, spam filtering, etc.

Disadvantages of supervised learning: o Supervised learning models are not suitable for
handling the complex tasks. o Supervised learning cannot predict the correct output if the test
data is different from the training dataset. oTraining required lots of computation times.In
supervised learning, we need enough knowledge about the classes of object.

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9.2 Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised learning cannot be directly applied to a regression or classification problem

because unlike supervised learning, we have the input data but no corresponding output data.
The goal of unsupervised learning is to find the underlying structure of dataset, group that data
according to similarities, and represent that dataset in a compressed format.
Example: Suppose the unsupervised learning algorithm is given an input dataset containing
images of different types of cats and dogs. The algorithm is never trained upon the given dataset,
which means it does not have any idea about the features of the dataset. The task of the
unsupervised learning algorithm is to identify the image features on their own.
Unsupervised learning algorithm will perform this task by clustering the image dataset into the
groups according to similarities between images.

Below are some main reasons which describe the importance of Unsupervised Learning:

o Unsupervised learning is helpful for finding useful insights from the data. o Unsupervised
learning is much similar as a human learns to think by their own experiences, which
makes it closer to the real AI. o Unsupervised learning works on unlabelled and
uncategorized data which make unsupervised learning more important.
o In real-world, we do not always have input data with the corresponding output so tosolve
such cases, we need unsupervised learning.

Types of Unsupervised Learning Algorithm:

The unsupervised learning algorithm can be further categorized into two types of problems:

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o Clustering: Clustering is a method of grouping the objects into clusters such that objects
with most similarities remains into a group and has less or no similarities withthe objects
of another group. Cluster analysis finds the commonalities between the data objects and
categorizes them as per the presence and absence of those commonalities.
Association: An association rule is an unsupervised learning method which is used forfinding
the relationships between variables in the large database. It determines the set of items that
occurs together in the dataset. Association rule makes marketing strategy more effective. Such
as people who buy X item (suppose a bread) are also tend topurchase Y (Butter/Jam) item.

Unsupervised Learning algorithms:

Below is the list of some popular unsupervised learning algorithms:

KNN (k-nearest neighbours)
Hierarchal clustering
Anomaly detection
Neural Networks
Component Analysis
Apriori algorithm
Singular value decomposition

Advantages of Unsupervised Learning Unsupervised learning is used for more

o
complex tasks as compared to supervised learning because, in unsupervised learning, wedon't
have labelled input data.
o Unsupervised learning is preferable as it is easy to get unlabeled data in comparison to
labelled data.

Disadvantages of Unsupervised Learning

o Unsupervised learning is intrinsically more difficult than supervised learning as it does
not have corresponding output. o The result of the unsupervised learning algorithm might
be less accurate as input data is not labelled, and algorithms do notknow the exact output
in advance.

9.3 Reinforcement Learning:

Data scientists typically use reinforcement learning to teach a machine to complete a multistep
process for which there are clearly defined rules. Data scientists program an algorithm to
complete a task and give it positive or negative cues as it works out how tocomplete a task.

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Here are some important terms used in Reinforcement AI:

• Agent: It is an assumed entity which performs actions in an environment to gain

somereward.
• Environment (e): A scenario that an agent has to face.
• Reward (R): An immediate return given to an agent when he or she performs
specificaction or task.
• State (s): State refers to the current situation returned by the environment.
• Policy (π): It is a strategy which applies by the agent to decide the next action
basedon the current state.
• Value (V): It is expected long-term return with discount, as compared to the short-
term reward.
Characteristics of Reinforcement Learning:
Here are important characteristics of reinforcement learning

• There is no supervisor, only a real number or reward signal

• Sequential decision making
• Time plays a crucial role in Reinforcement problems
• Feedback is always delayed, not instantaneous
• Agent‘s actions determine the subsequent data it receives

Types of Reinforcement Learning:

Two types of reinforcement learning methods are:

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Positive:
It is defined as an event, that occurs because of specific behavior. It increases the strength
and the frequency of the behavior and impacts positively on the action taken by the agent.

This type of Reinforcement helps you to maximize performance and sustain change for a
more extended period. However, too much Reinforcement may lead to over-optimization
ofstate, which can affect the results.
Negative:
Negative Reinforcement is defined as strengthening of behavior that occurs because of a
negative condition which should have stopped or avoided. It helps you to define the
minimumstand of performance. However, the drawback of this method is that it provides
enough to meet up the minimum behavior.

Applications of Reinforcement Learning:

• Robotics for industrial automation.

• Business strategy planning
• Machine learning and data processing
• It helps you to create training systems that provide custom instruction and materials
according to the requirement of students.
• Aircraft control and robot motion control.

Challenges of Reinforcement Learning:

Here are the major challenges you will face while doing Reinforcement earning:
• Feature/reward design which should be very involved
• Parameters may affect the speed of learning.
• Realistic environments can have partial observability.

• Too much Reinforcement may lead to an overload of states which can

diminish theresults.
• Realistic environments can be non-stationary.

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WEEK 10

Regression

10.1 Linear Regression:

Linear Regression is a machine learning algorithm based on supervised learning. It performs
a regression task. Regression models a target prediction value based on independentvariables. It
is mostly used for finding out the relationship between variables and forecasting.
Linear regression algorithm shows a linear relationship between a dependent (y) and one or more
independent (y) variables, hence called as linear regression. Since linear regression shows the
linear relationship, which means it finds how the value of the dependent variable is changing
according to the value of the independent variable.

10.2 Polynomial Regression:

Polynomial regression, like linear regression, uses the relationship between the variables xand y
to find the best way to draw a line through the data points.

Polynomial provides the best approximation of the relationship between the dependent and
independent variable. A Broad range of function can be fit under it. Polynomial basically fits a
wide range of curvature.

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10.3 Decision tree Regression:

Decision tree regression observes features of an object and trains a model in the structure of atree
to predict data in the future to produce meaningful continuous output. Continuous outputmeans
that the output/result is not discrete, i.e., it is not represented just by a discrete, known set of
numbers or values.

10.4 Logistic Regression:

Logistic regression is an example of supervised learning. It is used to calculate or predict the
probability of a binary (yes/no) event occurring.

Logistic Regression is one of the basic and popular algorithms to solve a classificationproblem.
It is named 'Logistic Regression' because its underlying technique is quite the same as Linear
Regression. The term ―Logistic‖ is taken from the Logit function that is used in this method of
classification.

Type of Logistic Regression:

On the basis of the categories, Logistic Regression can be classified into three types:

o Binomial: In binomial Logistic regression, there can be only two possible types of the
dependent variables, such as 0 or 1, Pass or Fail, etc.
o Multinomial: In multinomial Logistic regression, there can be 3 or more possible
unordered types of the dependent variable, such as "cat", "dogs", or "sheep"
o Ordinal: In ordinal Logistic regression, there can be 3 or more possible ordered typesof
dependent variables, such as "low", "Medium", or "High".

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Conclusion of AI-ML

AI holds the key to unlocking a magnificent future where, driven by data and computers that
understand our world, we will all make more informed decisions. These computers of the future
will understand not just how to turn on the switches but why the switches need to be turned on.
ML is a powerful tool for making predictions from data. However, it is important to remember
that machine learning is only as good as the data that is used to trainthe algorithms.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are products of both science and myth. The idea
that machines could think and perform tasks just as humans do is thousands of years old. The
cognitive truths expressed in AI and Machine Learning systems are not new either. It may be
better to view these technologies as the implementation of powerful and long-established
cognitive principles through engineering.

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-1 Brief description of Learning Outcome

the daily activity
DATE:11-05-2023

WEEK-1 Cloud concepts overview Learnt about Advantages of the Cloud

computing

WEEK-1 Cloud concepts overview Learnt about Moving tothe AWS Cloud
WEEK-1 Cloud economics and Learnt about Fundamentals of
billing Pricing & Total Cost ofOwnership

WEEK-1 Cloud economics and Learnt about AWSOrganizations

billing
WEEK-1 Cloud economics and Learnt about AWS Billing & Cost
billing Management & Technical Support
Models
WEEK-1 AWS global infrastructure Learnt about AWS Global
overview Infrastructure
WEEK-1 AWS global infrastructure Learnt about AWS Global
overview Infrastructure
WEEK-1 AWS global infrastructure Learnt about AWS Services & Service
overview Categories
WEEK-1 AWS cloud security Learnt about AWS Shared
Responsibility Model & AWS IAM
WEEK-1 AWS cloud security Learnt about Securing a New AWS
Account & Securing Accounts
WEEK-1 AWS cloud security Learnt about Securing Data & Working
to EnsureCompliance

DATE:11-05-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-2 Brief description of Learning Outcome

the daily activity
DATE:18-05-2023

WEEK-2 AWS cloud security Learnt about AWSIAM

WEEK-2 AWS cloud security Learnt about AWSIAM
WEEK-2 AWS cloud security Learnt about AWSIAM
WEEK-2 Networking and content Learnt about Networking Basics
delivery Amazon VPC
WEEK-2 Networking and content Learnt about VPC Networking & VPC
delivery Security
WEEK-2 Networking and content Learnt about Route53 & CloudFront
delivery

WEEK-2 Networking and content Learnt about Build your VPC and
delivery Launch a Web Server

WEEK-2 Networking and content Learnt about Buildyour VPC and

delivery Launch a WebServer
WEEK-2 Compute Learnt about Compute Services
Overview & AmazonEC2 Part 1
WEEK-2 Compute Learnt about Amazon EC2 Part 2 &
Amazon EC2 Part3
WEEK-2 Compute Learnt about Amazon EC2

DATE:18-05-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-3 Brief description Learning Outcome

of the daily
DATE:25-05-2023
activity
WEEK-3 Compute Learnt about Amazon EC2

WEEK-3 Compute Learnt about Amazon EC2 Cost

Optimization & Container Services
Introduction to AWS Lambda

WEEK-3 Compute Learnt about AWSLambda

WEEK-3 Compute Learnt about AWSLambda
WEEK-3 Compute Learnt about AWS Elastic Beanstalk
WEEK-3 Compute Activity - AWS Elastic Beanstalk
WEEK-3 Compute Activity - AWS Elastic Beanstalk
WEEK-3 Storage Learnt about AWSEBS
WEEK-3 Storage Learnt about Working with EBS
WEEK-3 Storage Learnt about Working with EBS
WEEK-3 Storage Learnt about AWSS3 & AWS EFS

DATE:25-05-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-4 Brief description Learning Outcome

of the daily
DATE:01-06-2023
activity
WEEK-4 Storage Learnt about AWSS3 Glacier

WEEK-4 Databases Learnt about Amazon RDS

WEEK-4 Databases Learnt about Build aDatabase Server

WEEK-4 Databases Learnt about Build aDatabase Server

WEEK-4 Databases Learnt about Amazon DynamoDB &
Amazon Redshift
WEEK-4 Databases Learnt about Amazon Aurora
WEEK-4 Cloud architecture Learnt about AWS Well-Architected
Framework Design Principles &
Operational Excellence Security
WEEK-4 Cloud architecture Learnt about Performance Efficiency &
CostOptimization
WEEK-4 Cloud architecture Learnt about Reliability & High
Availability & AWS
Trusted Advisor
WEEK-4 Auto scaling and Learnt about ElasticLoad Balancing
monitoring
WEEK-4 Auto scaling and Learnt about ElasticLoad Balancing
monitoring

DATE:01-06-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK5 Brief description of Learning Outcome

the daily activity
DATE:08-06-2023
WEEK-5 Auto scaling and Learnt aboutAmazon CloudWatch
monitoring
WEEK-5 Auto scaling and Learnt about Amazon EC2 AutoScaling
monitoring
WEEK-5 Auto scaling and Learnt about Amazon EC2 AutoScaling
monitoring
WEEK-5 Auto scaling and Learnt about Scale &Load Balance your
monitoring Architecture
WEEK-5 Auto scaling and Learnt about Scale &Load Balance your
monitoring Architecture
WEEK-5 Auto scaling and Learnt about Scale &Load Balance your
monitoring Architecture
WEEK-5 Welcome to AWS Learnt about AWS Academy Machine
Academy Machine Learning Foundations
Learning Foundations
WEEK-5 Welcome to AWS Learnt about AWSAcademy Machine
Academy Machine Learning Foundations
Learning Foundations
WEEK-5 Introducing Machine Learnt about what ismachine learning &
Learning Business problems solved with machine
learning
WEEK-5 Introducing Machine Learnt about Machine learningprocess
Learning
WEEK-5 Introducing Machine Learnt about Machine learning tools &
Learning Machine learning challenges

DATE:08-06-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-6 Brief description of Learning Outcome

the daily activity
DATE:15-06-2023
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Formulating machine
Learning pipeline with learning problems & collecting and
Amazon SageMaker securing data
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Creating andimporting data
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Creating andimporting data
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Evaluating your data
Learning pipeline with & describing yourdata
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Exploring Data
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Exploring Data
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Featureengineering
Learning pipeline with
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Dealingwith outliers and
Learning pipeline with selecting features & Cleaning your
Amazon SageMaker Data
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Encoding Categorical Data
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Encoding Categorical Data
Amazon SageMaker
WEEK-6 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with - Training a model
Amazon SageMaker

DATE:15-06-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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WEEK-7 Brief description ofthe LearningOutcome

daily activity
DATE:22-06-2023

WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker

Learning pipeline with Amazon - Training a model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Training a model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Hosting and using
Learning pipeline with Amazon the model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Hosting and using
Learning pipeline with Amazon the model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Deploying a model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Deploying a model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Deploying a model
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Evaluating the
Learning pipeline with Amazon accuracy of the
SageMaker model
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Calculating
Learning pipeline with Amazon classification metrics
SageMaker
WEEK-7 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Calculating
Learning pipeline with Amazon classification metrics
SageMaker

DATE:22-06-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-8 Brief description ofthe LearningOutcome

daily activity
DATE:29-06-2023
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Selecting
Learning pipeline with Amazon classification
SageMaker thresholds
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Generating model performance
SageMaker metrics
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Generating model performance
SageMaker metrics
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - Generating model performance
SageMaker metrics
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Hyperparameter and
Learning pipeline with Amazon model tuning
SageMaker
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - HyperparameterTuning
SageMaker
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - HyperparameterTuning
SageMaker
WEEK-8 Implementing a Machine Learnt about Amazon SageMaker
Learning pipeline with Amazon - HyperparameterTuning
SageMaker
WEEK-8 Introducing Forecasting Learnt about Forecasting
overview
WEEK-8 Introducing Forecasting Learnt about Processing time
series data

DATE:29-06-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-9 Brief description ofthe LearningOutcome

daily activity
DATE:06-07-2023

WEEK-9 Introducing Forecasting Learnt about Special considerations

for time series data & Using
AmazonForecast
WEEK-9 Introducing Forecasting Learnt about Creating a forecast
with AmazonForecast
WEEK-9 Introducing Forecasting Learnt about Creating a forecastwith
Amazon Forecast
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about computer vision
(CV)
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about Image and video
(CV) analysis &Facial recognition
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about Preparing custom
(CV) datasets for computervision
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about Creating the training
(CV) dataset
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about Evaluate and improve
(CV) your model
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about Guided Facial
(CV) Recognition
WEEK-9 Introducing Computer Vision Learnt about Guided Facial
(CV) Recognition

DATE:06-07-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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ACTIVITY LOG

WEEK-10 Brief description ofthe LearningOutcome

daily activity
DATE:13-07-2023
WEEK-10 Introducing Processing Natural Learnt about Overview of natural
language processing
WEEK-10 Introducing Processing Natural Learnt about Natural language
processingmanaged services
WEEK-10 Introducing Processing Natural Learnt about Natural language
processingmanaged services
WEEK-10 Introducing Natural Language Learnt about Amazon Lex -
Processing Create a chatbot
WEEK-10 Introducing Natural Language Learnt about Amazon Lex - Create
Processing a chatbot
WEEK-10 Sandbox environment Learnt aboutSandbox environment

WEEK-10 Sandbox environment Learnt aboutSandbox environment

WEEK-10 Sandbox environment Learnt aboutSandbox environment

WEEK-10 Sandbox environment Learnt aboutSandbox environment

DATE:13-07-2023 Person - In Charge Signature

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Student Self Evaluation of the Summer Internship

Student Name: Ayinala koteswararao Registration No: 21NG1A6102

Term of Internship: Summer internship From:May 2023 To: July 2023

Date of Evaluation:

Organization Name & Address: Usha Rama College of Engineering and Technology &
NH-16,Telaprolu,Ungutur mandalam,Near Gannavaram,Krishna District,Ap-521109

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: Letter grade of CGPA calculation to be provided

1 Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2 Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3 Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5
4 Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5
5 Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
6 Self – confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7 Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5
8 Work plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5
9 Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5
10 Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
11 Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5
12 Time management 1 2 3 4 5
13 Understanding the community 1 2 3 4 5
14 Achievement of Desired outcomes 1 2 3 4 5
15 Overall Performance 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

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Evaluation by the Supervisor of the Intern Organization

Student Name: Ayinala koteswararao Registration No: 21NG1A6102

Term of Internship: Summer internship From:May 2023 To: July 2023

Date of Evaluation:

Organization Name & Address: Usha Rama College of Engineering and Technology&
NH-16,Telaprolu,Ungutur mandalam,Near Gannavaram,Krishna District,Ap-521109

Name & Address of the Supervisor with Mobile Number:

Please rate the student’s performance in the following areas:

Please note that your evaluation shall be done independent of the Student’s self- evaluation

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1 Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2 Written communication 1 2 3 4 5
3 Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5
4 Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5
5 Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5
6 Self – confidence 1 2 3 4 5
7 Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5
8 Work plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5
9 Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5
10 Creativity 1 2 3 4 5
11 Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5
12 Time management 1 2 3 4 5
13 Understanding the community 1 2 3 4 5
14 Achievement of Desired outcomes 1 2 3 4 5
15 Overall Performance 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

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INTERNAL ASSESSMENT STATEMENT

Name Of the Student : AYINALA KOTESWARARAO

Program of Study : B. Tech

Year of Study : III

Group : DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Register No/H.T. No : 21NG1A6102

Name of the College : USHA RAMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHONOLOGY

University : JNTUK

Sl. No
Maximum Marks
Evaluation Criterion Marks Awarded

1. Activity Log 10

2. Internship Evaluation 30

3. Oral Presentation 10

GRAND TOTAL 50

Date: Signature of the Faculty Guide

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EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT STATEMENT

Name Of the Student : AYINALA KOTESWARARAO

Program of Study : B. Tech

Year of Study : III

Group : DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Register No/H.T. No : 21NG1A6102

Name of the College : USHA RAMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHONOLOGY

University : JNTUK

Maximum Marks
Sl. No Evaluation Criterion Marks Awarded

1. Internship Evaluation 10

For the grading giving by the Supervisor

2. oftheIntern Organization 20

3. Viva-Voice 20

TOTAL 50

Signature of the Faculty Guide Signature of the External Expert

Signature of the HOD with Seal

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cess Mining Virtual
Internship

USHA RAMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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