LECTURE 10: TWO-PORT NETWORKS

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 Two-port networks

• Hybrid (h and g) parameters

• Transmission (ABCD) parameters

• Cascaded Network Models

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 Hybrid (H)Parameters

H-parameters are defined as

I1 I2
V1  h11 h12   I1 
 I   h
+ +
   V1 Two port V2
 2   21 h22  V2  - network -

In scalar form
H-parameter is commonly used in
V1  h11I1 h12V2 transistor modeling
I 2  h21I1  h22V2 (input current I1 and output voltage V2
are independent parameters).
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 Hybrid (H)Parameters

The following is a popular model used to represent a particular variety

of transistors. I I
1 K1 2

+ + +

V1 K2V2 K4 V2
_ K3V1
_ _

We can write the following

V1  h11I1  h12V2
equations: I 2  h21I1 h22V2
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I1 K1 I2

+ + + V1  h11I1  h12V2
V1 K2V2
_ K3V1
K4 V2 I 2  h21I1 h22V2
_ _

V1 V1
h11   K1 h12   K2
I1 V 0 V2 I1 0
2

I2 I2 1
h21   K 3 K1 h22  
I1 V2 0
V2 I1 0
K4
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A network is reciprocal if

h12  h21

A network is symmetrical if

 H  h11h22  h12h21  1
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 Hybrid (H)Parameters

Numerical 1: Find the h-parameters of the circuit below.

Is the network reciprocal or symmetric?

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To obtain h12 and h22, we open-circuit the input port and connect a
voltage source V2 to the output port
6 2
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉2
6+3 3
𝑉1 2
⇒ ℎ12 = =
𝑉2 3

𝑉2 = 𝐼2(3 + 6) = 9𝐼2
𝐼2 1
⇒ ℎ22 = = 𝑆 Since h12 = -h21, network is reciprocal
𝑉2 9
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 Hybrid (H)Parameters

Numerical 2: Find the h-parameters of the circuit below.

Is the network reciprocal or symmetric?

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2Ω 4I1

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 2Ω 4I1

IIT Delhi 12
2Ω 4I1 V2

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 Inverse Hybrid (G)Parameters

 I1   g11 g12  V1 


V   g   
 2   21 g 22   I 2 
I1 I2
In scalar form + +
V1 Two port
V2
I1  g11V1  g12I2 - network -
V2  g21V1  g22 I2

g-parameters is an alternative form of hybrid representation.

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Inverse Hybrid (G)Parameters
I1 1 y12 y21 h22
g11    y11  
V1 I2 0
z11 y22 h

V2 z21 y h
g 21     21   21
V1 I 2 0
z11 y22 h

V2 z12 z21 1 h11

g 22   z 22   
I2 V1 0
z11 y22 h

I1 z12 y12 h12

g12    
I 2 V 0 z11 y22 h
1

where h  h11h22  h12 h21

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Inverse Hybrid Parameter Model

Inverse hybrid parameter model for a 2-port network

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Transmission (T or ABCD)Parameters

T–parameters or ABCD–parameters is a another set of

parameters relates the variables at the input port (V1 and I1)
to those at the output port (V2 and -I2).

They are called transmission parameters because they are

useful in the analysis of electrical transmission lines

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 I1 -I2 I 2
V1   A B   V2  + +
 I   C D   I  V1 Two port
V2
 1   2 - network -

In scalar form
V1  AV2  BI2 A
V1
B
V1
V2 I2
I1  CV2  DI2 I 2 0 V2 0

I1 I1
C D
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2 0
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Transmission (T or ABCD)Parameters

Numerical 1: Find the ABCD parameters of the circuit shown below.

Is the network reciprocal or symmetric?

I1 2Ω 4Ω I2

+ +

V1 10Ω V2

_ _

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Solution: For A and C, put I2 = 0 (output port is open circuit)

I1 2Ω V2  10I1
I1
+ + C   0.1S
V2
V1 10Ω V2
V1  2I1 V2
_ _
 V2  6
V1  2  V2  V2
 10  5
V1
 A   1.2
V2
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For B and D, put V2 = 0 (output port is short circuit)

I1 2Ω 4Ω I2 10
I2   I1
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+
D   
I1
 1.4
V1 10Ω I2
I1 + I2
_ V1  2 I 1  1 0 I 1  I 2 
V1  12I 1  1 0 I 2
 14 
 1.2 6.8 V1  12   I 2  10I 2
T      10 
0.1S 1.4 
V1
B   6.8
Since AD - BC = 1, network is reciprocal I2
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Numerical 2: Determine the T-parameters of the network below.
Is the network reciprocal or symmetrical?

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Since AD - BC = 1, network is reciprocal
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Transmission (T or ABCD)Parameters

Numerical 3: Determine the T-parameters of the network below.

Is the network reciprocal or symmetrical?

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4Ix

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4Ix

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 Cascaded 2-port networks
One of the most importance applications of the T-parameters
is in cascaded networks e.g. transmission lines.
I1 I2 I3 I4
+ + + +
V1 T1 V2 V3 T2 V4
- - -

V2  V3- ,  I 2  I3

V1   V2  V3   V4  V1   V4 

   T1      T2    I   T1T2  
 I1   I 2   I3   I 4   1  I 4 
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 Inverse T Parameters
-II11 I2
V2   A B V1  + +
 I   C
Two port

D I  V1 V2
 2   1 - network -

In scalar form
V2  AV1 BI1 A V2 V
B  2
V1 I1
I 2  CV1 DI1 I1 0 V1 0

I2 I
C D  2
V1 I1 0 I1 V1 0
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T-Network Model

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П-Network Model

Y12 = Y21

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 Terminated Two-Port Network

In typical applications, the network is driven at port 1 and loaded at port 2.

I1 I2
Zg
+ Two-port +
Vg + V1 V2 ZL
 network
- -

Zg represents the internal impedance of the source Vg

ZL is the load impedance.

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Few important metrics of the terminated two-port network are:

V1
i) input impedance, Z i 
I1
V2
ii) output impedance, Z o 
I2
I2
iii) current gain, A i 
I1
V2
iv) voltage gain, A v 
V1
V2
v) overall voltagegain, A g 
Vg
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