General

Chemistry 2 11
Quarter 3 – Module 09: Laboratory Procedures in Determining Concentration of
Solutions
First Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 2
11
Quarter 3
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module 09 on Laboratory

Procedures in Determining Concentration of Solutions

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Self-Learning Module 9 on Laboratory

Procedures in Determining Concentration of Solutions

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School STEM
students. The topic for this module is about the laboratory techniques and
preparations for solutions. Specifically, you are expected to:
1. explain how to prepare concentrations of solutions.
2. identify techniques used in preparing solutions with varied
concentrations.

PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer:
1. Which of the following statement is NOT correct?
A. Solution stoichiometry pertains to aspects of reactions in aqueous solution.
B. Dilution is preparing less concentrated solution from a concentrated one.
C. Quantitative analysis refers to descriptive concentration of a substance in a
sample.
D. Molarity is commonly used to express concentration in solution.
2. What is the difference between the endpoint and equivalence point in a titration?
A. The endpoint is when the pH is exactly 7
B. The equivalence point is when the pH is exactly 7
C. The endpoint and the equivalence point are the same thing.
D. The endpoint is always greater than the equivalence point
3. Hydrogen and chlorine react according to the equation:
H2 (g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
When this reaction is complete the vessel will contain
A. 5 mole of HCl C. 4 mole of HCl and 1 mole of Cl2
B. 6 mole of HCl and 1 mole of Cl2 D. 4 mole of HCl and mole of H2
4. Water is added to 25.0 mL of 0.866 M KNO3 solution until the volume of the solution
is exactly 500 mL. What is the concentration of the final solution?
A. 0. 0433 M B. 0. 0403 M C. 0.3822 g D. 0.3922 g
5. How many grams of of KHP (Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate) are needed to neutralize
18.64 mL of a 0.1004 M NaOH solution?

A. 0. 0382 g B. 0. 40 g C. 0.3822 g D. 0.3922 g

 Identify the terms that correspond to the definitions which are given on the
second column. Use the word list as guide.

TERM DEFINITION
1. The amount of a substance that contains 6.02 x 10 23
particles.
2. An example of solid dissolved in solids.
3. A ratio expressing the number of moles of solute in one
liter of solution.
4. A ratio expressing the number of moles of solute in one
kilogram of solvent.
5. A ratio of moles of solute in a solution to the total number
of moles of both solvent and solute.
6. A measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved
in a given amount of solvent.
7. Solution concentration in parts of solute per 100 parts of
solution.

LESSON
Since you have learned about concentration of solutions, you can now
examine the quantitative aspects or solution stoichiometry aspects of reactions in
aqueous solution or known as solution stoichiometry. This module will focus on the
preparations of solutions and on the techniques that are important in studying
solution stoichiometry.

Preparation of Solutions

To study stoichiometry you must know how much of the reactants are
present in a solution and how to control the amounts of reactants to be used to come
up with a desired reaction in aqueous solution.

The procedure for preparing a solution of known is as follows:

 In order to prepare a solution that contains a specified concentration of a
substance, it is necessary to dissolve the desired number of moles of solute in
enough solvent to give the desired final volume of solution.

1. The solute is accurately weighed and transferred to a volumetric flask using

a funnel.
2. A small amount of distilled water ( just enough to cover the solid) is added to
the flask, which is then swirled to dissolve the solid.
3. After all the solid has dissolved, more water is added slowly to bring to the
level of solution exactly to the volume mark.
4. Knowing the volume of the solution in the flask and the quantity of the
compound dissolved, you can calculate the molarity of the solution.

Sample Preparation:
The procedure in preparing for a solution of Cobalt (II) chloride di hydrate in
ethanol is illustrated in Figure 1. Note that the volume of the solvent is not
specified. Because the solute occupies space in the solution, the volume of the
solvent needed is almost always less than the desired volume of solution. For
example, if the desired volume were 1.00 L, it would be incorrect to add 1.00 L of
water to 342 g of sucrose because that would produce more than 1.00 L of
solution.

Figure 1. Preparation of a Solution of Known Concentration Using a Solid Solute

Sample Problem1: The solution contains 10.0 g of Cobalt (II) chloride dihydrate,
CoCl2 ∙2 H2O , in enough ethanol to make exactly 500 mL of solution. What is the
molar concentration of CoCl2 ∙ 2H2O ?

Given: mass of solute and volume of solution

Find: concentration (M)
Strategy:
∙
To find the number of moles of CoCl2 2 H2O, divide the mass of the compound by
its molar mass. Calculate the molarity of the solution by dividing the number of
moles by the volume of the solution in liters.
Solution:

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, so molarity of the
solution is

molarity = 0.0603 mol = 0.121 M CoCl2 ∙ 2H2O

0.500 L
Ion Concentrations in Solution
Ammonium dichromate is an ionic compound that contains two NH 4+ ions
and one Cr2O7 2- ion per formula unit. Like other ionic compounds, it is a strong
electrolyte that dissociates in aqueous solution to give hydrated NH 4 + and Cr2O7 2-
ions:

Thus, 1 mol of ammonium dichromate formula units dissolves in water to

produce 1 mol of Cr2O7 2- anions and 2 mol of NH 4 + cations ( refer to Figure 2)

Figure 2. Dissolution of 1 mol of an Ionic Compound. In this case, dissolving 1 mol of

(NH4)2Cr2O7 produces a solution that contains 1 mol of Cr2O7 2- ions and 2 mol of NH4 + ions.
 When carrying out a chemical reaction using a solution of a salt such as
ammonium dichromate, it is important to know the concentration of each ion present
in the solution. If a solution contains 1.43 M (NH4)2Cr 2O7, then the concentration of
Cr2O7 2- must also be 1.43 M because there is one mole of Cr2O7 2- ion per formula
unit. However, there are two moles of NH 4 + ions per formula unit, so the
concentration of NH 4 + ions is 2 × 1.43 M = 2.86 M. Because each formula unit of
(NH4)2Cr2O7 produces three ions when dissolved in water (2NH4 ++ 1 Cr2 O7 2-), the
total concentration of ions in the solution is 3 × 1.43 M = 4.29 M.

Laboratory Techniques in Quantitative Analysis for Solution

Gravimetric analysis and titration. These techniques or laboratory
procedures are important tools of quantitative analysis which is the determination of
amount or concentration of a substance in a sample.

1. Gravimetric Analysis is an analytical technique based on the measurement of

mass. One type o gravimetric analysis experiment involves the isolation, formation
and mass determination of a precipitate. In general, this procedure is usually applied
to ionic compounds. First, a sample substance of unknown composition is dissolved
in water and allowed to react with another substance to form a precipitate. Then, the
precipitate is filtered off, dried, and weighed. Identifying the mass and chemical
formula of the precipitate formed, you can calculate the mass of particular
component which is the anion or cation, of the original sample. Finally, from the
mass of the component and the mass of original sample, you can be able to determine
the percent composition by mass of the component of the original compound.
A reaction that is often studied in gravimetric analysis, because the reactants
can be obtained in pure form, is

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → NaNO3 ( aq) + AgCl (s)

The net ionic equation is:

Ag+) ( aq) + Cl- → AgCl (s)

The precipitate is silver chloride.

For example, you want to determine experimentally the percent by mass of Cl in

NaCl. First, you need to weigh out accurately a sample of NaCl and dissolve in water.
Next you will add enough AgNO3 solution to the NaCl solution to cause the precipitate
of all the Cl- ions present in solution as AgCl . With this procedure, NaCl is the
limiting reagent and AgNO3 is the excess reagent. The AgCl precipitate is separated
from the solution by filtration, dried, and weighed. From the measured mass of AgCl,
you can calculate the mass of Cl using the percent by mass of Cl in AgCl. Because
this same amount of Cl was present in the original NaCl sample, you can calculate
the percent by mass of Cl in NaCl. Figure 2 shows how this procedure is done.
 Gravimetric analysis is considered as highly accurate technique, since the
mass of a sample can be measured accurately. However, this procedure is applicable
only to reactions that undergo completely or have nearly 100 percent yield. Now, if
AgCl were slightly insoluble instead of being insoluble, it will not be possible to
remove all the Cl- ions from NaCl solution and the computations would be in error.

Let us now have sample problem involving gravimetric experiment.

Sample Problem 2:
A 0.5662 g sample of an ionic compound containing chloride ions and
unknown metal is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of AgNO3. If 1.0882
g of AgCl precipitate form, what is the percent by mass of Cl in the original
compound? (Source: Chemistry by Chang, 2005).

Strategy:
You are asked to calculate the percent by mass of Cl in the unknown sample,
which is

The only source of Cl- ions is the original compound. These chloride ions eventually
end up in the AgCl precipitate. Can you calculate the mass of Cl- ions if you know
the percent by mass of Cl in AgCl?

Solution:
The molar mass of Cl and AgCl are 35.45 g and 143.4 g. Therefore, the percent
by mass of Cl in AgCl is given by
Next, you calculate the mass of Cl in 1.0882 g of AgCl. Todo this, you convert 24.72
percent to 0.2472 and write mass of Cl
Cl = 0.2472 x 1.0882 g = 0.2690 g
Because the original compound also containedthis amount of Cl - ions, the percent by
mass of Cl in the compound is

% Cl =

2. Acid Base Titrations

Quantitative studies regarding acid- base neutralization reactions are most

conveniently varied out using a technique known as titration. In this process, you
can measure the acidity or basicity of a solution by comparing with a standard acid
or base solution. A typical titration analysis involves the use of a buret to make
incremental additions of a solution containing a known concentration of some
substance (the titrant) to a sample solution containing the substance whose
concentration is to be measured (the analyte). The titrant and analyte undergo a
chemical reaction of known stoichiometry, and so measuring the volume of titrant
solution required for complete reaction with the analyte (the equivalence point of the
titration) allows calculation of the analyte concentration. The equivalence point of
a titration may be detected visually if a distinct change in the appearance of the
sample solution accompanies the completion of the reaction. Regardless of the
approach taken to detect a titration’s equivalence point, the volume of titrant actually
measured is called the end point.

In titration shown in Figure 2 , a solution of accurately known concentration

called a standard solution, is gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration, until such time that a chemical reaction between two solutions is
completed. If you know the volumes of the standard and unknown solutions used in
titration, together with the concentration of the standard solution, you can be able
to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution.
 For example, Eleana , in her chemistry class, wanted to find out if a certain
brand of vinegar in the grocery conformed with the requirement of the Bureau of
Standards that commercial vinegar should have at least 4% acetic acid. She rinsed
two burettes with distilled water, and then set them up as in Figure . She filled
one burette with standard base, 0.15 M NaOH. She filled the other with vinegar.
Then, she ran down 5.5 mL o vinegar rom the acid burette into a beaker. She added
a drop of phenolphthalein. The solution can be described as colorless.

Next, Eleana, placed the beaker beneath the base burette, finally, she ran
down the base, flowing at first, and then drop by drop until the vinegar started to
turn pink. This is now the end point of the titration. Eleana performed the so called
titration.

Sample Problem 3:
In a titration experiment, a student finds that 23.48mL of NaOH
solution are needed to neutralize 0.5468 g of KHP. What is the concentration (in
molarity ) of the NaOH solution?

Solution:

First, calculate the number of moles of KHP consumed in the titration:

1mole KHP
Moles of KHP = 0.5468
KHP X g
204.2 g KHP
= 2.678 X 10 -3 mole of KHP
Because 1 mol KHP = 1 mol NaOH, there must be 2.678 X 10 -3 mole of NaOH in
23.48 mL of NaOH solution. Finally, calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 1 L
of the solution or the molarity:
2.678 X 10 -3 mol NaOH
Molarity of NaOH soln = X
23.48 mL soln

= 0.1141 mol NaOH /1 L soln = 0.1141 M

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Give the difference between:

1. Solute and solvent
2. Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis
3. Analyte and titrant
Activity 2. Fill in the blanks: Choose the correct answer from the given choices:

The concentration of a substance is the quantity of 1.) (solute,

solvent) present in a given quantity of solution. 2. Concentrations, are usually
expressed in terms of 2.) (molarity, molality ) defined as the number of
moles of solute in 1 L of solution. 3. (Solutions, Solvent) of known
concentration can be prepared either by dissolving a known 4. ( mass of
solute , volume of solute ) in a solvent and diluting to a desired final volume or by
diluting the appropriate volume of a more concentrated solution to the desired final
volume.

Activity 3. Solve the following:

1. A 20.00-mL sample of aqueous oxalic acid, H2C2O4, was titrated with a

0.09113-M solution of potassium permanganate, KMnO 4.

A volume of 23.24 mL was required to reach the end point. What is the molarity
of oxalic acid ?

2. How many grams of glucose , C6 H12 O6 would you need to prepare 2.0 l of 2
% glucose solution?

WRAP-UP
To summarize your lessons, fill up the blanks to complete the sentences.

To study stoichiometry you must know how much of the 1. are present in
a solution and also how to control the amounts of reactants to be used to come up a
reaction in aqueous solution. ( reactants, product)
2. analysis is the determination of amount or concentration of a
substance in a sample. ( qualitative, quantitative )
3. considered as highly accurate technique, since the mass of a sample can
be measured accurately. ( gravimetric analysis, titration)
4. This procedure is usually applied to compounds.(ionic, covalent)
5. A typical titration analysis involves the use of a (buret, flask)
 VALUING
In this time of pandemic, one of the programs implemented in the different
barangays is encouraging each barangay households to plant vegetables in the
spaces available to them. Your neighbors eagerly participated in this campaign, but
they found out that the soil they have for planting has low pH. What advice can you
give them to make the soil good for the plants?

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer:

1. In preparing solution sample, a known amount of solid solute is transferred to a

, then water is added to it using a funnel.
A. Volumetric flask C. Erlenmeyer flask
B. Graduated cylinder D. Beaker
2. Which of the following set of apparatuses are used in titration process?
A. buret, iron ring and stand, volumetric flask, beaker
B. iron stand, volumetric flask , Erlenmeyer flask
C. buret, Erlenmeyer flask, buret clamp, iron stand
D. iron stand , utility clamp, volumetric flask, buret
3. The end point in a titration of a 50.00-mL sample of aqueous HCl was reached
by addition of 35.23 mL of 0.250 M NaOH titrant. The titration reaction is:

What is the molarity of the HCl?

A. 0.176 M HCl B. 1.76 M HCl C. 0.0176 M HCl D. 17.6 M HCl

4. A sample of 0.6760 g of an unknown compound containing barium ions ( Ba2+) is

dissolved in water and treated with an excess of Na2 SO4 . If the masses of the
BaSO4 precipitate formed is 0.4105 g, what is the percent by mass of Ba in the
original unknown compound?
A. 37.52 % B. 35.72 % C. 32.57% D. 37.72 %

5. What is the concentration ( in molarity ) of a NaOH solution if 25.0 mL of the

solution are needed to neutralize 17.4 ml of a 0.312 M HCl solution?
A. 0.217 M B. 0.127 M C. 0.271 M D. 0.712 M
References
Chang, Raymond. 2005. "Chemistry 8th edition." Newyork. McGraw Hill.

n.d. https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-of-general-chemistry-v1.0/s08-03-
stoichiometry-of-reactions-in-.html. Accessed September 2020.

n.d. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04._Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.5%3A_Concen
tration_of_Solutions. Accessed September 2020.

n.d. https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-5-quantitative-chemical-analysis. Accessed

September 2020.

n.d. https://spotlightedu.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/practice-multiple-choice-questions.pdf.
Accessed September 2020.

Maderal, Chona, Ma. Cristina C. Domingo, and Roberto V. Anir. 2005. CHEMISTRY Skills Builder and
Exercises. Quezon City: Great Minds Book Sales, Inc.