EPM - 21CV753 Module-1 Notes

Environmental Protection and Management 21CV753
Module -1 Environmental Management Standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines an environmental management
system as “part of the management system used to manage environmental aspects, fulfill compliance
obligations, and address risks and opportunities.”
Unique characteristics of Environmental Problems
1. Genetic Modification Of Crops
Environmental issues caused by man-made chemicals are becoming clearer. For example, there has
been a 90% reduction in the Monarch butterfly population in the United States that can be linked to
weed killers that contain glyphosate.
There is also some speculation that genetically-modified plants may leak chemical compounds into soil
through their roots, possibly affecting communities of microorganisms.
2. Waste Production
The average person produces 4.3 pounds of waste per day, with the United States alone accounting for
220 million tons per year. Much of this waste ends up in landfills, which generate enormous amounts
of methane.
Not only does this create explosion hazards, but methane also ranks as one of the worst of the
greenhouse gases because of its high global warming potential.
3. Population Growth
Many of the issues listed here result from the massive population growth that Earth has experienced in
the last century. The planet’s population grows by 1.13% per year, which works out to 80 million
people.
This results in a number of issues, such as a lack of fresh water, habitat loss for wild animals, overuse
of natural resources and even species extinction. The latter is particularly damaging, as the planet is
now losing 30,000 species per year.
4. Water Pollution
Fresh water is crucial to life on Earth, yet more sources are being polluted through human activities
each year. On a global scale, 2 million tons of sewage, agricultural and industrial waste enters the
world’s water every day.
Water pollution can have harmful effects outside of contamination of the water we drink. It also
disrupts marin
5. Overfishing
It is estimated that 63% of global fish stocks are now considered overfished. This has led to many
fishing fleets heading to new waters, which will only serve to deplete fish stocks further.
Overfishing leads to a misbalance of ocean life, severely affecting natural ecosystems in the process.
Furthermore, it also has negative effects on coastal communities that rely on fishing to support their
economies.
e life, sometimes altering reproductive cycles and increasing mortality rates.
6. Deforestation
The demands of an increasing population has resulted in increasing levels of deforestation. Current
estimates state that the planet is losing 80,000 acres of tropical forests per day. This results in loss of
habitat for many species, placing many at risk and leading to large-scale extinction. Furthermore,
deforestation is estimated to produce 15% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Prof. Sathish Y A, Department of Civil Engineering, SJCIT, Chickballapur 1
7. Urban Sprawl
The continued expansion of urban areas into traditionally rural regions is not without its problems.
Urban sprawl has been linked to environmental issues like air and water pollution increases, in addition
to the creation of heat-islands.
Satellite images produced by NASA have also shown how urban sprawl contributes to forest
fragmentation, which often leads to larger deforestation
8. Acid Rain
Acid rain comes as a result of air pollution, mostly through chemicals released into the environment
when fuel is burned. Its effects are most clearly seen in aquatic ecosystems, where increasing acidity in
the water can lead to animal deaths.
It also causes various issues for trees. Though it doesn’t kill trees directly, acid rain does weaken them
by damaging leaves, poisoning the trees and limiting their available nutrients.
9. Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone depletion is caused by the release of chemicals, primarily chlorine and bromide, into the
atmosphere. A single atom of either has the potential to destroy thousands of ozone molecules before
leaving the stratosphere.
Ozone depletion results in more UVB radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. UVB has been linked to
skin cancer and eye disease, plus it affects plant life and has been linked to a reduction of plankton in
marine environments.
10. Ocean Acidification
Ocean acidification is the term used to describe the continued lowering of the pH levels of the Earth’s
oceans as a result of carbon dioxide emissions. It is estimated that ocean acidity will increase by 150%
by 2100 if efforts aren’t made to halt it.
This increase in acidification can have dire effect on calcifying species, such as shellfish. This causes
issues throughout the food chain and may lead to reductions in aquatic life that would otherwise not be
affected by acidification.
11. Air Pollution

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly dangerous problem, particularly in heavily-populated cities.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has found that 80% of people living in urban areas are exposed
to air quality levels deemed unfit by the organization.
It is also directly linked to other environmental issues, such as acid rain and eutrophication. Animals
and humans are also at risk of developing a number of health problems due to air pollution.
12. Lowered Biodiversity

Continued human activities and expansion has led to lowered biodiversity. A lack of biodiversity
means that future generations will have to deal with increasing vulnerability of plants to pests and
fewer sources of fresh water.
Some studies have found that lowered biodiversity has as pronounced an impact as climate change and
pollution on ecosystems, particularly in areas with higher amounts of species extinction.
13. The Nitrogen Cycle
With most of the focus being placed on the carbon cycle, the effects of human use of nitrogen often
slips under the radar. It is estimated that agriculture may be responsible for half of the nitrogen fixation
on earth, primarily through the use and production of man-made fertilizers.
Excess levels of nitrogen in water can cause issues in marine ecosystems, primarily through
overstimulation of plant and algae growth. This can result in blocked intakes and less light getting to
deeper waters, damaging the rest of the marine population.
14. Natural Resource Use
Recent studies have shown that humanity uses so many natural resources that we would need almost
1.5 Earths to cover our needs. This is only set to increase as industrialization continues in nations like
China and India.
Increased resource use is linked to a number of other environmental issues, such as air pollution and
population growth. Over time, the depletion of these resources will lead to an energy crisis, plus the
chemicals emitted by many natural resources are strong contributors to climate change.
15. Transportation
An ever-growing population needs transportation, much of which is fueled by the natural resources that
emit greenhouse gases, such as petroleum. In 2014, transportation accounted for 26% of all greenhouse
gas emissions.
Transportation also contributes to a range of other environmental issues, such as the destruction of
natural habitats and increase in air pollution.
16. Polar Ice Caps

The issue of the melting of polar ice caps is a contentious one. While NASA studies have shown that
the amount of ice in Antarctica is actually increasing, these rises only amount to a third of what is being
lost in the Arctic.
There is strong evidence to suggest that sea levels are rising, with the Arctic ice caps melting being a
major contributor. Over time, this could lead to extensive flooding, contamination of drinking water
and major changes in ecosystems.
17. Climate Change
The majority of the issues previously listed contribute or are linked to climate change. Statistics created
by NASA state that global temperatures have risen by 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880, which is
directly linked to a reduction in Arctic ice of 13.3% per decade.The effects of climate change are
widespread, as it will cause issues with deforestation, water supplies, oceans and ecosystems. Each of
these have widespread implications of their own, marking climate change as the major environmental
issue the planet faces today.

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Environmental Protection and Management 21CV753

Module -1 Environmental Management Standards

11. Air Pollution

12. Lowered Biodiversity

16. Polar Ice Caps

Prof. Sathish Y A, Department of Civil Engineering, SJCIT, Chickballapur 3

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