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Laws of Motion

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13 views5 pages

Laws of Motion

class note doc.

Uploaded by

enochsemilore22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Momentum (p)
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of a body.
Momentum p = mv

Impulse (I)
Impulse is the product of force acting on a body and the time it acts.
Impulse is a measure of the impact of collision. It consists of very large force acting for a very0
short time.
I = Ft
Momentum and impulse are vectors with same unit Ns (kgm/s)

Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Newton’s first law of motion (Law of inertia)


A body will continue in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon
by an external force.
This tendency of bodies to remain in their state of rest or of uniform linear motion is called
inertia.

Inertia mass is defined as the quantitative measure of the reluctance of a body to move from rest
or to stop when in uniform motion.

Newton’s second law of motion


The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and takes
place in the direction of the applied force.
F α change in momentum
Time
mv – mu
Fα t
mv – mu
Fα𝑘( )
t
But k = 1
mv – mu
∴F= .............i
t
m(v – u)
F= t
𝑣–𝑢
But 𝑡
=a
∴ F = ma
From eqn (i),
Ft = mv – mu
OR Impulse = change in momentum

Example 1
A car of mass 600 kg, moving with a forward acceleration of 5 ms-2 is acted upon by a constant
resistive force of 1000 N. Calculate the force from the engine to maintain this forward
acceleration.
Solution
Net force = ma
F – 1000 = ma
F = ma + 1000
= 600 x 5 + 1000
= 3000 + 1000
= 4000 N = 4 kN
Example 2
When taking a penalty kick, a footballer applies a force of 30.0 N for a period of 0.05 s. If the
mass of the ball is 0.075 kg, calculate the speed with which the ball moves off.
Solution
F = 30.0 N, t = 0.05 s, m = 0.075 kg, u = 0 m/s (from rest)
Impulse = change in momentum

 Ft = m(v – u)
30 x 0.05 = 0.075(v – 0)
1.5 = 0.075v
1.5
v=
0.075
v = 20 m/s

Newton‘s Third Law of Motion

Action and reaction are equal and opposite or for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Conservation of Linear Momentum and Conservation Of Energy

The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that if two or more bodies collide in a
closed system, the total momentum after the collision is equal to the total momentum before
the collision.

Conservation of momentum and energy in collision

Take u1, u2, and v1, v2 as the initial and final velocities of two colliding bodies of masses m 1 and
m 2.

Elastic collision
In elastic collision both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
1 1 1 1
Conservation of kinetic energy: m1u12 + 2m2u22 = 2m1v12 + 2m2v22
2

Inelastic collision
In this case, only momentum is conserved. The kinetic energy decreases as the two objects stick
together1. The objects move with the same velocity in the same direction.

Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)V


Conservation of Linear Momentum and Conservation Of Energy

The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that if two or more bodies collide in a
closed system, the total momentum after the collision is equal to the total momentum before
the collision.

Conservation of momentum and energy in collision

Take u1, u2, and v1, v2 as the initial and final velocities of two colliding bodies of masses m 1 and
m 2.

Elastic collision
In elastic collision both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
1 1 1 1
Conservation of kinetic energy: m1u12 + 2m2u22 = 2m1v12 + 2m2v22
2
Inelastic collision
In this case, only momentum is conserved. The kinetic energy decreases as the two objects stick
together2. The objects move with the same velocity in the same direction.

Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v


K.E after collision
1
Ek2 = 2(m1 + m2)v2
1
= 2(4 + 2) x 1.332
1
= 2 x 6 x 1.332
= 5.31 J
c) Loss in K.E = Ek1 - Ek2
= 22 – 5.31 = 16.69 J

Applications of Newton’s laws and the laws of conservation of momentum


1. Recoil of a gun
Before the gun is fired, the bullet and the gun have zero initial velocity (at rest). If m1 and
m2 are the masses of the bullet and the gun; v1 the velocity at which the bullet leaves the
gun; while v2 is the recoil velocity of the gun,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

2
Part of the kinetic energy (K.E) is converted to sound, heat, etc.
m1 x 0 + m2 x 0 = m1v1 + m2v2
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
∴ m1v1 = - m2v2
0
2. Jet and rocket propulsion
A blast of hot gas is forced out through the exhaust nozzle with high velocity and
momentum; an equal momentum is imparted to the rocket or jet aircraft in the opposite
direction which propels it forward.

3. Revolving lawn sprinkler


The momentum due to the high velocity jet of water from the two nozzles in opposite
direction sets up a couple which makes the sprinkler to revolve.

Example 1
A 3 kg rifle lies on a smooth table when it suddenly discharges, firing a bullet of 0.02 kg with a
speed of 500 m/s. Calculate the recoil speed of the gun
Solution
m1 = 0.02 kg, v1 = 500 m/s, m2 = 3 kg, v2 = ?
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
v2 = - m1v1
m2
0.02 𝑥 500
v2 = - 3
v2 = -3.33 m/s

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