AIR UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Database Management System

Lab Manual No. 2

SQL DDL and DML Commands

CLO’s:

CLO-1

Semester:

Spring 2020
 AIR UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SQL DML Commands

SELECT,SELECT DISTINCT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,ORDER BY,AND/OR

SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data
Definition Language (DDL).
The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:
• SELECT - extracts data from a database
• UPDATE - updates data in a database
• DELETE - deletes data from a database
• INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. It also define indexes
(keys), specify links between tables, and impose constraints between tables.

The most important DDL statements in SQL are:

• CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
• ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
• CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
• ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
• DROP TABLE - deletes a table
• CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
• DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new record or row in a table.
SQL INSERT INTO Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their values:
 AIR UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

SQL INSERT INTO Example

We have the following "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table. We use

the following SQL statement:

INSERT INTO Persons

VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

Insert Data Only in Specified Columns

It is also possible to only add data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will add a new row, but only add data in the "P_Id",
"LastName" and the "FirstName" columns:
 AIR UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)

VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob

SQL UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which
record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be
updated!

SQL UPDATE Example

The "Persons" table:
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger
4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger
5 Tjessem Jakob

Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table. We
use the following SQL statement:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

SQL UPDATE Warning

Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause in the example
above, like this:
UPDATE Persons
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'

The "Persons" table would have looked like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Nissestien 67 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Nissestien 67 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Nissestien 67 Sandnes

4 Nilsen Johan Nissestien 67 Sandnes

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table. The
DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column=some_value

Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which
record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be
deleted!

SQL DELETE Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

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ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

5 Tjessem Jakob Nissestien 67 Sandnes

Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:
DELETE FROM Persons
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger

Delete All Rows

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM table_name or

DELETE * FROM table_name
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!

SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.The result is stored in a result
table, called the result-set.
The syntax used for SELECT query is:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

and
SELECT * FROM table_name

Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.

Example
The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from
the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The result-set will look like this:

LastName FirstName

Hansen Christ

Svendson Tove

Pettersen Michael

SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT
statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons

Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns! The
result-set will look like this:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

In a table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. This is not a problem, however,
sometimes you will want to list only the different (distinct) values in a table.
The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values. Its
Syntax is:
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name

Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Christ Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Michael Storgt 20 Stavanger

Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table above
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

City
Sandnes
Stavanger
 AIR UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Lab Tasks:
TASK 1:
Create the following table using SQL and using the INSERT INTO command, insert the
following values in the table created.
Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H

Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Ikram 09 DIP

Hassan 10
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TASK 2:
Using the UPDATE statement, update the above table for the following values:

Name Reg_No Courses Course_Code Offered_By

Ali 01 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Basit 02 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Akram 03 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Asad 04 DBMS 1002 Mr. X

Zeeshan 05 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Muneer 06 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Shafqat 07 NM 1004 Mr. H

Ahsan 08 OS 1003 Mr. Y

Ikram 09 DIP 1001 Mr. A

Hassan 10 DSP 1005 Mr. Z

TASK 3:

Select distinct values from the above two tables for the last three columns.
 AIR UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT