Chemistry

Q: 12 Explain the following with reasons:
i) Sodium is softer than copper but both are very good electrical conductors.?
The force in metallic solids depend upon number of valence electrons. Greater the number of valence
electrons, stronger the forces. Sodium has a lesser number of electrons in its valence shell, therefore it
has weak forces. Copper has more number of valence electrons, therefore, it has stronger forces. Thus,
due to weaker forces, sodium is softer than copper.
However, both are metals and have free electrons. Hence, both are good conductors of electricity.
However, due to more free electrons in Cu, it is a better conductor than Na.
ii) Diamond is hard but an electrical insulator?
In Dimond, each carbon is sp3 hybridized. Each carbon is linked to four other carbon atoms through
covalent bonds. Due to strong bonding in diamond, it is hard.
However, in diamond crystal free electrons are not present. There, it cannot conduct electricity. Hence,
it is an electrical insulator.
iii) Sodium chloride and Caesium chloride have different structures.?
NaCl and CsCl have different structure. It is because Na+ ion is smaller than Cs+ ion. Thus, Na+ is
surrounded by only 6 Cl- ions in NaCl crystal and its co-ordination no. is only 6. While due to larger size
of Cs+ ions, it is surrounded by 8 Cl- ions. Thus, its co-ordination number is 8.
Moreover, due to different sizes of Na+ and Cs+ ions, both NaCl and CsCl have different radius ratio.
Hence, both NaCl and CsCl have different structures. NaCl have face-centered cubic lattice and CsCl have
body centered cubic lattice.
iv) Iodine dissolves readily in tetra chloromethane.
Generally, polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, while non-polar dissolves in non-polar
solvents. Since I2 is non-polar and tetrachloromethane (CCl4) is also non-polar. Hence, I2 dissolve in
CCl4.
v) The Vapour pressure of the solids is far less than those of liquids.
In Solids, intermolecular forces are must stronger than liquids. Thus, it is very difficult to vaporize solids.
Hence, solids have far less Vapour pressure than liquids.
vi) Amorphous solids like glass is also called super cooled liquid.
True solids have ordered arrangement of particles, while liquids have somewhat random structure.
Amorphous solids have definite shape and volume. However, these random arrangements of particles.
Thus, their molecular structure is more like liquids. Hence, amorphous solids are called as super cooled
liquids.
e.g. glass, rubber etc.

vii) Cleavage of the crystals is itself anisotropic behavior.
Each crystal has definite arrangement of particles. Therefore, a crystal can be broken easily in a
particular plane only and not in any other plane. Thus, cleavage depends upon the direction of plane.
The properties, which depend upon direction, are called anisotropic properties. Hence, cleavage is an
anisotropic behavior. e.g. Mica crystal consists of a large number of parallel sheets. These sheets can be
easily separated only parallel to their lengths.
viii) The crystals showing isomorphism mostly have the same atomic rations.
A crystalline form does not depend upon the chemical nature of atoms. It only depends upon, no of
atoms, sizes of atoms and way of combination of atoms.
Hence, substances with same no of atoms i.e. same atomic ratio, generally, have same crystal structure
and hence they are isomorphous. e.g. Both NaNo3 and KNO3 have same ration of atoms (1:1:3) and
therefore have same structure (rhombohedral).
ix) One of the unit cell angles of Hexagonal crystal is 1200
In Hexagonal crystal, one of the angles is of 1200. It is present inside the hexagon as shown in the fig. e.g.
graphite has hexagonal crystal.
x) The electrical conductivity of the metals decreases by increasing temperature.
A metal consists of sea of free electrons in which positive nuclei are present at definite positions. The
electrical conductivity of metals is due to the motion of free electrons. Sometimes the electrical
conductivity of metals decreases with increase in temperature.
It is because, increase in temperature increases the vibrational motion of positive nuclei. These nuclei
produce hindrance in the motion of free electrons. Hence electrical conductivity decreases.
xi) In the closet packing of atoms of metals, only 74% space is occupied.
In close-packed structure, layers of metal atoms in the from of spheres are present over each other. In
the arrangement, spaces are left behind in the layers as shown in the fig. These spaces are called
interstices or crevices. Due to these spaces, volume occupied by atoms of metal is less than the total
available volume. Thus, it has been found that in close-atoms of metal is less than the total available
volume. Thus, it has been found that in close-packed structure of metals, 74% of the total volume is
occupied. The unutilized 26% space consists of interstices.
xii) Ionic crystal doesn’t conduct electricity in the solid state. OR ionic solids are insulators in
solid state but become conductor when dissolved in water. Explain.
Ionic crystals do not conduct electricity in solid state. It is because, in solid form, ions have fixed position
and therefore they cannot conduct electricity.
However, these conduct electricity in molten state or in aqueous solution. Because in these forms,
crystal lattice is broken up and ions become free. These ions can conduct electricity.
xiii) Ionic crystals are highly brittle.
It is because, ionic crystals consist of parallel layers in which cations and anions are present in
alternate positions.
Thus, when a force is applied on the crystal. One layer of ions slides a little bit over the other layer,
in the way like ions come in front of each other, which repel each other and thus a crystal is broken
and show brittleness.
Q: 2. (i) Examples of ionic solids.

Examples: NaCl, BaCl2, K2SO4 etc.
(ii) Examples of molecular solids.
Examples:
 Polar molecular solids: Ice, Sugar

 Non-Polar molecular Solids: Iodine, Sulphur, P, CO2 etc.
(iii) Covalent Macromolecular solids:
Examples: Diamond, Sic etc.
What are the Factors which determine whether each of these types of solid will dissolve in water
or not?
The general solubility principle is “Like Dissolve Like”. Thus, polar substances dissolve in polar
solvents and non-polar substances dissolves in non-polar solvents. Water is a polar solvent.
Following factors affect the solubility of substances in water.
I. Polarity: Polar substances dissolve in water easily.

II. Lattice Energy: Higher is the lattice energy, difficult is the crystal lattice to break, therefore,
lesser is the solubility.
III. Size of ions/molecules: The solubility of a substance in water decreases with increase in
size of ions/ molecules.

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Q: 12 Explain the following with reasons:

ii) Diamond is hard but an electrical insulator?

iii) Sodium chloride and Caesium chloride have different structures.?

iv) Iodine dissolves readily in tetra chloromethane.

e.g. glass, rubber etc.

ix) One of the unit cell angles of Hexagonal crystal is 1200

x) The electrical conductivity of the metals decreases by increasing temperature.

Q: 2. (i) Examples of ionic solids.

(ii) Examples of molecular solids.

 Polar molecular solids: Ice, Sugar

(iii) Covalent Macromolecular solids:

Examples: Diamond, Sic etc.

I. Polarity: Polar substances dissolve in water easily.

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