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Unit-1 Pending Multiplexing

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12 views5 pages

Unit-1 Pending Multiplexing

Uploaded by

Malli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiplexing

Definition:-
It is the sharing of a medium (or) bandwidth. It is the process of
“multiple signals coming from multiple sources are combined and
transmitted over a single communication/physical line ”.

There are Five types of Multiplexing :

 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)


 Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
 Code-division multiplexing (CDM)
 Space-division multiplexing (SDM)
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):-
It is a type of multiplexing i.e The bandwidth of a single
physical medium is divided into a number of smaller, independent
frequency channels.

Example:- Radio and Television transmission


In FDM, The bandwidth is divided into frequency channels. In order to
prevent the inter-channel cross talk, unused strips (band) of bandwidth must be
placed between each channel. These unused strips between each channel are
known as “guardbands”.

 it cannot utilize the full capacity of the cable .


 In FDM, Analog signals are used to transmission.
 The process is simple and easy to modulate (adjust)
 Time Division Multiplexing:-
It is defined by using FDM, In FDM, The bandwidth is divided into frequency
channels. But in TDM, time is shared.
Each connection occupies a portion of time in the link. In TDM, all signals can
perform with the same frequency (bandwidth) at different times.

There are two types of Time Division Multiplexing:


 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
 Statistical (or Asynchronous) Time Division Multiplexing
 Synchronous TDM :
 The input frame already has a slot in the output frame. Time slots are
grouped into frames. One frame consists of one cycle of time slots.
 It is not efficient because if the input frame has no data to send, a slot
remains empty in the output frame.
 We need to mention the synchronous bit at the beginning of each frame.

 Statistical TDM :
 The output frame collects data from the input frame till it is full, not leaving
an empty slot like in Synchronous TDM.
 we need to include the address of each particular data in the slot that is being
sent to the output frame.

 It is more efficient type of time-division multiplexing as the channel capacity


is fully utilized and improves the bandwidth efficiency.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing :-

 It used to increase the capacity of optical fiber by transmitting multiple


signals simultaneously over a single optical fiber
 Each signal is carried on a different wavelength of light, and the resulting
signals are combined onto a single optical fiber for transmission.
 At the receiving end, the signals are separated by their wavelengths,
demultiplexed and routed to their respective destinations.
 It can be divided into two categories: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) and Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM).
DWDM is used to multiplex a large number of optical signals onto a single fiber,
typically up to 80 channels with a spacing of 0.8 nm or less between the channels.
CWDM is used for lower-capacity applications, typically up to 18 channels with a
spacing of 20 nm between the channels.
 It is used on fiber optics to increase the capacity of a single fiber.
 It is an analog multiplexing technique.
 Optical signals from the different sources are combined to form a wider band
of light with the help of multiplexers. At the receiving end, the De-multiplexer
separates the signals to transmit them to their respective destinations.

 Space-division multiplexing (SDM):-


 It used in wireless communication systems to increase the capacity of the
system by exploiting the physical separation of users.
 In SDM, multiple antennas are used at both the source and destination ends to
create parallel communication channels.
 These channels are independent of each other, which allows for multiple users
to transmit data simultaneously in the same frequency band without
interference.
 The capacity of the system can be increased by adding more antennas, which
creates more independent channels.
Example:- wireless communication systems such as cellular networks, Wi-Fi,
and satellite communication systems. communication link.
Advantages:-
 It is Cost effective
 FDM allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals
 Each device is allocated a specific time band for their transmission.
 CDM is used to increase the security so that only authorized user can access
data.
 It also provides scalability.
Disadvantage
 It increase the complexity of the system
 There is a problem of SPoF(Single Point of Failure)
 This is not fault tolerant.

 Code-division multiplexing (CDM) :


 It used in telecommunications to allow multiple users to transmit data
simultaneously over a single communication channel.
 In CDM, each user is assigned a unique code that is used to modulate their
signal.
 The modulated signals are then combined and transmitted over the same
channel. At the receiving end, each user’s signal is demodulated using their
unique code to retrieve their original data.
 It provides enhanced data communication capabilities.
 It does not compress the bandwidth of other frequencies.

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