jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

TAM 101 - ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikAk; mwptpay; jkpo;g;

gadhf;fKk; (0+1)

Mrphpah;fs;
Kidth; f. nry;tuhR
Kidth; k. kzpNkfiy
Kidth; ng. nts;isr;rhkp
Kidth; f. rp. Fkud;
Kidth; gh. ,uh[fzgjp
Kidth; ng. nrq;Nfhl;ilad;

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 641 003

 TAM 101 - ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikAk; mwptpay; jkpo;g;
gadhf;fKk; (0+1)
ghlj;jpl;lk;
Nehf;fk; - ,sepiy Ntshz;ik gapYk; khzth;fSf;Fj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; top
Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikr; rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; nra;jpfisAk; mwpar;
nra;jy; - jw;fhy Ntshz; njhopy;El;gq;fNshL nghUj;jpg; ghh;j;jy; - Ntshz;ik
jtpu Njhl;lf;fiy - tdtpay; - Ntshz; nghwpapay; - kidapay; rhh;e;j
fUj;Jf;fis ntspf;nfhzh;jy; - Ntshz;Jiwf;F ,d;wpaikahj fiyr;nrhw;fs; -
nkhopg;ngah;g;G -ghuk;ghpaj; njhopy;El;gq;fis mwpar;nra;jy; - khzth;fspd;
vjph;fhyj; Njitf;F mbg;gilahd Ngr;Rg;gapw;rp - Neh;fhziy vjph;nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; nkd;jpwd;fshd jiyikg;gz;G - MSikg;gz;G - fhyNkyhz;ik
Mfpatw;wpy; jpwk;ngwr;nra;jy; - khzth;fspd; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu jpwid tsh;j;jy; -
Ntshz;ik ,jo;fs;> E}y;fs; Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzh;it toq;Fjy; - fzpdp top jkpopy;
Ntshz; nra;jpfis gjpNtw;wk;> gjptpwf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiwfis mwpar;nra;jy;
Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tiuaiw nra;jy;.

myF - 1 gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> jhtutpay; mwpT> Ntshz;
khe;jh; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis mwpjy; - rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; njhopy; El;gq;fs;
- (vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L) - ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; tho;tpay; newpKiwfs; - gjpndz;
fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; Ntshz;ik mwptpay;.

myF - 2 ,ilf;fhy> ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikj;

njhopy;El;gq;fs;
gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs;> VnuOgJ - Ntshz;ikg; gonkhopfs; - ,f;fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikr; rpe;jidfs; - ghujp> ghujpjhrd; gilg;Gfs;> GJftpij.

myF - 3 kuGrhh; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

coth; tho;tpy; newpKiwfSk; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; El;gq;fSk; –
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; nghwpapay;- Njhl;ltpay;- tdtpay; - kidapay;- #oypay; -
coT – tpij mwptpay; - gUtk; - kio – ew;W eLjy; - vU,Ljy; - ePh;g;ghrdk; -
fisNkyhz;ik – gaph;g;ghJf;fhg;G – mWtil – coth; rKjhak; - ghuk;ghpaj;
njhopy;El;gq;fs;.

myF - 4 mwptpay; jkpOk; nkhopg; gadhf;fKk;

gpioapd;wp vOJk; Kiwfs; - vOj;Jg; gpiofs; - nrhw;gpiofs; - nrhw;gphpg;Gg;
gpiofs; - thf;fpag; gpiofs; - nka;g;Gj; jpUj;jk; -,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkd;jpwd;fs; -
jiyikg; gz;G – fhyNkyhz;ik. MSikg;gz;G Nkk;ghL – kdpj cwTj; jpwd;fis
tsh;j;jy; - mwptpay; jkpo; tsh;r;rpepiyfs; - Ntshz; E}y;fs; - Ntshz; ,jo;fs;
- fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; - Ntshz; fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk; Kiw – jug;gLj;Jjy;
- ,yf;fpa Ntshz; fiyr;nrhw;fs; - tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; - mYtyff; fbjk; -
mfuhjpapay;. nkhopngah;g;G – Kf;fpa tpjpfs; - gbepiyfs; - nkhopg;ngah;g;ghshpd;
,d;wpaikahg; gz;Gfs; - Ntshz; nra;jpfis nkhopngah;j;jy; - fl;Liur; RUf;fk;
vOJjy;. fzpdpcyfpy; jkpo; - tpf;fpg;gPba – Ntshz; nra;jpfisg; gjpNtw;wk;
nra;jy; - Ntshz; nra;jpfis ,izajsk;top mwpjy;.
2
 TAM 101 ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikAk; mwptpay; jkpo;g;
gadhf;fKk; (0+1)
ghlj;jpl;lk;:
njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> jhtutpay; mwpT> rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; njhopy; El;gq;fs; - gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy;
Ntshz;ik mwptpay;. gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs;> VnuOgJ -,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;
nghwpapay;- Njhl;ltpay;- tdtpay; kidapay;- #oypay; - Ntshz;ikg; gonkhopfs;
- ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; tho;tpay; newpKiwfs; - ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikr;
rpe;jidfs; - gpioapd;wpvOJk; Kiwfs; - ghuk;ghpaj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; -
,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkd;jpwd;fs; - mwptpay; jkpo; tsh;rr
; pepiyfs; - fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; -
nkhopngah;g;G - fl;Liur; RUf;fk; vOJjy; - fzpdpcyfpy; jkpo;.

nra;Kiwg; gapw;rpfs;:
1. njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> jhtutpay; mwpT> Ntshz;
ke;jh; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis mwpjy;
2. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; njhopy; El;gq;fs; - (vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L)
3. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; Ntshz;ik mwptpay;
4. gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs;> VnuOgJ – coth; tho;tpy; newpKiwfSk; Ntshz;ik
njhopy; El;gq;fSk;
5. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; nghwpapay;- Njhl;ltpay;- tdtpay; kidapay;-
#oypay;
6. Ntshz;ikg; gonkhopfs; - coT – tpijmwptpay; - gUtk; - kio – ew;W
eLjy; - vU,Ljy; - ePh;g;ghrdk; - fisNkyhz;ik – gaph;g;ghJf;fhg;G –
mWtil – coth; rKjhak;
7. ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; tho;tpay; newpKiwfs;
8. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikr; rpe;jidfs; - ghujp> ghujpjhrd;
gilg;Gfs;> GJftpij
9. ,ilepiyg; gUtj;Njh;T
10. gpioapd;wpvOJk; Kiwfs; - vOj;Jg; gpiofs; - nrhw;gpiofs; - nrhw;gphpg;G
gpiofs; - thf;fpag; gpiofs; - nka;g;Gj; jpUj;jk;.
11. ghuk;ghpaj; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
12. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkd;jpwd;fs; - jiyikg; gz;G – fhyNkyhz;ik
13. MSikg;gz;G Nkk;ghL – kdpj cwT jpwd;fisj; thshh;j;jhy;
14. mwptpay; jkpo; tsh;rr ; pepiyfs; - Ntshz; E}y;fs; - Ntshz; ,jo;fs; -
mYtyff; fbjk;.
15. fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; - Ntshz; fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk; Kiw –
jug;gLj;Jjy; - ,yf;fpa Ntshz; fiyr;nrhw;fs; - tl;lhu thof;Fr; nrhw;fs;
- mfuhjpapay;.
16. nkhopngah;g;G – Kf;fpa tpjpfs; - gbepiyfs; - nkhopg;ngah;g;ghshpd;
,d;wpaikahg; gz;Gfs; - Ntshz; nra;jpfis nkhopngah;j;jy; - fl;Liur;
RUf;fk; vOJjy;.
17. fzpdpcyfpy; jkpo; - tpf;fpg;gPba – Ntshz; nra;jpfisg; gjpNtw;wk;
nra;jy; - Ntshz; nra;jpfis ,izajsk;top mwpjy;.

3
Nkw;ghh;it E}y;fs;
• fe;jrhkp. ,y. nr. Ntshz;ikAk; gz;ghLk;> jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 1974
• fe;jrhkp. ,y. nr. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ik> jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 1981
• fe;jrhkp. ,y. nr. Ntshz;ik gonkhopfs;;> fiyr;nry;tk; gjpg;gfk;>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 1983
• Foe;ijrhkp. th. nr. mwptpay; jkpo;> ghujpg; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
• kPdhl;rpRe;juk;. kh. kw;Wk; tprayl;Rkp. V. ,y. jfty; njhlh;gpy; jkpo;
nkhopg; gad;ghL> Nf. Mh;. v. Mg;nrl; gphpz;lh;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 2002.
• kzpNkfiy. k. jkpo; nkhopj; jlj;jpy; Ntshz; mwptpapypd; RtLfs;>
Njtpg;gjpg;gfk;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp – 2002.
• ,yf;fpaKk; Ntshz;ikAk;> midj;jpe;jpa mwptpay; jkpo;f; fofk;>
jQ;rhT+h; (Ma;Tf;fl;Liuj; njhFg;G) – 2006
• jkpohpd; kuGr; nry;tq;fs;> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id
(Ma;Tf;fl;Liuj; njhFg;G)
• re;jpuNrfud;. ,uh. nkhopg;ghlk; - gilg;ghf;fj;jpwd; tsh;e;jy;
• Ntshz; fiyr;nrhy; Ngufuhjp> jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 2008

4
1. njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> jhtutpay;
mwpT> Ntshz;khe;ju; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis mwpjy;

njhy;fhg;gpadhh; vDk; gok;ngUk; Gytuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lNj njhy;fhg;gpak;. mth;

fhyj;jpnyOe;j nkhopiaAk; Ehy;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ma;e;J
,aw;wg;gl;l ,yf;fzNk njhy;fhg;gpakhFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj; njhFg;gpd;fhyk; fp.K.500
– fp.gp. 100 tiuapy; vd;W fzpg;gh;. njhy;fhg;gpaKk; Vwf;Fiwa ,e;jf; fhyj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jJ vd;Nw $wyhk;. Mifapdhy;> jkpo; nkhopAk; jkpopyf;fpaKk; ,it
Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dNu Njhd;wpait vd;gjpy; rpwpJk; Iakpy;iy. nghJthf> xU
nkhopapy; vj;jidNah Ehw;whz;Lfsha; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak; kf;fspilNa
tof;fj;jpy; Goq;fpa gpwNf > Gyth;fs; mtw;iw Mtzg;gLj;Jk; fl;lhak; NehpLifapy;
thp tbtk; ju Kw;gLth;. ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwNf vOJk; ,yf;fpak; jdp tifahf
tsh;r;rp ngWtJ ,ay;ghd eilKiw tof;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thNw> jkpo;
nkhopapYk; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpakhf kf;fshy;> jhq;fs; trpf;Fk; #oy;> ,aw;if
Mfpatw;wpw;Nf Gidag;gl;lg; ghly;fs; vOj;J tbtk; ngw;W ,yf;fpakhf
tbntLj;jd. gpd;te;j fhyq;fspy; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;g rpy kuGfs;> ghly;fspy; fhyk;
fhykhf epiyngwj; njhlq;fpd. ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; te;j Gyth;fs; ghl;Lf;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; kuGfis Muha;e;J ,yf;fzk; Gide;jdh;. mt;thW Gyth;fshy;
,aw;wg;ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> ,yf;fzq;fSk; kf;fspilNa njhlh;gpy; ,Ue;j
fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; njhy;fhg;gpadhh; jkJ ,yf;fz E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F> gdk;ghudhh; vd;gth; ghapuk; Gide;Js;shh;. mjpy; jkpo;nkhop
tlf;Nf Ntq;flkiy> njw;Nf Fkhp tiu gutpapUe;jJ vd;Wk; kf;fspd; Ngr;R
tof;ifAk;> Gytu;fspd; nra;As; tof;ifAk; jk; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng tof;fj;jpypUe;j
,yf;fz Ehy;fisAk; Muha;e;Nj jk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpAs;shh; vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whh;. njhy;fhg;gpaUk; jk; ,yf;fz E}ypy; jkf;F Kd;dhy; tho;e;j
,yf;fz EhyhiuNa Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; vd mwpf. vdNt> ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;ghfNt jkpopy; gy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; > ,yf;fz Ehy;fSk; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fis MuhAk;NghJ> gioa ,yf;fpa kuGfs;
tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jik Gydhfpd;wJ.

Kg;nghUs; :
mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy; %d;W tifahd nghUs;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
,tw;iw Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> cupg;nghUs; vd;w ngau;fshy; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
“ Kjy; fU cupg;nghUs; vd;w %d;Nw
EtYk;fhiy Kiw rpwe;jdNt”
njhy;fhg;gpak; ,k;%d;W nghUs;fspd; tpsf;fq;fisAk; cl;$WfisAk;
tptupj;Js;sJ. Kjw; nghUs; epyk;> nghOJ vd ,UtifahFk;. ,tw;Ws; nghOJ
ngUk;nghOJ> rpWnghOJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;. NkYk; Ie;J jpizf;Fk; cupa

5
Kjw;nghUs;fs; vit vd;gijAk; cupg;nghUs;fs; vit vd;gijAk; njhy;fhg;gpak;
tpsf;fpAs;sJ. fUg;nghUis kl;Lk; gl;baypl;lNjhL epWj;jptpl;lJ. ciu
Mrpupau;fNs jpizf;Fupa fUg;nghUs;fisg; gl;baypl;Ls;sdu;.

Kjw;nghUSk; fUg;nghUSk; :
kf;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf FO>FOthf jq;fspd; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oYf;Nfw;g jq;fs;
tho;f;ifapid mikj;Jf; nfhz;L thoj; njhlq;fpdh;. kiy> fhL> tay;> fly;
fiuNahuk; vd kf;fs; $l;lk; $l;lkhf rpw;Whh;fshf Fbfs; mikj;Jf; nfhz;L
#oYf;Nfw;wthwhf> ,aw;ifNahbiae;J jq;fs; tho;f;ifg; ghijia tFj;Jf;
nfhz;lhh;fs;. Ntl;ilahLjy;> tptrhak; nra;jy;> kPd; gpbj;jy; vdj; njhopy;fis
mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. MZk;> ngz;Zk; kdk; nghUe;jp tho;e;j kz tho;f;ifia>
fhjy; nfhz;L tho;e;j ,y;yw tho;f;ifia chpg;nghUshfTk;> jhq;fs; trpf;Fk;
gFjpf;Nfw;g ,aw;ifNahL xUq;fpize;j ,ay;gpid> njhopiy> kuk;> tpyq;F> gwit
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;ldh;. ,j;jifa tho;f;ifr; #oYf;Fg;
gpd;dzpahf ,Ue;j epyKk; fhyKk; Kjw;nghUshapw;W.

jpiz: jpiz vd;gJ gFf;fg;gl;l Kiwikia tpsf;FtjhFk;. FwpQ;rpj; jpiz>

Ky;iyj; jpiz> kUjj;jpiz> nea;jy; jpiz> ghiyj;jpiz vd Ie;jpizahFk;.

Kjw;nghUs;: epyKk; nghOJk; ghFgLj;jg;gl;l jd;ikia tpsf;FtJ

Kjw;nghUshFk;. epyk;> Ie;J tifahfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ky;iy epyk;> FwpQ;rp
epyk;> kUj epyk;> nea;jy; epyk; MFk;. nghOJ – rpWnghOJ > ngUk;nghOJ vd
,uz;lhfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;L ngUk;nghOJ kw;Wk; rpWnghOJ Mwhfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fUg;nghUs;: njhopy;> tpyq;F> gwit> kuk;> G+ vd me;je;j epyq;fSf;Fhpa thof;if

KiwikapidAk;> fhzg;gLk; caphpdq;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fUg;nghUs;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nra;As; top te;j kuG:
xU epyj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd; thof;if epfo;Tfisf; fw;gid nra;J xU
Gyth; ghly; ,aw;Wk;NghJ> me;j epyk;> me;epyj;jpw;Fhpa nghOJ> me;epyj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd tpyq;F> gwit> kuk; kw;Wk; G+ Mfpatw;iw ctikahfNth
ntspg;gilahfNth itj;Jg; ghLtij kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. xt;nthU
epyg;gFjpapYk; trpf;Fk; kf;fs; tha;nkhopahfg; ghbte;j ghly;fspNyNa ,j;jifa
kuGfs; ,ay;ghfNt nghUe;jp ,Ue;jd. ,th;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; te;j Gyth;fs; jq;fs;
Kd;Ndhh;fs; ghb te;j kugpid tOthJ mtw;iw mt;thNw nkUNfw;wp Kiwg;;gLj;jpf;
ifahz;ldh;. (rhd;whf:) jiykf;fs; Cly; nfhz;L gpzq;Ftijg; ghl tpUk;gpdhy;
Gyth; mjw;Nfw;w tay; rhh;e;j kUj epyj;ijAk; me;j epyj;J ,aw;ifg;
nghUl;fisAk; mikj;Jg; ghLtJ kughfg; gofpg;Nghapw;W. Mifapdhy;. kuG topahf
Cly; vd;gJ kUjj; jpizf;F chpj;jhFk; tifapy; ‘Cly;’ kUjj;jpw;Fhpa chpikg;
nghUshapw;W.
6
epyg;ghFghL kw;Wk; kz;zwptpay; :
,d;iwa mwptpay; tsHr;rpahy; Ntshz;ikj;Jiwapy; tpaf;fj;jf;f rhjidfs;
gy epfo;e;Js;sd. vdpDk; mwptpay; Nfhzj;jhy; kf;fspd; mZFKiwfSk;
nray;KiwfSk; kl;LNk NtWgLfpd;wNj jtpu rq;f fhyj;jkpoHfs; gpd;gw;wpa
Ntshz;ik gw;wpa mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs; rpwpJk; khw;wpkpd;wpNa tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,d;iwa ,j;jid Ntshz;ik tpe;ijfSf;Fk; Ntshz; mwptpay;
Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;Fk; ek; Kd;NdhHfs; md;W fz;lwpe;j Ntshz;ikr; nray;KiwfSk;
fz;lwpe;j njhopy;El;gq;fSNk tpijahf tpsq;fpaJ vdpy; mJ kpifahfhJ.

,d;iwa kz;zwptpay; Jiw rhHe;j Ma;TfSf;Fk;> rhjidfSf;Fk;

Kjy;gbahf ,Ug;gJ ek; Kd;NdhHfs; Ma;e;jwpe;j epyg;ghFghLk; kz;zpd; jd;ikfs;
Fwpj;j El;gq;fSk; kz;Zf;Nfw;w tifapy; gaphpdq;fisg; gapH nra;jJk; epyj;ijr;
rPHjpUj;jpaJk; tsg;gLj;jpaJNkahFk;. ,yf;fpaq;fNs ,t;Tz;ikf;F rhd;whf
tpsq;Fk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaH>epyj;ij Ky;iy epyk;> FwpQ;rp epyk;>kUj epyk;> nea;jy; epyk; vd
ehd;fhfg; gFj;jikia>

“khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;

NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfKk;
Nte;jd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfKk;
tUzd; Nka ngUkzy; cyfKk;
Ky;iy FwpQ;rp kUjk; nea;jy; vdr;
nrhy;ypa Kiwahy; nrhy;yTk; gLNk” (njhy;. nghUs;: - 5)
vDk; E}w;ghtpy; ehkwpayhk;. epyq;fspd; tsj;ijAk; ,ay;igAk; ek;
Kd;NdhHfs; EZfp Muha;e;jjd; tpisNt ghiy epyg;gug;ghFk;. epyj;Js; ghiy
jdpepiy ngWjy; ,y;iy. Ky;iy epyKk;> FwpQ;rp epyKk; jk; gUtk; jtwpd; ghiy
vDk; gbtk; ngWk; vd;gjidr; rpyg;gjpfhu mbfs; nfhz;L mwpayhk;. ,it jtpu
kUjKk; nea;jYk; kio tsk; Fd;wp ePH tskpd;wpf; fha;e;jhYk; me;epyg;gug;Gk; ghiy
vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLk;. gUtkio jtwp kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; fha;e;J epyk; jk; ,ay;gpy;
gpwOk; epiyNa ghiy vd;W ek; Kd;NdhHfs; fz;ldH.

ehdpy mikg;Ng ,aw;ifapd; mikg;ghFk;. Ky;iy FwpQ;rpapd; vy;iyNahug;

gFjpfs; Nkl;L epyKk;> ghiw epyq;fSkha;f; Nfhilf;fhyq;fspy; kpFe;j
twl;rpf;Fs;shfpg; ghiy tbitg; ngWfpd;wd. mit kPz;Lk; fhHfhyj;jpy; Kd;ida
epiyiag; ngw;WtpLtjhy; jdpepykha; ek; Kd;NdhHfs; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. vdNt>
ghiy kl;Lk; fhy mbg;gilapyhd epyg;gFg;G vd;W nfhs;syhk;. Mjypdhy;> ghiy
vd;gJ gUtj;jhy; Njhd;Wk; epyNk md;wp jdpj;jnjhU epyg;gug;G jkpo;ehl;by; ,y;iy.

Ky;iy epyk; :

7
 fhLk; fhL rhHe;j epyKk; Ky;iy epykhFk;. ‘muf;fj;jd;d Ez;kzy; NfhL
nfhz;L’> vdg; gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk;> ‘Cz; fpopj;jd;d nrQ;Rty; neLQ;rhy;”> vd;W mf
ehD}Wk;> Ky;iy epyk; nrk;kz; gug;Gila epyk; vd;Wk; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.
,e;epyg;gug;gpy; ed;nra;g; gaphpdq;fs; Vw;wjpy;iynad;gijj; jk; mDgtj;jhy; fz;l
Kd;NdhH Gd;nra;g; gapHfisNa tpijj;jdH. “ rpWjpid nfha;af; ft;it fUf;f
fUq;fhy; tufpd; ,Uq;Fuy; Gyu”> vDk; kJiuf; fhQ;rpapd; mbfspypUe;J
fhHfhyj;jpy; tpijj;j rpWjpid nfha;Ak; epiyia milaTk;> vs; Kw;wp tpisaTk;
fhpa jhs;fis cila tuF KjpuTk; nghypTw;W ,Ue;jnjdj; njhpatUfpwJ.
,t;tbfspypUe;J ,k;kz;zpd; ,ay;gpid ehk; mwpayhk;.

FwpQ;rp epyk; :
kiyAk; kiy rhHe;j gFjp FwpQ;rp epyk;. “Fd;Wjiy kze;j Gd;gy itg;Gk;”
vd;W gjpw;Wg;gj;jhdJ> Fd;iwr; #o;e;j rpWrpW fw;fSk; kz;Zk; fye;j
kiyg;gFjpNa FwpQ;rp epyk; vd;W rhd;W gfHfpd;wJ. FwpQ;rp epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;
tpisepyq;fs; ehd;fhfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kiyrhHe;j nfhy;iyg;Gwg; gFjpia Gdk;
vd;W mfehD}W cs;spl;l gy ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
kuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;Lg; Gjpa tpisepyq;fs; jahhpf;fg; ngWfpd;wd. ,g;Gjpa gFjp
‘,ij’ vd toq;fg;ngWtjhf mfehD}Wk; kJiuf;fhQ;rpAk; tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wd.

kUj epyk; :
taYk; tay;rhHe;j gFjpAk; kUj epykhFk;. tw;whj ePH tsg;gFjpNa
kUjkhFk;. kUjepy kf;fspd; Kjd;ikahd czT nre;ney;Yk; ntz;nzy;Yk; MFk;.
“ tpisT mwh tpad; fodp
………………………………
Nfhs; njq;fpd; Fiy thiof;
fha;f; fKfpd; fko; kQ;rs;
,skhtpd; ,zHg; ngz;iz
Kjw;Nrk;gpd; Kis ,Q;rp”

vdg; gl;bdg;ghiy kUj epyj;jpd; tsk; Fwpj;Jr; nrg;GfpwJ. kUj

epyg;gFjpia ‘tay;’ vd;Wk; ‘fodp’ vd;Wk; ‘godk;’ vd;Wk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,ak;Gfpd;wd.

nea;jy; epyk; :
flYk; fly; rhHe;j gFjp nea;jy; epyk;. kzy; NkLfs; epiwe;jJk; kzy;
fye;J kz;thFila epyg;gFjpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kio nga;fpd;w fhyq;fspy;
ney; tpistpj;jiyAk; kio nga;ahf; fhyq;fspy; cg;G tpistpj;jiyAk; nea;jy;
epy kf;fs; njhopyhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. nea;jy; epyg;gFjpfspy; ,skzy; fhzg;gLk;.
miy NkhJfpd;w flw;fiug;gFjp milfiu vd;gjid ew;wpid top mwpayhk;.

8
cg;gpid tpistpf;Fk; cg;GePH ‘fop’ vd;W miof;fg;gLk; vd;gij> ‘,Uq;fopr; nrWtpd;
nts;Sg;G’, vDk; kJiuf; fhQ;rp mbapypUe;J mwpayhk;.

,t;thwhf Nkw;nrhd;dthW ehdpyq;fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;L epyq;fspd; jd;ikiaf;

$He;J Muha;e;J eilKiwr; nray;ghl;bw;Fj; jFe;jthW jpUj;jpaikj;Jg;
gad;gLj;jpapUg;gJ gz;ila cotHfspd; kz;zwptpaYf;Fr; rhd;whFk;. kf;fSila
tho;f;iff;Fk; md;whl ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; gapH tpisr;rYf;Fk; chpaitahapDk;
midj;J epyg;gFjpfSk; xd;W Nghyike;jit my;y vd;gij NkNy fz;Nlhk;. NkL
gs;sq;fshf ,Ue;j epyg;gFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L gapH tpistpw;Fk; kf;fs;
tho;f;iff;Fk; chpadthf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld. gs;sj;ij toq;f ‘mty;’ vd;gJk;
Nkl;ilf; Fwpf;f ‘kpir’ vd;gJk; gz;L toq;fpa nrhw;fshFk;.

ghiy epyk; :
epyj;Js; ghiy> jdpepiy ngWjy; ,y;iy. Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk; gUt kio
jtwp> me;epyq;fspYs;s kuk; nrb nfhbfs; fha;e;J> ghiy vd;W ngau; ngWk;
vd;gjid ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW tpsf;Ffpwhu;.

“Kiy;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk; Kiwikapy; jpupe;J

ey;ypay;G ,oe;J eLq;F Jau; cWj;Jg;

ghiy vd;gNjhu; gbtk; nfhs;Sk;” ( rpyk;G: fhL 64-66)

Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp jtpuTk; ehy;tif epyq;fSNk> Kiwikapy; jpupe;J> ey;ypay;G

,oe;J eLq;F Jau; cWj;Jfpd;w ghiyahfyhk; vd;w fUj;Jk; <z;L fUjj;jf;fJ.

njhy;fhg;gpaH epytsk;> ePHtsk; Mfpatw;iw Muha;e;J> mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

me;epyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jhtuq;fspd; ngau;fspNyNa me;epyq;fSf;Fg; ngaH
#l;bapUe;jhH. Mdhy;> njhy;fhg;gpaUf;Fg; gpd;> epyj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gTk; ,ay;Gf;F
Vw;gTk; mtw;wpd; tpisT epiyf;F Vw;gTk; mg;ngaHfs; Njhd;wpd. mit td;Gyk;>
nkd;Gyk;> Gd;Gyk;> fsHepyk; vd;W epyq;;fs; ghFgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jijg; GwehD}w;wpd;
gy ghly;fs; ekf;F czHj;Jfpd;wd.

td;Gyk; :
FwpQ;rp. Ky;iy ,uz;LNk td;Gyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,it ,ay;ghfNt
ePH tskw;w gFjpahFk;. fuLKulhd kz; ,ay;GiladthfTk; fhzg;gLtjhy; td;Gyk;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ngfdpd; kiyehl;bidf; Fwpg;gpLk; mhprpy; fpohH> td;Gy ed;ehL vdf;

Fwpj;jthWk;> ‘kiyehl;bid MSk; gpl;lid td;Gy ehld; takhd; gpl;lndd;Wk;>
gz;zd; kiyehl;L Chplj;J ,Uj;jiyAk; nfhz;L kiyg;gFjpahff; FwpQ;rp epyNk
td;Gyk; vd;w ngauhy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; kpFjpAk; Rl;Lk;.

nkd;Gyk; :
9
 kUjk;>nea;jy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; nkd;GykhFk;. ,ay;ghfNt ePh; tsKk;
kzw;ghq;fhd ,ay;Gk; ciladthff; fhzg;gLtjhy; gaph; tpisTf;F kpfTk;
Vw;wit. vdNt> ,it nkd;Gyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kUj epyj;J Ciu “nkd;Gdy;
itg;G” vdg; guzh; ghLjyhy; kUjk; Kjypa ePh;tsk; kpFjpAk; cila tpisTf;F
Vw;w nkd;ikahd epyg;gFjpfs; nkd;Gynkd;W mwpag;gLfpd;wd. kUjk;> nea;jy;
,uz;Lk; nkd;Gynkd;whYk; kUjNk kpFjpAk; ,g;ngaUf;F chpajhf Msg;gl;Ls;sJ.

td;GyKk; nkd;GyKk; :
njhy;fhg;gpa Kiw itg;gpy; Kjypy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk;
td;GykhfTk; gpd;dh;f; $wg;gLfpd;w kUjKk; nea;jYk; nkd;GykhfTk; Kiwg;gLj;jg;
gl;bUg;gJ ,q;F epidT$uj;jf;fJ. ,aw;ifr; #oiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
tFf;fg;gl;l ehy;tif epyq;fSk; ,q;F gaph; tpisTf;Nfw;w tpistpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gd;Gyk; :
ePh;g;ghrd trjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,e;epyg;ghFghL mike;Js;sJ.
,aw;if ePh; tsKila epyg;gFjpfshfpa td;GyKk; nkd;GyKk; ed;Gykhff; nfhs;sg;
gl;lijg;Nghy ,aw;ifahf ePh;g;ghrd trjpfisg; ngwhj nraw;if ePh;tsg;
gFjpfisg; Gd;Gyk; vd;W miog;gh;. Gd;Gyj;jpd; ,ay;gpidg; GwehDhW tpsf;FfpwJ.
“tpj;jp thNdhf;Fk; Gd;Gyq; fz;zfd; itg;gpw;whapDk;> ez;zpahSk; ,iwtd; jhl;F
cjthNj” (Gw.18) Gd;Gykhfpa Gd;nra;g;gFjp ,lkfd;wjhapDk; ed;nra;
tpisTfSf;F Vw;wjhf ,y;yhikahy; gadw;wJ vd;gij> ‘tpj;jp thNdhf;Fk; Gd;Gyk;’
vd;W $wp mjdpay;igj; njhptpf;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,t;thW tpijia tpijj;j gpd;dh;
thdpd;W nghopAk; kioia vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUf;Fk; khdhthhpg; gFjpahf tpsq;FtJ
Gd;Gyk;. ,jidf; fgpyh; ‘ngay; gpiog;gwpahg; Gd;Gyj;jJNt’ vd;whh;. Gd;Gyg;gFjp
ngay; gpiog;G ,y;yhjJ vd;gijr; Rl;Lfpwhh;. NkYk;> Mye;J}h;ff
; pohh; Gd;nra;
tpisAk; Gd;Gyk; vd;gijj; jd; ghly;fshy; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

fsh; epyk; :
Gd;Gyj;ijj; jtph;j;J tpisTf;F Kw;wpYk; gadw;wg; gpwpnjhU epyk; fsh;
epykhFk;. rj;Js;s epyq;fis Muha;e;J Njh;e;J nfhz;L gadw;w epyq;fis xJf;fp
cs;shh;fs; vd;gij ts;StUk; $Wfpwhh;. mjidf; fsh;epyk; vd miof;fpwhh;.

,f;fsh; epyk; tpisTf;Fg; nghUe;jhj epykhFk;. tpijj;j tpijAk; Kisf;f

nthl;lhky; nra;Ak; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. ,jidr; rtl;L epyk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,e;epyk;
ehd;F epyg;gFjpapYk; fhzg;gl;lhYk; nea;jy; epyj;jpy; kpFjpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fsh; epyj;ijg; GwehDhW> ‘Gwq;fhL’ vd;Nw Rl;Lk;. ,J jtpuTk; cg;Gj; jd;ik
epiwe;jpUf;Fk; cth; epyKk;> fsh; epyk; vd;Nw toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;W GwehDhW
njhptpf;fpwJ. cg;Gj; jd;ik epiwe;j ntz;ikahd epyk;> ntz;fsu; vd;Wk;>
fUikahd fsh; epyk>; fUq;fsu; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. fs;sp gue;J fhzg;gLk;

10
fsh; epyq;fspy; fpzWfSk; rpytplq;fspy; Njhz;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gijAk>;
,f;fpzw;W ePiuj; Jzp ntSg;Nghh; ntSf;fg; gad;gLj;jpaij> “fsh;gL $ty;
Njhz;b ehSk; Giyj;jp foP,a Jhnts;sWit” vd;Dk; mbfs; top mwpayhk;.
gadw;w fsh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; ,f;fsh;j; jd;ikiaAk; jhq;fp tsUk;
Ks;isAila kuq;fSk; fhpa fdpfis ey;Fk; <j;j(<r;r) kuq;fSk; Gspa kuq;fSk;
tsh;e;jpUg;gjhf ew;wpiz $Wk;. cjthj fsh; epyj;jpYk; vd;ndd;d tpisAk;
vd;gij Muha;e;j nra;jp fpilf;fpwJ.

gz;ila coth;fs; gaphplg;glhj jhpR epyq;fis Kjyhfg; gaphplg;

gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ed;F cOj gpd;dh; mk;kz;zpy; NkYk;> vUtpl;Lg; gpd;dh; gaW
tpijg;gijj; jk; gof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. jhpR epyq;fspy; kio nga;Ak;NghJ
kuq;fNsh jhtuq;fNsh ,y;yhj fhuzq;fspdhy; rj;Js;s Nky; kz; KOtJk; ePHpdhy;
mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; rj;Jg; nghUs;fis ,oe;j mj;jika jhpR
epyq;fis ed;F cOj gpd;dh; gaW> nfhs; Nghd;w gaW ,dq;fisg; gaphpl;L>
kz;zpd; tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpa gpd;dh; ney; tpistpj;jiy Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. ,t;thW
gaW tiffis tpijg;gjhy; epykhdJ mjpf msT jior;rj;jpidr; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,jdhy; kz;zpd; tsk; Nkk;gLfpwJ. md;iwa ,t;tof;fj;jpid ,d;iwa kf;fSk;
filg;gpbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.coT> ePh;> vU> guhkhpg;G Nghd;w ftdpg;Gfsw;w epiyapYk;
mtiu ,dg;gaph;fs; ey;y gyidj; jUtjhYk;> kz;Zk; rj;Jepiy Nkk;ghL
miltjhYk;> coth;fs; ,ijg; gaphpl;ldh;. ney; mWtilf;Fg; gpd; me;ney;ypy;
gaWfs; tpijj;J kz;iz tsg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij ek; Kd;Ndhh; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.

epyq;fSf;Nfw;wg; gaphpdq;fs; :
1. twl;rp kpFe;j fhpry; kz;izAila FwpQ;rp epyk; - Itdney;> Fsney;> tuF>
gUj;jp
2. nrk;kz;izAila Ky;iy epyk; - tuF> gUj;jp
3. Nkl;L epyk; - Njhg;gpney;> Njhiu ney;
4. kUj epyk; - Kle;ijney;> ntz;nzy;> fUk;G

,d;iwa kz;zwptpay;
Ntshz;ikf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; epytsk; kw;Wk; kz;zpd; jd;ik
Fwpj;j nra;jpfis ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf ehk; ,Jtiuf; fz;Nlhk;. jw;fhy
kz;zpay; mwpQh;fs; jkpofj;jpYs;s kz;zpd; jd;ikfis Muha;e;J MW
gphpTfshfg; gphpj;Js;sdh; mit>

nrk;kz; (Red soil), fhpry; kz; (Black soil), tz;ly; my;yJ milkz; (Alluvial
soil), nrk;Giw kz; (Caterite soil)> kzw;ghq;fhd kz; (Sandy soil), fsh; cth; kz;
(Alkaline, saline soil).

11
 NkNy fhzg;gLk; kz; tiffspy; tz;ly; kz;> kUj epyj;jpy; Mw;Wg;gLif
fspy; kpFjpahf mike;jpUf;Fk;. nrk;Giw kz; vd;gJ> kiyg;ghq;fhd epyg;gFjpfspy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;: mjhtJ FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; mikAk;. kzw;ghq;fhd kz;> fly; gFjpf;F
chpaJ> nea;jy; epyj;jpw;FhpaJ. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;F nrk;kz; mikg;G chpaJ. fhpry;
kz; kpFjpahd msT ed;Gyj;Jf;Fk; rpWghd;ik Gyj;Jf;Fk; chpaJ. ,jpypUe;J
md;iwa epyg;ghFghLk; ,d;iwa kz;zwptpaYk; xj;jpUe;jiy mwpayhk;. md;iwa
epyg;ghFghNl ,d;iwa kz;zwptpaYf;F tpj;J vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

fhyk; - nghOJ - ngUk;nghOJ> rpWnghOJ :

nghOJ vd;Dk; fhyepiyiag; ngUk;nghOJ> rpWnghOJ vd;W ,Utifahfg;
gphpg;gh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ngUk;nghOJ vd;gJ xU Mz;bd; MW $Wfs;. rpW nghOJ
vd;gJ xU ehspd; MW $Wfs;. xU Mz;il Mwhfg; gphpj;jdh;. ve;nje;j
fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; gUtkio nghopfpd;wJ> gdp nghopfpd;wJ> ntapy; Rl;nlhpf;fpd;wJ
vd;gjidf; fzpj;J mjw;Nfw;wthwhf> gapHrhFgb nra;tjpy; khw;wq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;ldH ek; Kd;NdhHfs;. gUtkioiaf; fzf;fpy; nfhz;Nl tpijg;gijf;
fzf;fpy; nfhz;L mWtilf;F ehs; Fwpf;fpd;wdH. gapH ,ufq;fisf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L gUtq;fisf; fzf;fpl;L mjw;Nfw;w rhFgb Kiwfisf; ifahz;ldH.
mjdhy;> ehs; kPdf; s;> Nfhs; kPdf
; s; Fwpj;j mwptpid ek; Kd;NdhHfs; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
jpwj;jpid ehk; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ngUk;nghOJ
1) ,sNtdpy; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp
2) KJNtdpy; - Mdp> Mb
3) fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp>Gul;lhrp
4) $jph;fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif
5) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fop> ij
6) gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdp
,e;jg; gFg;G Kiw tho;tpaYf;Fk;> gaphpLtjw;Fk;> mWtilf;Fk; gaDilajhf
tpsq;fpaJ.

rpWnghOJ
ahkk;> itfiw> fhiy> vw;ghL> ez;gfy;> khiy vd xU ehis MW
$Wfshfg; gFj;J mjw;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; jk; tho;f;if Kiwapid mikj;Jf;
nfhz;ldh;. ngUk;nghOijg; gUtq;fs; vd;gjhfTk;> rpWnghOij> ‘Ntis’
vd;gjhfTk; ehk; jw;NghJ gpupj;Jzu;fpd;Nwhk;.
Nkw;fz;lthwhf> Kjw;nghUs; Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpau; gFj;jdtw;iwAk;>
gpupj;jdtw;iwAk; njspthff; fz;Nlhk;. Ntshz; njhopypd; ,U fz;fshf tpsq;Fk;
epyk; kw;Wk; gUtk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fsJ $u;j;j mwptpid nka;g;gpj;Jf;
fhl;LtjhfNt mike;Js;sd.

12
fUg;nghUs; :
kf;fs;> nja;tk;> njhopy;> ,irf;fUtp> tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;> czT> gz;>
kyu;> kuk;> Cu;> ePu ;epiyfs;> ,ir> ,irf;fUtp Kjypad fUg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

“ nja;tk; czhNt khkuk; Gs;giw

nra;jp ahopd; gFjpnahL njhif,
mt;tif gpwTk; fUntd nkhopg” (njhy;.nghU:20)
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; fUg;nghUis tupirg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

Ky;iyj; jpiz - fUg;nghUs; :

• nja;tk; - jpUkhy;
• kf;fs; - ehld;> fpoj;jp> ,ilad;> ,ilr;rp> Nfhtyu;
• njhopy; - ML> khL Nka;j;jy;
• tpyq;F - khd; (jpupkUg;G ,uiy)> gR (fwit)> ML (kwp)
• kuk; - FUe;J> nfhd;iw
• gwit - md;dk; (vfpdk;)> fpsp (nre;jhu;g; igq;fpsp)
• ,irf;fUtp - Foy;> aho;
• gz; - nrt;top
• kyu; - Ky;iy> Njhd;wp> nfhd;iw> Ntq;if
• czT - tuF> ghy;

FwpQ;rpj; jpiz - fUg;nghUs;

• nja;tk; - KUfd;
• kf;fs; - kiy ehld;> ntw;gd;> Fwtu;> nfhbr;rp> fhdtu;
• czT - jpid (Vdy;)> Njd;
• tpyq;Ffs; - Gyp (cOit)> Fuq;F> gd;wp> fub (ngUq;if Vw;iw> cspak;)> ahid>
fLtd;.
• gwitfs; - kapy;> fpsp
• kuq;fs; - thio> %q;fpy; (Nta;> mik> fio)> Ntq;if> gyh> re;jdkuk;
• kyu;fs; - FwpQ;rp> fhe;js;> Ntq;if
• njhopy; - jpid tpistpj;jy;> NjndLj;jy;
• Cu; - rpWFb
• ,irf;fUtp - KoT> aho;
• ,ir - FwpQ;rpg;gz;

kUjj; jpiz - fUg;nghUs; :

• nja;tk; - ,e;jpud;
13
• kf;fs; - Cud;> kfpo;ed;> cotd;
• czT - ney;> Njwy;> kPd>; fUk;G
• tpyq;F - vUik (nrq;fz; fhuhd;)> ePu;eha;> Mik> thiskPd>; tuhy; kPd;
• kuk; - kUJ> <q;if
• gwit - FUF> Nfhop
• njhopy; - coT
• kyu;fs; - jhkiu> Mk;gy;> gfd;iw
• ,irf;fUtp - aho;> KoT
• ePu;epiy - ngha;if> Jiw

nea;jy; jpiz - fUg;nghUs;

• nja;tk; - tUzd;
• kf;fs; - Jiwtd;> Nru;g;gd;> Gyk;gd;> gujtu;> ckzu; (cg;G tzpfk; nra;gtu;fs;)
• njhopy; - kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpistpj;jy;; tpw;wy;.
• kuk; - ngz;iz (gid)> jhio> Gd;id.
• nrbnfhb - Kz;lfk;> mLk;G.
• gwit - ehiu> md;dk;> nfhf;F> rpWntz;fhf;if
• tpyq;F - Rwh> Gutp (Fjpiu)> NfhNtW fOij (mj;jpup)> Mik> mytd;
• Cu; - Cu;> rpWFb.
• kyu;fs; - nrUe;jp> nea;jy;> fhtp> jhio> Gd;id
• czT - ney;> kPd; (,wT> mapiy> RwT)
• ePu;epiy - neLq;fop

ghiyj; jpiz – fUg;nghUs;

• nja;tk; - nfhw;wit (fhdku; nry;tp)
• kf;fs; - kwtu;> mj;jf; fs;tu;> tpliy> kotu;
• njhopy; - topg;gwp (Mwiyj;jy;)
• tpyq;F - nre;eha;> khd; (et;tp)
• kuk; - KUq;if> kuhk;> ngz;iz> ,ytk;
• gwit - gUe;J (vUit)> Gwh> fhf;if> $if (FbiQ> Me;ij)
• ,irf;fUtp - KoT> fwq;F> aho;> rpy;yup> fpiz> Jb
• kyu;fs; - vUf;F> fsupahtpiu> ,Ug;ig
• ePu;epiy - Rid> fhd;ahW

14
• Cu; - %J}u;> KJgjp

Nkw;fz;lthwhf> Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs; Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpau;

gFj;jdtw;iwAk;> gpupj;jdtw;iwAk; njspthff; fz;Nlhk;. Ntshz; njhopypd; ,U
fz;fshf tpsq;Fk; epyk; kw;Wk; gUtk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fsJ $u;j;j
mwptpid nka;g;gpj;Jf; fhl;LtjhfNt mike;Js;sd.

Kjw;nghUs;

epyk; nghOJ

Ky;iy epyk;> FwpQ;rp epyk;>

kUj epyk;> nea;jy; epyk; ngUk;nghOJ
rpWnghOJ

,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; >fhh;fhyk; ahkk;>itfiw> fhiy>

$jph;fhyk;>Kd;gdpf;fhyk;> vw;ghL> ez;gfy;> khiy
gpd;gdpf;fhyk;

1.2. njhy;fhg;gpaupd; jhtutpay; rpe;jidfs; :

fhL epiwe;j cyfpw;F Ky;iyg;G+ rpwe;jikahYk;> kiy #o;e;j cyfpw;Ff;
FwpQ;rpg;G+ rpwe;jikahYk; ,e;epyq;fSf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpaH KiwNa Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp>
kUjk;> nea;jy; vdg; ngaH #l;bdhH. xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;ghf chpa jhtuj;jpd;
ngaNu mt;te;epyq;fSf;Fg; ngauhapw;W. jhtuq;fspd; kPjhd njhy;fhg;gpaupd; tpUg;G
,jd; %yk; czuyhfpd;wJ.NkYk;> czT> ePu;> ,sik> KJik> ,dg;ngUf;fk;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L jhtu ,dq;fs; capu; cilait vd;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpaH
ep&gpf;fpd;whu;.
xl;Lnkhj;jj; jhtu ,dq;fisAk; ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fpwhu;. Gy;Yf;Fk;
kuj;jpw;Fkhd Ntw;Wikia Kd; itf;fpd;whu; njhy;fhg;gpaH.
“Gwf;fhnodNt Gy;nyd nkhopg
mff; fhnodNt kunkd nkhopg” (nghU.ku.86-87 )
vd;wNjhL Gy;Yk; kuKk; Ntnwd nkhopfpd;whu;. fho;- kutapuk;> fho;j;jy;- Kw;Wjy;>
tapuk; cilajhjy;> tapuk; - jpz;ik> ituk; gha;e;j cs;tapu;g;G mw;w njd;id>
15
gid> ghf;F %q;fpy;> thio> KUq;if Nghd;wd ku ,dk; Mfh. ,itahTk; Gy;>
Nfhiu ,dj;ijr; rhu;e;jitNa vdg; gpupj;Jf; $Wfpd;whu;. ituk; gha;e;j
cs;tapu;g;Gilatw;iw kuk; vdg; gpupf;fpd;whu;. fhyj;jhy; Kjpu;e;j kuq;fSf;F tapuk;
VWjy; vd;w xU epiy cz;L. ,jid Gwtapuk;> mftapuk; vd;w epiyapy; mwpe;J>
ntspg;Gw my;yJ Rw;Wg;Gwkhf tapuk; ngWgit Gy;ypdk; rhu;e;j kuq;fs; vd;Wk;;
eLg;Gwkhf tapuk; ngWgit ku ,d kuq;fs; vd;Wk; gFj;Jf; fhz;fpwhu;.

Gy; tifapdk; :
gidkuk;> njd;id kuk;> <r;rkuk; Nghy;td Gy;ypd ku tifahFk;. Gy;ypdk;
vd;gJ NjhL> kly;> Xiy> VL>,jo;> ghis> <u;fF ; > Fiyfis cilaitahFk;.
thio> njd;id> gid> <r;ir kuq;fSk; jhkiu> nea;jy;> fOePu; Nghd;w ePu;tho;j;
jhtuq;fSk; Gy; ,dj;ijr; rhu;e;jit vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
Gy;ypdj;jpd; ,iy Nghd;w cWg;GfSf;F NtW ngaupl;L miof;fpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.
gid kly;> njd;id Xiy> thio VL> njd;id <u;f;F> thiof;Fiy vdg;
Gy;ypdj;jpd; cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;Nl mwpayhk;.
“NjhNl klNy Xiy vd;wh
VNl ,jNo ghis vd;wh
<u;fN
; f Fiy vd Neu;e;jd gpwTk;
Gy;nyhL tUk; vdr; nrhy;ypdu; Gytu;” (nghU.ku.88)
ku tifapdk; :
Njf;F> nrk;kuk;> Ntk;G Nghy;td> ku ,dj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;rr
; p
vdf;nfhs;syhk;.
“,iyNa KwpNt jspNu NjhNl
rpidNa FioNa G+Nt mUk;Ng
eidNa cs;SWj;jidait nay;yhk;
kundhL t&ck; fpstp vd;g” (nghU.ku.89)

kuj;jpd; cWg;Gfisj; Jy;ypakhf ,dk; fhZfpd;whu; njhy;fhg;apu;. Jspu;fF

; k;
,iyfis ‘jspu;’ vd;Wk;> ,e;j ,iyfisj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; fpisfis ‘NfhL’ vd;Wk;;
mtw;wpy; mUk;Gk; nkhl;Lfis ‘rpid’ vd;Wk;> jspu;f;Fk; ,iyfis ‘Fio’ vd;Wk;;
mtw;wpilj; Njhd;Wk; G+f;fisAk;> mUk;GfisAk;> ,itad;wp mUk;Gtdtw;iw ‘eid’
vd Fwpj;J ,it midj;ijAk; kuj;jpd; cWg;Gfs; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; Rl;Lfpwhu;.
Gy;ypdk;> ku ,dk; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthdtw;iw>

“fhNa> goNk NjhNy> nrjpNs

tPNohL vd;whq;F mitAk; md;d”

16
fha;- gyd; Kw;whj epiy> gok; - cz;Zk; epiyia vl;ba gyd;> Njhy;-goj;ijg;
ghJfhf;Fk; Nkw;Gw mikg;G> nrjps;-kug;gl;il> tPo;-kuj;jpd; tpOJfs;

njhy;fhg;gpau; - jhtutpay; ty;Ydu;fs; :

Nkw;nrhd;d njhy;fhg;gpau; $w;wpidAk;> ,d;iwa jhtutpay; ty;Ydu;fspd;
$w;wpidAk; xg;gpl;L Muha;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. Gy;ypd kutifapdk; vd;gJ
cs;sPlw;w jpz;ikaw;w jz;bidAila mikg;gpidAilaJ vd;gu; njhy;fhg;gpau;.
mJNghyNt> ,d;iwa jhtutpay; ty;Ydu;fspd; $w;wpd;gb ,e;j kutifapdq;fs;
midj;JNk ry;ypNtu; mikg;gpid ciladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpau;
Fwpg;gpl;l Gy;tifapd kuq;fshfpa njd;id> gid> ghf;F %q;fpy;> thio Mfpa
midj;J kuq;fSNk ry;ypNtu; mikg;gpid ciladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;tpUtupd; $w;wpidAk; xg;gpl;L Nehf;fpdhy;> ry;ypNtu; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;l
kuq;fs; (kl;Lk;) midj;ijAk; xd;whf ,izj;Nj njhy;fhg;gpau; Gy;tifapd kuq;fs;
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mJNghyNt MzpNtu; mikg;gpidAila kuq;fs; vy;yhk;
jpz;ikAila tapuk; gha;e;j typa kuq;fs; (,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;) vd;w
mbg;gilapy; ,tw;iw ku ,dq;fs; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLtjhf mwpayhk;.
njhy;fhg;gpau; $w;Wk; mwptpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNj vd ehk; ep&gpf;fyhk;.

1.3. Ntshz;khe;ju; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis mwpjy; :

Ntshz; khe;ju;> cO njhopy; nra;J> tpistpj;J tpisnghUs; ngWtjd;wp
NtW njhopy; mwpahjhu; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
“Ntshz; khe;ju;f;F cOJ}z; my;yJ
,y;nyd nkhopg gpwtif epfo;r;rp” (nghUs;.ku.80)

Ntshz; khe;ju;> cOnjhopy; nra;J> cztpid tpistpj;J tpisnghUs; ngw;W

jk;NkhL jk; Rw;wj;ijAk; Nru;j;J thor;nra;tNjad;wp NtW njhopy; mwpahjtu;fs;;
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; ngUikahff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
Nkw;fz;lthwhf> epyk;> nghOJ> fUg;nghUs;> jhtutpay;> Ntshz; khe;ju;
Fwpj;j rpe;jid Mfpa nra;jpfis Kiwahf> njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpatop
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghd ek;Kila Kd;Ndhu;fspd;
Ntshz; mwptpay; njhopy;El;g mwpT ek;ik tpaf;fitf;fpd;wJ.

17
 2. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
tpijj;Nju;T> cOk; Kiwfs;> epyk; jahupj;jy;> Ntypaikj;jy;> jhdpaq;fis
Nrkpj;J itj;jy; Nghd;w ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; Ntshz; nray;jpwd;fs; vz;zp tpaf;f
itf;fpd;wd. gapH nra;tJk; czTz;gJk; vd;W> NkNyhl;lkhd tho;it thohJ>
xt;nthU nraYf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J xt;nthd;iwAk; EZfp EZfp Muha;e;J>
El;gkhff; fz;lwpe;J> jq;fSila Ntshz; mwpit tpUj;jp nra;jpUg;gij
,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; kpf vspjhf ehk; czuyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; fz;lwpe;j Ntshz;gzpfis> ,d;wsTk; VNjh xU
epiyapy; ehk; tplhJ filg;gpbj;J tUfpd;Nwhk;. mj;jifa Ntshz; gzpfis rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fshfpa gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif top ehk; fPo;f;fz;lthwhf mwpayhk;.

1. coT :
cOnjhopy;> jiyrpwe;j njhopyhfTk; capH tho;f;iff;F ,d;wpahikahj
njhopyhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. vdNt> epyj;ij Ntshz;ikf;F Vw;wthW cOJ
gad;gLj;jpdH. mfy cOtijtpl Mo cOtNj rpwe;jJ vd;gjid mwpe;jpUe;jdH.
gUtkio nga;jNghJ> cOtij kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. xU Kiwf;Fg; gy Kiw
cOj gpd;Ng> tpij tpijj;jdH vd;gjid> “gyToT Gd;nra; kz;Nghy; nefpo;e;J”>
vDk; mfehD}w;W (26:24-25) mbfspypUe;J mwpag;ngwyhk;. cotHfs; epyj;ij cOk;
ghq;fpidg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (196-200) gFj;Jf; $WfpwJ. xUKiw cOjiy>
xUrhy; coT vd;Wk;> ,UKiw cOjiy ,Urhy; coT vd;Wk;> gyKiw cOjiyr;
nrQ;rhy; coT vd;Wk; mfy cOjiy Mo coT vd;Wk; giwrhw;WfpwJ.

cOk; Kiwfs; :
ed;F cof;$ba vUJfis Efj;jpy; g+l;b> fyg;igapYs;s nfhO KOtJk;
ed;whf kz;zpy; mOe;Jk;gbahfr; nra;J> gyrhy; cOJ NghLtu;. ,jid>

“eiletpy; ngUk;gfL Gjtpy; g+l;b

gpbtha; md;d kbtha; ehQ;rpy;
cLg;GKf KOf;nfhO %o;f Cd;wp”

cotHfs; vUjpidg;g+l;b VHf;fyg;igapd; nfhOit epyj;jpy; mOj;jp cOjdH

vd;gijg; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil mwpTWj;Jfpd;wJ. cotHfs; coTj; njhopypy; ed;F
eilgapd;w nghpa vUJfis> Efj;jpw; g+l;bf; nfhz;L nrd;W gpbahidapd;
thianahj;j tise;j thiaAila fyg;igia cLk;G Kfk; Nghd;w KOnfhO
Nrw;wpy; ed;F %o;Fk;gbahf mOj;jp cOjdH. ,t;tbfspypUe;J coTj;njhopypy;
fhy;eilfs; ngUk;gq;F ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gJ mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ngUkio nga;jTld;
tpbaw;fhiyapy; Viug;G+l;b taYf;Fr; nrd;W kz;zpd; <uk; cyUk; Kd;ghf
MokhfTk;> mfykhfTk; Nky;kz; fPohf> fPo;kz; Nkyhfg; GuSk;gbahfg; gyKiw
cOJ NghLtu;. ,t;thwhf coT nra;ag;gl;l nrk;kz; epykhdJ> Gz;izf; fpopj;jJ
Nghd;w Njhw;wj;Jld; jpfo;e;jjhfg; GwehD}W ,ak;GfpwJ. ,ijj;jtpu NkYk;>

18
gUtkioia vjpHghHj;J Kd;dNu gyrhy; cOJ NghlYk; cz;L vd;gij> “jz;
Jspf;F Vw;w gycO nrQ;nra;kz; Nghy; nefpo;e;J”> vDk; mbfs; %yk; ehkwpayhk;.
,t;thW nra;tjhy; tay;fs; <uk; jhq;fp epw;Fk;. fhyg;GOjp flf;fepw;Fk; vd;gJ
gonkhopahFk;. cOj gpd;G> guk;G kw;Wk; jsk;G vd;Dk; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L
taypYs;s NkL gs;sq;fs; rkg;gLj;jg;gl;ljid guk;gbj;jy;> jsk;gbj;jy; vd;W
GwehD}W $Wfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> gy; Nghd;w mikg;gpidAila fUtpiaf; nfhO Nghd;W fyg;igapy;

fl;b cOtjd; %ykhfTk; kz;fl;bfs; cile;J epyk; rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.,jw;Fg;
‘gy;ypahLjy;’ vd;W ngau;.

cohkNyNa tpijf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; :

cOJ tpijf;Fk; Kiw Nghd;Nw cohkNyNa tpijf;Fk; KiwAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
VWfs; jk;Ks; nghUtjhy; tay;fs; NrwhfptpLk;. cOtNj Njitapy;yhJ Neubahf
Nrw;wpNy tpijg;gJk; tof;fkhapUe;jJ. fhe;jspd; nfhOtpa fpoq;fpid
mQ;rhikAila Nfoy; gd;wpahdJ> jd; ,dj;Jld; cOtJ Nghyf; fpsWfpd;wJ.
mt;thW mit fpswpj; Njhd;wpa epyj;jpy; ey;y ehs; te;j fhuzj;jhy;> mijg;
ghu;j;Jf; FwtH cohkNyNa jpidia tpijj;jdH. gUj;jj; NjhifiaAila rpwpa
jpid tpise;jJ ,jid>
“fLq;fz; Nfoy; cOjg+kp
ed;dhs; tUgjk; Nehf;fpf; FwtH
cohmJ tpj;jpa g&cf;Fuw; rpWjpid” (168:4-6) vd mwpayhk;.

2. kuGrhh;e;j vUtpLjy; njhopy;El;gk; :

gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; Ntshz; kf;fs; fhy;eilfspd; fopthfpa njhO cuKk;
,iyjiofshfpa jioAuKk; gad;gLj;Jtij kughff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. epyj;jpy;
,aw;if vU ,Ltjpd; %yNk gaph; tsh;tjw;Nfw;w Rfhjhukhd #o;epiyia cUthf;f
,aYk;. gaphpd; Nth;fs; vspjpy; kz;Zf;Fs; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Nth; kw;Wk; mq;F
tho;fpd;w Ez;Zaph;fSf;Fj; jq;F jilapd;wp gpuhzthA kw;Wk; ePh; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tifahd Rfhjhur; #oy; kz;zpy; Vw;gLk;NghJjhd; gapUf;Fj; Njitahd
midj;Jr; rj;Jf;fSk; Ez;Zaph;fs; %ykhf kz;zpy; khw;wg;gl;L Nth;fs; %yk;
gaph;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. gaph;fSk; ed;F tsh;e;J mjpf kf#iyf;
nfhLf;fpd;wd.
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;ifahf fpilf;Fk; rhz vUthfpa njhOcuk; kw;Wk;
jio cuq;fisf; nfhz;Nl midtUk; Ntshz;ik nra;J te;jdh;. mjdhy;>
,ay;ghfNt Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,urhad khw;wq;fshy; kz;zpw;Fj; Njitahd
rj;Jg;nghUl;fs; Kiwahf Nth;fs; %yk; gaphpdq;fisr; nrd;wile;jd. NkYk;> njhO
kw;Wk; jio cuq;fs; epyj;jpYs;s Ez;Zaph;fSf;F czthfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
Ez;Zaph;fs; Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; gy;fpg; ngUFfpd;wd. mit ,we;jgpd; mtw;wpd;
cly;fs; rpijf;fg;gl;L mq;fff; fhpkg;nghUl;fSld; Nrh;e;J xU fhpa epw kf;if
19
(Humus) cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j kf;Fld; epyj;jpy; cs;s kz;Jfs;fSk; ,ize;J
‘nghynghy’ ntd;W ,yFthd fpuk;G kw;Wk; fpuhZyhh; vdg;gLk; kz;
$l;likg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kz;zpd; ,f;$l;likg;Gfspdhy;jhd; kz;zpy;
fhw;W kw;Wk; ePh; nry;yj;jf;f Ez;zpa ghijfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; gaphpd; Nth;fs;
vspjpy; CLUtpr; nrd;W ePiuAk; rj;Jf;fisAk; cwpQ;r Kbfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
mZFKiwapidg; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; filg;gpbj;J ,aw;if vUf;fshfpa Ml;nlU>
khl;nlU Mfpatw;iwAk; jio vUf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp kz;zpd; tsj;ijf; fhj;jdh;.
,jw;fhd rhd;Wfis ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; fPo;f; fz;lthwhf mwpayhk;.

fhy;eilfspd; kl;fpa foptpidj; ‘jhnjU’ vDk; fiyr;nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.

vU vd;gjw;F cyh;e;j rhzk; vDk; nghUis ciuahrphpah;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. (‘kd;wj;J
vU’ - FWe;njhif 46-3-c.Nt.rh. ciu)

❖ jhnjU kWfpd; %J}uhq;fz; - (mfehD}W - 165-4)

❖ jhnjU kWF - (ew;wpiz - 343-3)
❖ fhQ;rpj; jhJf; fd;d jhnjU kd;wj;J - (fypj;njhif - 108-60)

jw;fhyj;ijg; NghyNt mf;fhyj;jpYk; ,y;yj;J Kd;wpypd; xJf;Fg;Gwkhd

,lq;fspYk;> njUtpd; Xuj;jpYk; vUf;fisf; nfhl;Ltjw;nfd;Nw kd;wq;fs;
(kiygLflhk;> ew;wpiz) tplg;gl;Ls;sij ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpayhk;. ,jidg;
NghyNt jio vUf;fisAk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; gad;gLj;jpaijf; fhzyhk;. goq;
nfhy;iyapy; ,ay;ghf Kisj;njOe;j nrbnfhbfis cukhf khw;Wk; nghUl;L
kz;zpy; kiwAk;gb ed;F cOth;. gyKiw cOJ Gul;ba goq;nfhy;iyapy; vU
Kjypatw;iw ,l;L Mah;fs; tufpidg; gaph; nra;J te;jjhf mfehD}W ,ak;GfpwJ.
NkYk;> ,t;thW cOj goq;nfhy;iyapy; vU ,l;l nra;jpapid ew;wpiz
$WfpwJ.
“tpijah; nfhd;w Kijay; G+kp
,LKiw epug;gpa <h;,iy tufpd;”
jw;fhyj;Nj fhy;eil tsh;g;G tptrhapfspilNa kpfTk; mWfp tUfpd;w
epiyiaj; jw;NghJ fhz;fpNwhk;. ,j;jifa #oiy khw;wp tptrhapfs; ngUkstpy;
fhy;eilfis tsh;j;J tUkhdj;Jld; ,aw;if vUf;fisAk; ngw;Wg; gadilayhk;.
NkYk;> gz;izapy; fpilf;Fk; vy;yhtpjkhd fopTg;nghUl;fisAk; tPzhf;fhky;
kl;fr; nra;J rpwe;j ,aw;if vUtpidj; jahhpf;fyhk;. ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk;
njd;id ehh;f;fopT> fUk;Gj;Njhif> nea;Ntyp fhl;lhkzf;F> Mfhaj;jhkiu
Nghd;wtw;iw kl;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; rpwe;j vUtpidg; ngwyhk;.
3. ePH Nkyhz;ikj; njhopy;El;gk;:
epyj;jpidg; ghFgLj;jpaJ Ntshz; njhopypd; Kjw;fl;l mwptpay; tsHr;rp
vd;wjidg; Nghd;Nw kioePhpidj; Njf;fp itj;Jj; jFe;j fhyj;jpy; gapH tsHr;rpf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jp;f;nfhs;s Kide;j Kaw;rp mLj;jf;fl;l iky;fy;yhf Ntshz; mwptpay;
tsHr;rpf;Ff; nfhOnfhk;G gjpj;jpl;l nrayhFk;.
20
 “ePhpd;wp mikah ahf;iff;F vy;yhk;
cz;b nfhLj;NjhH capH nfhLj;NjhNu
cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;
czntdg;gLtJ epyj;njhL ePNu
ePUk; epyDk; GdhpNahH <z;L
clk;Gk; capUk; gilj;jprpNdhNu” (GwehD}W.18:18-23)

kdpj clypy; 55% ePH mlq;fpapUf;;fpwJ vd;gJ mwptpay; cz;ik. (ePhpd;wp mikahJ
ahf;if) ePiuf; nfhz;Ls;s kdpj clYf;F czitf; nfhLj;jtH capiuf;
nfhLj;jtuhfNt fUjg;gLthH. cly;> czTj; Njitia ikakhff; nfhz;L
,aq;Ffpd;wJ. mj;jifa czT vd;gJ ahnjdpy;> mJ epyj;NjhL $ba ePuhFk; vdg;
GytpadhH tpsf;Ffpd;whH. ePiuAk; epyj;ijAk; xd;whf ,izj;jtNu cliyAk;>
capiuAk; gilj;jtH vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. epyj;ijAk; ePiuAk; ,izj;J
nra;ag;gLk; Ntshz; tpisr;riy czthf cl;nfhz;L capHthOk; ,t;Tly;>
NtshsH ,l;lJ vDk; cz;ikia kiwnghUshf ,;g;ghlyb tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
mj;jifa Ntshz;ik ePbj;J epiyf;f ePiuj; Njf;fp> Nrkpj;Jg; gad;gLj;j KaYtNj
rpwg;G kpf;fJ vd;gjid>
“epyd; nesp kUq;fpd; ePHepiy ngUfj;
jl;NlhH mk;k ,tz;jl; NlhNu” – (18:28-29)
vDk; mbfs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpdpd;W ePiuj; Njf;fp itj;Jj; Njitahd
rkaq;fspy; (kio ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy;) Ntshz; gzpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ
mwpa tUfpd;wJ. epyk; gs;skhd ,lj;jpy; ePHepiy ngUFk;gb ePiuf; $l;bath; jhk;
nry;Yk; cyfj;jpw;Fr; nry;tk; Kjyhd %d;iwAk; jk; ngaUld; $l;bath; MthH
NkYk;> kio nga;ahj fhyj;jpYk;> Kd;G vg;NghNjh nga;j kioePiuf;;
nfhz;L Nfhilapy; nfhl;bj; jPHf;Fk; ,ay;Gila mUtpfSila kiy.
“nga;apDk; nga;ahjhapDk; fUtp
nfhs;SO tpad;Gyj; Jiofh yhf” – (105:4-5)
,e;j mUtpfspd; ePiuf; nfhz;L nfhs;is tpijj;Jg; gapH nra;tjw;fhf cOJ>
gz;gLj;jg;gl;l epyj;jpy; ePH gha;e;J XLfpd;wJ vd ,t;tbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
,aw;ifahd ePHepiyfisg; gad;gLj;;jpAk;> nraw;ifahf ePHj;Njf;fq;fis mikj;Jk;
nrk;ikahd Kiwapy; Ntshz; gzp nra;jdH.
ePHj;Njf;fq;fis mikf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; :
nraw;ifahf nrk;kz; epyj;jpy; $ty; Njhz;b ePUz;zg; gad;gLj;jpa
nra;jpAk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. Njhz;bajhy; cz;lhd rpte;j ,lj;jpy; CUk;
ePhpidf; Fbg;gjw;fhf kf;fs; gad;gLj;JtH (G.eh.319:1). mNjNghy; fy;iy cilj;Jf;
$ty; mikf;Fk; tof;fKk; fhzg;gl;lJ. epiwe;J> Njq;fpf; fplf;Fk; Fsj;J ePiug;
ghrdj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaijAk; mwpayhk;.
“Fsf;fPo; tpise;j fisf;nfhs; ntz;nzy;” – (G.eh.33:5) Fsj;JePH jpwe;J
tplg;gl;lJk; ed;nra; coT nra;J ntz;nzy;iyg; gapH nra;jdH. Fsj;J ePH tuj;J
21
mjpfkhFk;NghJ Fsj;jpd; fiufs; gOJgLtJk;> cile;JNghtJk; epfohjpUf;ff;
fhtyHfs; fhty; nra;Ak; tof;fKk; mf;fhyj;Nj fhzg;gl;lJ. fiu cile;J
NghFk;nghOJ fhtyHfs; fy;Yk; kuKk; Jzpj;J cilg;;ig rhpnra;tH. ,uT KOtJk;
fz;tpopj;Jk; fhty; nra;tH.ePH epiyfis nraw;ifahf mikj;J ePiuj; Njf;FtjpYk;
El;gk; nghUe;jpatHfshf ,Ue;jdH ek; Kd;NdhHfs;. me;ehspy; ePH epiyfis
mikf;fg; gs;skhd gFjpfNshL kl;Lky;yhJ> ghiwfs;> rpwpa NkLfs; Kjyhdtw;iw
,izj;J miwfisAk; nghiwfisAk; ,ilapilNa fiuahf mikAkhW gpiw
tbtpy; mikj;jdH.
ghiwfSk; fw;fSk; epiwe;j gFjpahapd; fiufs; cilahkYk;> gpiw
tbtkha; ,Ug;gjhy; ePHtuj;jpd; msT mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ePHj;Njf;fq;fis
tisthf mikf;Fk;NghJ ePhpd; tpir fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Vhp kw;Wk; Fsq;fspd;
fiufs; vl;lhk; ehs; gpiwr;re;jpuidg; Nghd;W mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;gjid>
“miwAk; nghiwAk; kze;j jiya vz;zhl;jpq;fs;
mida nfhLq;fiu njz;zHP r; rpWFsk;”- (GwehD}W.118:2-3)
vDk; ghlyhy; mwpfpNwhk;.
fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ,e;jf; fupfhy; ngUtsj;jhd;> njhlu;e;J
nts;sr;Nrjk; Vw;gLj;jpte;j fhtpupf;F miz Nghl;lhd;. fhyj;jpd; Njit fUjp
,r;nra;jp <z;L mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gl;bdg;ghiyAk;> nghUeuhw;Wg;gilAk; Gfo;e;J
NgRk; ngUikf;Fupa kd;dd; fupfhyd;. ,td; gpw kd;du;fisg;Nghy Nghu;fspy;
<Lgl;lhYk; tlehl;L mNrhfDf;F ,izahf kuk; eLtJ> Fsk; ntl;LtJ vd;gNjhL
fhy;eilfSf;fhd kUj;JtkidfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;shd;.
“jz;Nfzpj; jifKw;wj;J
gfl;nlUjpd; gyrhiy" (g.ghiy)
,tdJ kpfg;ngUk; gzpfspy; xd;W fhtpupapy; fy;yiz fl;baJ. ,td;
Ntshz;ikiag; ngUf;Ftjpy; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpatd;.
“mupfhypd; fPOc ke;ney;Ny rhYk;
fupfhyd; fhtpupR+o; ehL" (ngh.M)
1900 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghff; fl;lg;gl;l fhpfhw;Nrhodpd; fy;yiz> ehftbtpy;
tisthff; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghpa fUq;fw;fs;> ePhpy; fiuahj fspkz; fyitiaf;
nfhz;L RkhH 1080 mb ePsKk;> 66 mb mfyKk;> 18 mb cauj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;
,t;tiz> gy;yhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; ,d;Wk; epiyj;J epw;fpd;wJ vd;gij epidtpy;
nfhs;f. neha;ay; ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;s mizfspd; ,Ugf;ff; fiufspYk;
tUk; mjpfg;gbahd ePH tbe;J> nts;sf;fhy;fspd; topahf mUNf cs;s Vhp>
Fsq;fspy; nrd;W epuk;Gk;gbahf mikf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;gk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
,J Nghd;w mizf;fl;Lfs; ‘fw;rpiw’ vd miof;fg;gl;ld. ,it ePhpd;
mOj;jj;ijAk; Ntfj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tisthf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jjid> “tUe;jpf; nfhz;l ty;tha; nfhLQ;rpiw kPjpy; nfhLePH
Nghf;fp” vDk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlypypUe;J mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. VupfspypUe;J
22
 cldbahf ePiug; gad;gLj;jTk;> Njf;fp itj;Jj; NjitahdnghOJ gad;gLj;jTk;
thup> kjF> kil> kL> fYq;F Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;J nrk;ikahd Kiwapy; ePu;
Nkyhz;ik nra;J Ntshz;ikia Kiwahf> rupahf> Neu;j;jpahff; filg;gpbj;jdu;.

4. tpij mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk; :

Kw;fhyj;jpy; tpij ney;iy tpw;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;iy. mtutHf;Fj; Njitahd
tpijney;iy mtHfNs Nrkpj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L> jFe;j fhyj;jpy; tpijg;gH.
mg;gbg;gl;l tpij ney;iy xUtd; Fw;wpAz;lhy; mjd; gpd;dH> mt;Totd; jd;
epyj;jpy; tpijf;f ,ayhkw; Ngha;tpLk;.‘tPo;Fb cotd; tpj;J cz;lhq;F’ (GwehD}W.
230:13) vd;wjpypUe;J tpijapid cz;Ltpl;lhy;> ntspapy; tpw;gidf;F tpij
fpilf;fhjhifahy; tptrhaNk nra;a ,ayhJ Ngha;tpLk;. NkYk;> tpijf;fhfj;
jhdpaq;fisj; jdpahfj; NjHe;njLj;J Nrkpj;Jitf;Fk; gof;fk; mf;fhyj;Nj
fhzg;gl;lJ. tpijj;jpidiaj; jdpahfg; gphpj;njLf;fhky; fjpNuhNl fhaitj;Jg;
ghJfhg;gH vd;gjid “FuYzq;F tpijj;jpid” (333:12) vDk; mb Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

5. ehw;WeLk; njhopy;El;gk;; :
gyrhy; ed;whf cOJ fis ePf;fpa gpd;du; cukpl;L ePu; gha;r;rg;ngw;w tay;fspy;
ehw;Wf;fis ed;whf mOe;j eLthu;fs; vd;gjid “ePUW nrWtpy; ehWKbaOj;j epd; eLeNuhL
Nrwpahapd;” (ew;.6:7)vDk; ghlyb ,ak;Gfpd;wJ. “neUf;fp el;L tpisr;ry; ngUf;Ff” vd;W
coTj;njhopYf;F mwptpay; ,d;W topfhl;LfpwJ. md;Nw neUf;fp el;L tpisr;ry;
$l;Lk; cj;jp ,Ue;jjhf MT+h; %yq;fpohh; ghly; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
“xUgpb gbAk; rPwplk;
vO fspW Guf;Fk; ehLfpoNthNa” (Gw.40)
xU ngz; ahid gLf;FksT rpwpa ,lkhapDk;> mjd;fz; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fp> VO
fspWfisg; ghJfhf;fty;y czit tpistpf;Fk; Nrho ehl;Lf;F chpatNd” vd;W
GwehD}W $Wfpd;wJ. ed;nra; epykhapDk;> Gd;nra; epykhapDk; ,lk; mfd;wpUe;J
tpisT RUq;fpapUe;jhy; mJ gadw;wJ vd;gij>
“tpj;jp thd;Nehf;Fk; Gd;Gykp fz;zfd;
itg;gpw;W MapDk; ez;zp MSk;
,iwtd; jhl;F cjthNj” (Gw.18)
Gd;nra; epyk; ,lkfd;Wk; tpisAs; ngUf;fhikahy; gadpy;iy vd;gijf; Fltpadhh;
czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

6. kuGrhh;e;j fisf;fl;Lg;ghL :
fisfs; ve;j Mz;bYk; ve;jg; gUtj;jpYk; vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk;
Kisj;J tsh;tjw;F mtw;wpd; tpijfspd; caph;g;Gj; jd;ikNa Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. epyj;jpy; tpOe;j fisr;nrbapd; tpijfs; Vw;w #o;epiy
tha;fF
; k;NghJ Kistpl;L tsh;r;rpailAk;. ,JNt tpijapd; caph;g;Gj; jd;ik MFk;.
fisfis cl;nfhs;Sk; khLfspd; rhzj;jpy; tpijfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mit FWfpa
23
fhyj;jpy; jk;Kila Kisg;Gj;jpwid ,oe;J tpLtjpy;iy.rhzj;ij ed;F
kl;ftpLtjhy; ,ay;ghfNt fisfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpijfs; caph;g;Gj; jd;ikia
,oe;JtpLfpd;wd.

‘fis gpLq;fhg; gaph; fhy;gaph;’ vd;gJ Kd;Ndhh; thf;F. ed;nra; epyq;fspy;

iffshYk; Gd;nra; epyq;fspy; fisf; nfhj;jhYk; fis vLj;jdh;. fisf; nfhy;ypfs;
Ntshz;ik mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rpf;F rhd;whf tpsq;fpdhYk; mit fisfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLNk md;wpf; fisfis KOikahf mopf;fg; gad;gLtjpy;iy.
mf;fhy KiwNa rpwe;j Kiwahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,ay;ghfNt mWtil Kbe;j gpd>; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; ney; jhpR epyq;fspy;

ML> khLfis Nka;f;f tpLtjhy; fisfs; tsh;tJk;> tpij cw;gj;jpahtJk;
jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhil coT nra;tjd; %yk; tpijfs; rpijf;fg;gLtjpdhNyh>
fisfspd; Kisf;FUj;J ghjpf;fg;gLtjpdhNyh fisfs; ed;F tsh;e;J G+j;J tpij
cw;gj;jp nra;tJ jLf;fg;gl;L tpLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; Rkhh; gj;J
rjtpfpjk; tiuapy; fisfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd Ntshz; tpQ;Qhdpfs;
mwpTWj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,Nj njhopy; El;gj;jpidg; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs;
filg;gpbj;J te;j tpjk; ek;ik tpag;gilar; nra;fpd;wJ. mWtil nra;J Nghubj;J
cjph;f;fg;gl;l new; Ftpay;fs; fodpfspy; jpfo ney;yWj;J mhpfhypd; fl;bfs;
ngaUk;gb cOj nra;jpapid> “neLne yilr;rpa fodpNah; GFj;Jf; FLkp fl;ba
glg;igNahL kpspu mhpfhy; Ngho;e;j njhpgfl;L coth;” vDk; mfehD}w;W (41>4-6)
mbfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mWtil nra;j gpd;G jhprhff; fplf;Fk; G+kpapid kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; cOtjd; %yk; epyj;jb ePh; (kio nga;Ak;NghJ) Nrkpf;fg;gLtJld;
fisfspd; tsh;rr
; pAk; jilgLfpd;wJ vd;gjid ,jd; %yk; ehkwpayhk;.

fisfis mbNahL mopf;f> Mo cOtJk; rpwe;j KiwahFk;. Nfhil coT

nra;tJ xU rpwe;j coTKiw fisf; fl;Lg;ghL MFk;. rpj;jpiu> itfhrpg;
gUtq;fspy; nga;Ak; Nfhil kioapdhy; epyj;jpy;; fhzg;gLk; fistpijfs;
Kisf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thwhd kio nga;j> jFe;j gjkhd epyj;jpy; coT
nra;Ak;NghJ ,e;jf; fisr;nrbfs; ePf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. NfhilapNy coT Nkw;nfhz;l
nra;jpfis rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fNs rhd;whf ekf;Ff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ed;nra; epyq;fspy;
NrW fyf;fpag; gpd;dh;> ePiuj; Njf;fp itg;gjdhy; ngUk;ghyhd fisfs; Kisf;f
Kbahj epiyia milfpd;wd. Nfhil cotpid Nkw;nfhs;tjpd; %yk; mUF> Nfhiu
Nghd;w ,ju fisfspd; Nky;gFjp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; fyg;igapdhy; rpijf;fg;gLk;NghJ
jz;L kw;Wk; fpoq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; khTr; rj;Jg;nghUs; tpiutpy; jPh;e;J fisfs;
kba VJthfpd;wd. NkYk;> jz;LfSk; fpoq;FfSk; Nky;Nehf;fpg; Gul;lg;gl;L #hpa
xspapy; fha;e;J mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

CLgaph; %yk; fisfisj; jLj;jy;:

nghJthf> jdpg;gaph; xd;wpid kl;Lk; rhFgb nra;tijtpl CLgapUld; rhFgb
nra;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;. mjpf ,ilntspfNshL tpijf;fg;gLk; gaph;fshd gUj;jp> fUk;G
24
Nghd;w nkJthf tsUk; gaph;fSf;fpilNa tpiue;J tsh;e;J Kjph;rr
; pailaf; $ba
gaph;fshd cSe;J> gr;irg;gaW> jl;ilg;gaW> Nrhahnkhr;ir Nghd;w gaph;fis
CLgaph; nra;tjd; %yk; Kjd;ikg; gaph;fsp;d; kf#y; ghjpf;fg;glhky; $Ljy;
tUkhdKk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa CLgaph; Kiw mf;fhyj;Nj gad;ghl;by;
,Ue;jjid ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. nkJthf tsUk; gUj;jp tpijapidj;
jpidg;Gdj;jpy; jpidNahL fye;J tpijg;gh;. jpid Kjph;e;J nfha;ag;gl;l gpd;dh;
gUj;jp tpisa mjidf; nfha;th;. ,r;nra;jpapid> “ghP, tpj;jpa Vdy;”; (72-4) vd;Dk;
FWe;njhif mb gUj;jpNahL jpidia CLgapuhfg; gaphpl;likiaj; njspthf
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk;> fisfs; tsh;tJ jLf;fg;gl;lJ.

,aw;iff;F vt;tpj CWk; nra;ahJ ,aw;ifNahbiae;j tho;it Nkw;nfhz;l

ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs;> me;je;j kz;thFf;Nfw;wthwhd gaph; tiffisg; gaph;
nra;jikahYk;> Njitahd kf#iyg; ngw;W te;jikahYk; ve;j tpj ,ilA+Wk;
,y;yhj ,ay;ghd epiyikNa Ntshz;ikapy; njhlh;e;J te;jJ. Mdhy;> ,d;iwa
fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ve;j khjphpahd kz;thF nfhz;l epykhapDk; rhp> jhk; tpUk;gpa gaph;
,ufq;fisg; gaph;nra;J> jhk; tpUk;Gk; mjpfg;gbahd kf#iyg; ngw;wpLk; Nehf;fpNy>
tpjtpjkhd ,uhrhad cuq;fis ,l;Lj; jk; vz;zq;fis <Nlw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy; kz;zpd; ,ay;Gj; jd;ik ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL ,aw;iff;Fk; ,ilA+W
NehpLfpwJ. mjpfg; gbahd kf#y; xd;iwNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L Ntshz;ik
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL kz;zpYk; mjpfg;gbahd
Ntjpapay; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L kz;zpd; juk; kw;Wk; tsk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;epiyapy; ekJ jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,aw;if top
Ntshz;ikiaAk; njhlh;e;J ghpe;Jiu nra;J tUfpd;wJ.

7. gUtKk; gapHfSk; :
ek; Kd;NdhHfs; jw;NghJ Ngzg;gl;L tUk; fyg;Gg;gapH Kiw> khw;Wg;gapH
Kiw> njhlHgapH Kiw> kWjhk;Gg;gapH Kiw vDk; gaphpL Kiwfis md;Nw
filg;gpbj;J kz;zpd; tsj;ijg; ghJfhj;jNjhL tpijapd; juj;jpidAk; ngUf;fpf;
nfhz;ldH. xNu gUtj;jpy; gytpjkhd gaph;fs; mLj;jLj;j ,lq;fspy; gapH
nra;ag;gl;ld vd;gjid kiygLflhk; (113-126) vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. NkYk;> gUtkioia
vjpHNehf;fp tpistp;f;fg;gl;l jpidiatplTk; ePHgha;r;rp tpisAk; jpid> Kd;dNu
tpise;jJ ‘nfha;ah Kd;Dk; Fuy; thHGjpidNa mUtp Nghd;w igq;fhy; NjhWk;
,Utp Njhd;wpid gyNt’ vDk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; (28:3-5) %yk; gUtkio kw;Wk;
Nrkpj;J itj;j ePiug; gha;rR
; tjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; El;gkhd tsHepiy khWghLfisAk;
$He;J ftdpj;J Muha;e;j jpwk; ghuhl;;bw;FhpaJ.

kioaw;w gUt fhyq;fspy; ePH gha;r;ry; Njit ,y;yhj Nth;f;fliy> cSe;J

Mfpa gapH tiffisg; gaphpl;L gUtj;jpw;Nfw;wgb Ntshz; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
NkYk;> kior;rhuNyhL fye;j thilf;fhw;W tPRk; $jpH fhyj;jpy; jhd; fUk;G ed;whf
tpisAk; vd;gjidAk;> kio mjpfkhfg; nga;fpd;w fhyj;jpy; vs; fha;fs; cjpHe;J>

25
cs;sPL ,y;yhj Cikf;fha;fshf mope;J Nghfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> vs;spw;F mjpfkio
gif vd;gjid mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;wthW gapHj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;ldH. mjpfkhd
FspH nghUe;jpa Kd;gdpf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; cSe;J ed;whf tpisAk; vd;Dk; nra;jpAk;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gUtk; ghu;j;Jg; gapu; nra;J jq;fspd;
Njitfis mile;jjd; %yk; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; rhjidia mjpf kf#ypd; top
ehkwpayhk;.

8. gapHg; ghJfhg;Gj; njhopy;El;gk; :

gapHg;ghJfhg;G vd;whNy jw;fhyj;jpy;; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;JfNs epidtpw;F
tUfpd;wd. Mdhy;> Kw;fhyj;jpy; fhy;eilfs;> fhl;L tpyq;Ffs;> gwitapdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wplkpUe;J gaphpdq;fisf; fhg;gNj gapHg;ghJfhg;ghFk;. ‘tpijf;Fk; Kd; Ntyp
mil’> vDk; gonkhopf;Nfw;g gz;ila fhyq;fspy; Ntyp milf;Fk; gof;fk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. Ntypfs; tho;Ks; Ntyp> ,LKs; Ntyp vd ,Utifg;gl;ld.

tho;;Ks; Ntyp vd;gJ kuf;nfhk;Gfis ntl;b eLjy;. mit jioj;J> tsHe;J>

Ntypahfp mlHj;jpahf epw;Fk;. kuq;fs;> nrbfs;> gaphpdq;;fs; $l Ntypahf eLk;
gof;fk; mf;fhyj;Nj ,Ue;jJ. ,it tho;Ks;Ntyp vdg;gl;ld. Ks;nrbfis ntl;bg;
gly;fshf mlHj;jpahff; fl;lg;gl;lit ,LKs;Ntyp vdg;gl;ld.

ney; tpisfpd;w tay;fspy; Ntypahff; fUk;Gg;ghj;jp mikj;jpUe;jjidAk;

(386:10) Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; gUj;jp> Ntypg;gapuhf mike;jpUe;jjid> “gUj;jp
Ntypf;fUg;igg; ghHf;Fk;” (324:7)> vDk; mb tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. kiugphpj;J cz;l
ney;ypNtyp (170:1)> nts;tP Ntyp (205:6)> ,LKs; glg;ig (197:10) vdg; gy ghly;fspy;
Ntyp Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. eLtpNy new;gapiuAk; mijr; Rw;wpf; fUk;Gg;
ghj;jpAk; mikj;J> fUk;igNa> ney;Yf;F Ntypahf mikj;J> fhy;eilfs;> fhl;L
tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfsplkpUe;J new;gapHg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;> fhl;L
tpyq;Ffs;> gwitapdq;fs; Mfpatw;wplkpUe;J gaphpdq;fisf; fhf;f gy cj;jpfis
cotHfs; ifahz;l nra;jpfs; GwehD}w;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

gz;ilj; jkpou;fs;; gapu;fis tpyq;fpdk;> gwitapdk;> Cu;td

Mfpatw;wplkpUe;J fhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ngupJk; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. <d;wzpikAila
gRf;fs; new;fjpu;fisj; jpd;Dk;. vUikfs; tpbaypy; fapw;iw mWj;Jf; nfhz;L
taypy; cs;s new;fjpu;fis NkAk;. new;fjpu;fisg; gwitapdq;fSk;> kapy;fSk;
ftu;e;Jz;Zk;. ehiufs; taypYs;s kPdf ; isf; ftu;e;Jz;Zk;NghJ new;gapu;fs;
rpijAk;. kfspu;> fjpu;fisf; ftu;e;J nry;y tUfpd;w gwitfis> Xl;bg; gapu;fisg;
ghJfhg;gu;. ez;Lfs;> ney; taypd; tug;Gfspy; tisia mikj;Jf;nfhz;L tpij
Kisf;Fk;NghJ mk;Kisfis mopf;Fk;. new;fjpu; Kw;Wk; Kd;ghfg; G+g;gpbj;j
epiyapYk; ez;Lfs;> mtw;iw mWj;Jj; jk; tisf;Fs; Nru;f;Fk;. tpise;j fjpu;fis
mWj;Jr; nrd;W tisf;Fs; nrwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; vd;W ez;ilg; gw;wpa gj;Jg; ghly;fs;
Iq;FWE}wpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ney; tpisAk; gUtk; ghu;j;J vypfs;
new;fjpu;fis mWj;Jf;nfhz;L jk; tisAs; Nru;fF ; k; vd;gJ>
26
 “tpisgjr; rPwplk; Nehf;fp tisfjpu;
ty;rp nfhz;L misky;f itf;Fk;- vyp”
vDk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghlybfshy; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
gfy; Neuq;fspy; fpsp> nrk;g+o;g;gwit> FUtp> kapy; Nghd;wtw;wplkpUe;Jk; gfy;>
,uT Neuq;fspy; ahid> gd;wp> khd;> Fuq;F Nghd;wtw;wplkpUe;Jk; gapu;fisg;
ghJfhf;f ,uTk; gfYk; Xa;tpd;wpf; fhty; Gupe;jdu;. fpspfis tpul;lj; joy;> jl;il>
Fspu; Mfpa fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpaNjhL ftz;fy; vwpe;Jk; tpul;bdu;. ,tw;Ws;
jl;il> Fspu; Mfpa fUtpfs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; gy ghly;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>
fhLfspYk;> kiyfspYk; gapu;fSf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; tpyq;F ahidahFk;.
ahid thapdhy; cz;Zk; ney;iyf; fhl;bYk; gd;klq;F mjpfkhd ney;iyj; jd;
fhy;fshy; kpjpj;Jf; nfLj;JtpLk; (Gwk;-18.4) Mjypd; gpw tpyq;Ffisf; fhl;bYk;
gapu;fSf;F ahidfshy; NeupLk; mopT kpFjpahFk.; gapiuj; jpd;dtUk; ahidiaf;
nfhs;sp nfhz;Lk;> ftz;fy; vwpe;Jk;> mk;gpid va;Jk; ahidia tpul;bdu;.

kiyfspYk; fhLfspYk; cs;s fhl;Lg; gd;wpfs; gapu;fis mopf;Fk;

jd;ikAilad. jpidiaAk;> Itd ney;iyAk; cz;ZtNjhL> fhty; fhf;Fk;
Ntl;Ltu;fisAk; mr;RWj;Jk;. ,j;jifa gd;wpfisf; nfhk;G CjpAk;> giwabj;J
Xir vOg;gpAk;> guz;fspy; tpsf;Nfw;wpAk;> tpy;iyAk; Vida fUtpfisf; nfhz;Lk;
mopj;Jk; tpul;bAk; mbj;jdu;. ,it jtpuTk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; khd;fshYk;
vypfshYk;> Fuq;FfspdhYk; mopT Vw;gLtJz;L. khd;fsplkpUe;J fhf;f Ks;Ntypfs;
fl;bAk;> vypia Ntl;ilahbAk;> Fuq;Ffisf; ftz;fy; vwpe;J tpul;bAk; gapu;fisf;
fhj;jdu;. fhy;eil kw;Wk; ,d;dgpw tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J gapu;fisf; fhf;f> ngha;g;Gyp
cUtnkhd;iwr; nra;J itj;Jk; gapu;fisf; fhj;jdu;. ,jid ,d;W nfhy;iyfspy;
fhtYf;fhf itf;fg;gLk; Nrhsf;nfhy;iy nghk;ikNahL xg;gpl;L Nehf;fyhk;.

9. re;ijg;gLj;Jk; Kiw :
mf;fhyj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W KiwNa ngUtof;fha; ,Ue;jJ. jq;;fs; epyj;J
tpisnghUs;fisf; nfhLj;Jj; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;ldH. khw;wpf;nfhs;sg; nghUs;fs; ,y;yhjNghJ Njitahd nghUisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;L tpise;J te;j gpd;G> jpUk;gf; nfhLf;fpd;wg; gof;fKk; ,Ue;jJ.
,k;Kiwia “neLq;Fwp najpHg;ig ey;fpNahHf;Fk;” (11:46) vdg; GwehD}W FwpnajpHg;G
vd;fpd;wJ. kiyehl;L Ntl;LtH japiuf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L ,izahf kUjepyg;
ngz;fsplk; ney;iyg; ngw;Wr; nry;tH (33:2-6). kpsF %l;ilfis tPLfspNy mLf;fp
itj;jpUf;Fk; fhl;rpia> “kidf;Fit ,a fwp%il” (343:3) vDk; mb tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
NkYk;> mkpo;jk; Nghd;w fUk;ig may;ehl;bypUe;J nfhz;L te;J GJ tifg; gapuhf
mwpKfk; nra;jtH mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpapd; Kd;NdhH MthH. ,jidg;
GwehD}w;Wg; ghlNy Kjd; Kjyhfr; rhd;W gfHfpd;wJ (302:4)
,it Nghd;Nw> epy msTfs;> fUk;G> tuF> nfhs;> jpid> ney; ,dq;fs;
gaphpLjy;> gapHg;ghJfhg;G> Ntshz; fUtpfs;> fyg;Gg; gaphpLKiw> CL gaphpLKiw>
27
kWjhk;Gg; gaphpLKiw> fUk;G muit ,ae;jpuk; kw;Wk; ,d;d gpw Ntshz; njhopy;
El;gq;fs; KOikiaAk; Nkw;nrhd;dtw;iwNa xU NrhW gjkhff; nfhz;L rq;f
,yf;fpak; KOtJk; eputpf; fplg;gij mwpf.

28
3. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; Ntshz;ik mwptpay;

rq;f fhyj; njhif E}y;fshfpa gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fis mLj;J

kpfTk; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;FtJ gjpndz;; fPo;f;fzf;F vd;Dk; njhFjpahFk;.
fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fisj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; mk;ik vd;w tdg;gpDs; ciuahrphpah;fs;
mlf;fpAs;shh;fs;.
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; vDk; %d;iwNah> md;wp ntz;gh ahg;gpy; nrhy;Yjy;
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; MFk;. ‘gd;dpU ghl;bay;’ ,jw;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.
mbepkph; gpy;yhr; nra;Al; nlhFjp
mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; mLf;fp at;tj;
jpwk;gl ciug;gJ fPo;f;fzf;F fhFk; - gd;dpU ghl;bay; (248)
(fzf;F – E}y;> fPo; - rpwpa vd;gjhFk;)
fPo;f; fzf;F E}y;fs; njhFjpapy; mlq;fpa E}y;fs; vd;gij
‘ehyb ehd;kzp ehdhw;g ije;jpid Kg;
ghy;fLfq; Nfhit gonkhop kh%yk;
,e;epiya fhQ;rpNah Nlyhjp vd;gNt
ife;epiya thq;fPo;f;fzf;F’
vdg;gok; ghl;nlhd;W gjpndl;lhfg; NgRfpwJ.
,e;E}y;fs; midj;Jk; rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpw;gl;lit vd;gJk; ,it gy;NtW
fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW Gyth; ngUkf;fshy; ghlg;gl;lit vd;gJk; Kuz;ghL ,y;yhj
fUj;JfshFk;. fp.gp.5Mk; E}w;whz;L – njhlq;fp 6-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;
tiuj; Njhd;wpait vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQh;fs; fzpj;Js;sdh;.
,e;E}y;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; mwk; ciuf;Fk; ePjp E}y;fshFk;. ,e;E}y;fSs;
Ntshz;ikf; Fwpg;Gfs; Mq;fhq;Nf rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; mit
Ntshz;ikia tpsf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL vOjg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ njspT. MapDk;>
mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy Fwpg;Gfs; nfhz;L> mf;fhy coth;jk; epiy> coTj; njhopy;
nra;a ePh;tsk; mikj;jy;> fhy;eilr; nry;tq;fis Nghw;wpa Kiw> rpy gaph; tiffs;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;sg; Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
coth;fs;
coth;fs; vdg;gLNthh; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; tpis epyj;jpidg; gw;wpa
rpe;jidapNyNa ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mth;fsJ njhopiyf; Fiwghbd;wpr; nra;ar;
nrhe;jkhf coTkhLfs; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gd Nghd;w eil
Kiwf;fUj;Jf;fisAk;> mth; jk; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUNthh;f;F cztspj;Jg; gpd;dh;
cz;ZtNj coth;jk; gz;ghlhf kpsph;e;jJ vd;gijAk; mth;jk; gz;ghl;il epiy
epWj;j coTj;njhopiyr; nrk;ikAw tpUg;gj;NjhL nra;J te;jhh;fs; vd;gJ Nghd;w
tho;tpay; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
‘gae;j tpisepyk; cs;Sk; cotd;’ (-ehyb 356)
‘vUJilahd; Ntshd;’ (-ehd;kzp 55)
29
 ‘Ntshz; vd;ghd; tpUe;jpUf;f cz;zhjhd;’ (jphpfLfk; - 12)
cotpd; fz; fhKw;W tho;jy; ….
moF vd;g Ntshz; Fbf;F (jphpfLfk; - 42)
vd;w njhlh;fshy; mwpayhk;.
coth;fSf;F Mfhjd
coth;fSf;F Mfhjd gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mf;fhyj;jpy;
ve;jpuf; fyg;igfs; ,y;iy. coTj; njhopy; vUJfNs Kjyplk; ngWgit. vUJ
,y;yhk;y; coTj; njhopy; nra;jy; Jd;gk; kpFe;j nrayhFk;. coth;fs; tpij Kjiy
cz;zf; $lhJ. chpa gUtj;jpy; tpijf;f Kbahky; Ngha;tpLk;. chpa gUtj;;jpy;
ey;y tpijfis tpijj;jhYk; tpisAk; gUtj;jpy; Nghw;wpf; fhf;fhtpbd; gadw;Wg;
Ngha;tpLk;. Mjypd; ,f;FiwghLfs; ,y;yh tifapy; coTj;njhopiyr; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
‘vUJ,y; coth;fF
; g; NghF<uk; ,d;dh’ - ,d;dh -4
‘tpj;Jf;Fw;W cz;zh tpOg;gk; kpf ,dpNj’ - ,dpait 40
‘tpistpd;fz; Nghw;whd; coTk; ….
cs;sd Nghyf;nfLk;’ - jphpfLfk; -59
Mfpa njhlh;fshy; mwpayhk;.
epytsKk; ePH;tsKk;
coth;fs; fbdkhf cioj;jhYk; epytsk; ,d;wpg; gaph; tsk; rpwf;fhJ.
epyj;jpw;F Vw;gNt tpisT rpwf;Fk; vd;gij coth;fs; ed;F czh;e;jpUe;jdh;.
‘epy epyj;jhy; ee;jpa ney;NyNghy; jj;jk;
Fy eyj;jhy; MFth; rhd;Nwhh;’ (ehyb – 179)
vd;gJ jkpowpQh;fs; fUj;jhFk;.
ey;y epyj;jpYk; ed;whf cOJ gaphpl Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j <uj;jpy; cOJ
gaphpl;lhy; cOj gaidf; fhz KbahJ. Rw;wwpe;jth;fshapDk; mth;fs; tWik
epiyapy; ,Ug;ghh;fshapd; mth;fs; nrhy;fpd;w fUj;Jf;ffs; rKjhaj;jpy; rpwg;Gg;
ngWtjpy;iy. mjdhy; gaDk; tpistjpy;iy. <ukpy;yhk;y; nra;Ak; coTk; mJNghy;
jhd; vd;gij
‘Gy;<ug; Ngho;jpd; coNtNghy; kPjhbr;
nry;yhthk; ey;$h;e;jhh; nrhy;’ --(ehybahh;).
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
ePh; tsk;
gaph;j; njhopYf;F capuhf tpsq;FtJ ePH;. ey;y kio tsk; cz;lhdhy; ePh;
tsk; rpwf;Fk; vd;gJ nghJthd cz;ik. ey;y kio nga;a Ntz;Lkhapd; ehl;by;
kf;fs; mwNehf;Fk; Kaw;rpAk; cilath;fsha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ey;y Kaw;rp
cilNahh; tho;tjw;F ey;y muR Ml;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; ehLk; eyk;
ngw ey;y kio nga;Ak; vd;gij

30
 kioapd;wp khepyj;jhh;f;F ,y;iy> kioAk;
jtk; ,yhh; ,y;top ,y;iy> jtKk;
muR ,yhh; ,y;top> ,y;iy murDk;
,y;tho;thh; ,y;top - ehd; kzpf; fbif 48
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
ePh; kl;lk;
xt;nthU fpzw;Wf;Fk; ePh;kl;lk; vd;gJ cz;L. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpw;F Nky;
ePh; cauhJ. ,iwf;fhkNy gy ehl;fs; tpl;L itj;jhYk; me;j mstpw;F Nky; ePh;
CwhJ. Mdhy; mt;tg;nghOJ ,iwj;J ePiug; ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij coth;fSf;F czh;j;JfpwJ gonkhop. mJNghy; nry;tKk; nfhLf;ff;
nfhLf;f tsUk; jd;ikaJ vd;w rKjhaf; fUj;jpidAk; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,ug;gth;f;F <af; FiwgLk; vd;nwz;zpf;
fug;gth; fz;lwpahh; nfhy;Nyh? – gug;gpy;
Jiwj; Njhzp epd;W cyhk; J}q;F ePh;r; Nrh;g;g!
,iwj;njhWk; CDk; fpzW - gonkhop 378
gaph;fs;
gaph;fSs; Fwpg;ghf ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfNs kpFjpahff;
fhzg;gLfp;d;wd. nre;ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; epyj;Jf;F moF jUtd ney;iyAk;
fUk;igAk; jj;jk; taypy; gaphpLtij coth;fs; ngUikahfTk; fUjpAs;shh;fs;.
je;ij mwpT kfDf;F tha;f;Fk; vd;Dk; cyfpay; cz;ikia
‘nre;ney;yhy; Ma nrOKis kw;Wk;mr;
nre; ney;Ny Mfp tpisjyhy; - me;ney;
tay;epiwaf; fha;fF
; k; tstay; Cu
kfd; mwpT je;ij mwpT’ - ehybahh; 367
vd tpsf;FfpwJ.
fUk;G
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; kf;fSf;F mwpTiu $wf; fUk;igNa kpFjpahfg;
gad;gLj;jp cs;sd. ,g;gad;ghl;il Nehf;f kpFjpahfg; gaph; nra;ag;gl;l
ed;nra;g;gaph;fspy; fUk;Ng Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ vdyhk;. fUk;igg; gaph; nra;Ak; Kiw
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ,y;iyahapDk; gaph; nra;j gpwF mjidg; ghJfhg;gjpy; cs;s
njhy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ ,d;dh ehw;gJ. fUk;Gj; Njhl;lj;jpw;F Ntyp fl;bg;
ghJfhf;f tpy;iyahapd; kpFe;j Nrjk; Vw;gLk; vd;gij ‘rpiwapy; fUk;gpidf; fhj;J
Xk;gy; ,d;dh’ vd;w njhlh; mwptpf;fpwJ.
fUk;gpd; kyh; Rit kpFe;j fUk;gpypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ vd;w ngUik
cilajhapDk; fUk;gpd; kyUf;F kzk; ,y;iy. mijg; Nghy; ngUik rhd;w
FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhYk; Kaw;rp ,y;yhjth;fs; rpwg;gila khl;lhh;fs; vd;w fUj;Jk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

31
 fUk;ig EdpapypUe;J mbtiu jpd;gJ Rit jUtijg; Nghy ey;yhh; el;G
gofg; gof ,d;gk; jUk; vd;gJ fUk;igf; fbj;jhYk; Rit jUtijg; Nghy cah;
Fbapy; gpwe;jth;fs; gpwh; jkf;Fj; Jd;gNk jhpDk;> jtwpAk; tOthd nrhw;fisg;
Ngrkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gJk; fUk;G toq;Fk; fUj;Jf;fshFk;. mWtil nra;j fUk;gpidr;
rhW gpope;J mjpfhiyapNyNa fl;b nra;J tplNtz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpbd; chpa ‘gjk;’
nfl;LtpLk; vd;w Fwpg;G ‘fUk;G coth;fs;’ fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba nra;jpfshFk;.
vUJfs;
coTj;njhopy;> fbd Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jg;gLtJ coT khLfs;> ed;whf
Ntisf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;l khLfis Cuhh; ed;F mwpth; mNjNghy; rhpahf Ntiyf;Fr;
nry;yhj vUJfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L njhy;iyg; gLtij tplj; Jd;ge;jUtJ
Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy. mjidAk; Ch; mwpAk;. njhopypd; md;whlj; Njitfspy;
vUJfs; Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jjhy; coth; ngUkf;fs; vUjpd;
,d;wpaikahikia ed;F czh;e;jpUe;jdh;. mjdhy; ey;y vUJfshfj; Njh;e;J
thq;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs; vd;w fUj;jpid mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
‘Cuwpah %hpNah ,y;’ - gonkhop – 102
‘,d;dh> %hp vUj;jhy; coT’ - ,d;dh – 20
‘VUilahd; Ntshz;ik jhdpdpJ’ - ,dpait – 3
jpUf;Fwspy; Ntshz;ik mwptpay;
jpUts;Sth; gy;JiwfspYk; ty;Yeuhf tpsq;Fk; NguwpQh;> mth;jk; gy;Jiw
mwptpidj; jpUf;Fwspy; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;. mth; mjpfhuk; tFj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$wpatw;Ws; jiyikaplk; ngWtJ coTj;njhopyhFk;. kdpjd; tapwhu cz;L
tsNkhL tho;e;jhyd;wp vJTk; nrk;ikahf eilngwhJ vd;w vz;zk; ,j;njhopiyr;
rpwg;gpj;jd;ikf;F xu; fhuzkhfyhk;. jpUts;Sth; coitj; jk; njhopyhff;
nfhz;lth; vd;w $w;Wk; <z;Lf; fUj;jf;fJ.
“RoYk; ,irNtz;b Ntz;lh capuhh;
Roy;ahg;Gf; fhhpif ePj;J”
“Ritnahsp CNwhir ehw;wnkd; iwe;jpd;
Tifnjhpthd; fl;Nl cyF”
vd;gjhYk;> ts;Sth; mwptpay; newpgl;lth; vd;gjhYk; nghUe;Jk;. mjdhy; jhd;
1905Mk; Mz;L ntspte;j ‘tptrha jPgpif’ vd;Dk; Ntshz;ik mwptpay; ,jo;
“Rod;Wk; Vh; gpd;dJ cyfk;” vd;Dk; Fwis ,jopd; Kfg;gpy; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lJ.
NkYk; jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; jdJ ,yr;rpidapd; fPo;
“Rod;Wk; Vh; gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy;
coe;Jk; coNt jiy (Fws; - 10311)”
vd;w jpUts;Sthpd; Fwspid ,lk;ngwr; nra;J mf;FwspidNa FwpNfhshff;
nfhz;Lk; jkpofj;jpy; Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Njhw;wptpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
32
coT
coT vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; cotpd; rpwg;G> coth; rpwg;G> coT nra;Ak;
Kiwfs;> mJ nra;ahtop Vw;gLk; ,Of;F Mfpait tFj;J ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Nj
fhyj;jpy; (fp.K.70-19) ,yj;jPd; nkhopf; ftpQuhd nth;[py; vd;Dk; mwpQh; coTg;ghl;L
(Georgics-Farm Life) vd;w E}iy ,aw;wp me;ehl;L kf;fSf;F Ntshz;ikapd; rpwg;ig
tpsf;fp cs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. cotpay; Kiwfs;> kuk; nrb nfhbfs;
tsh;j;jy;> fhy;eil tsh;j;jy;> NjdP tsh;j;jy; vd;gd coTg;ghl;bd;
fUg;nghUs;fshf mike;Js;sd. ,g;ghFghLfs; coTj; njhopd; mbg;gilf; $WfNs
MFk;. Ntshz;ik vd;gJ ,tw;wpYk; tphpthd nghUis cilaJ. ,t;tbg;gilapy;
jpUf;Fws; Muhag;gLfpwJ.
epyk;
Ntshz;ikf;F epytsKk; ePh;tsKk; mbg;gilahdit. Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp>
kUjk;> nea;jy; vd;w ehdpyg; ghFghl;bw;Fg; gpd;dh;> Kjypuz;ilAk; td;dpyk; vd;Wk;
gpd;dpuz;ilAk; nkd;dpyk; vd;Dk; nfhz;ldh;. me;epiyAk; khwptpisfpd;w epyk;
vJthapDk; m;jidg; Gyk; vd;Wk; epyk; vd;Wk; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; toq;FtJ
Ntshz;ikapd; tsh;rr ; piaf; fhl;LtjhFk;. kpfr; rpwe;j tpijahapDk; epyk;
tskhdjhf ,yiyahapd; Kiwj;J tUjy; mhpJ. Mjypd; epyj;jpd; tskwpe;J
gaphpl;lhh;fs; vd;gij epyj;jpy; fple;jik fhy; fhl;Lk; vd;w mbahy; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,e;epyts Muha;r;rpapy; gad;glhjit vd;W xJf;fg;gl;lit gathf;fsUk;>
td;ghiyAk; MFk;. Njitf;FNky; epyk; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; cz;lhd epiy ,J.
epyk; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fhL nfhd;W ehlhf;fpf; Fsk; njhl;L tsk;
ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;. Ntshz;ik mwptpay; tsh;e;Js;s ,f;fhyj;jpy; fsiu
jpUj;jTk;> ePh;tskw;w epyj;jpy; ePh;tsk; fhzTk; Kay;fpd;wdh;. kw;nwhU tifapy;
me;epyq;fSf;F Vw;w gaph; tiffisAk; fz;L tUfpd;wdh;.
ePh;
ePhpd;wp cyf ,af;fk; eilngwhJ vd;gJ nghJ cz;ik. ehl;bd;; cWg;Gf;fs;
$w te;j ts;Sth; ehd;fpy; ,uz;il ePh;tsr; rhh;Gf;F xJf;fpAs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,UGdYk; tha;e;j kioAk; tUGdYk;
ty;yuZk; ehl;bw;F cWg;G Fws; - 737
kioePh;> epyePh; Mfpa ,UGdYk;> Mw;WePuhfpa tUGdYk; ehl;bw;Fg; nghpJk;
Ntz;lg;gLtjhFk;. kio ePuhfpa Mjhuk; ,y;yhjNghJ MWk;> VhpAk; FsKk; fpzWk;
ePuw;Wg;Nghfpd;wd. kioapd;Nwy; coTj;njhopy; eilngwhJ vd;gjhy; kionga;Aq;
fhyj;J me;ePiur; Nrkpj;J itj;Jf;nfhs;sf; Fsq;fs; mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
gz;ila ehspy; VhpAk; FsKk; NtWghbd;wp xNu nrhy;yhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fsq;fspy; ePh; kpFjpahfj; Njq;Ftjw;Ff; (NfhL) fiuAk; mike;jpUe;jdh;. mjidf;
Fstshf;NfhL vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ jpUf;Fws;. ,d;iwa mwptpay; ,k;KiwAid ePh;
Nrfhpj;jy; (Water Harvesting) vd;W $Wfpd;wJ. Fsj;jpy; ePh; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; Mw;W
Xuk; kzw;ghq;fpy; fpzW Njhz;b Ntshz;ik nra;jdh;. ePh; epiyfisg; nghWj;j

33
mstpy; ,d;W mizf;fl;Lfs; Njhd;wpdhYk; ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
mbg;gilapypUe;J kpfg;nghpa khWjy; vJTk; epfo;e;J tpltpy;iy.
xU gFjpapy; epy tsKk; NtW xU gFjpapy; ePh; tsKk; jdpj;jdpNa mike;J
fplg;gpDk; gadw;Wg; NghFk;. ,t;tpU tsKk; xUq;Nf ,ize;jhyd;wp – fq;if ePh;
fhtphpf; fodpfspy; tha;e;jhyd;wp-ek;ehl;L Ntshz;ik gpwehl;bw;F Ntshz;ik
nra;Ak; epiyia milahJ. mjid epyj;NjhL ePH; ,iae;J vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
Fws;. epyKk; ePk; Nrh;e;Nj czT vd;w fUj;Jk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
cOjy;
tsq;fs; nrwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mtw;iw tifahffg; g];d; gLj;Jk; newpKiwfs;
mwpe;jhyd;wp chpa gad; tpisahJ.
VhpDk; ed;why; vUtpLjy; fl;lgpd;
ePhpDk; ed;wjd; fhg;G Fws; - 1038
vd;gJ gaph; nra;tjpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba kpfr; rpwe;j topKiwfshFk;.
,t;tikg;G ,d;W fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gr;rhFgbKiw (Package of Practice) vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngUk; ngUk; fl;bfshf cs;s tay; kz; rpW rpW fl;bfshFk; tiu
coNtz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; gyKiw - ghrhy; coNtz;Lk;. mt;thW cOk;nghOJ fPo;
kz; NkNyAk; Nky; kz; fPNoAk; nrd;W ed;whff; fyf;fpd;wJ. mt;thW fyg;gjhy;
Kd;ida gapuhy; mbkz;zpy; Fiwe;Js;s rj;Jf;fs; rhpnra;ag;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dh;
fhw;whl fhatpLjy; Mwg;NghLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; kz;zpy; Nfhj;Js;s
<uj;jd;ik ePq;Fk;> epyj;ijg; gyKiw cOjYk; gapUf;Fg; gaph; ,ilntsp tpl;Lg;
gaphpLjYk; Mfpa ts;Sth; $Wk; ,t;tpU fUj;Jf;fSk; coth; ngUkf;ffs; ,d;Wk;
Nghw;wpa nghJtpjpahFk;. fk;Gf;Ff; fhy; coT> nfhs;Sf;F Xh; coT vd;gJ Nghyg;
gapUf;F Vw;w Fiwe;j msT coT (Minimum Tillage) vd;w KiwAk; ,d;W
ifahsg;gl;LthpDk; gioa Kiwapd; rpwg;igNa Ntshz; mwpQh;fs; nghpJk; Nghw;wp
tUfpwhh;fs;.
vUtpLjy;
gyKiw Mo cOtjhy; vU ,y;yhky; epyk; tpisAk; vd;gJ epiyahd nghJ
tpjp my;y. mJ coT nra;jjd; ,d;wpaikahikia tw;GWj;jpf; $w vOe;j
$w;whFk;. rhyg;gLtJ xUNghfk; tpisayhk;. ,UNghfk; tpisayhk;. mLj;J vU
,l;Nl MfNtz;Lk;. mjdhy; jhd; VhpDk; ed;why; vUtpLjy; vd;gij mLj;j
FwspNyNa $wptpLfpwhh; jpUts;Sth;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; jio> njhOtf;fopT>
Ml;Lf;fpil Mfpatw;iw vUthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it ,aw;if cuq;fshFk;
(Manure). ,d;W nraw;if cuq;fs; (Fertilizers) NkNyhq;fptpl;ld. gapUf;F
vd;ndd;d rj;Jf;fs; Njit vd;gijg; ghFghL nra;J vU,Lk; epiyAk; tsh;e;Js;sJ.
nraw;if cuj;jpy; jior;rj;J> kzpr;rj;J> rhk;gy; rj;J (N.P.K.) vd;w %d;W tiffs;
cz;L. mit KiwNa gaphpd; nrOikiaAk; kpFjpahd tpisitAk; kzpfspd;
juj;ijAk; cah;j;j ty;yd.

34
 fhjy; gaph; tsu Chpdh; gyUk; NgRfpd;w gy;NtW tpjkhd Ngr;Rf;fs;
vUthfTk;> tof;fkhf xd;WNghy; $Wfpd;w md;id nrhy; ePuhfTk; mikfpd;wJ
vd;fpwJ Fws;. ,t;Tikapy; xt;nthUth; Ngr;Rk; xt;nthU jd;ikAilaJ Nghy;
vUtpYk; gy;NtW jd;ikfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpg;gpid Njhw;Wtpd;wJ
,f;Fws;. vU tifapidg; NghyNt vU ,Lk; KiwapYk; mbAuk; (Basal Dressing)>
NkYuk; (Top Dressing) vd;w ,UKiwfs; ifahsg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,it
midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpdhw;Nghy; vU vd;w nrhy; mikj;jpUj;jy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
tpijj;jy;
rpwe;j tpj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhtplj;J coTk; vUTk; vd;d nra;Ak;? mjdhy;
coth;fs; tpj;Jf;fisg; Nghw;wp fhj;jdh;. Ik;nghwpfisAk; mlf;fp Ms;gtd;
tPl;Lyfkhfpa taypy; tpijg;gjw;Nfw;w rpwe;j tpij Nghd;wtd; vd;w ts;Sthpd;
fUj;J kpf ey;y epyj;jpy; kpf ey;y tpijapl;Lg; gaphpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w njspit
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,j;jifa tpijfisj; Njh;T nra;a tpij E}f;fq;fs; (Seed
Technique) ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.
ey;y tpijiaAk; chpa gUtj;jpy; tpijj;jhy; jhd; chpa gyid vjph;ghf;f
KbAk; vd;gJ vy;yhr; nray;fSf;Fk; nghJthdJ vdpDk; gUtk; ghh;j;J gaph;
nra;jy; Ntshz;ikf;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. mjidg; gUtj;NjhL xl;l
xOfy; vd;w Fws; njhluhy; fUjyhk;.
ePh; gha;rR; jy;
ePh; tsk; kpFe;jpUe;jhYk; mjidr; rpf;fd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;JjNy
Ntshz;ik nra;Nthh;f;F mofhFk;. new;gapUf;F Njitahd ePhpd; msT ,uz;L
mq;FykhFjl (5 nr.kP). mjpf ePh; Njq;f tpLtjhy; tpisr;ry; mjpfk; fhZtJ
,y;iy vd;gij ,d;iwa Ma;tpd; KbTfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW rpf;fdkhf
ePiug; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwia ePh; eph;thfk; (Water Management) vd;gh;. ePiur;
rpf;fdkhf gad;gLj;jg; ghj;jpg; ghrd Kiwiaf; (Basin Irrigation) ifahz;ldh;
vd;gij ts;Sth; tsh;tjd; ghj;jpAs; ePh; nrhhpe;jw;W vd;w njhluhy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
,J ePh; eph;thfj;jpd; njhlf;f fhy tsh;r;rpahFk;. ,k;Kiwia mbnahw;wp
njspePh;g;ghrdk; (Sprinkler Irrigation)> nrhl;L my;yJ Jsp ePh;g;ghrdk; (Drip Irrigation)>
Kjypa ghrd Kiwf;s Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ghj;jpAs; ePh; nrhhpe;jw;W vd;w
Kiw ,d;W NtUs; ePh; nrhhpe;jw;W vd;w epiyf;F tsh;e;Js;sJ.
fis vLj;jy;
fis gpLq;fhg; gaph; fhy;gaph; vd;gJ gonkhop
tpisr;ry; ,uz;L klq;fpw;Fk; Nkyhff; fisfshy; ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ vd;w
Gs;sp tptuk;. gonkhopapd; fUj;Jk; Muha;r;rpapd; KbTjhd; vd;gijj;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. gz;ilaf;fhye; njhl;Nl coth;fs; fisfshy; nghpJk;
Jd;Gw;whh;fs; vd;gij mjidf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $WtjpypUe;Nj mwpayhk;. kd;dDf;F
ePjp ciuf;Fk; NghJ cotd; gaphpy; tsUk; fisia NtNuhL gpLq;fp vwptijg;

35
Nghy murd; nfhbath;fisf; nfhd;W mopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ Fws;.
,t;Tikr;rpwf;Nf fis vLj;jjd; ,d;wpaikahikia czh;j;Jtjhf cs;sJ.
,f;fisfis Kw;Wk; mopf;f Kbahj epiyapy; mtw;iw tay;fspy; tsu nthl;lhky;
jLg;gNj (Weed Control) rpwg;Gilajhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
fhj;jy;
fisapDk; NtWgl;lJ fhj;jy; m/jhtJ gaph;g;ghJfhg;G. fhj;jy; ,Utif
cz;L. g+r;rp> GOf;fs;> gpw caph;fs; (gwit> tpyq;F) Mfpatw;why; gaph;fSf;F
mopT tuhky; fhj;jy; (Pest Control) xd;W; g+Q;rhzk;> Ez;Zaph;fs;> er;Raph;fs;
(Fungus, Bacteria, Virus disease) Kjypatw;why; Neha;fs; tuhky; fhj;jy; (Disease
control) kw;nwhd;W ,t;tpU tifahYk; gaph;fisf; fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. GJg;GJ
g+r;rpfSk; Neha;fSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. gaph;fis ,t;tpUtifj; njhy;iyfspypUe;Jk;
tpLtpj;Jf;fhj;jw; nghLl;Lg; g+r;rp ,ay; (Entomology) Nehapapy; (Pathology) Mfpa ,U
,ay;fSk; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw vy;yhk; cs;slf;fpa tifapy; fhj;jy;
vdg;nghJg;glf; $wp ,Ug;gJ tUq;fhyj;jpy; VNjDk; GJtif ,d;dy; thpDk;
mjidAk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s ,lq;nfhLj;jpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. FWfj;jhpj;j Fws;
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ljd; cz;ik ,q;Nf Gyg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
,t;tpUtiff; fhg;NghL cotdpd; Neubg; ghh;itAk; ehs;NjhWk; taypy; gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ts;Sth; Fwpg;gplj; jtwpy;iy. gaph; ghuhky; nfLk; vd;gJ
gl;lwpT cs;sth;fSf;F vt;tsT nghUj;jkhd nrhy; vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
,j;jF Ntshz;ikr; nra;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhz;L gaphpl;lhy; Ntyp Mapuk;
tpisTk; (xU Ntyp epyk; : 1000 fyk; ney; : 1 Vf;fh; : 75 %l;il) vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
jpUf;Fwspy; ney;> fUk;G> jpid> vs; Mfpa ehd;F gaph;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. new;gaphpy; tpisT rhpapy;yhjNghJ gjh; cz;lhtJk;>
mWtilf;Fg;gpd; itf;Nfhiyg; ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpy; Nghhpl;L itg;gJk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLs;sd. gz;k;ig Miyapl;Lf; frf;fpg; gpope;j nra;jpAk; vs;Sk; jpidAk;
rpwpa msTfl;F ctikahf;fg;l;l Fwpg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Njhl;lf;fiy
kyUk; fhAk; fdpAk; tpistpg;gijj; Njhl;lf;fiy (Horticulture) vd;w
Jiwahf tsh;j;js;sdh;. ePh;g;g+> $k;gp tphpAk; jd;ikAk; epyg;g+ xUKiw kyh;e;jgpd;
$k;gptphpahj jd;ikAk; cilaJ vd;dk; kyhpd; mbg;gilg; gphpitg; ghFgLj;jpf; $wp
,Ug;gJ Nghw;Wjw;FhpajhFjk;. jpUf;Fwspy; jhkiu> Ftis> mdpr;rk; Mfpa kyh;fs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kyhpd; gy;NtW epiyfshfpa mUk;G> NghJ> kyh;
KjypadTk; kyhpd; cWg;Gfshfpa fhy; (fhk;G)> NjhL (,jo;) MfpadTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. kpFjpAk; gpQ;R epiyapy; cs;s fUf;fhAk; kpfTk; fdpe;J tpl;l
fdpAk; gad;glhJ vd;gNjhL> tpijapy;yhg; gok; fhopy;fdp gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpij ,y;yhg; goq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLkhapd; cz;Zk;NghJ ,ilaPL
,y;yhJ> Rit cz;lhFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lJ ,d;W eilKiwf;F te;Js;sJ. tpij
Fiwe;j goq;fisAk; (gg;ghsp) tpijapy;yh goq;fisAk; (Seedless Fruits)
36
(jpuhl;ir) cUthf;fp ntw;wp fz;Ls;sdh; ,d;iwa Ntshz; mwpQh;fs;. Ntshz;ik
El;gq;fs; czh;e;J nray;gl;lhy; tpaf;fj;jf;f nray;fis tpistpf;fyhk; vd;gJ
jpz;zk;.
fhy;eil mwptpay;
,d;WNghy; my;yhky; gz;ila ehspy; cOtjw;Fk;> ePh; ,iwg;gjw;Fk; tz;b
,Og;gjw;Fk; fhy;eilffs; nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jd. coT khLfs; Nghy;
jsuhj Kaw;rp cilatdplj;jpy; Jd;gq;fs; Njhw;whbg;NghFk; vd;fpwJ jpUf;Fws;.
ghuj;ijj; jsuhky; ,Og;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; fhy;eilfs; cly; tONthLk;
nghopNthLk; tsh;f;fg;gl;ld vd;gij ,f;fUj;J mwpTWj;JfpwJ. fhisfSf;Fg;
ngah;itj;J tsh;jJk; VWjOTk; tpohf;fs; eilngw;wJk; fhy;eil tsh;g;ig
Cf;Ftpf;f elj;jg;ngw;wit vdyhk;.
,d;iwa Ntshz;ik mwpQh;fspd; vz;zk; coT khLfis tpLj;Jg; ghy;tsk;
ngUf;Fk; (Dairy Science) gRf;fis tsh;f;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. fw;gidNghyj;
Njhd;wpa thq;ff;Flk; epiwAk; ts;sy; ngUk; gRf;fSk;> tPl;lsTk; ghy;nrhhpAk;
Nkhl;L vUikfSk; ,d;W fz;Kd;dh; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ,d;iwa fyg;gpdg; gRf;fs;
rpe;jpapdk; Nghd;wit ehnshd;Wf;F 25 ypl;lh; tiu ghy; fwf;fpd;wd. mj;jifa
gRf;fs; Nfhit Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpNyNa cs;sd.
ML tsh;g;gJk; coth;fs; gz;izfspy; eilngw;Wte;jJ. MLfs; fpilf;fhf
tsh;g;gjpy; njhlq;fp> gpd;dh; ,iw;rr
; pf;fhf tsh;f;fj; jiyg;gl;bUj;jiyj;
njspthf;FfpwJ jpUf;Fws;. tpiyg; nghUl;L Cd; tpw;fg;gl;lijAk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
Ml;Lf;fplha;fis tskhf tsh;j;J Nkhjtpl;L Ntbf;if ghh;g;gJ tPuk; nrwpe;j ,sk;
cs;sq;fSf;F tof;fkhf ,Ue;Jtw;Js;sJ. ,j;jfh;Nghh; MLfis tsh;f;fj;
J}z;bajpy; tpag;G ,Ue;jjpy;iy. ,d;W ,tw;NwhL NfhopfSk; tsh;ff; g;gl;L ,iwr;rp
cw;gj;jpf;F toptFj;J tUfpd;wdh;. fhy;eil tsh;g;NghL fhy;eil kUj;JtKk;
,d;W nropj;J tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ.
fhy;eilfisr; nry;tk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lJ kpfTk; nghUe;JtjhFk;.
Ntshz;ikg; nghUshjhuk; ,f;fhy;eilfisf; nfhz;Nl ,aq;fp te;Js;sJ vd;W
$wyhk;. fhy;eil tsh;g;G ,d;W Ntshz;ikj;Jiz njhopyhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
Ntshz; nghwpapay;
fUtpfs;> fhyj;ijAk; ciog;igAk; kpr;rg;gLj;Jtd. fhy;eilfs; ,Ue;j
,lj;jpy; ,d;W fUtpfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. cOtjw;F VUk; ,iwg;gjw;F Vw;wKk;>
fis vLg;gjw;Ff; fisfl;Lk;> mWg;gjw;F mhpthSk;> kuq;fs; Kjypatw;iw
ntl;Ljw;Ff; NfhlhhpAk;> coT khLfisg; gpizg;gjw;Ff; fapWk; gpwTk; jpUf;Fwspy;
Fwpg;ghfTk; ntspg;gilahfTk; czh;j;jg;gLk; rpy Ntshz;ikf; fUtpfshFk;.
kz;ntl;bahy; ntl;b taiyg; tz;gLj;jp elT nra;jij tpLj;J> Vuhy; cOJ
gaphpl;lJ tsh;e;j epiyNa. ,e;epiy tiu ts;Sth; fhyj;jpy; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
ngw;Ws;sd. Vuhy; cOtij tpLj;J ve;jpuf; fyg;igahy; cOtJ ,d;wia epiy.
mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w tsh;e;J ehLfspy; jdp kdpjd; E}W Vf;fh; gug;gsTs;s epyj;jpy;
37
Ntshz;ik nra;J tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jw;F mbg;gil GJKiwf; fUtpfNs.
Ntshz;ikf; fUtpfisg; nghWj;j mstpy; ehk; ,d;Dk; ntFnjhiytpy; gpd;jq;fp
,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kPd;tsk;
nea;jy; epy kf;fspd; njhopy;fspy; Kjd;ik tha;e;jJ kPd; gpbg;gNjahFk;.
me;epyj;J kf;fs; gpbj;j kPdf
; is mUfpYs;s Ch;fSf;F nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;W ney;
Kjypa nghUs;fshfg; ngw;W tUjy; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngU tof;fhf ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ. vQ;rpaij czf;fp tw;wyhf;fp tpw;wijAk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;.17 jpUf;Fwspy;
J}z;byhy; kPd; gpbg;gijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gz;izfspy; cs;s Fsq;fspy; rpW ePh;epiyfspYk; kPd; tsh;g;gJ tUtha;
jUk; rpwe;j Ntshz;ikj; Jizj; njhopyhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. eph; tsKs;s
gFjpfspy; ePiu tPzhf;fhky; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;gLj;j kPdt ; sh;g;G Vw;wjhFk;
Gujrj;J kpFe;j> vspjpy; nrwpf;ff; $ba czT kPd; vd;gjhy; fyg;Gztpy; mjd;
gq;F nghpJk; tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
tdtsk;
xU ehl;by; %d;wpy; xU gq;F kuq;fslh;e;J fhLfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
td ,ay mwpQh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; 17 tpOf;fhL msNt
fhLfs; ,Ug;gjhff; fzf;fpl;L ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Ntshz;ik tsk; ngwkio tsKk;
jio tsKk; jUk; fhLfs; nghpJk; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. ts;Sth; gifth;fs;
Gfhtz;zk; mzpepoy; fhLfs; tsh;g;gJ ehl;bw;F muzhf mikAk; vd;whNuDk;
,d;W mit Ntshz;ikf;Fk; ghJfhg;ghf mike;J tUtJ fUjj;jf;fJ.
fhLfNs md;wp Ch;nghJ ,lq;fspYk; kuq;fs; tsh;j;jij gad;kuk;
cs;Sug;gOj;jhw;why; vd;gjhy; mwpayhk;. Ntf; fhy;fspYk; ntw;W ,lq;fspYk;
k[;k; tsh;f;Fk; epiypapypUe;J NtWgl;Lg; gz;izfspy; rw;W kz; tsq;Fd;wpa
gFjpfspYk; gaph;fisg; gaphpLtJ Nghy kuq;fisg; gapuhf tsh;g;gij gz;izf;fhL
tsh;j;jy; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ mwptpay;> njd;id> gid> ghf;F> kh> gyh> Kjypa
gad; jU gokuq;fNsad;wp ,d;W kUe;J kuq;fSk; (ijykuk;)> %q;fpy;> rTf;F> Nty;
Kjyha kuq;fSk; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kidapay;
Ntshz;ikapy; fbd ciog;G ePq;fyhf elT nra;jy;> fis vLj;jy;> mWtil
nra;jy; tpis nghUl;fisg; gf;Ftg;gLj;Jjy;> Nrkpj;J itj;jy;> gOJNeuh tz;zk;
mtw;wig; ghJfhj;jy;> fhy;eilfisg; Ngzy;> Ntshz; gzpfisf; fhykwpe;J
nra;aj; J}z;Ljy; Nghd;w ngUk;ghd;ikahd gzpfs; ngz;fisNa rhh;e;Js;sd.
,itfNs md;wp ,y;ywj;ijr; nrk;ikahf elj;jp tUgth;fSk; ngz;fNs. czTk;
cilAk; ciwASk; Ntshz;ikiar; rhh;e;jitNa Mjd; kidapy; fy;tp
Ntshz;ikapd; Xh; cWg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
kidapy; vd;w jdpahd ghFghl;ilj; jpUf;Fws; tFf;ftpy;iy vdpDk; E}y;
gutpf; fplf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFg;gpd; kidapay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; rhukhd
gFjpfisf; fhzyhk;. czT> cil> ciwAs; Foe;ij tsh;g;G> FLk;g epUthfk;>
38
epWtd epUthfk; vd;gd kidapay; fy;tpapd; ,d;wpaikahj $WghLfshFk;. FLk;g
epUthfj;ij ,y;ywk;> tho;f;ifj; Jizeyk;> tpUe;Njhk;gy; Kjyha mjpfhuq;fspYk;
cil> ciwAs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUshf E}Ys; Mq;fhq;NfAk; czh;j;jf;
fhzyhk;. ,y;ywj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk; ngz;fspd;wp Ntshz;ik rpwf;fhJ vd;gJ
rpw;W}h;fspy; tho;e;jth;fs; ed;F czh;e;jpUg;gh; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
rKjha ,ay; coth; rKjhak;
coth; rKjhak; md;WKjy; ,d;Wtiu Gyth;fshy; Gfog;gLjw;Fhpa
fUg;nghUshfNt ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. cothh; cyfj;jhh;fF ; Mzp> cOJz;L
tho;thNu tho;thh;> gyFil ePoYk; jq;Filf;fPo;f; fhz;gh;> ,uthh;> ,ug;ghh;f; nfhd;W
<thh;> cotpdhh; ifk;klq;fpd; ,y;iy vd;gd Nghd;w Gfoiufs; vy;yhk; mf;fbdkhd
njhopy; mth;fisj; njhlh;e;J <LtLj;Jk; fUtpfshfNt mike;Js;sd.
GfOiufspy; klq;fpNah> md;wp ,ay;ghfNth jq;fis tUj;jpf; nfhz;NlDk;
cyNfhiu tho;tpj;J tUk; ngUik coth;fisNa rhUk;. Ntshz;ikg; gonkhopfs;
gw;wpa Ma;tpYk; ,j;jifa fUj;Nj ntspg;glf; fhzyhk;.
,e;epiyapy; khw;wk; fz;L> mth;jk; clikapy; chpik ngwTk;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;wk; ngwTk; cUthfp cs;sd. (Rural Development Scheme)
mr;rpe;jidfs; ts;Stj;jpYk; nghtijf; fhzyhk;.
cOgth;f;Nf epyk; nrhe;jk; vd;w fUj;ij> nry;yhd; fpotd; ,Ug;gpd;
epyk;Gye;J ,y;yhspd; CbtpLk; vd;w Fws; Fwpg;gij EZfp Muha;e;jhy; czuyhk;.
,y;yhis epyj;Jf;F ctik $Wfpwhh; ts;Sth;. ,y;yhis Ms;gtd; fztd;>
epyj;ij Ms;gtd;- cOgtd; - cotd;> ,y;yhSf;Fk; mtsJ fztDf;Fk; cs;s
chpikiag; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xUtDf;F tho;f;ifg;gl;L tho;fpd;w xUj;jpia> NtW
xUtd; chpik nfhz;lhLtJ vt;thW $lhNjh> Kiwaw;wNjh mJNghy xUtd;
cOJtpustpf;Fk; epyj;ijAk; NtW xUtd; chpik nfhz;lhLtJk;;
Kiwaw;wNjahFk;. khwhf chpik nfhz;lhbdhy;> xUtd; kidtpapd; kPJ NtW
xUtd; chpik nrYj;JtJNghy; MFk;. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpdhy;
cOgth;f;Nf epyk; nrhe;jk; vd;w ,f;fUj;NjhL kw;NwhL Fwpg;Gk; ntspg;gLtij
czuyhk;.
epy msT
xUtd; xUj;jp vd;w nfhs;ifia tw;GWj;jpath; ts;Sth;. xUtd; tho;Tf;F
xUj;jp vd;w tiuaiw nfhz;lJNghy> cOfpd;w xUtDf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
msTepyNk ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. xUtd; ,uz;L
%d;W ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;Sjy;jtph;f;fg;gLjy; Nghy ,Uth;> %th;f;F chpa
epyj;ijAk; xUtd; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;SjYk; jtph;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xUtDf;F
xUj;jp vd;w vz;zpf;ifiag; Nghy xUtDf;F ,t;tsT epyk; vd;W nfhz;l
epymsT ,d;W Gyg;gltpy;iy> vd;whYk; xUtd; jdJ mbg;gilj; Njitfis
epiwT nra;J nfhs;Sk; msNt mt;tsthfNt ,Ue;jpUj;jy; $Lk; vd;W fUjyhk;.
,t;tpU fUj;Jf;fisAk; czh;j;jw;nghUl;L ,t;tho;tpay; ctikia coT vd;w
mjpfhuj;jpy; nfhLj;Js;shh; vd;W fUJtJ nghUe;JtjhFk;.
39
$l;LwT
epy chpikAk; msTk; tiuaWf;fg; gLtjhy; kl;Lk; coth; epiy cah;e;J
tplhJ. mth;fs; tpisnghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> tpw;gid nra;tjw;Fk;
toptiffs; nra;J mth;jk; nghUshjhu epiyiaAk; cah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd
mikg;gpid> $l;LwT> vd;w Fwpg;gpLfpwJ ,d;iwa Ntshz;ik mwptpay;.
tpistpg;gjpYk; tpw;gid nra;tjpYk; xU epiyahd jd;ik ,y;yhj Ntshz;ikapy;
,d;W $l;LwT mikg;Gfs; nghpJk; cjtp tUfpd;wd ,k;Kiwapidf; Fwpvjph;g;G vd;w
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpd;whh; ts;Sth;. Fwp vjph;g;G vd;gJ msT Fwpj;J thq;fp> mt;thW
thq;fpathNw vjph;nfhLg;gjhFk;. gpwh; <tij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;ghjth;fs;
Njitahd NghJ xd;iwg;ngw;W> Njit epiwTw;w NghJ jpUk;gf; nfhLj;jhh;fs;.
,JNt $l;Lwtpd; njhlf;fk; vdyhk;. xUtiu xUth; ehb tho;tJ gpr;irahfhJ@
$l;LwT thof;ifapd; tpsf;fk; mJ20 vd;w $w;Wk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. ,d;W ,e;epiy
tsh;e;J Ntshz;ikf;F topj;Jizahf tpsq;fp tUtJ fz;$L.
,j;jifa ghFghl;by; ,d;iwa Ntshz;ik tsh;e;Js;sJ vd;gJk;>
,t;tsh;r;rpf;fhd mbg;gil jpUf;Fwspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
,t;tbg;gilapy; fUj;Jf;fis Ntshz;ik mwpQh;fs; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jthh;fshapd;
NkYk; gy;Jiw tsh;r;rpf;F ,it cjTk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
jpUf;Fws; $Wk; njspe;j Ntshz;ik mwpTj; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w
tha;g;Gk; coth; ngUkf;fSf;F ey;fg;gLkhapd; js;sh tpisASk;> jf;fhUk;
jho;tpyhr;nry;tUk; epiwe;j ehlhf xt;nthU ehLk; jpfOk;. mj;jifa #o;epiy
cUthFk; fhyk; ntF njhiytpy; ,y;iy vd;gij cs;sk; czh;fpwJ.
Mf;fk; mjh;tpdha;r; nry;Yk; mirtpyh
Cf;fk; cilah Dio Fws;- 594
,t;tifapy; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; nfhz;L ,e;E}y;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk;
Ntshz;ikr; nropg;gpy;yhj fhyk; vd;gijAk;> ,jw;F kio ngha;j;Jg; Nghjy; Kjyha
,aw;ifapd; khw;wq;fNs fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijAk; Ma;e;J mwpayhk;.

40
4. gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs; - VnuOgJ
cotH tho;tpay; newpKiwfSk; - Ntshz;ikj; njhopy; El;gq;fSk;

1. gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs;

rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffspy; vspikAk; ,dpikAk; tha;e;j XH ,yf;fpak; gs;S

,yf;fpak; MFk;. gs;sHfspd; tho;f;ifia tpsf;fpf; $Wk; ,yf;fpak; Mjyhy;
,jw;Fg; gs;S vd;w ngaH Vw;gl;lJ. gs;sHfs; vd;NghH ahtH? coTj; njhopy;
nra;Ak; kf;fs; gs;sHfs; MtH. ,tHfspy; ngz;fs; gs;spaH> gs;sj;jpaH vd
miof;fg;gLtH. vdNt> tay;fspy; coTj; njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiag;
ghLk; ,yf;fpak; gs;S ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;.
Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;
,dp> gs;S vd;w ,yf;fpa tifapd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;Jr; rpwpJ fhz;Nghk;.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; cotH ghly;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; kUj epy kf;fs; tho;f;ifia> mjhtJ taYk; taiyr; rhHe;j
,lj;jpYk; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiaf; $Wtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ
,sq;Nfhtbfs; VH kq;fyk;> Kfitg; ghl;L vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. (ehLfhz;
fhij> 125 :134- 137) VHkq;fyk; vd;gJ ahJ? Kjd; Kjyhf xU ey;y ehspy; Viug;
g+l;b coj;njhlq;Ftijg; nghd;NdH g+l;ly; vd;gH. ,t;thW> nghd; VH g+l;b epd;w
cotHfs; jk; coTf; fUtpahfpa Viu tho;j;jp> ed;F tpisAkhW Ntz;bg; ghLk;
ghl;L VH kq;fyk; vdg;gLk;.
mLj;J> Kfitg; ghl;L vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghHg;Nghk;. tay;fspy; new; gapHfs; ed;whf
tpise;j gpd;G mtw;iw cotHfs; mWg;gH. mtw;iw tPl;bw;Fr; Rke;J te;J gug;gp>
khLfshy; kpjpf;fr; nra;J ney;iyAk; itf;NfhiyAk; gpupg;gH. mg;NghJ ghLk; ghl;L
Kfitg; ghl;L vdg;gLk;. vdNt> rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; VH kq;fyk;> Kfitg; ghl;L
vd;gd cotHfspd; tho;f;ifiaNa fhl;Lfpd;wd vdyhk;.
gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
,t;thW fhzg;gLk; cotHfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk;> coj;jpg;ghl;L Kjypa
tof;fhWfSk;> ghl;Lk; $j;Jkhf mike;Js;s gs;S vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tif Njhd;w
top nra;jpUf;fyhk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; coTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;l gs;sH> gs;spaHfspd;
tho;f;ifia xl;ba $j;J tiffs; ghl;Lk; jhsKk; nghUe;jr; rhjhuz kf;fshy;
tpUk;gp Mlg;gl;L te;jd. ,e;j Ml;lq;fisAk; ghly;fisAk; ftdpj;J kfpo;e;j
GytHfs; mtw;iw ,yf;fpakhfg; gilf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpapUf;fyhk;. mjd;
tpisthfNt gs;S ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wpaJ vd;Wk; fUJtH.
,t;tifapy;> gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kjy; E}yhf Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;w E}y;
mikfpd;wJ. ,e;E}y; 17-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gH. mjd; gpd;dH
Qhdg;gs;S> jpUth&Hg; gs;S> FU$Hg; gs;S> rptrapyg; gs;S> itrpag;gs;S>
tlfiug; gs;S> jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S> rPfhopg; gs;S> nrz;gfuhkd; gs;S> jpy;iyg;
gs;S> itahGupg; gs;S> fz;Zil mk;ik gs;S> jpUg;Gd thapw; gs;S> fjpiu
41
kiyg; gs;S> gwhis tpehafH gs;S> jz;biff; fdfuhad; gs;S> Fw;whyg; gs;S>
jpUr;nre;jpy; gs;S> Ngh&Hg; gs;S> ,Ug;Gypg; gs;S> jpUtpil kUJ}Hg; gs;S>
GJitg; gs;S Nghd;w gy E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd.
,yf;fzk;
gy;NtW rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSf;F cupa ,yf;fzj;ijg; ghl;bay; E}y;fs;
$Wfpd;wd. Mdhy;> ,g;ghl;bay; E}y;fspy; gs;S vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifapd;
,yf;fzk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;> etePjg; ghl;baypy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
NrHf;fg;ngw;Ws;s gy ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ehd;F ghly;fspy; coj;jpg;
ghl;L vd;why; vd;d vd;W tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. coj;jpg; ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpl;Ltpl;L ,ijg;
gs;Sk; vd;gH vdf; $Wfpd;wd.
tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa rJufuhjpapy; njhif mfuhjp vd;w gpuptpy; rpw;wpyf;fpa
tiffs; gytw;wpd; tpsf;fq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; coj;jpg; ghl;L vd;gjd;
tpsf;fKk; cs;sJ.
NtW ngaHfs;
gs;S vd;w ,yf;fpa tiff;Fg; gs;S ehlfk;> gs;S %tifj;jkpo;> gs;Nsry;>
gs;spir vd;w ngaHfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ngaHfshy; gs;S vd;w ,yf;fpa tif
ebj;jw;F cupaJ> ghLtjw;F cupaJ> ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpOf;Fk; cupaJ
vd;gd njupatUfpd;wd.
nra;jpfs;
tptrhaj; njhopy; nra;Ak; cotHfs;> coj;jpaHfs; MfpNahupd; Vo;ik
tho;f;ifapy; epfOk; epfo;r;rpfis vspikahf> ,dpikahf> Ritahff; $WtNj gs;S
,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;. ,t;tifapy; gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nra;jpfs; gpd;tUkhW
mikfpd;wd.
Vuhskhd epyq;fisf; nfhz;l xU nry;tdpd; gz;izapy; gs;sd; xUtd;
guk;giu guk;giuahf tptrha Ntiy nra;J tUfpd;whd;. mtDf;F ,uz;L kidtpaH.
gs;sd; jd; tptrha Ntiyfisf; ftdpf;fhJ ,isa kidtpaplk; kaq;fpf;
fplf;fpd;whd;. %j;j kidtpiaf; ftdpf;ftpy;iy. mg;NghJ ey;y kio nga;fpd;wJ.
Mw;wpy; jz;zHP epuk;g tUfpd;wJ.
gs;sNdh tptrha Ntiyfisr; nra;ahky; ,isa kidtpapd; tPl;bNyNa
,Uf;fpd;whd;. ,ij %j;j kidtp gz;izaplk; $Wfpd;whs;. gz;izf;fhud; Nfhgk;
nfhs;fpd;whd;. ,ij mwpe;j gs;sd; gae;J Ngha; gz;izaplk; tUfpd;whd;. gz;iz
gs;sdplk; tptrha Ntiyfs; gw;wpf; Nfl;fpwhd;. gs;sd; $Wfpd;whd;. gpd;> gz;izapd;
Mizg;gb tay;fspy; Ml;Lf; fpil itf;f ,ilaid mioj;J tUfpd;whd;. gpd;>
gs;sd; ,isa kidtpapd; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;fpd;whd;. ,ij mwpe;j %j;j kidtp kPz;Lk;
gz;izaplk; nrd;W $Wfpd;whs;. ,ij mwpe;j gs;sd; tptrha Ntiyfisr; nra;tJ
Nghy; ebf;fpd;whd;. ,jdhy;> gz;iz mtidj; jz;bf;Fk; nghwp Mfpa njhOtj;jpy;
khl;bj; jz;bf;fpd;whd;.
,jdhy; gs;sd; tUe;Jfpd;whd;. ,ijf; fz;l %j;j kidtp kdk; tUe;Jfpd;whs;.
gs;sid kPl;fpd;whs;. tpLgl;l gs;sd; xU ey;y ehspy; tay;fis cor; nry;fpd;whd;.

42
gs;sid xU khL Kl;b tpLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; gs;sd; kaq;fp tpOfpd;whd;. gpd; kaf;fk;
ePq;fp taiy cOfpd;whd;. rpy ehl;fs; nrd;wJk; gapH ed;F tpisfpd;wJ. mtd;
%j;j kidtpf;F cupa gq;F ney;iyr; rupahff; nfhLf;ftpy;iy vd mts;
gs;sHfsplk; KiwapLfpd;whs;. ,ij ,isa kidtp Nfl;fpd;whs;. %j;j kidtpf;Fk;
,isa kidtpf;Fk; rz;il Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,Wjpapy; ,UtUk; rkhjhdk; milfpd;wdH.
gs;sDld; ,UtUk; kfpo;r;rpahf tho;fpd;wdH. ,itNa ngUk;ghyhd gs;S E}y;fspd;
nra;jpfs; MFk;.
gz;Gfs;
gs;S E}y;fspy; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ngaH kl;Lk; $wg;gLk;. kw;wtHfspd;
ngaHfs; $wg;gLtJ ,y;iy. gs;sdpd; ngaH ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ngaUld;
NrHj;Jf; $wg;gLk;. %j;j gs;spapd; ngaH ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; CH my;yJ ehl;bd;
ngaUld; NrHj;Jf; $wg;gLk;. ,isa gs;spapd; ngaH ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; Cupd;
gf;fj;J CH my;yJ gf;fj;J ehl;bd; ngaUld; NrHj;Jf; $wg;gLk;. ,uz;L
gs;spaHfspy; xUj;jp rptd; mbahuhfTk; kw;nwhUj;jp jpUkhy; mbahuhfTk;
fhzg;gLtH.
rhd;whf> Kf;$lw;gs;S vd;w E}iy vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ,J xU itzt rka
E}y;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; mofH. jpUkhypd; kw;nwhU ngaH ,J. gs;sdpd; ngaH
moff; FLk;gd;. %j;j gs;spapd; ngaH Kf;$lw; gs;sp> ,isa gs;spapd; ngaH
kUJ}Hg; gs;sp.
irt rka E}yhfpa jpUth&Hg; gs;spy; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; td;kPf ehjd;. gs;sdpd;
ngaH td;kPfg; gs;sd;. %j;j gs;spapd; ngaH td;kPfg; gs;sp. ,isa gs;spapd; ngaH
rPuq;fg; gs;sp vd;gJ MFk;.
Kf;$lw; gs;S
17-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa Kf;$lw;gs;S XU Rit kpFe;j ehlf E}yhFk;.
,e;E}ypd; thapyhf> rKjhaj;jpy; cotHfs; ngw;w ,lk;> mtHjk; mftho;T> Gwtho;T>
gapHj;njhopypd; caHT> mj;njhopy; El;gq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
,e;E}iy Ntshz;ikf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Ftjhy;> fhye;NjhWk; Ntshz;ikapy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s tsHr;rp> khw;wk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;tJld; mk;kf;fspd;
gz;ghl;ilAk; njupe;J nfhs;s tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; Kf;$lw;gs;S
fhyf; fz;zhbahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
cotH rKjhak;
,d;iwf;Fr; RkhH 300 Mz;Lfl;F Kd;dH> ,t;tpyf;fpak; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy;
epyj;jpw;F cupikAilNahH XU rpyuhfTk; mjpy; cOJ tho;NthH gyuhfTk;
,Ue;jdH. epyj;Jf;F cupikAilNahH epyf;fpohH vdg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; jq;fs;
gz;izaj;ij ftdpf;f Nkyhl;fis mkHj;jpdH. mk;Nkyhl;fs; gz;izahH
vdg;gl;ldH. ,g;gz;izahHfs; gy Ml;fis itj;Jf;nfhz;L Ntshz;ik nra;jdH.
mt;thl;fNs cotHfs; MthHfs; mtHfs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd; js;sg;gl;L
filapduhff; fUjg;gl;ldH> ciog;gJk;> cz;gJk;> mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLk; czHTfis
epiwT nra;J nfhs;tJNk mtHfspd; tho;f;if epiyahf ,Ue;jJ. mtHfl;F

43
caHe;j Fwpf;NfhNsh> rpwe;j tho;f;if KiwNah> vjpHfhyj; jpl;lNkh ,Ue;jjhfr;
rpwpaFwpg;NgDk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,j;jidf;Fk; Nkyhf mtHfs; rKjhaj;jpy;
jPz;lg;glhjtHfshfNt fUjg;gl;ldH. mtHfs; cOJ tpise;j ney;iy cyfk;
cz;L tho;e;jNghjpYk;> mtHfs; mUfpy; tUtJk; mtHfisj; njhLtJk; ,opT vd;W
fUjpdH. mjid
gf;fNk J}ug;NghAk;
jf;fNrhW vd;nts;shz;ik
gs;sh gs;s vd;gH
nka; nfhs;shjtH. Kf;$lw;gs;S-15
vd Kf;$lw;gs;S vLj;J ,ak;GfpwJ.
,t;TotHfs; jhk; nra;Ak; njhopypy; njspe;j mwpTk; mDgtKk; ngw;wpUe;jdH.
gUtkioia vjpHNehf;fpAk;> Mw;WePH> Fsj;J ePiug; gad;gLj;jpAk; gapupl;ldH. gUtk;
tu kio Ntz;bf; flTis tzq;FtJk;. kio nga;J nts;sk; ngUfp tay;fspy;
gha;tJk;> gapLtjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;ghLfisr; nra;tJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epfo;r;rpfshFk;.
ehw;Wtpl;lJk; tay;fis elTf;F mzpakhf;FtH. Ml;nlU nraw;if cuk;Nghy
gapHfl;F cldbahfg; gad;gLk; vd;w cz;ikia ed;whf czHe;jpUe;j mtHfs;
tay;fSf;F Ml;Lf;fpil itj;jdH.
coTKiw
ngUk; fl;bfs; rpWrpW fl;bfshFk; tiu cOjhy; vUTk; ,lNtz;Ltjpy;iy
vd;w ts;Stj;jpd; tha; nkhopf;Nfw;g
Ke;jpj; jupir mbj;J> kwpj;J Kr;rhybj;J coT
ehYk; cOJk; coTk; jpUe;jg; guk;G %d;Wk; cjtp
vd jupR coT> kPz;Lk; %d;W coT> gpd;dH ehY coT gpd;dH guk;gbj;jy;
vdg; gyKiw cOJ tay;fis eputpdH. tay;fspy; NrW epiwe;jpUg;gpd; jz;zHP
tpiutpy; tw;whky; epw;Fk; vd;w Ntshz;ik El;gj;ij ed;F czHe;J coT nra;jdH.
,jidNa nrq;Nfhl;Lg; gs;S vd;Dk; E}y; NkYk; rw;W tpupthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Ke;jpj;juprbj;J> Kr;rhupaha; kwpj;J
iee;jplNt NrWfyf;fp> eakhf ehYoT
gpe;JcOJ> fl;bNgHj;J> kpjpj;J mOj;jpg;
ge;jpahf tug;Gg;gLj;jp> nfhj;jpj; jpUj;jp
jpiunfhz;L Mq;fq;F jz;zHP Njq;f tbj;Jtpl
epiwepiwaha; kilfs; ePf;fpg; guk;gbj;J
Fiwtpy;yhky; Fz;bdpy; nfhSQ;rpNghl;L kpjpj;J
tpiuney;ypd; Nfhl;il vLj;J te;J
tpijj;J ehw;Wtpl;l nra;jpia eak;gl ciuf;fpd;wJ> ,d;W
,k;Kiwfisf; fl;LNfhg;Gr; rhFgb Kiwfs; vd;W Gjpa ngaupl;L miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
ehw;W eLgtHfs; tupirahf epd;W ghlNyhL gapH el;ldH. neUf;fp el;L ney;iyg;
ngUf;Fk; vd;Dk; GJnkhop mtHfl;Fg; gonkhopahFk;. Vnddpy; njd;idf;Fj; NjNuhl>
thiof;F tz;bNahl> ney;Yf;F ez;Nlhl ,ilntsp tpl;L elNtz;Lk; vd;gJ

44
mtHfs; topte;j gonkhopahFk;. gapHfs; ey;Ntwpj; jioj;J> Giltpl;L md;dk;
gpbj;J> fjpH rha;j;J> gOj;J epw;fpd;wd. mWj;J> fl;lbj;Jf; flhtpl;L> itf;Nfhiyg;
gpupj;njLj;Jg; nghyp J}w;WthHfs;. mse;J msT $Wthd; cOjtd;> %l;ilfis
tz;bapNyw;wp tPl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nry;thH gz;izahH. tpise;j ney;ypd; XU
gFjpiaf; Nfhapy; gzpf;fhff; nfhLg;gJk; ngUtof;fkhf ,Ue;J te;jJs;sJ.
ney;ypd; ngaHfs;
Kf;$lw; gs;spy; Vuhskhd ney;ypd; ngaHfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kj;Jr;rk;gh>
g+Q;rhyp> g+k;ghis> kr;R Kwpj;jhd;> nrhwpf; FUk;ig> nts;sr;rk;gh> kWty;ypr;rk;gh>
ePyr;rk;gh> tpy;Yd;wpr;rk;gh> fLf;fd;rk;gh> ,uhrthzd;> fjypthio> rpj;jpuf;fhyp>
thyhd;> rpiw kPl;lhd;> kzy;thup> nrQ;rk;gh> fUQ;#iu> rPufr;rk;gh> Kj;Jr;rk;gh>
kiyKz;ld;> nghw;ghid> neL%f;fd;> %q;fpw;rk;gh> fj;J}upr;rk;gh> thzd; ney;>
fhilf; fOj;jd;> ,uq;fy; kPl;lhd;> fy;Y}z;il> nts;isr;rk;gh> Gj;jney;>
fUq;FWit> GDFr;rk;gh> nre;jhio> ngUnts;is> Kj;jnts;is> gr;ir> %td;>
,l;lkiy> Kz;ld; vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpy.
rk;ghtpy; 32 tif
nghd;Dr; nry;iyad; vd;gtuhy; 1850-k; Mz;by; ,aw;wg; ngw;w nrq;Nfhl;Lk;
gs;S vDk; E}y; 1967 ,k; Mz;by; Vl;Lr; RtbapypUe;J ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
me;E}Ys; rk;gh ney;ypy; kl;Lk; 32 new;ngaHfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rd;dr;rk;gh>
Fq;Fkr;rk;gh> kq;fyr;rk;gh> Kj;Jr;rk;gh> Ky;iyr;rk;gh> rk;gq;fpg;g+r;rk;gh>
ky;ypifg;g+r; rk;gh> my;ypg;g+r;rk;gh> Fq;Fkg;g+r; rk;gh> kq;fyr;rk;gh> Kj;Jr;rk;gh>
Ky;iyr;rk;gh> ngq;f@Hr;rk;gh> cHf;Fr;rk;gh> Njhl;lr;rk;gh> nts;isr;rk;gh>
fy;Yz;ilr; rk;gh> md;dr;rk;gh. moFr;rk;gh> GOFg;gf;fpupr;rk;gh> nfhf;Fr;rk;gh>
njf;fY}Hr;rk;gh> Nfhilr;rk;gh> #upar;rk;gh> mLf;Fr;rk;gh> Gd;idg;g+r;rk;gh>
fk;kQ;rk;gh> kfpok;g+r;rk;gh> tdrr;rk;gh> kpsFr;rk;gh> rPufr;rk;gh> fhHj;jpifr;rk;gh>
,Yg;igg; g+r;rk;gh> Njtd; rk;gh ,itfNs md;wp rPuhkghzk;> kq;fyg;gpr;ir> Ks;Sf;
FWit> kl;lf;fhU> mofpakzthsd;> uhkyl;Rkzd; Kjyhd ngaHfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ngaHf;fhuzk;
,e;new;gapHfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ney;ypd; jd;ikia Xl;b mike;j
ngaHfshf cs;sd. kpFe;j ePHg; ngUf;fpYk;> nts;sj;jpYk; tpistJ nts;sr;rk;gh>
fhjpy; mzpAk; fLf;fd;Nghy; ,Ug;gJ fLf;fd;rk;gh> fhilapd; fOj;J epwk; Nghd;W
,Ug;gJ fhilf;fOj;jd;> Crp Nghd;W ,Ug;gJ thyhd;> rPufk; Nghy; ,Ug;gJ
rPufr;rk;gh> %f;F ePzl ; ney; %f;fd;> thiof;FiyNghy; kzpfs; epiwe;jpUg;gJ
Fiythio vd;w tpsf;fk; mt;tg;ngaHfspNyNa mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
,g;ngaHfs; nfhz;L mk;kf;fs; new;gapupLtjpy; ngw;wpUe;j mwptpd; El;gj;ij
mwpayhk;.
fhy;eil tsk;
,d;WNghy; ve;jpuf; fyg;ig ,y;yhj fhyhkhjypd; md;W coTf;F vUJfs;
,d;wpaikahjitahy; ,Ue;jd. ney;ypw;Fg; ngauplg;gl;lJ NghyNt ,t;ntUJfl;Fk;

45
mtw;wpd; juk;> mit thq;fg;gl;l ,lk;> mtw;wpd; ,dk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L ngauplg;gl;bUe;jdH. Fil Nghd;W tise;j nfhk;Gs;sJ Filf;nfhk;gd;>
nrk;Gs;spfilAilaJ nrk;kiwad;> tsHe;j Fsk;GfisAilaJ Fsj;Jf;Fsk;gd;>
Fw;whyj;jpy; thq;fpaJ Fw;whyd;> kq;fyhd epwKilaJ klg;Gy;iy> fUe;Njhy;Nky;
ntz;zpwk; nfhz;lJ kapiy> nfhk;gpy;yhjJ Nkhio> fow;rpf;fha; Nghd;w
fz;ZilaJ fow;rpf;fz;zd;> XU nfhk;GilaJ Xw;iwf;nfhk;gd; vd;gd
vUJfl;fplg;gl;bUe;j ngaHfSs; rpythFk;. XU gz;izaj;jpYs;s vUJfs;
Xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; ,t;thW ngaH itj;jpUg;gJ> mtHfs; mtw;iwj; jdpf;ftdk;
nrYj;jpg; Ngzpf; fhj;jikiag; Gydhf;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; fhy;eilfs; cotHf;Fg;
ngUQ;nry;ykd;Nwh!
fhy;eilg; gUtq;fs;
fhy;eilfspd; gUtq;fisAk; ghFgLj;jpg; gpupj;J mwpe;Js;s rpwg;G
Nghw;Wjw;FupajhFk;. Ie;J taJiuf;fd;W vd;Wk; Ie;J Kjy; gj;J taJtiuf; fhis
vd;Wk; gj;J Kjy; gjpide;J taJ tiu vUJ vd;Wk; mjw;FNky; capNuhL
,Uf;Fk;tiuf; fpoL vd;Wk; gUt tiuaiw nfhz;lJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;.
md;wpAk; vy;yhg; gw;fSk; Kisj;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mjw;F Ie;J taJ Mfptpl;lJ
vd;Wk; mjw;Fg; gpwF> nfhk;gpy; tpOk; Xt;nthU Nfhl;bw;Fk; Xt;nthU Mz;ilf;$l;b
taijf; fzf;fplyhk; vd;Wk; fz;l fhy;eil mwptpay; El;gk; Nghw;Wjw;FupajhFk;.
mwptpay; mwpQHfSk; tpaf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l fPo;f;fz;l ghly; NtshsH
Guhzj;jpy; cs;sJ.
fd;W Ie;J> fhis Ie;J> fjpvUJ Ie;J> jpz;ik
nkd;wpLk; fpok; Ie;jhFk;> kpFe;jJk; fpoj;jpy;NrHf;f
nrd;wpLk; gy;ypy; Ie;Jk;> nrwpkUg;G Xq;FNjhWk;
Fd;wpLk; mbf;F Xd;wha;j; J}f;fpeP Mz;Lnfhs;Ns
NtshsH Guhzk; - VHg;ghly;-36
coTf; fUtpfs;
md;iwa coTf; fUtpfspd; ngaHfSk; E}Ys; mq;fhq;Nf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngUk; gz;izaq;fspy; fUtpfs; Xt;nthd;wpYk; vz;zpf;if kpFe;jit ,Ue;jd.
fyg;igfs;> Nkopfs;> epyj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; coT nra;ar;rpwpaJk; ngupaJkhf
nfhOf;fs;> vUjpd; fOj;jpy; g+l;Lk; Efq;fs;> fyg;igAk; Efj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk;
tlf;fapW> fyg;ig NrW epiwe;Jtpbd; mijj; Fj;jp cOj Nrw;iw eputg; guk;Gfs;>
guk;igAk; Efj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ePz;l kukhfpa ts;sf;if Kjypad rpy
cOfUtpfshFk;. ,it mf;fhy kf;fshy; rPHjpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;l Ntshz; fUtpfs;.
,f;fUtpfs; jdpkdpj ciog;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
mofpa fw;gid
E}ypy; tUk; mofpa fw;gidfs; vz;Ze;NjhWk; ,d;gk; gaf;fpd;wdthf
cs;sd. Kf;$lw;gs;spd; fhtpaj;jiytDila ,uz;L kidtpaUk; M#upd;
tlfiuapYk; njd;fiuapYk; gpwe;J tsHe;jtHfs;. jq;fs; ehl;Lg; ngUikia
XUtUf;nfhUtH tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fhky; $wpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. tlfiug; gFjpapy; kuq;fs;

46
kpf;fpUe;jd. njd;idapd; Fiyfisg; ghf;Fkuq;fs; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd.
ghf;Fkuf;Fiyfis kh kuq;fs; jhq;fpd. khq;fdpfisg; gyh kuq;fs; jhq;fpd. gyhg;
goq;fis thio kuq;fs; jhq;fKbahky; jhq;fp tise;J tpl;ld. mt;thio kuq;fis
khJisf; nfhk;Gfs; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd.
kPJ caHe;jpLk; njq;fps ePiu
kpile;j g+fk; Rke;Jjd; fhia
#jk; Xd;wpr; Rkf;ff; nfhLf;Fk;
#jk; jd; fdp J}q;Fk; gyhtpd;
jhJk; me;jg; gyhf;fdp thio
cSf;fNt Rd;e;J cz;Fiy rha;f;Fk;
khJ sq;nfhk;G thioiaj; jhf;Fk;
tsik M#H tlfiu ehNl (25)
(g+fk;-ghf;Fkuk;> kpile;j-neUq;fpa> #jk;-khkuk;)
njd;fiug; gFjpapy; nrbnfhbfs; mjpfk;. jhkiu jd; ,iyfis ePl;b
,Q;rpiaj; njhl;lJ. ,Q;rpNah kQ;rs; ,iyfisj; njhl;bOj;jJ. kQ;rs; ney;
mstpw;F tsHe;J ney;NyhL mstshtpaJ. ney; fUk;ngd tsHe;J fUk;NghL
,ize;J epd;wJ.
gq;f ae;jiy ePl;bf; Fuk;gpdpy;
gr;ir ,Q;rpapd; ghHril jPz;Lk;
jq;Fk; ,Q;rpAk; kQ;rs; fOj;ijj;
jltp nks;sj; njhLk;me;j kQ;rs;
mq;f irj;jpLk; fha;fjpHr; nre;ney;
mshtp epw;Fk;mr; nre;neYk; mg;ghy;
nrq;f Uk;Gf;Ff; ifjUk; Nghy;tsH
rPty kq;ifj; njd;giu ehNl (26)
(gq;fak;-jhkiu> Fuk;G-tay;> ghHril - ePz;l ,iy)
ehl;bd; tsk; kpFjp vd;gijAk;> kuq;fs; Xd;iw Xd;W jhq;FtJ Nghy kf;fs;
XUtiu XUtH jhq;fpf; nfhs;fpwhHfs; vd;gijAk; ,t;tofpa fw;gid fhl;LfpwJ
vd;gijf; fhl;bYk;> nghUs; tsj;jhy; tsHe;jtHfs; tsuhjtHfis mOj;jpf;
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;whHfs; vd;gij ,f;fw;gid vz;zj; J}z;LfpwJ vd;Wk;
$wyhk;. mNjNghy; ,Q;rpAk; kQ;rSk; gpwTk; Xd;Nwhnlhd;W mshTtJNghy kf;fs;
XUtNuhL XUtH ,ize;J thOfpwhHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;lTk; rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpf;
fplf;Fk; kf;fs; tsHe;jtHfSf;F ,izahf ehKk; tsu Ntz;Lk; vd;w Jbg;NghL
vl;bg; gpbf;f KaYfpwhHfs; vd;w Fwpg;G cs;sjhfTk; fUjyhk;.
2. VH vOgJ
VnuOgjpd; Mrpupauhff; fk;gH Rl;lg;gLfpd;whH. ,tH ,uhkhazj;ij vOjpa
fk;gupDk; NtwhdtH. gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; tho;e;jtH vd
K.mUzhryk; (1909-1992) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH (2005:njhFjp-6>287). VnuOgJ vd;Dk;
E}w;ngaupNyNa ghly; vz;zpf;if ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. E}ypd; njhlf;fkhd fzgjp
47
tzf;fg; ghlYs;Sk;> fUtp vOgJk; ciuf;f (VH.ghapuk; 1:1) vd;Dk; Fwpg;Gf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mdhy;> E}ypd; mikg;igg; ghHf;Fk; nghOJ Kfg;Gg;gFjpapy; gj;Jg;ghly;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mit fzgjp tzf;fk;> Kk;%Hj;jp tzf;fk;> fiykfs; tzf;fk;>
Nrhokz;lyj;jpd; rpwg;G> Nrho kd;ddpd; rpwg;G> NtshsHfspd; Fbr;rpwg;G cs;spl;l
nra;jpfis tpsk;Gfpd;wd. mtw;iwj; njhlHe;E coTj;njhopypw;Fupa fUtpfSk;
nra;iffSk; mWgj;njhd;gJ ghly;fspy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. E}ypd; juTfs; kl;Lk;
mWgj;njhd;gJ (69) ghly;fshfTk;> flTs; tzf;fk; Kjyhd ghapug;gFjpNahL
NrHj;Jf; fzf;fpLk;nghOJ vOgj;njhd;gJ (79) ghly;fshfTk; mikfpd;wd.
,t;tikg;G> MWKf ehtyH gjpg;Gj; njhlq;fpr; rPij gjpg;gf ntspaPLtiu
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Ntshz;ik vd;whNy tptrhak;> vd;Wk; NtshsH vd;why; tptrhap vd;Wk;
nghUs;gLfpd;w epiyik fp.gp. 10Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH Njhd;wptpl;lJ. VHf;
fyg;ig> NtshsH rhjpf; FOf;fspd; milahsr; rpd;dkhf Vw;fg;gl;L> nghJg;
gpuf;iQapYk; gjpe;Jtpl;lJ. rpj;jpuNkopg; ngupaehL vd;w NtshsH jiyikapyike;j
r%ftpay; - murpay; epWtdj;jpd; vOr;rp ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;Fjw;FupaJ. fk;gH
vOjpajhf ek;gg;gLk; ‘VH vOgJ| Ntshz;ikia mbj;jskhff;nfhz;l NtshsH
ngUikiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; ,yf;fpak; MFk;.
. fk;gH jQ;ir khtl;lj;Jj; jpUtOe;J}H vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jtH. ,jidj;
jdpg;ghly; xd;W tptupf;fpwJ. fk;gH vd;w ngaH gw;wpg; gy;NtW fijfs; toq;Ffpd;wd.
fk;gH ctr;rH Fyj;jpy; (g+rhupf; Fyk;) gpwe;jikahy; ngw;w ngaH vd;W $WtH. fhsp
Nfhapypy; g+ir nra;Ak; kugpdH vd;W ctr;rHfs; Rl;lg;ngWfpd;wdH. fk;gH
Foe;ijahff; fhsp Nfhapy; fk;gj;jpd; mUNf fple;jikahy; ,g;ngaH ngw;whH vd;gH.
fk;gq; nfhy;iyiaf; fhj;J te;jikahy; fk;gH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhH vd;Wk; $WtH.
fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s ,iwtdhfpa Vfk;gd; Njthug; gjpfq;fspy; ‘fk;gd;| vd;Nw
Rl;lg;gLfpwhH. me;jg; ngaH ,tUf;Fk; ,lg;gl;lJ vd;gH. tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfp
vOjpa ,uhkhazj;ijf; fk;gH jkpopy; ,uhkfhijahf ,aw;wpdhH. mtHjk; E}y;fSs;
,JNt jiyrpwe;j E}y; MFk;. ,Jtd;wp NtW rpy E}y;fisAk; vOjpajhff; fk;gH
gw;wpa fijfs; $Wfpd;wd. fk;gH coTj; njhopiyAk; cotiuAk; ghuhl;b vOjpa
E}y;fs; VH vOgJ> jpUf;if tof;fk; vd;gd.
ghLnghUs; mikg;G
VnuOgJ vd;Dk; E}y;> coTj;njhopypd; gy;NtW gbepiyfisAk;
coTf;fUtpfisAk; tpsf;FtNjhL> coTj;njhopYld; njhlHGila NtshsHfs;
gw;wpAk; kpFjpahfg; NgRfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> NtshsHfspd; Fyg;ngUik> ,ay;G>
nfhilj;jd;ik Nghd;wit tpae;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NtshsHfspd; rpwg;G>
jdpepiyapy; itj;J tpsf;fg;glhky;> gpuhkzH> Nte;jH Nghd;NwhUld; ngUksT
xg;gpl;Lg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fupa rhd;Wfs; rpy tUkhW.
thopehd; kiwNahHfs; tsHf;fpd;w Nts;tpfSk;
Mopahy; cyfsf;Fk; mly;Nte;jH ngUe;jpUTk;
48
 CopNg upDk;ngauh ciuAila ngUf;fhsH
Nkopahy; tpistjy;yhy; Ntnwhd;why; tpisahNt (VH.4)
XJth nuy;yhUk; cOthHjq; jiyf;filf;Nf (VH.11:2)
Qhdkiw atHNts;tp eyk;ngWt njtuhNy (VH.14:2)
myfpyh kiwtpsq;Fk; me;jzuh Fjptpsq;Fk;….
cynfyhk; xsptpsq;Fk; cotUOk; cothNy (VH.20)
gOJrhy; tifawpahg; gokiwNahH ngUNts;tpf;
FOJrhy; tJfyg;ig AaHthdJ (VH.21:1-2)
fiyapl;l kiwNte;jH fdy;Nts;tp tsHg;gJTk;…
epiyapl;l NtshsH Jiyapl;l ePuhNy (VH.40)
VnuOgjpd; E}w;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s mWgj;njhd;gJ (69) ghly;fspy;
NtshsHfspd; rpwg;G> gpuhkzH my;yJ Nte;jH my;yJ mt;tpUtUlDk; NrHj;J
xg;gplg;gLk; ,lq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if ehw;gjhFk; (40). mjhtJ> mWgJ
tpOf;fhl;Lg; ghly;fspy; Ntshsupd; ngUik> gpuhkzHfSlDk; murUlDk; xg;gpl;L
caHthfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. rpiy vOgJ (VO ghly;fs;-9.86 tpOf;fhL)> <l;b vOgJ
(xU ghly;-1.4 tpOf;fhL) Mfpa E}y;fspy; gpuhkzH> Nte;jH gw;wpa xg;gPLfs; kpfkpff;
FiwT. <l;b vOgjpy; mike;Js;s kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghlypy; kl;Lk; mtHfs;
tho;j;jg;gl;Ls;sdH. gpw ,lq;fspy; mtHfisg; gw;wp ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk; ,y;iy.
fk;gH ghbajhff; fUjg;gLk; “VH vOgJ"> NtshsH jk; rpwg;igAk;> coTj;
njhopypd; khz;igAk; $WfpwJ. kw;wJ> 59 fz;zpfisf; nfhz;L> ntz;lisahy;
te;j fypntz;ghthy; ghlg;gl;l “jpUf;if tof;fk;" vd;w E}y;> Ntshz; ngUkf;fspd;
nfhil Fzj;ijr; rpwg;gpf;fpwJ. jpUf;Fws; topepd;W ghuhl;b> VHj;njhopy; gw;wpa
El;gkhd nra;jpfis tpupj;Jiuf;fpwJ. “VH vOgij"g; ghbaijnahl;b “jpUf;if
tof;fj;ij"Ak; fk;gH ghbajhff; $WtH.
Mdhy; mjw;F xU gb NkNy nrd;W cyf kf;fs; midtUf;Fk;
KJnfYk;ghf ,Uf;Fk; coTj; njhopypd; jdpr;rpwg;ig ,U E}y;fspd; thapyhf
vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shH ftpr;rf;utHj;jp fk;gH.
fk;gH vd;W $wpdhNy “fk;guhkhazk;" xd;WjhNd midtUf;Fk; epidTf;F
tUfpwJ. Mdhy; mtH vOjpa xd;gJ E}y;fSs;> NtshsH kuigg; Nghw;wp>
nghUshjhuj;ijg; Gfo;e;Jiuf;Fk; mjpaw;Gjkhd ,U E}y;fs ;jhd;
“VH vOgJ" kw;Wk;
“jpUf;if tof;fk;"
,e;E}y;fs; Njhd;wpajw;fhd #oy;> gbj;J ,d;Gwj;jf;fJ. fk;gH>
FNyhj;Jq;fd; muritapy; tPw;wpUe;jNghJ xUehs;> FNyhj;Jq;fd; rg;jkpl;Lr;
rpupj;Jtpl;lhd;. ,ijf; fz;l fk;gH> “muNr! vjdhy; ,g;gbr; rpupj;jPHfs;? fhuzj;ijr;
nrhd;dhy; cq;fs; kfpo;r;rpapy; ehq;fSk; gq;F ngwyhNk?" vd;whH.

49
“fk;gNu> ePUk; vkJ gpui[fSk; vdf;F mbikfs;jhNd vd;W epidj;Jr; rpupj;Njd;"
vd;W FNyhj;Jq;fd; $wpaTld; fk;gUf;F fLk; rpdk; vOe;jJ. “vd;d nrhd;dHP ? ehDk;
ckJ mbik vd;wh fUJfpwPH? ,J xg;ghJ.
muNr! ePtpH Gtpr;rf;utHj;jp> ehNdh ftpr;rf;utHj;jp. ckf;F ehd; mbikahNfd;?"
vd;W $wp mitia tpl;L fpsk;g Kad;whH.
clNd FNyhj;Jq;fd;> “fk;gNu! ePtPH ftpr;rf;utHj;jpaha;j; jpfo;tJ vdJ
rk];jhdj;jpy;jhd;. kw;w Njrj;jpy; ckf;F ,j;jifa ngUik fpilf;fhJ" vd;W
$wpaJk; fk;gH kdk; nghWf;fhjtuha;>
“nfhy;ypkiyj; Njd;nrhupAk; nfhw;wth
eP Kdpe;jhy; ,y;iyNah vq;fl;fplk;?"
vd;W $wpf; nfhz;Nl mzpfyd;fisf; fow;wpitj;Jtpl;L ntspNaw
epidj;jhH. ,ijf;fz;l murd;> NkYk; gy fbdkhd thHj;ijfisf; $wpaijf;
Nfl;l fk;gH> “kd;dtDk; ePNah? tsehLk; cdNjh?" vd;w ghliyg; ghb>
mitiatpl;L ntspNawpdhH. mt;thW mitiatpl;L ntspNawpa fk;gH> ePz;l J}uk;
ele;j fisg;G. mg;NghJ mtH ghHitapy; gl;lJ mf;fhl;rp. J}uj;jpy; gioaJ fiuj;j
Nkhiu vLj;J te;j kidtp cOJ nfhz;bUe;j cotDf;Ff;
nfhLj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhs;. jhfk;> grp NkyPl;lhy; fk;gH jhDk; mq;F nrd;W ifia
ePl;bdhH. ,ijf; fz;l Ntshsd; topg;Nghf;fdhd fk;gUf;F me;j NkhHf; Ftisiaj;
je;J grpahwr;nra;jhd;. NkhH gUfp tapW epuk;gpaJk; ,e;jf; NtshsDf;F vd;d
ifk;khW nra;ag;NghfpNwd; vd;W $wp> jd;dhy; ,ayf;$ba ifk;khW xd;Wjhd;
cz;L. mJjhd; ftp. vd epidj;jtH clNd>
“nrl;bkf;fs; thry; top nry;NyhNk nrf;fhuH
nghl;b kf;fs; thry; top NghNfhNk>
Kl;bGFk; ghHg;ghH mfj;ij vl;bg;ghNuhNk
ve;ehSk; fhg;ghNu NtshsH fhz;!"
vd;w ftpnahd;iw mg;Nghijf;Fg; ghbtpl;Lj; jk; gazj;ijj; njhlHe;jhH. jdJ
grpiaAk;> jhfj;ijAk; jPHj;j tifia epidj;Jk;> jhd; Fbf;fg;Nghd Nkhiuf;
Fbf;fhky; if ePl;baTld; jdf;F mg;gbNa je;j md;ghd Ntshsdpd; ifapd;
kfj;Jtj;ijAk; vz;zp vz;zp kdKUfpdhH fk;gH. clNd mtUf;F Vw;gl;l czHr;rp
ngUf;fpd; ntspg;ghl;bd; gilg;Gjhd; “VH vOgJ" vd;w NtshsH Gfo;r;rp E}yhFk;.
cotd; kw;Wk; coTj; njhopypd; Nkd;ikia ,jd; %yk; cyfwpar; nra;J jdJ
ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jtpl;lhH fk;gH.
Ntshz; Fbfs; jk; rpwg;G
Mopj;NjtH flyhdhH my;yhj;NjtH mk;gyj;jhH
Copj;NjtH jhq;$b cyfq; fhf;f ty;yhNuh
thopj;NjtH jpUkf;fs; itak; Guf;Fk; ngUf;fhsH
Nkopj;njhtH ngUikf;F NtNw NjtH $NwNd

50
NtshsH rpwg;G
njhOq;Fyj;jpw; gpwe;jhnyd; RlHKbkd; dtuhfp
vOq;Fyj;jpw; gpwe;jhnyd; ,tHf;Fg;gpd; tzpfnuDQq
nrOq;Fyj;jpw; gpwe;jhnyd; rpwg;Gila uhdhnyd;
cOq;Fyj;jpw; gpwe;jhNu cyFa;ag; gpwe;jhNu
NtshsH Gfo; Gyikapd; ngupJ
mOq;Fotpf; fd;Gila jhNaNgh yidj;JapHf;Fk;
vOq;fUizg; ngUf;fhsH vspaNuh ahk;Gfo
cOq;nfOtpw; fUtPwp AyfKjw; fUthfr;
nrOq;fkyj; jadptiur; nra;JyfQ; nra;thNdy;
Ntshz; Fyj;jpw;F epfupy;iy

NtjpaHjk; caHFyKk; tpwy;Nte;jH ngUq;FyKk;

ePjptsk; gilj;Jila epjptz;fH jk;FyKQ;
rhjptsk; gilj;Jila jhaida fhuhsH
Nfhjpy;Fye; jdf;Fepf Uz;lhfpw; $wPNu

cotpd; rpwg;G

myfpyh kiwtpsq;Fk; me;jzuh Fjptpsq;Fk;

gyfiyahe; njhiftpsq;Fk; ghtyHjk; ghtpsq;Fk;
kyHFyhe; jpUtpsq;Fk; kiotpsq;Fk; kDtpsq;Fk;
cynfyhk; xsptpsq;Fk; cotUOk; cothNy
NtshsH ngWk; Ngw;wpd; rpwg;G

mupah jdj;jpd; NkypUe;Nj ak;nghw; Filf;fP ourpaw;Wk;

ngupahH gf;fy; ngWk;NgWk; NgNway;y ngUf;fhsH
nrhupah epw;gr; rpyH Kfe;J J}w;wh epw;gr; rpyuse;J
Gupah epw;gg; ngUk;NgWf; fJNe nuhf;fg; NghjhNj

ed;kq;fy tho;j;J

ghHthop ehd;kiwE}w; gUzpjuh Fjpthop

fhHthop tstHgpuhd; fhNtup ejpthop
NgHthop ngUf;fhsH ngUQ;nry;tf; fpisthop
VHthop apirthop naOgj;njhd; gJehNl
“cyfk; gy njhopy; nra;J Rod;whYk; VHj; njhopypd; gpd; epw;fpwJ@
mjdhy; vt;tsT Jd;Gw;whYk; coTj; njhopNy rpwe;jJ@ coT nra;a Kbahky;
capH tho;fpd;wtH vy;yhiuAk; jhq;Ftjhy;> coT nra;fpd;wtH cyfj;jhHf;F
51
mr;rhzp Nghd;wtH@ coT nra;J mjdhy; fpilj;jij cz;L tho;fpd;wtNu
cupikNahL tho;fpd;wtH@ kw;wtH vy;NyhUk; gpwiuj; njhOJ cz;L gpd;
nry;fpd;wtNu!" vd;W cotpd; ngUikiaAk; Nkd;ikiaAk; jpUts;Stg; Nguhrhd;
Nghw;wpf; $wpapUf;fpwhH.
jtwhky; kio nga;a ehl;by; ey;nyhOf;fk; kpf;f NtshsuJ VH
elf;Fkhapd; ehl;by; ,aypir> ehlfk; elf;Fk;. gy;NtW rpwg;Gfs; elf;Fk;> gil gyk;
Fd;whJ> jHkk; jtwhky; elf;Fk;> cyfpy; capHfs; Njhd;Wk;> grp kf;fis
eyptpf;fhJ vd;W VH elj;jw; rpwg;igg; Nghw;WtJ kl;Lky;yhky;> fhuhsHjk; njhopw;
rpwg;ig kpf mofhf vLj;NjhJfpwhH. VHj; njhopy; Kb kd;dUf;Fk;> mUkiw
me;jzUf;Fk; kd;dH gpd;Ndhuhk; tzpfUf;Fk; cjtty;y caHTilaJ vd;gNj VH
vOgJ E}y; KOtJk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
“fhH elf;Fk; gb elf;Fk; fhuhsH jk;Kila
VH elf;Fk; vdpy; Gfo;rhy; ,aypir ehlfk; elf;Fk;
rPH elf;Fk; jpwk; elf;Fk; jpUtwj;jpd; nray;elf;Fk;
ghH elf;Fk; gil elf;Fk;@ grp elf;f khl;lhNj!" (19)
vd;W ghLfpwhH.
VH cOtjw;fhd coTf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; coTj;njhopy; gw;wp vOgJ ghly;fs;
,e;E}ypy; cs;slf;fkhf cs;sd. ,jpy; VH fUtpapd; cWg;GfSk;> coTj; njhopYk;
tupirgl $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpopyf;fpaq;fs; vd;WNk ey;topiaj;jhd; $Wfpd;wd.
fk;gH fhyj;jpYk; fypfhyj;jpYk; kl;Lky;y vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; rpwg;Gw;W
tpsq;FtJ coTj;njhopy; xd;Wjhd;. VHj;njhopypd; rpwg;G $Wk; fk;guJ ,t;tpU
E}y;fis ,d;wsTk; gyH mwpahjjhy;jhd;> Fwpg;ghf NtshsH jk; ghHitf;Fg; Ngha;r;
Nruhjjhy;> tpisepyq;fs; ey;y tpisr;risg; ghHf;fhky; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;Lf;
fl;llq;fshfpg; NghFk; mty epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
“fk;guhy; ,t;tsT rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLk;> ehl;bd; capH ehbahf tpsq;Fk;
coTj;njhopiy kwe;Jtpl;L ehk; Ntnwe;j njhopy; nra;J capHthog; NghfpNwhk;"
vd;w Nfs;tp “tpij"ia> xt;nthU tpis epyf;fhuHfSk; jq;fsJ kdnkd;Dk;
epyj;jpy; “tpij"j;jhy;>
“cOJz;L tho;tjw;F xg;gpy;iy fz;BH@ gOJz;L NtNwhH gzpf;F" vd;w
ey;top(12) ghly; tupfis epidj;J ,Wkhe;J ,Uf;fyhky;yth?
VnuOgJk; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
VnuOgjpw;Fg; gpwF coTj;njhopiy ikag;gLj;jp vOe;j ,yf;fpa
tifahfg; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; Ngrg;gl;Ls;s Ntshz;
nra;jpfis VnuOgjpd; nra;jpfNshL xg;gpl;Lg; ghHg;gJ jtpHf;f KbahjJ. mt;thW
ghHf;Fk;nghOJ> VnuOgij tplg; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy EZf;fkhd Ntshz;
juTfisg; gjpTnra;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf> tay;fspd; tif> ney; tif> khl;L tif>
VHf;fhy; tif> fyg;ig> Nkop> Efk; tif> kPd; tif Nghd;wtw;iwr; nrhy;y KbAk;.

52
,t;thW gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs; kpf EZf;fkhfg; NgRtjw;Ff; fhuzk;> mit ciof;Fk;
kf;fs; gpupitr; rhHe;j gs;sHfspd; Nehf;Fepiyapy; ,Ue;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sNj MFk;.
mjhtJ coTj;njhopypy; ngUq;Fb NtshsHfis tplg; gs;sHfs; NjHe;j
gl;lwpTk; jpwDk; ngw;wpUe;jhHfs; vd;gijg; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.
MapDk; mtHfs; r%f xLf;FjYf;F Mshf;fg;gl;lij> cw;gj;jpf;F cupa tptuq;fs;
midj;Jk; njupe;Jk; gs;sdhH tay; Ntiyfisf; $ypf;Fr; nra;gtuhf cs;shH.
cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfs; mtuplk; clikahf ,g;NghJ ,y;iy.
cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfis (Nkop> fyg;ig> epyk;) mtuplkpUe;J gpw Mjpf;f>
mjpfhu tFg;gpdH gwpj;Jr; nrd;wdH. epyk;> cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfs; midj;ijAk; ,oe;j
epiyapy; gs;sHfs; ,g;NghJ gz;izj; njhopyhsHfshf MdhHfs;. mitfisf;
iff;nfhz;ltHfs;> cilikahsHfshf> Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; mjpfhu tHf;fj;jpduhf
MdhHfs; vd;Dk; tuyhw;Wz;ikiag; gs;S E}w;fs; gjpT nra;Js;sd vdg; gs;S
,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;J Muha;e;j R.Ntq;fluhkd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH (1998:95). gs;sHfs;
kl;Lky;y clYiog;igr; nrYj;jp Ntshz; njhopiy NeHj;jpahfr; nra;aj; njupe;Jk;>
nrhe;j epykw;wpUe;j vy;yhg; gpuptpdUk; mj;jifa xLf;F Kiwf;F cs;shfpg;
gz;izabikfshfNt Jd;gg;gl;Ls;sdH.

53
5. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz; nghwpapay;
Njhl;ltpay; - tdtpay; - kidapay; - #oypay; -

kdpj ciog;Ng kpFe;jpUe;j kuG top Ntshz;ikj; njhopypy;> ,d;W

ve;jpuq;fs; kpFjpahf ,lk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. Fiwe;j cly; ciog;igf; nfhz;L>
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; tpupe;j epyg;gug;gpy; $Ljyhd Ntiyfisr; nra;J Kbf;fg; Gjpa
gz;izf; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gz;il ehs; fUtpfs; kdpj rf;jpia
vz;zj;jpy; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lit. ngUk;ghd;ikAk; kdpj rf;jpahy;
,aq;ff;$baitahfTk; ,Ue;jd. kdpj rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;ltw;wpw;Ff; fhy;eilfs;
gad;gLj;jg; ngw;wd. ,g;NghJ tpirahy; ,aq;Fk; fUtpfs; mjpfkha;f;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Ntshz;ikf; fUtpfspd; ghFghL
gz;il ehs; fUtpfisAk; ,g;NghJ tpirahy; ,aq;Fk; fUtpfisAk;
xg;gpay; mbg;gilapy; fPo;f;fhZkhW ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1. coTf; fUtpfs; (fyg;ig)
nkd;Gykhfpa ed;nra;iaAk;> td;Gykhfpa Gd;nra;iaAk; cOtjw;F ‘ehQ;rpy;|
vd;w coTf; fUtpiag; gz;ilf;fhy kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpdH. fyg;igia ehQ;rpy;
vd;gJ ,yf;fpa tof;F. ,ij> ‘NjvH gue;j Gyk; VvH guth fspW Mba Gyk; ehQ;rpy;
Mlh| (gjpw;. 26-1) vd;Dk; ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
fyg;igapd; Kjd;ikahd cWg;G ‘nfhO| vd;gjhFk;. mJ epyj;ijg; gpse;J
cOk; jd;ikAilaJ vd;gijf; ‘nfhy;iy cO nfhO Va;g;g| (nghU.117) vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,e;ehQ;rpypd; cUt mikg;G> ngz; ahidapd; tha; Nghy; tise;Jk;> mjpy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s ngUq;nfhO> cLk;gpd; Kfk; Nghd;w Njhw;wKilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,f;fyg;ig nfhz;L twd;l epyj;ijAk; cOtH vd;gij>
gpbtha; md;d kbtha; ehQ;rpy;
cLg;G Kf KOf;nfhO %o;f Cd;wp
jhLg;G vwpe;J cOj JsHgL Jlit| (ngUk;. 199-201)
vd tUk; ghly; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. njhd;W njhl;Lg; gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
kuf;fyg;igiaAk; mz;ikapy; mwptpayhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,Uk;Gf;
fyg;igAk; ce;J tpirahy; ,aq;Fk; ve;jpuf; fyg;igAk; ,d;iwa coTf;
fUtpfshFk;. ,it jtpu ghH gpbg;gjw;nfd;W ‘ghH| fyg;igAk; cs;sJ.
2. rkd;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs; (jsk;G)
ed;nra; epyj;ij cOjgpd; tay; NkL gs;sk; ,y;yhky; rkkhf ,Uj;jw;
nghUl;L> guk;G nfhz;L rkd;gLj;JtH. XNuh top Gd;nra; epyj;ijAk;
rkd;gLj;JtJz;L. mf;fUtpf;Fj; ‘jsk;G| vd;W ngaH. ,J gz;il kf;fs;
gad;gLj;jpa fUtpahFk;. coTf;Fg; gpd;dH> epyj;ijr; rkd;gLj;Jk; fUtpfSk;>

54
kz;fl;bfis cilf;Fk; ‘gYFfs;| Nghd;w fUtpfSk; tug;Gf;fl;Lk; fUtpfSk;
,g;NghJ Gof;fj;jpy; cs;sd.
3. ,iwg;Gf; fUtpfs; (Vw;wk;)
Mw;wpy; ePH Fiwe;jNghJ Mw;wpYk;> Fsj;jpYk;> fpzw;wpYk; cs;s ePiu
taYf;Fg; gha;r;Rtjw;F ,iwg;Gf; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jpdH. me;ePH epiyfspy; ePiu
Vw;wk; itj;J ,iwj;jdH. mt;Ntw;wj;jpy; ‘Mk;gp| vd;w fUtp nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
tha; mfd;w Mk;gp nfhz;L ePiu Kfe;J Vw;wj;jpd; topahf NkNy nfhzHe;J
; hypy; nrYj;jpg; gha;r;RtH. ,ij ‘Vw;wj;NjhL toq;Fk; mfy; Mk;gp| (..kJ.90)
tha;ff
vd;Dk; njhluhy; mwpayhk;. ,iwg;Gf; fUtpfspy; ,g;nghOJ kpd;rhuj;jhy; ,aq;Fk;
3 Kjy; 10 Fjpiur; rf;jp tpirAs;s kpd;tpirg;gk;G nrl;LfSk; Briyf; nfhz;L
,aq;Fk; vQ;rpd;fSk; Gof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. ,it> jhNk ePiu ,iwj;J epyj;Jf;F
mDg;gp itf;fpd;wd. jkpofjjpy; ve;jpuj;jpd; gad;ghl;ilf; ftdpj;Jg; ghHj;jhy;
mbg;gilf; fUtpfspy; ,iwg;Gf; fUtpfs; kpFjpahfg; gad;gl;L> Ntshz; ve;jpuq;fspy;
Kjy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd vdyhk;.
gj;jy;
ePH epiyfspypUe;J ePupid ,iwf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ePHg;ghrd fUtpfSs;
gj;jYk; xd;whFk;. $ilapidg; Nghd;w mikg;gpid cila fUtp> ,jd; tha;g;gFjp
tise;J fhzg;gLk;. tha;g;gFjp mfykhf ,Ue;jhy; ePH tPzhfptpLk; vd;gjw;fhfg;
gj;jypd; tha;g; gFjpapid tisthf mikj;Js;sdH. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gj;jypd;
cUt mikg;gpw;Nfw;g nfhLtha; gj;jy;> kzp ePHg;gj;jy;> gd;wpg;gj;jy; vd ngaHfs;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nfhLtha; gj;jy; thHe;J cF rpWFop (mfk;.155:15)
ga epiuf;Fk; vLj;j kzpePH gj;jy; (ew;.92:6)
ePH epiyfspd; xU gf;fkhf fw;fshy; Md fhy;tha;fis el;L> mjd; Nky;
gFjpapidf; fw;fhy;fSld; ,izj;J tpLtH. ,J juhR Nghd;w mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk;.
mjpy; ePskhf %q;fpiyf; fapw;why; fl;b khLfis mj;Jld; ,izj;J tpLtH. xUtH
ePiu gj;jypy; nky;y > NkypUe;J xUtH my;yJ ,UtH kpjpf;f ePH epiyfspyUe;J
Nky; Vw;wg;gLk;. ,k;KiwNa Vw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
Fsq;fspypUe;J ePupid tay;fSf;F ,lhH vd;Dk; $ilfshy; Kfe;J
ePHg;gha;r;rpdH. Vw;wj;Jld; NkYk; fPOk; ,aq;Ffpd;w tz;zk; ePH ,iwf;Fk; gd;wpg;
gj;jH ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ePH ,iwg;gtHfs; tupirahf epd;W ePH ,iwj;jy;
njhopypidr; nra;jdH. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;wk; ,iwf;Fk; Kiwapid kJiuf;fhQ;rp
gjpT nra;Js;sJ.
ePHj; njt;Tk; epiuj; njhOtH
ghL rpyk;G ,ir> Vw;wj;
NjhL toq;Fk; mfy; Mk;gpapd;
fad; mifa tay; epiwf;Fk;
nkhd; njhil td; fpohmH (kJ.89-93)
4. gapH; ghJfhg;Gf; fUtpfs;
55
 tpisAk; gapHfisf; fisfspdpd;W fhg;ghw;wTk;> tpise;j gapHfisg;
gwitfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspdpd;Wk; fhg;ghw;wTk; fUtpfisf; ifahz;ldH. guz;
mikj;J fz; Japyhky; fhty; fhj;jdH. jz;Zk;ik> joiy> jl;il> FspH Nghd;w
fUtpfshy; xyp vOg;gpAk;> ftz; fy; vwpe;Jk; fpsp> kapy; Nghd;w gwitfis
tpul;bdH.
kiy maw; fypj; ikMH Vdy;
Jizapd; jPHe;j fLq;fz; ahid
mizf; fz;l mk; Fbf; FwtH>
fizah fpizaH> if Gid ftzH
tpspH> gwf;Fb MHf;Fk; ehNl (ew;.108:1-5)
JsH
Gd;nra; epyj;jpy; tsHe;j fisfisj; ‘JsH| vd;w fUtpahy; ntl;b vLj;jdH.
,jid> ‘JsHvwp tpidQH| (mfk;.184)> ‘JsHgL Jlit| (ngUk;.201) vd;w ghly;
mbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;ehspy; ,f;fUtpiaf; ‘fisf;nfhl;L| vd;gH.
mupg;giw
,J ‘mupj;J vOfpd;w giw Xiria cilaJ| vd;gH. ney;yupAk; cotH
taypy; tpise;j ney;iy mWf;fg; GFKd;> mt;taypy; $likj;J thOk;
gwitapdq;fs; Kd;djhf mwpe;J VJkpd;wp ePf;Ftjw;fhf ,g;giwNahiria vOg;GtJ
gz;ilj;jkpoH kughFk;.
‘Rop Rw;wpa tpis fodp> mupg;giwahy; Gs;Nshg;Ge;J| (..Gwk; 395) vd;w ghly; tupahy;
mwpayhk;.
jz;Zik
tpise;j ney; taypy; cs;s gwit ,dq;fis Xl;lj; jz;Zik ,irj;jy;
cotHfspd; tof;fkhFk;. ntz;nzy; mupNthH ,irj;j jz;ZikapdJ xyp Nfl;L
fodpapYs;s gwitfs; mQ;rp XLk;. jz;Zik vd;gJ ,d;iwa kj;jsk; Nghd;w
fUtp vd;gH. jz;Zikapid tpyq;Ffspd; Njhypidf; nfhz;L kbj;Jr; nra;jdH.
tpise;j ney; tay;fspy; cs;s gwitapdq;fis Xl;lj; jz;Zikf; fUtpapid
,irg;ghHfs;. new;fjpHfis mupfpd;w cotHfs; jz;Zikapid mbj;J xypnaOg;gpg;
gwitfis tpul;bdH.
kb tha;j; jz;Zik eLtd; - MHg;g (ew;.130:2)
Ngo; tha;j; jz;Zik (ew;.347:6)
ntz;nzy; mupeH gpd;iwj; jJk;Gk;
jz;Zik nthup,a jle;jhs; ehiu (mfk;.40:13-14)
ntz;nzy; mupeH kbtha;j; jz;Zik
gy;kyHg; ngha;ifg; gLGs; Xg;Gk; (mfk;204:10-11)
guz;
jpidg; Gdq;fs; gue;J gl;l gFjpia cilad. kiyr; rhuypd; mike;J
,Ug;gjhy;> NkL gs;sq;fs; epiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gug;gpdpy; gwitfs; glhtz;zKk;>

56
tpyq;Ffs; Gfh tz;zKk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; jpidg;Gdj;jpy; caHe;j
gFjpapy; vy;yhg; gf;fKk; ghHit tpOk;gbahf cs;s gFjpapy; guz; mikg;gH. guiz
,jzk;> fOJ> gzit vd;w ngaHfshy; toq;fpdH. (mfk; 388> mfk;. 292> fyp 41).
FspH
FspH vDk; fUtp nfhz;L jpidg;Gdj;jpy; Nka tUk; fpspia tpul;LtH. ,J
kfspH gad;gLj;Jk; nkd;ikahd fUtpahFk;. ‘Vdyk; rpWjpid fhf;Fk; NrNzhd;
nQfpopapw; ngaHe;j neLey; ahid" (FW. 357) vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.
jl;il
tpise;j fjpHfisf; ftu tUk; fpspfisAk;> gwitfisAk; FwpQ;rp
epyg;ngz;fs; ,j;jl;iliag; Gilj;J Xl;LtH. ew;wpizg; ghlypy; ‘nrt;tha; ghrpdq;
fB,aH nfhbr;rp mt;tha;j; jl;il| (134) vd;w ghly; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
joiy> ftz;> nQfpop> Riz> fpiz> mlhH> FWe;jb> ngha;g; Gyp Nghd;w fUtpfs;
gz;ila kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaik njupatUfpd;wJ. gapHr;rhy;fspd; ,ilntspapy;
fUtpiar; nrYj;jpf; fis vLf;f ‘CL rhFgbg; gYF| vd;w fUtp cjTfpd;wJ.
,g;NghJ gapHfisg; g+r;rpfSk; Neha;fSNk ngUk;ghYk; jhf;Ftjhy; ,tw;iwf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg; g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;JfSk;> g+rzf;nfhy;yp kUe;JfSk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
jput tbtpy; cs;s kUe;Jfisj; njspg;ghd; fUtpahYk; Jfs; tbtpYs;s
kUe;Jfisj; J}T thd; fUtp nfhz;Lk; njspf;fpd;wdH.
ngUk; gz;izfspy; jhNd ,aq;fp> Xiria vOg;gpg; gwitia tpul;Lk;
fUtpiaf; nfhz;L jhdpaq;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gwitfs; tpul;lg;gLfpd;wd. ney;
tay;fspy; jhdpaq;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; vypfisf; nfhy;yf; fpl;bfSk;>
kUe;JfSk; gad; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,utpy; EioAk; gd;wpfs;> eha;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
kpd;rhuk; gha;r;rg;gl;l Ntypfisf; nfhz;L Juj;JtJ ,d;iwa eilKiwahFk;.
5. mWtilf; fUtpfs; (Fak;> ths;)
tpise;j ney;iy mWtil nra;a tise;j mupthis gad;gLj;jpdH. mjw;Ff;
‘Fak;| vd;W ngaH. ,jid> ‘$dpf;Faj;jpd; tha;ney;yupe;J| (nghU. 242) vd;w ghly;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ney;yupNthH jq;fs; $Hths; kOq;fpd; taypy; Gije;Js;s MikNahl;by;
jPl;bf; $uhf;fpf; nfhs;tH vd;gij> ‘ney;yup njhOtH $Hths; kOq;fpd; gpd;id
kwj;NjhL mupa fy; nrj;J| (..Gwk;.379) vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.
,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;ghy; cUthd ney; mWtil ve;jpuk; ed;nra;
epyq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mWj;j new;fjpupypUe;J kzpfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;
fUtpfSk;> gjHfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; fUtpfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.
6. Gd;nra; fUtp (FjpH)
tpise;j ney;iy neLq;$l;by; ,l;L itg;gJ tof;fk;. ney;iyf; nfhl;b
itj;jpUf;Fk; neLq;$l;bd; mbg;ghfk; gUj;Jk; kiy Nghd;w Njhw;wKilajhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. mjd; Nkw;gFjpapy; $l;bd; cs;Ns ,Uf;Fk; ney;ypd; msitf; fhl;Lk;
Gs;spfis mofhf ,l;L itg;gH. mj;jifa tskhd kidfs; gz;ila ehspy; gy
,Ue;jd. ,ij> ‘nrt;tp NrHe;j Gs;sp nts;siu tpz;Lg; GiuAk; GzHepiy

57
neLq;$l;Lg; gpz;l ney;ypd; jha;kid| (..ew;. 2-6) vd;w ew;wpizg;ghly; %yk;
mwpayhk;.
,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;ghy; jhdpaq;fisr; Nrkpf;fj; jfl;lhy; nra;ag;gl;l
FjpHfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ngUk; Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;Ffspy; jhdpa %l;ilfs;
FWf;Fk;> neLf;Fkha; tupirapy; mLf;fg;gl;Lk; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. gz;izf;fUtp (tl;b)
gapHj; njhopy; tpijfis vLj;J tpijf;f> rpW %q;fpw; $ilfisg; gad;gLj;JtH.
mf;$ilfisg; gdq;FUj;jhYk; nra;tH. ,jidf; flfg; ngl;b vd;Wk; $WtH. tl;b
vd;gJk; ‘tpijf;FW tl;b NghnjhL nghJs| (FW. 155) vdf; FWe;njhifg; ghl;lhy;
mwpayhk;.
tpijfis ,l;L vLj;Jr; nry;yTk;> tpijj;j gpwF g+f;fisg; gwpj;J vLj;J
tuTk;> kPd; Kjypa gpw nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L tuTk; tl;b gad;gLk;.
8. msitf; fUtp (mk;gzk;)
ney;iy msf;Fk; msTf; fUtpf;F mk;gzk; vd;W ngaH. ,f;fUtp kuj;jhy;
nra;ag;gl;Lr; Rw;wpYk; nrk;gpdhy; nra;j ciw Nghlg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. ney;iyj; jzpj;J
msf;f msf;f mjd; tha; tpupe;J nrg;Gg;gl;ilfs; fod;W NghjYk; cz;L. ,jid>
‘… ney;ypd; mk;gz msit tpupe;J ciw Nghfpa MHgjk; ey;Fk; …| (gjpw;. 66)
vd;w ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.
9. fUk;G miuit ve;jpuk;
Mz;L KOtJk; fUk;G mWtil ele;J nfhz;bUe;jjhy; mjid ‘fhy kd;wpAk;
fUk;gWj;J xopahJ| (gjpw;) vd;w ghly; tup $WfpwJ. fUk;G gpopAk; ve;jpu mikg;igf;
‘fUk;gpd; ve;jpuq;fspw;nwjpH gpspw;Wk;| (Iq;. 55). fUk;G ,Lk;NghJ vOfpd;w Xir fspW
gpspWtJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij ,g;ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;. fUk;gpd; rhw;wpy;
nty;yf;fl;b nra;Ak; Miyfis ‘fhHf;fUk;gpd; fko; Miy| (gl;b. 9) vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njitf;F Vw;gTk; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gTk; fUtpfis mikj;Jf;
nfhs;tij kughff; nfhz;lhHfs;. gz;ila ehspy; Ntshz;ikapy; kdpj ciog;Ng
Kjd;ikahf ,Ue;jJ. mwptpay; tsHr;rpahy; ,d;W fUtpfs; Kjd;ik ,lk; ngw;wd.
gz;ila ehspy; cOtjw;Fk;> ,iwg;gjw;Fk; fhy;eilfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT
,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jd. ,d;W fhy;eilfs; coTj; njhopypy; ,Ue;J
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; tpyf;fk; ngwf;$Lk; vd;Nw $wyhk;.
jdp kdpjd; ciog;igg; gad;gLj;jpg; gzp nra;Ak; fisf; nfhl;Lf;Fk;
mupthSf;Fk; ,izahd Gjpa fUtpfs;> mNj ciog;igf; nfhz;L mjpfg;gad;
milAk; tifapy; mwptpay; kpf tsHe;j epiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tpiriag;
gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs; mikg;gNj ,d;iwa fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; mbg;gil Nehf;fhf
cs;sJ. kdpj ciog;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; $Ljy; gyd; ngWk; tifapy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
mike;jhy; kdpj ciog;G KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg; ngWk;. vupnghUs; nryT
kPjkhFk;@ Ntshz;ikapy; Ntiy tha;g;Gk; ngUFk;.

58
6. Ntshz;ikg; gonkhop – epyk;-coT> tpij> mwptpay;- gUtk;- kio-
ehw;WeLjy;- vU ,Ljy;- ePh;gg
; hrdk;- fisNkyhz;ik- gaph;ghJfhg;G-
mWtil- coth; rKjhak;
kdpjdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu vz;zw;w rlq;FfSk;> rk;gpujhaq;fSk;>
khDl tho;NthL gpizf;fg;gl;L cs;sd. gpwg;gpy; njhlq;Fk; “jhyhl;L” Kjy; ,wg;gpy;
KbAk; “xg;ghhp” tiu ,ilg;gl;l fhyq;fspy; njhopw;ghly;>tpisahl;Lg;ghly;>
Fk;kpg;ghly;> eYq;Fg;ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;> topghl;Lg;ghly;fs;> tpLfijfs;>
gonkhopfs>; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;why; fl;Lz;L tho;fpwhd.;
ehl;Lg;Gwf;fiyfs; tof;nfhope;Jtplhky;> vOj;JUthf;fk; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,jpy; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jth;; eh. thdkhkiy Mthh;. ,tNu
ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,e;j ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; vz;zw;w
Kiwfs; ,Ue;jNghJk; nrhythe;jpuk;> KJnkhop> KJnrhy; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
gonkhopfs; kf;fs; kdjpy; Mog;gjpe;jit. xNu thpapy; eWf;Fj; njwpj;jhw; Nghd;W
Mokhd fUj;Jfis vLj;jpak;Gk; Mw;wy; ngw;wit gonkhopfs;. xU thp ,yf;fpak;
vd;Wk; ,ak;gg;ngWk; ,g;gonkhopfs; Fwpg;gplg; ngwhj JiwfNs ,y;iy vdyhk;.

kf;fs; Ngr;R tof;fpy; 12000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gonkhopfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy;

Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik rhh;e;j gonkhopfshf 4000-f;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;lit
cs;sd. njspT> nrwpT> vspik> RUf;fk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sit
gonkhopfshFk;. “kf;fs; kdjpy; Mog;gjpe;J Fwpj;jij Kbf;fj; Njhd;Wk; Mw;wy;
tha;e;jJ”gonkhop vd;ghh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. kf;fs; Ngr;rpdpNy fye;J gofptUk;
nrwpTkpf;f mwpT thf;fpaNk gonkhop” vd;ghh; Mh;rh; nla;yh;. “tho;it Cd;wp
ftdpj;J czh;e;j cz;ikfspd; JZf;FfNs gonkhop” vd tpsf;fk; $WfpwJ
Mf];Nghh;L mfuhjp. ,t;thW gonkhopfSf;fhd gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd.

Ntshz;ikr; rpwg;G

njhd;Wnjhl;L caph;fhf;Fk; njhopyhd coTj;njhopy; kw;w

vy;yhj;njhopy;fisAk; tpl cah;thd njhopyhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,jid
typAWj;Jk; tifapy; cOJz;L tho;thNu tho;thh; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
Ntshz;ikapd; ,d;wpaikahik Fwpj;Jk; rpwg;Gf;Fwpj;Jk; gonkhopfs; gy;NtW
epiyapy; typAWj;Jfpd;wd.

➢ FbahdtNdh KbahdtNdh
➢ Fb cau Kb caUk;
➢ tpij Kjy; mfg;gl;lhYk; nts;shikia tplhNj
➢ gapiu ,l;L ghtj;ijj; njhiy.
➢ mOJ nfhz;bUe;jhYk; cOJ nfhz;L ,U
➢ cOjtd; nfl;ljpy;iy
59
 ➢ Fbj;jdk; nropj;jhy; Jiuj;jdk; nropf;Fk;
➢ VNuhl;lk; ,d;wpj; NjNuhl;lk; ,y;iy
➢ mopahr; nry;tk; tpisNt MFk;.
➢ gz;zpa gaphpy; Gz;zpak; njhpAk;.
➢ gapiu ,l;Lg; ghtj;ijj; njhiy

vd;W tho;f;if mDgtj;ij tiuaiw nra;J $WtNjhL ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd;

,f;$Wfs; midj;Jk; toptopahf tha;nkhopahfNt ,Ue;J te;jd. ehfhpf
tsh;r;rpapy; ekJ Kd;Ndhh; tof;fpy; tha;nkhopahfNt ,Ue;j tof;fhWfs; kiwaj;
njhlq;fpd. tUq;fhy re;jjpapdh; mwpAk; tifapy; gaph; nra;tjw;F epyk; mtrpak;
mJTk; tskhd epyj;jpy;jhd; gaph;fs; ed;F tsUk;. vdNt ve;nje;j epyq;fs;
rhFgbf;F Vw;wit mtw;wpy; vt;tifahd gaph;fisg; gaphplyhk; vd;gjid
gonkhopfs; thapyhf Ntshz;ikapd; rpwg;igAk; cah;itAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;
gonkhopfshf mikfpd;wd.

epyk;

vt;tifahd kz; mikg;Gfspy; ve;j tifahd kz; mikg;Gfspy; ve;nje;j

tifahd gaph;fisg; gaph; nra;a Ntz;Lk; ve;j epyj;jpy; ve;jg;gaph;fs; rpwg;ghf
tsh;e;J kfR+y; jUk; vd;gij gpd;tUk; gonkhopfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

➢ fhzp NjbDk; fhpry; NjL

➢ ed;nra; tUk;gbNah uhr tUk;gbNah
➢ kiyabf; nfl;lhYk; kjfb nflhJ
➢ GQ;irapy; GJR eQ;irapy; goR
➢ nghz;Z nghwf;fyhk; g+kp nghwf;fhJ
➢ nts;sNk NghdhYk; gs;sNk tpisAk;
➢ kz;izj; itj;J jpd;D> nghd;idtpj;Jj; jpd;D

vd;Dk; mwpTiu nghd;idtpl kz;iz mth;fs; cah;e;jjhff; fUjpaijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

“CNuhj;jpy; nfhy;iy
cOjtDf;F gahpy;iy”

Nkw;Fwpg;gl;l gonkhop tpisr;ry; epyk; Ch; mUfpy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; gy topfspYk;

mopT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mjyhy; mopT Newhky; ,Uf;f CUf;F rw;Wj; njhiytpy;
epyk; ,Ug;gNj ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd;gjid Nky;Fwpg;gpl;l gonkhop czh;j;Jf;fpd;wJ.

“cs;Sh; ngz;Zk;
maY}h; kz;Zk; MfhJ”

60
vd;w gonkhop cs;Shpy; ,Uf;fpd;w epyj;jpy; Neub Nkw;ghh;itapy; gaph; nra;J
kpFjpahd tpisr;risg; ngwyhk;. Mdhy; Ntw;W}hpy; epyk; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mJ
,ayhJ.

➢ fhpry; epyj;jpy; fhf;Fk; <uk;

➢ kzy; cOJk; tho;e;jtDk; ,y;iy kz;

cOJ nfl;ltDk; ,y;iy

vd;w gonkhopfs; topahf fhpry; epyk; <uj;ij jhq;Fk; jd;ikAiljhfTk;> kzy;

epyk; rhFgbf;F Vw;wJ my;y mNj rkak; kz;iz cOJ Ntshz;ik nra;ath;fs;
nfl;Lg; NghtJ fpilahJ vd;gijAk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

fsh; epyk;

fsh; epyj;jpd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jk; fsh;epyj;ij rPh;jpUj;Jtjw;fhd cahpa

njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; gonkhopfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

gy;NtW kz; tiffspy; fsUk; xd;W fsh; kz; epyk; rhFgbf;F Vw;wjy;y
cth; epyKk; mj;jifaNj mj;jifa epyj;jpy; gaph; nra;;ahky; ,Ug;gNj ey;yJk;
mwpTilaJk; MFk;. mt;thW nra;ahky; fsh; cth; epyj;jpy; gaph; nra;jy; vd;d
MFk; vd;gij fPo;fz;l gonkhop czh;j;Jf;fpd;wJ.

“fsh; epyj;ij cohNj fLk; gilapy; NghfhNj”

fsh; epyj;ij vjw;Fk; cjthj epyk; vd;W midtUk; vz;Zk; Neuj;jpy; mjid
khw;wp mikf;f Ntg;ge;jio> gpuz;il> Ntg;gk; Gz;zhf;F Mfpait gad;gLk;
vd;gjid mwpe;J ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; Ntshz;ik Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. ,r;nra;jpia>

➢ fsh; Kwpf;f Ntg;ge;jio

➢ fsh; nfl gpuz;il Gij
➢ ctl;il khw;wpl Ntg;gk; Gz;zhf;fpL

vd;w gonkhopfs; fsh;epyr; rPh;jpUj;jk; gw;wp ciuf;fpd;wd.

gapUf;Nfw;w epyk;
ney;> vs;> fliy> nfhs;S> Gifapiy> kQ;rs; kw;Wk; gaW tiffs; ve;nje;j
khjphpahd epyj;jpy; rhFgb nra;ayhk; vd;gjid>
61
 ➢ nts;isf; fshpy; tpisAk; new;gaph;
➢ vs;S tpijf;f vuq;fhL
➢ nfhs;S tpijf;ff; fy;yhq;fhL
➢ fsh; cOJ fliy tpij
➢ Gifapiyf;F GOjpf; nfhy;iy
➢ kQ;rs; tpijg;gJ kjit epyj;jpy;
➢ gaWf;F gQ;r G+kp

,g;gonkhopfs; gaph;Nfw;w epyj;jpd; rpwg;igf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

1. coT

epyKk; ePUk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ> coT rpwg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ngUq;fw;fs; ,y;yhj epyj;jpy; co Ntz;Lk;. Mokhf co Ntz;Lk; gapUf;Nfw;g
coT Njit vd;gjid>

➢ VOoT cOtjhy; vUg;Nghl Ntz;lhk;

➢ cotpYk; gif vUtpYk; jPuhJ
➢ fhyg; GOjp ,y;yhjtd; ifKjy; ,og;ghd;
➢ ij coNth nea; coT
➢ rpj;jpiu khjg;GOjp gj;jpiu khj;Jj; jq;fk;
➢ fs;Sk; gpushj fhNl cO nrhy;Yk; gpuohjtdplNk NgR
➢ gR cuj;jpYk; gok; GOjp ey;yJ
➢ cOjtd; fhl;ilg;ghh;: Nka;j;jtd; khl;ilg;ghh;.
➢ Mo cOJ mlu tpij
➢ mfy cOtij tpl Mo cOjy;Nky;
➢ fk;Gf;Ff; fhy; coT nfhs;Sf;F XUoT
➢ vs;Sf;F VOoT

vd;w gonkhopfspd; topahf Nfhil coT> Mo cOjy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

cOjy; Mfpa nra;jpy; cotpd; Nkd;ik rpwg;ghf vLj;jpapak;gg; gl;Ls;sJ.

2. gUtk;

gaph; nra;tjw;F gUtk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ve;nje;j gUtj;jpy; tpijf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mWtil nra;a Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w njhopy;El;gj;ij

➢ Mb Ie;jpy; tpijf;fpw tpijAk;

Gul;lhrp gjpide;jpy; el;l elTk;
mWehd;fpy; ngw;w gps;isAk;

62
 nghpNahh;fs; Njbajdk;
➢ Mb tpijg;G Mtzp elT
➢ gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;
➢ Mbg;gl;lk; Njb tpij
➢ ghopy; Nghl;lhYk; gl;lj;jpy; NghL
➢ gl;lk; jg;gpdhy; el;lk;

vd;W gUtk; Fwpj;j gonkhopapy; gUtj;jpd; mtrpak; ntspf;fhl;lg; gl;Ls;sJ.

3. kio

kiof;fhd mwpFwpfs; nga;Ak; fhyq;fs;> kioahy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; Fwpj;J>

➢ jl;lhd; jhog; gwe;jhy; fpl;l kio

➢ vWk;G Kl;il nfhz;L jpl;il Vwpdhy; clNd kio
➢ kpd;Df;nfy;yhk; gpd;Df;F kio
➢ Fswp mbf;Fk; fhw;Wf;F ifNky; kio
➢ NtdYf;F fdkio
➢ Gul;lhrp ngUkio Ig;grp mlkio> fhh;j;jpif fdkio
➢ gq;Fdp kio gj;Jf;Fk; el;lk;
➢ rpj;jpiu kio rpd;dg;gLj;Jk;

4. elT

gaph;fSf;fhd ,lntsp vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> elT vg;gb ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; gonkhopfs; top mwpayhk;.

➢ neUf;f el;L ney;iyg; ghh;: fyf;f el;L fjpiug; ghh;

➢ ney;Yf;F ez;L Eioa elT
➢ Mb tpijg;G Mtzp elT
➢ <ub fUk;G fj;jphp
➢ vl;lb thio fKF
➢ ,Ugjb gps;is
➢ thiof;F tz;bNahl
➢ njd;idf;Fj; NjNuhl

vd;W eltpw;fhd ,ilntspfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rhFgbf; Fwpg;G
63
 thiof;F MW Kiw fis vLj;Jk; E}W Kiw jz;zPUk; gha;r;r Ntz;Lk;.
mg;NghJjhd; thio ed;F tpisAk;. mNj Nghy; kQ;rSf;F VO Kiw fis vLj;Jk;>
vOgJ Kiw jz;zPUk; gha;r;r Ntz;Lk; vd;w rhFgbf; Fwpg;ghy; thiof;F>
kQ;rSf;Fk; mjpfk; jz;zhP ; Njit vd;gijAk; gonkhopfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

➢ MW nfhj;J E}W jz;zhP ; thio

VO nfhj;J vOgJ jz;zhP ; kQ;rs;

vd;W rhFgb Fwpj;J gonkhop $WfpwJ.

tpijAk;> tpijf;Fk; KiwAk;

tpij ed;F fha;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> tpijapid ek; nrhj;jhf fUjNtz;Lk;

mg;NghJjhd; fhyk; NjhWk; Ntshz;ikia eilKiwg; gLj;j KbAk; vd;gijAk;>
tpijfSf;F XLfs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gijAk;> vg;gb tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;> tpijapd;
mtrpak; Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;tUk; gonkhopfs; njspT gLj;Jfpd;wd.

➢ fha;e
; ;j tpj;Jf;Fg; gOjpy;iy
➢ nrhj;ijg; Nghy tpj;ijg; NgZ
➢ vz;zp tpij tpijj;jhy; vz;zhky; fha; fha;fF
; k;
➢ <uk;jhNd gPuk; gaph;f;F
➢ mlu tpijj;J mopa cO
➢ XLfs; tpijiaf; Nflwf; fhf;Fk;
➢ tpijghjp Ntiyghjp
➢ Ma;tpij vzpDk; fha;tJ ed;W
➢ mtpj;j gaW Kisf;fhJ
➢ njspj;j tpijia kiwj;J %L
➢ fyf;f tpijj;jhy; fsQ;rpak; epiwAk;
➢ mlu tpijj;jhy; Nghh; caUk;
➢ Mb cOJ NkYf;F XL
➢ tpisepyk; mwpe;J tpijaPL

vd;W tpijahdJ vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vt;thW tpijf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gd

Nghd;w nra;jpfisg; gonkhopfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

5. vU

coth;fs; ,aw;if vUf;fisNa nghpJk; gad;gLj;jpa nra;jpfisAk;> ,aw;if

cuq;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; Fwpj;Jg; gonkhopfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. xt;nthU vUtpw;Fk;
xU jd;ik cz;L. Ml;nlU mt;tUlNk gyd; nfhLf;Fk;. khl;nlU kWtUlk;jhd;
gyd; nfhLf;Fk; ,JNghd;w jfty;fis

64
 ➢ vU nra;tJ ,dtd; nra;ahd;
➢ cuk; cjTtJ Cuhh; cjthh;
➢ vUf;Fopapd;wp Vh;gpbahNj
➢ Fg;ig ,y;yhj nts;shik rg;ig
➢ ML mg;g+> Mtpthiu Kg;g+
➢ ML gaph; fhl;Lk; Mthiu ney; fhl;Lk;
➢ Mw;W kz;Zf;F Ntw;W kz; cuk;
➢ Mw;W tz;ly; Njw;Wk; gapiu
➢ <uk; Nghfhky; vUit

vd;W vUf;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; gad; Fwpj;J gonkhopfs; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

,jpy; mtiu ,d FLk;gq;fSf;F Nth; Kbr;Rfspy; jior;rj;ij fpufpf;Fk; jd;ik
cz;L ,jdhy; kz;tsk; ngWtJld; gaph;fSk; nropj;J tsUk; vd;gJ
fz;$lhff;fhZk; cz;ikahFk;.

6. ghrdk;

ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF- vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. vt;tif caph;f;Fk; ePh;Njit

mtrpak;. ePh; rhpahd Kiwapy;> rhpahd mstpy; gaph;fSf;Fg; gha;rr
; Ntz;Lk;
mg;NghJ jhd; rhpahd tpisr;risg; ngwKbAk;. NkYk; ePh;epiyfis rhpahd
Kiwapy; guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jtpu mtw;iw vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ vg;gb Nrkpg;gJ
mjd; mtrpak; Mfpatw;iwAk; gonkhopfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

➢ epoYf;F ,lk; nfhLj;jhYk; ePUf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fhNj

➢ jz;zhP ;Njq;fp epd;dh gaph; Vq;fp epw;Fk;
➢ Njq;fpf; nfl;lJ epyk; Njq;fhky; nfl;lJ Fsk;
➢ gha;r;rYk; NtZk; fha;r;rYk; NtZk;
➢ Vhp ngUfpy; vq;Fk; ngUf;F
➢ ghyp epiwar; rhyp tpisAk;
➢ fpzj;ijf; fhj;jhy; tapw;iwf; fhf;Fk;
➢ ,iwj;j fpzW CWk; ,iwahj fpzW ehWk;.

7. fis vLj;jy;

gz;ilehspy; g+r;rp G+rzq;fistpl fisfisf; fz;Nl coth;fs; mQ;rpdh;.

Xuhz;L tpOk; fis tpijahdJ VO Mz;LfSf;F g+kpapy; ,Ue;J fisahf
ntsptUk; ,jid “One year seed seven year weed” vd;w gonkhopahy; mwpayhk;.
fisahy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ghdJ mjpfk;. tpijg;G Kjy; mWtil tiu vy;yh
epiyfspYk; fisiaf; fisa Ntz;Lk;. mWtilf;Fg; gpd;Gk; $l fis vLg;gJ
mtrpak; vd;fpd;wd gonkhopfs;.
65
 ➢ Nfhiuf; Fbiaf; nfLf;Fk;
➢ ftbUe;j neQ;rk; fis ,Ue;j gapUk; filj;NjwhJ
➢ Kisf;fpw NghNj fisiaf; fps;S
➢ fis vLf;fhjtd; fNghjp
➢ fis vlhjtd; tpisntlhd;
➢ fisgpLq;fg;gaph; fhy; gaph;;
➢ ntl;bf; fis vLj;jhy; fl;Lf;fyk; fhZk;
➢ fjph; fise;Jk; fisiag; gpLq;F
➢ fisnaLj;jtd; if%bAs;std;

vd;Dk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gonkhopfs; $Wfpd;wd.

8. gaph;g;ghJfhg;G

gaph;fSf;Fg; g+r;rp kw;Wk; Neha;fspdhYk; gwit kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdq;fshYk;

ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;. mjdhy; gaph;g;ghJfhg;gpw;F chpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jk; tifapy; gaph;g;ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd gonkhopfshf>

➢ fpotp ,Ue;j tPLk; fpsp ,Ue;jfhLk; <NlwhJ

➢ gifg;GO xopf;fg; gapiukhw;W
➢ me;Jg; g+r;rpf;F nehr;rpj;jio
➢ GOitj; jpd;dg; Gs;spdk; cjTk;
➢ %yf; fhw;W GO tpLk;
➢ Ig;grp khjk; mOif J}j;jy; mt;tsTk; g+r;rp
➢ fhh;j;jpif gpwe;jhy; ifehw;iw vhpe;J tpLk;
➢ fUk;igf; nfLf;Fk; fiuahd; g+r;rp
➢ gaph;fs;NjhWk; gifg;GOthOk;
➢ mWg;Gf; fhyj;jpNy vypf;F Ie;J ngz;rhjp

,e;jg; gonkhopfspd; %ykhfg; gaph;fSf;F vt;tifahd ,og;Gfs; Vw;gLk;

mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J gaph;g; ghJfhg;G nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjj;ijAk;> fis vLg;gjd;
mtrpaKk; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

9. mWtil

mWtil nra;a Vw;w ehs; kw;Wk; KO tpisr;ry; Fwpj;j nra;jpapid gpd;tUk;

gonkhopfs; top mwpayhk;.

➢ nts;sp tpiugpb tpahod; fjph;gpb

66
 ➢ nts;spapy; tpiugpb rdpapy; fjph;gpb
➢ rpq;fj;jpy; rpjwpdhy; Fk;gj;jpy; Ftpf;fyhk;
➢ fjpUf;F Kd;D}W ney; ,Ue;jhy; KO nts;shik
➢ tpijf;fpw fhyj;jpy; Ch; Rw;wptpl;L mWg;G fhyj;jpy; Ms;NjlNtz;lhk;

10. coth; rKjhak;

coth; jd;dyk; fUjhky; tho;gth;fs; mth;fs; tho;tpy; gy;NtW ,d;dy;fs;

cz;L ,Ue;jNghJk; Ntshz;ikiaf; iftpLtjpy;iy. cothpd; epiyikia
ntspg;gLj;Jk;NghJ>

➢ cOjtd; fzf;Fg; ghh;j;jhy; jhh;f;NfhYk; kpQ;rhJ

➢ cOjtd; fzf;F ghh;j;jhy; cof;Ff; $l kpQ;rhJ
➢ ,df;$l;lhdhYk; epyk; $l;lkhfhJ
➢ vz;zpr;nra;tJ nrhl;L vz;zhky; nra;tJ nts;shik
➢ fld; thq;fpg; gaphpl;ltDk; kuNkwp iftpl;ltDk; xd;W

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; $Wfspy; xd;whd gonkhopapy; cyfpay; njhlh;ghd vz;zw;w

nra;jpfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. kf;fs; kdjpy; vspjpy; gjpaf; $ba tifapy;
mike;j gonkhopfspy; Ntshz;ikapy; epyj;Njh;T Kjy; mWtil tiuapyhd
gy;NtW njhopy;El;gq;fs; njhd;Wnjhl;L vy;yh fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy;
mike;J ,Ug;gJ midtUk; Nghw;Wjw;Fhpa nrayhFk;. ,jpy; gonkhopfs; cothpd;
epiyikAk;> coT nra;Ak; EZf;fq;fisAk; njspthfTk;> vspjpy; GhpAkhWk;
mofhfTk; toptopahf Kd;Ndhh;fshy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ
tuNtw;Gf;FhpajhFk;.

67
7. ,yf;fpak; fhl;Lk; tho;tpay; newpKiwfs;
khDl tho;tpaiyg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fhyf;fz;zhbahf ,yf;fpaq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd. mjd;
%yk; tho;f;if epfo;TfisAk; rKjha eilKiwfisAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,yf;fpak;
vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F ,yf;F + ,ak; = ,yf;if ,ak;Gjy; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.
tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW epiyfspy; kdpjdpd; nray;ghLfs; gw;wpAk;> tho;tpay;
newpKiwfs; gw;wpAk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpa KbAk;.
mt;tifapy; tho;tpaYf;F mbg;gilahd mwtpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; rq;ffhyk; njhl;L
,d;W tiuapyhd ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tputpf;fplf;fpd;wd. cyfg; nghJik cila ,e;jtho;tpay;
newpfs; jdpkdpj tho;tpay; newpfs; (Personal ethics) vd;Wk; r%f tho;tpay; (Social ethics)
vd;Wk; ,Uepiyfspy; mikfpwJ.

r%f tho;tpay; newpfs; mwk>; nghUs>; ,d;gk; vd %d;W epiyfspy;

mikfpd;wd. ,jidNa njhy;fhg;gpaUk; “,d;gKk; nghUSk; mwDk; vd;whq;F” vd;W
Fwpg;gpLtJ epidT$wj;jf;fJ.

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk>;; tPL vd;w ehd;F epiyfspy; tPLNgW jtpu kw;w %d;Wk;
tho;tpay; newpapy; mlq;Ftjha; cs;sJ.

mwj;njhL epw;wy; tho;tpw;F mtrpak; mt;tho;T rpwg;Gw nghUSk;> kfpo;r;rpahd

tho;tpw;F ,d;gKk; mtrpakhfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; top vt;thW
tho;tpay; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij ,dpf;fhz;Nghk;.

jdpkdpj tho;tpay; newpfs;

mwk;> nghUs; kw;Wk; ,d;gk; rhh;e;j mwnewpfNs jdpkdpj tho;tpay; newpfs;

MFk;.

Nkw;$wpa tho;tpay; newpfisg; gpd;tUk; Fws;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;.

mwk;

kz;Tyf tho;tpy; rpwg;ghd mwtho;f;if tho;gtd; nja;tq;fs; thof; $ba

thDyfpy; cs;s nja;tq;fSf;F ,izahff; fUjg;gLthd; vd;gij>

“itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thd;ciwAk;

nja;tj;Js; itf;fg; gLk; ” (jpU-50)

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLf;fpd;wJ.
nghUs;
nja;tj;jpd; mUs; ,y;yhjtUf;F Nky; cyf tho;f;ifapy;iy mJNghy;
nghUs; ,y;yhjtUf;F ,t;Tyf tho;f;if ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk; vd;gij>

“mUspy;yhh;f;F mt;Tyfk; ,y;iy nghUspy;yhh;f;F

68
 ,t;Tyfk; ,y;yhfp ahq;F” (jpU- 247)
vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.

,d;gk;

“CLjy; fhkj;jpw;F ,d;gk; mjw;fpd;gk;

$b Kaq;fg; ngwpd;.”

,y;yw tho;tpy; Clypw;F gpd;G Vw;gLk; $lNy ,d;gkha; mikf;fpd;wJ

vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
flik

khDl tho;tpaypy; xt;nthUtUk; r%fj;jpy; Mw;w Ntz;ba flikahf

Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ kfitg; ngw;nwLj;jy; jhapd; flikahfTk;> mtid ey;topg;gLj;jy;
je;ijapd; flikahfTk;> Nty; tbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy; nfhy;yhpd; flikahfTk;> ey;y
murhl;rpia toq;fy; murdJ flikahfTk;> ahid tPo;j;Jk; tPukfdhf jpfo;tJ
Mz;kfdpd; flikahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jid>

“<d;WGwj; jUj ntd;wiyf; flNd

rhd;Nwh dhf;Fjy; je;ijf;Ff; flNd
Nty; tbj;Jf; nfhLj;jy; nfhy;yw;Ff; flNd
ed;dil ey;fy; Nte;jh;f;Ff; flNd
xspWth sUQ;rk KWf;fpf;
fspnwwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd” - Gwk; 312

vd;W nghd;Kbahh; GwehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

r%ftpay; mwq;fs;;
khDl tho;f;ifapy; gy;NtW epiyfspy; mwq;fs; vLj;jpak;gg; gl;Ls;sd.
Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;> vjph; ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;Jr; nry;Yk; NghJ ahh;
ahh; vy;yhk; Nghh; nra;Ak; ,lj;ij tpl;L ePq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> mth;fis
jtph;j;J kw;wth;fs; kPNj jhf;Fjy; elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w mwj;ij typAWj;Jk;
tifapy;>

“MT khdpah; ghh;g;gd khf;fSk;

ngz;bUk; gpzpAil aPUk; Ngzpj;
njd;Gy tho;eh;f; fUq;fl dpWf;Fk;
nghd;Nghw; Gjy;th;g; ngwhm jPUk;
vk;kk;G fbtpLJ Ek;kuz; Nrh;kpndd
69
 mwe;jhW EtYk; g+l;if kuk;”; - Gwk;

NghUf;F Kd; gpzpAilath;fs;> Kjpath;fs;> ngz;fs;> kfg;NgW ,y;yhjth;fs;

MfpNahiu Kjypy; fhj;Jtpl;Ljhd; Nghh; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nghh; mwkhff;
nfhz;L mf;fhy kf;fs; tho;e;J te;jij GwehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

"ghh;g;Nghh; mwNthh; gRg;gj; jpzpg; ngz;bh;

%j;Njhh; Fotp naDkptiuf; iftpl;Lj;
jPj;jpwe;jhh; gf;fNk Nrh;f” - rpyk;G

kPsh JahpYk; kpf;f Nfhgj;jpYk; kJiuia jPapl;L nfhSj;jpa fz;zfp $l

mwj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gRf;fs;> gj;jpdpg; ngz;fs;> tajpy; %j;Njhh;fs; kw;Wk;
Foe;ijfs; MfpNahiuj; jtpu kw;w jPath;fisNa vhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLtjhf rpyg;gjpfhuk; $WfpwJ.

Nghhpy; Njhw;wthpd; Nfhl;il> kw;Wk; epyq;fspy; fOijia Vhpy; g+l;b nts;is

tuFk;> nfhs;Sk; tpijj;jdh; vd;w nra;jpia

“nts;tha;f; fOijg; Gy;ypdk; g+l;b

nts;is tuFq; nfhs;S tpj;Jk;” - vd;w GwehD}w;W ghlybfshy; mwpa
KbfpwJ.

khdNk capuhd tho;f;if

Nrukhd; fizf;fhypUk;nghiw Nrhod; nrq;fzNdhL Nghh;Ghpe;J

Njhy;tpAw;whd;. mjd; fhuzj;jhy; rpiwthrk; nrd;whd;. rpiwapypUf;Fk;NghJ me;j
fhtyhspaplk; jhfj;jpw;Fj; jz;zhP ; Nfl;lhd;. rypj;Jf; nfhz;Nl mtd; jz;zi P uf;
nfhz;L te;J jiuapy; tPrpdhd;. ,jdhy; ntFz;l Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw>
Foe;ij ,we;J gpwe;jhNyh> gpwe;J ,we;jhNyh mg;gbNa Gijf;fhJ xU milahskha;
thspdhy; khh;gpy; tL Vw;gLj;jpNa kz;zpy; Gijg;gh;. mg;gbg;gl;l kz;zpy; gpwe;j
ehk; ehia tpl Nftykhf kjpj;J toq;fg;gLk; ,e;j jz;zi P u Vw;gij tpl caph;
tpLtNj Nky; vd khdj;ij capuhff; fUjp capiuj; Jwe;jhh.; ,r;nra;jpapid>

“Fotp ,wg;gpDk; Cd;jb gpwg;gpDk;

Msd;W vd;W thspy; jg;ghh;
njhlh;gL Qkypapd; mlh;g;gLjJ ,hP,a
Nfsy; Nfsph; Ntshz; rpWgjk;
kJif ,d;wp tapw;Wj; jPj; jzpaj;
jhk; ,ue;J cz;Zk; msit

70
 <d;kNuh ,t;Tyfj;jhNd” - Gwk; (24)

vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

,f;fUj;jpid typAWj;Jk; tifapy; ts;StUk;

“kaph;ePg;gpd; caph;thohf; fthpkhd; md;dh;

caph;ePg;gh; khdk; thpd;”

fthpkhd; xU Kb cjph;e;jhy; $l caph; thohJ mJ Nghy; khdKilath;fs;

khdk; mope;j gpd; caph; thokhl;lhh;fs; vd ,f;Fwspd; %yk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

kfsphpd; tPuKk; rpwg;Gk;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; tPuk; rpwg;GilahjhfTk; kjpg;G kpf;fjhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

epfo;it ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbAk;. Kjpa jha; xUj;jp jd; kfd; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy;
Gwq;fhl;b ,we;jjhf mwpe;J ntFz;L mtd; mt;thW ,we;jpUe;jhy; mtd; ghYz;l
vd; khh;gfj;ij mWj;jpLNtd; vd tQ;rpdk; $wpg; Nghh;f;fsk; nrd;whs;. mq;F jd;
kfd; cly; rpije;J Ntwhfpf; fple;jijf; fz;L mtidg; ngw;w nghOijtpl nghpJk;
cte;jjhff; fhf;ifg; ghbdpahh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

“nrq;fsk; JsTNths; rpije;JNt jhfpa

gLkfd; fplf;if fhisc
<d;w Qhd;wpDk; nghpJ cte; jdNs” --Gwk; (278)

NkYk; xU jha; jd; kfd; tpOg;Gz; gl;L ,we;Jfplg;gijf; fz;L mtsJ

khh;gpy; kfpo;rr
; pahy; ghy; Cwpr; Rue;jd vd;gjidAk; gpd;tUk; ghlypy; fhzKbfpwJ.

“rpwg;Gilahsd; khz;Gfz;; lUsp

thLKiy a+wpr; Rue;jd
Xlhg; g+l;if tpliyj; jha;fN
; f”- Gwk; (295)
-
Kjy; ehs; Nghhpy; je;ijiaAk;> mLj;j ehs; Nghhpy; fztidAk; ,oe;j gpd;
mLj;j ehSk; Nghh; giw Nfl;L jd; xNu ghyfdpd; ifapYk; Nty; nfhLj;J mDg;gpa
tPukq;ifapd; <u czh;itAk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ntspfhl;Lfpd;wd.

“nfLf rpe;ij fLjpt LzpNt

%jpd; kfsp uhj wFNk
Nkdh Sw;w nrUtpw; fptld;id
ahid nawpe;J fsj;njhope; jdNd
neUe Yw;w nrUtpw; fpts; nfhOed;
ngUepiu tpyf;fp ahz;Lg;gl;l ldNd

71
 ,d;Wk;> nrUg;iw Nfl;L tpUg;Gw;W kaq;fp
Nty;iff; nfhLj;J ntspjtphpj; JB,g;
ghWkaph;f; FLkp naz;nza; ePtp
xUkf dy;y jpy;Nyhs;
nrUKf Nehf;fpr; nry;nfd tpLNk”

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

fy;tp

fy;tp vd;gJ khDl tsh;r;rpf;F mbj;jskhdJ. mf;fy;tpia ve;j

epiyapyhtJ fw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gij gy;NtW epiyfspy; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ntspg;ghLj;Jfpd;wd.

“cw;Wop AjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;

kw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw”- Gwk; 183

md;id Kjy; murd; tiu midtuhYk; ghuhl;lg;gLk; rpwg;igf; fy;tp kl;LNk

toq;Fk;. vdNt> rpwg;G kpf;f fy;tpia vg;ghL gl;NlDk; fw;whf Ntz;Lk; vd
GwehD}W $WfpwJ.

“fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw

gpr;irg;GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw”
fy;tp fw;gJ ey;yJ mg;gbg;gl;l fy;tpia fw;f gpr;ir vLj;J fw;whYk; mJTk;
ey;yNj vd tUk; ghlypdhy; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;ij czuKbfpwJ.

“fy;yhiuf; fhZq;fhy; fy;tp ey;fhf;

; j; J}q;Fkuk; mq;Nf cz;lhk;”
frlh;fF

fy;tpia fw;wtd; mjd; nghUl;L mf;fy;tpia gpwh;f;F nfhLf;fhtpl;lhYk;

mth;fSf;Fj; J}f;Fkuk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd ghujpjhrd; $Wfpwhh;.

ts;StUk;

“tpyq;nfhL kf;fs; midah; ,yq;FE}y;

fw;whNuhL Vid ath;”; (Fws; 410)

fy;yhjtiu tpyq;Ff;F xg;GikahfNt $Wth; Vida kf;fs; vd

fy;yhjtUf;F Vw;gLk; jPikfis ,j;jpUf;Fws; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ghujpAk; “gapw;Wg; gyfy;tp je;J ,e;jg; ghiu cah;j;jpl Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhh;.

72
kd;dh; Gfo; rpwg;G

kd;dh;fis Gfo;e;J ghlhj Gyth;fNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. kd;dh;fspd; rpwg;G

mth;fsJ tPuk;> nfhil> Gfo; Mfpatw;why; kd;dh;fs; cah;thff; fUjg;gl;ldhh;.
”ghhp ghhp vd;Wgy Ve;jp
xUth;g; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth;
ghhp xUtDk; my;yd;
khhpAk; cz;L <z;L cyFGug; gJNt” --Gwk; 107

vd;W ghhpapd; rpwg;ig fgpyh; gopg;gJ Nghy Gfo;e;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpapd; ts;sy; jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ xUehs;

my;y> ,Uehs; my;y> gyehs; gyNuhL nrd;whYk; Kjy;ehs; nrd;w NghJ vt;tsT
tpUg;Gld; ghprpy; toq;fpdhNdh mijg; NghyNt toq;ff; $batd; mjpakhd; vd;gij

”xUehs; nry;ypYk; ,Uehs; nry;ypYk;

gyehs; gapd;W gyNuhL nry;ypDk;
jiyehs; Nghd;w tpUk;gpdd; khNjh
mzpg+z; mzpe;j ahid ,ay;Njh;
mjpakhd; ghprpy; ngW}ck; fhyk;
ePl;bDk; ePl;lhjhapDk; ahidjd;
Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghyf;
ifafj;jJ> mJ ngha;MfhNj”- -Gwk; 101

vd;Dk; ghlypy; xsitahh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;;.

ghz;bad; neLQ;nropaidg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ Gyth; FlGytpadhh; ePhpd;

,d;wpaikahikia czh;e;J>

“ePhpd; wikah ahf;iff; nfy;yhk;

cz;b nfhLj;Njh Uaph; nfhLj;NjhNu
cz;b Kjw;Nw Aztpd; gpz;lk;
czntdg; gLtJ epyj;njhL ePNu
ePU epyDk; Gzhp Nghhpz;
clk;G KapUk; gilj;jprp NdhNu” -- Gwk; 18

vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

md;G

jiytd; kPJ jiytpAk; jiytp kPJ jiytDk; nfhz;bUe;j md;G

,yf;fpaq;fspy; tputpf; fplf;fpd;wJ.

“md;dha; thopNtz; ld;id ek;gilg;ig

73
 Njd;klq;F ghypDk; ,dpa mth;ehl;L
Ctiy $tw; fPo;
khDz;L vQ;rpa fypop ePNu ” – Iq;FEW} (203)

jiytpahdts; jd; tPl;L Njhl;lj;jpy; Njd;$l;bypUe;J frpAk; NjdpdJ

Ritia tpl ,dpikahdJ jiytdJ ehl;bYs;s khLfisf; fOtpa fopTePh; vd
Fwpg;gpLtJ jiytd; kPJ jiytp nfhz;l kpf;f md;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

jiytd; kPJ jiytp nfhz;l el;gpd; Mok; mstpl KbahjJ vd;gij>

“epyj;jpYk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpD khus tpd;Nw rhuw;
fUq;Nfhw; FwpQ;rpg; g+f;nfhz;L
ngUe;Nj dpiof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng” - FWe;njhif.

vd;w Njtf;Fyj;jhh; ghly; %yk; md;gpd; Moj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ.

”ahAk; QhAk; ahuhfpaNuh

ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiwf; Nfsph;?
............ ............ ............ ............
nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh;g;Nghy
md;Gil neQ;rk; jhk;fye;jdNt”

vDk; FWe;njhifg; ghlypy; “nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh;g;Nghy” fye;Jtpl;l md;igf;

fhz KbfpwJ.

xUj;jDf;F xUj;jp vd;gJ ek; tho;tpay; kughf cs;sJ.

“,k;ik khwp kWik ahapDk;

ePah fpah; vd; fztid
ahdh fpah;epd; neQ; Neh;gtNs”- FWe;njhif 49

vd;w ghlypy; jiytDf;Fk;> jiytpf;FkpilNa cs;s md;ghdJ ,g;gpwtpapy;

kl;Lky;yhJ mLj;j gpwtpapYk; ePNa vd; fztdhfTk; ehNd cdJ kidtpahfTk;
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

fw;G

fsT tho;f;iff;F gpd;G mikAk; kztho;T fw;ghf mikfpd;wJ. fw;Gf;F

,yf;fzkhfj; njhy;fhg;gpahh;

“fw;G vdg;gLtJ fuznkhL Gzu

nfhs;Fhp kugpd; fpoNthd; fpoj;jpia
74
 nfhilf;Fhp kugpNdhh; nfhLg;g nfhs;tJNt”

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

fuzk; vdg;gLk; jpUkzk; Vw;gLtjw;F fsT tho;f;ifapy; ngha;Ak;>

jtWfSNk fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd vd;gij>

“ngha;Ak; tOTk; Njhd;wpa gpd;dh;

Iah; ahj;jdh; fuzk; vd;g”
vdTk; njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

jpUkzk; tho;iff;Fg; gpwF jiytpaplk; nfhz;Ls;s md;gpy; jiytDf;F

Vw;gLk; kzkhw;wj;ijj; Njhop Rl;bf;fhl;Ltij>

“Ntk;gpd; igq;fha; vd; Njhop jhpNd

Njk;g+k; fl;b vd;wph;”; - FWe;njhif (196)

vd; Njhopje;j Ntg;gq;fha; $l Njd;fl;b Nghy; ,dpf;fpwJ vd;W $wpa ePh;

jw;NghJ ,g;gb khwyhkh vd;W tUk; FWe;njhifapd; kUjepyg; ghlypy; tUk;
nra;jpahy; mwpayhk;.

“Nehk;vd neQ;Nr Nehk;vd; neQ;Nr

Gd;Gyj;jkh;e;j rpWapiy neUQ;rp fl;fpd;
GJkyh; Ks;gae;jhq;F ,dpa nra;jy; ek; fhjyh;;
,d;dh nra;jy; Nehk;vd; neQ;Nr”- FWe;njhif

vd;W kyh;Nghd;W ,dpikahf ,Ue;j fhjyd; jw;NghJ Ks;Nghd;W

,d;dhjtdhf khwptpl;lhd; vd;W jiytidg; gw;wpj; Njhopaplk; Fiw $Wfpd;whs;
jiytp.

nghUs; Njly;
tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUs; mtrpakhfpwJ. nghUs; ,y;iyNay; ,t;Tyfpy; vJTk;
,y;iy. ,g;nghUs; NjLk; tho;f;ifapy; gphpit NeUk;. ,g;gphpit jiytp jhq;f
Kbahj epiyapy; ,Ue;j nra;jpia
“tpidNa Mlth;f; FapNu thZjy;
kidAiw kfsph;f; fhlth; capnud
ekf;Fiwj; NjhUe; jhNk
mohmy; Njhop mOq;fp nryNt” - FWe;njhif – (135)

jiytd; gphpitnad;dp thbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jiytpaplk; Njhop> Mlth;fs;

midtUNk nghUsPl;LjiyNa capuhff; fUJth;. Mdhy; cd; jiytd; mg;gbay;y

75
mth; cd;idNa capuhff; fUJgth;. vdNt ftiyiaj; jtph; jiytd; cd;id
tpl;L gphpe;J nry;ykhl;lhh; moNjh vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whs;. ,Njf; fUj;jpid>

”nry;yhik cz;Nly; vdf;Fiu kw;wepd;

ty;tuT tho;thh;f;F ciu” - Fws; – (1151)

vDk; Fwl;gh %yk; gphpthw;whik epiyf; Fwpj;Jf; fhz KbfpwJ.

Gyth; rpwg;G

kd;dh;fspd; mitapy; Gyth;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdh;. Gyth;fs; muriug; ghb ghprpy;

ngWjy; tof;fkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ghprpy; ngw;wth;fs; ngwjhth;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk;
epfo;itj; njhy;fhg;gpaUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

“$j;jUk; ghzhUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;

Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;
ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmh;fF ; mwpTwP,r;
nrd;W gad; vjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk;” -njhy; - Gwk; -30

“Xq;fpa rpwg;gp Dah;e;j Nfs;tp

khq;Fb kUjd; jiyt dhf
cyfnkhL epiy,a gyh;Gfo; rpwg;gpw;
Gyth; ghlhJ tiufntd; dpytiu”; - Gwk; 72 (13>16)

vd;w jiyahyq;fhzj;Jr; nrUntd;w ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; $w;wpd; %yk;

Gyth; kPJ kd;dh;fs; nfhz;l kjpg;gpid fhz KbfpwJ.

ghzh; tho;f;if

“gokuj; NjhUk; gwitg; Nghyf;

fy;nyz; Rw;wpnkhL fhy;fpsh;e;J jphpjUk;” - ngUk;guzhw;Wg;gil (20-t)

gOj;j kuj;ij ehbr;nry;Yk; gwitg; Nghyj; jk;ik Mjhpf;Fk; Gytiu

ehbr;nry;Yk; ehNlhb tho;f;ifahfj; nfhz;lth;fs; ghzh;fs;.

<ifg;gz;G

”<nad ,uj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjd; vjph;

<Nand d;wy; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W” - Gwk; – (204)

vDk; GwehD}w;W thpfs; ,uj;jy; gw;wpAk;>

”nfhs;ndf; nfhLj;jy; cah;e;jd;W mjd;vjph;

76
 nfhs;Nsd; vd;wy; mjpdpDk; cah;e;jd;W” - Gwk; – (204)

vDk; thpfspy; <ifg;gz;G gw;wpAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

midj;jpw;Fk; Nky;>

“ahd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngWf ,t;itafk;”

vDk; cah;e;j fUj;jpid ,t;Tyfpw;F czh;j;jpaJ ek; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;.

“cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl

gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xh; xOf;Fk;Nk”

vd tho;tpd; Njitfis kf;fs; kdjpy; gjpAk; tz;zk; vLj;Jf;$wp>

“nry;tj;Jg; gad; <jy;

Jlg;Ngk; vdpNd jg;Ge gyNt” - Gwk; (189)

vd kpF nry;tk; ngw;wYk; <jypdhy; ed;ik ngwyhk; vd mwpTWj;jpa jpwk;

vd;nwd;Wk; filg;gpbf;fj;jf;fJ.

rhy;Gj; jd;ik vthplk; ,Ue;jhYk;> mg;gz;gpidg; ghuhl;Lk; cah;e;j

gz;ghsh;fshfr; rq;fg; Gyth;fs; jpfo;e;jdh;. rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gaDw tho;jYk;>
ew;gz;Gfs; epiwa ngWjYk;> cyfj;NjhL xl;l xOfYk; Nghd;w midj;Jk; rhd;Nwhh;
nray;fshff; nfhs;syhk;. ,jid>

“ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wP uhapDk;

my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd; mJjhd;
vy;yhU ctg;gJ md;wpAk;
ey;yhw;Wg; g^ck; newpAkhh; mJNt” - Gwk; (195)

vd;W GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.

NfhtyDk;> fz;zfpAk; kJiu khefh; nrd;wNghJ khjphp ,y;yj;jpy;

jq;Ffpd;wdh;. mg;NghJ mwnewpahsh;fSf;F czT nfhLj;jYk;> me;jzh;fisg;
NgZjYk; Jwtpah;fis vjph;f;nfhz;L tpUe;J cgrhpf;f Kbahj epiy jdf;F
Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;gijidf; fz;zfp>

“mwNthh;f;F mspj;jYk; me;jzh; Xk;gYk;

JwNthh;fF
; vjph;j;jYk; njhy;Nyhh; rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;J vjph; NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id”- rpyg;gjpfhuk;
vd;W Nfhtydplk; $Wfpd;whs;.

77
 jw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tho;tpaiyg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ rKf mtyq;fs;
Mq;fhq;Nf ntspg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. tWikiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ

“tho;f;if jPf;Fr;rp tWikNahL cuRk;NghJ

gw;wp vhptJ vd;dNth ghYk; tapWjhd;” - vd;fpwhh; K. Nkj;jh
tpiykfspd; mtyj;ij eh. fhkuhrd; Fwpg;gpLifapy;

“ehq;fs; eph;thzj;ij tpw;fpNwhk;

Mil thq;Ftjw;fhf” - vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

,t;thW ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy;NtW epiyfspy; tho;tpay; newpfs;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij mwpa KbfpwJ. jpUf;Fws; KOtJNk mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;
Nghd;w tho;tpay; rhh;e;j newpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; E}yhf mike;jpUg;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.

78
8. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ntshz;ikr; rpe;jidfs; – ghujp>
ghujpjhrd; gilg;Gfs;> GJf;ftpij
,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fshd GJf;ftpij> rpWfij> Gjpdk; Mfpatw;wpy; jw;fhy
Ntshz;ikr; rpe;jidfs; Fwpj;j fUj;jhf;fq;fs; gutyhf ,lk;ngWtijg; ghu;f;f
Kbfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; GJf;ftpijf;Fk; kuGf;ftpijf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp>
Ntshz; ngUkf;fspd; tho;f;ifia kpfj; njspthf vLj;jpak;gpa ngUik ghujpiaAk;
ghujpjhridAk; rhUk;. ,t;tpUtiuAk; njhlu;e;J ,f;fhyf;ftpQu;fs; gyUk;
Ntshz;ikia NeubahfTk; Fwpg;ghfTk; gjpTnra;Js;sdu;.

8.1. kfhftp ghujpahu; ftpijfspy; Ntshz;ik

ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij> ehl;Lf;F cioj;jy;> ,ikg;nghOJk; NrhuhjpUj;jy;
vdj; jdJ tho;f;ifg; gzpfis tiuaWj;Jf; nfhz;ltu; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpd;
jpUg;G Kidahfj; jpfo;e;jtd; ghujp. fhyj;jhy; cUthd ftpQd;> fhyj;ij
cUthf;fpa ftpQd;. jkpo;nkhopf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F Xu; mfd;w ghu;itia> ,e;jpa
Njrpag; ghu;itiaAk;> cyfg; ghu;itiaAk; xUq;Nf mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtd; ghujp.
kfhftpghujpapd; ftpijfspy; ,aw;if tu;zidfs;> KUfpaYzu;T Nghd;wtw;wpd;
Mjpf;fj;ijtplTk; jdpkdpj czu;Tfs;> rKjhag; gpur;ridfs;> njhopyhsu;fspd;
mtyepiy> Kjyhsp tu;ff
; j;jpdupd; Mztg;Nghf;F midj;Jk; mtu;jk;
ghlw;nghUshapd.

tpjpNa! jkpo;r; rhjpia vt;tif tpjpj;jha;? vd;W ,iwtid Nehf;fpf;

Nfl;ifapNy jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ ghujpf;F ,Ue;j NerKk; jkpo; kf;fspd; Jd;g
epiyfz;L kdk; Ntjid nfhs;tJkhd nray;fis mtu;jk; ftpijfspy; ehk;
Jy;ypakha; czuyhk;. kfhftpapd; ftpijapy; Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fis
tplTk; cotu;fspd; epiygw;wpNa mjpfk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.

fUk;Gj; njhopyhsu;fspd; epiy fz;L ,uq;fy; :

gP[pj; jPtpNy xg;ge;jf; $yp Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; nrd;w ek; ,e;jpau;fs; glhj
ghLgl;ldu;. mjid vjpu;j;Jg; ngUq;fpsu;rr ; p vOe;jJ. kf;fspd; kdj;ij
mf;fpsu;rr
; papy; <u;ff
; f; ftpf;Fapy; rNuh[pdp ,dpa ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; ghbdhu;.
mg;ghly;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;Ak;gb mf;fpsu;rr ; pf;F mUk;ghLgl;l rp.vg;.
Mz;l&
; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;. ghujpahu; mjid mwpe;J “fUk;Gj; Njhl;lj;jpNy’’
vd;Dk; ghlypid vOjp mDg;gpdhu;. mg;ghly; Nfl;Lg; nghJkf;fs; fz;zuP ; tbj;Jj;
Njk;gp mOjdu;. xg;ge;jf; $yp Kiw> mq;F ele;j kpUf tho;f;ifKiw Kjypad
gw;wp tpupthf mg;ghlypy; ,ak;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;if tsk;
ekJ ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsq;fisAk;> ngUikfisAk; ghLk; tifapy; Kd;dh;
ehL jpfo;e;j ngUikiaAk; ,d;W ehL ,Uf;fpd;w> epiyiaAk; kf;fSf;F czh;j;jp

79
,dpr; nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;d vd;gijAk; xt;nthU ghlypYk; Fwpg;Gg; nghUshf
itj;Jg; ghbdhh;.

,e;jpa kz;zpd; kiy tsKk;> Mw;W tsKk;> fhy; eil tsKk;

mstplw;fhpad> mt;tpaw;if tsq;fisf; nfhz;L kf;fs; tpistpf;Fk; gaph; tsKk;>
gpw fha;fdp tsKk; epiwe;j nry;tj;ij (Njhl;lk;) <l;bj;jUk; ehL ek;ehL vd;gij
epidt+l;bg; ghLfpd;whh; ghujp. ,J gz;ila ngUikjhd;.

Mw;wpdpNy Rid Cw;wpdpNy-njd;wy;

fhw;wpdpNy kiyg; Ngw;wpdpNy
Vw;wpdpNy gad; <j;jpLk; fhyp
,dj;jpdpNy cah; ehL
Njhl;lj;jpNy kuf;$l;lj;jpNy- fdp.
<l;lj;jpNy gaph; Cl;lj;jpNy
Njl;lj;jpNy mlq;fhj epjpapd;
njsptpdpNy cah;ehL

vdg; gok; ngUik NgRtjhy; gad; vd;d? vd;w Nfs;tp vOtJ ,ay;Ng.

,dp xU tpjp nra;Nthk;

,j;jid tsj;ij ehk; ngw;wpUe;Jk; ‘fQ;rp Fbg;gjw;fpyhh; - mjd; fhuzq;fs;

,it vDk; mwpTkpyhh;> gQ;rNkh gQ;rnkd;Nw> epfk; ghpjtpj;J caph; JbJbj;Jj;
JQ;rp kbfpd;whNu. ,th; Jah;fisj; jPh;f;fNthh; top> apy;iyNa’ vd;W NtjidAw;Wg;
ghLfpd;whh;. kf;fs; fz;zpUe;Jk; FUluha;> fhjpUe;Jk; nrtpluha;> thapUe;Jk;
Cikauha; tho;fpd;w epiyf;F tUe;Jfpd;whh;. Mth; tUj;jk; rpw;wkhfg; nghq;fp
vOfpd;wJ. MNtrKw;Wg; ghLfpd;whh;.

,dp xU tpjp nra;Nthk;-mij

ve;j ehSk; fhg;Nghk;
jdp xUtDf;F cztpy;iy vdpy;
rfj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;.

vDk; ghly; cwq;fpa neQ;rq;fisAk; tpopg;Gw;W tPW nfhs;sr; nra;fpd;wJ.

gy;tifj; njhopy;fs;

vy;yhUk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; coTj; njhopiyNa Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ. vdpDk;

,Uf;fpd;w ,aw;if tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tsk; Nrh;g;gJ ehl;L kf;fspd; flik
vd;gij cdh;j;Jfpd;whh;. fq;ifr; rkntspapy; NfhJik jhd; tpisAnkd;why;
NfhJik tpisAq;fs; fhtphpf; fiuapy; ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; vdpd; mjidg; gaphpLq;fs;.
flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; kPd; tsq;fs;> fhy;eilfSf;F Vw;w ,lnkdpy; ghy; tsk;
ngUf;Fq;fs;> ahUf;F vJ NjitNah mtw;iwg; gz;lkhw;whf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthk; vd
ciog;Gf;Fk; ehl;bd; xw;Wikf;Fk; toptFf;fpd;whh;.

‘fq;if ejpg;Gwj;Jf; NfhJikg; gz;lk;

fhtphp ntw;wpiyf;F khW nfhs;SNthk;
……………………………………………..
cyfj; njhopyidj;Jk; cte;J nra;Nthk;’

80
vd ve;ehSk; ve;ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;wnjhU fUj;ij vLj;J ,ak;Gfpd;whh;.

njhopyhsu;fNs nja;tk; :
njhopypy; midj;Jk; cau;thdNj. njhopyhsu; midtUk; nja;tNk
vd;gjidj;“njhopy;” vDk; jk; ftpijapy; tpsf;Ffpwhu; ftpQu;.

“kz;nzLj;Jf; Flq;fs; nra;tPNu !

kuj;ij ntl;b kid nra;FtPNu !
cz;zf; fha;fdp je;jpLtPNu !
cOJ ed;nra;g; gapupLtPNu !
vz;nza;> ghy;nea; nfhzu;e;jpLtPNu !
,ioia E}w;Wey; yhil nra;tPNu !
tpz;zp dpd;nwik thdtu; fhg;ghu;;
Nktpg; ghu;kpirf; fhg;gtu; ePNu !
………………………………………
………………………………………
Njl;lkpd;wp tpopnajpu; fhZk;
nja;tkhf tpsq;FtPu; ePNu"

-,f;ftpijapy; midj;Jj; njhopy;fSk; tupirahf vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;L midj;Jj;

njhopyhsu;fSk; ,g;ghupidf; fhf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F xg;ghtu; vd;W cau;j;jpAiuf;fpwhu;.
“coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk; - tPzpy;
cz;L fspj; jpUg;Nghiu epe;jid nra;Nthk;’’ vd;whu; ghujp. cotpw;Fk; gpw
njhopYf;Fk; tzf;fk; nra;Nthk; vd;W ciuf;ifapNy coTj;njhopiyNa
Kjd;ikahf itj;Jg; Nghw;Wfpd;whu; ftpQu;; njhopyhsu;fis cau;e;j rpk;khrdj;jpy;
mkuitf;Fk; mNj Neuk; ciof;fhJ tPzhf cz;L kfpo;e;jpUg;Nghiu epe;jid nra;a
Ntz;Lnkd MNtrk; nfhs;tjhff; ftp Gide;Js;shu; Kz;lhRf; ftpQu;. ,Nj Nfhgk;>

cotu;fspd; mtyepiy :
cOJ> tpijj;J> gapu;fhj;J> mWtil nra;J Kg;nghOJk; cioj;J thOk;
cotu; jk; tho;tpy; Vw;wkpy;iy> kfpo;tpy;iy vd;w nfhLikapid vz;zpa ghujpapd;
kdk; fz;zuP ; rpe;Jfpd;wJ. cotu;fspd; mty epiy fz;L ntJk;GfpwJ.
“cOJ tpijj; jWg;ghUf;Fztpy;iy;
gpzpfs; gy cz;L; ngha;iaj;
njhOjbik nra;thu;f;Fr; nry;tq;fSz;L’’

ey;Nyhu; jho;tJk; jPNahu; nry;tj;NjhL rpwg;ghf tho;tJk; fz;L Vdpe;j epiy vd;W
tUe;jp ftpij tbf;fpwhu; ftpQu;. Rje;jpuk; gw;wp ftpij tbf;ifapYk;> Rje;jpuj;ijg;
gapuhf cUtfk; nra;J ftpij Gidfpwhu; kfhftp.

81
 “jz;zuP ; tpl;lh tsu;j;Njhk;? ru;Ntrh ! ,g;gapiuf;
fz;zuP hw; fhj;Njhk;; fUfj; jpUTsNkh !

,Jtiu ehk; fz;l ftpijfspy; Ntshz; njhopyhsu;fspd; Jauq;fs;> mtyq;fs;

kw;Wk; Ntshz; nra;jpfs; Mfpatw;iw kfhftp ghujpahu; kpf mofhf czu;r;rpgl
Gide;Js;sijf; fz;Nlhk;.

8.2. Gul;rpf; ftpQu; ghujpjhrd; ftpijfspy; Ntshz;ik :

kfhftpiaj; njhlu;e;J mtuJ topte;j Gul;rpf;ftpQu; ghujpjhrDk;
kfhftpiag; Nghd;Nw njhopyhsu;fspd; mtyepiyfisiaAk;> mtu; gLk;
Jd;gq;fisAk; epidT $u;tjhAk;> tpsf;FtjhAk; miktjhff; ftpijfs;
Gide;Js;shu;.

ciog;gpd; kWgf;fk; :
mofhd NrhiyfisAk;> gr;irg; glu;e;j tay;fisAk; fhZk; ftpQu;fs;
midtUk; mt;tofpy; kaq;fp> ,urpj;Jg; ghly; Gide;jpUg;gjidNa ehk;
Ritj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;> Gul;rpf; ftpQNuh> ,t;tofpd; kWgf;fk; xspe;jpUf;Fk;>
ciog;gpd; khz;gpidAk;> mt;Tiog;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhd cotu;fspd; jpwj;jpidAk;>
mtu;jk; mtyq;fisAk; fUizf; fz;NzhL fhZk; fhl;rp kpf mofhd ftpijaha;
Gidag;gl;Ls;sJ.

“rpj;jpur; NrhiyfNs ! cik ed;F

jpUj;j ,g;ghupdpNy – Kd;du;
vj;jidj; Njhou;fs; ,uj;jk; nrhupe;jdNuh !
cq;fs; NtupdpNy.
jhkiug; G+j;jj; jlhfq;fNs ! cikj;
je;j mf; fhyj;jpNy – vq;fs;
J}a;ikr; rNfhjuu; J}u;e;J kiwe;jijr;
nrhy;yNth Qhyj;jpNy’’ -vDk; ,f;ftpijapy; Njhou;fs;>
J}a;ikr; rNfhjuu;fNs vdj; njhopyhsu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gNjhL mtu; jk; mauhj
ciog;gpdhy; ,uj;jk; nrhupe;jjhfTk;> J}u;e;J kiwe;jjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ mtu;jk;
mtyepiyia kdk; nehe;J gilj;jpUf;fpwhu; ftpQu;.

“epj;jk; jpUj;jpa Neu;ikapdhy; kpF

ney; tpis ed;dpyNk – cdf;F
vj;jid khju;fs; new;wp tpau;it
,iwj;jdu; fhz;fpyNk"
czTg; nghUisr; rikj;J cz;gij kl;Lk; gofpf; nfhz;l ek; fz;fSf;F mjd;
kWgf;fj;ijf; fhZk; Jzptpy;iy. Mdhy;> ftpQNuh ney;iyf; fz;l nghOjpNyNa
,tw;wpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa ciog;gpw;Fupa cotiuAk; mtu;jk; new;wp tpau;itiaAk;
vz;zpNa tpaf;fpwhu;.
82
 fhLfis mopj;J> kz;izj; jpUj;jp epykhf;fp ciwtplk; fhl;b tho;e;j
kdpjd;> tapw;Wf;Fupa czTj; NjitapidAk; mwpe;J tug;gikj;J> tha;f;fhy; ntl;b>
cOJ epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpf; fhLfisf; fodpfshf khw;wp new; fjpu;fis ek;
fuq;fspNy ms;spj; je;j khz;gpidAk; nfhz;ltdhf tpsq;Ffpwhd;. mk;kdpjdpd;
ciog;ig vz;zp> ahu;? vd tpdh vOg;Gk; ghlyhfNt Gide;Js;shu; Gul;rpf; ftpQu;.

cotu;fspd; mtyepiy :
cotu;fspd; mtyepiyia kfhftpiag; NghyNt Gul;rpf; ftpQUk; vLj;jpak;Gfpwhu;.
“elT nra;j Njhou; $yp ehyzhit Vw;gJk;
clYiog;G ,yhj nry;tu; cyif Mz;L cyhtYk;
flTshiz vd;Wiuj;j fatu; $l;lkPjpNy
flTs; vd;w fl;lWj;Jj; njhopyhsiu VTNthk;"

coT nra;Jk;> ghLgl;L cioj;Jk; mjd; gyid mDgtpf;f tplhkYk;> Fiwe;j

Cjpak; ngWtijAk; fz;bf;Fk; tifapy; jl;bf;Nfl;f> cotu;fNs!
ciog;ghsu;fNs! cq;fs; iffis cau;j;Jq;fs;! NghuhLq;fs;! vdg; ghLfpwhu; Gul;rpf;
ftpQu;.

ciof;fpd;wtu;fnsy;yhk; tWikapy; thLifapy;> ciog;gpy;yhjtu;fNsh>

gpwupd; ciog;ghy; nry;tuhfp kfpo;e;jpUg;gJk; fz;L kdk; ntJk;gpa Gul;rpf; ftp>
jl;bf; Nfl;l ciog;ghsu; jk; Jd;gk; vDk; Gz; kPjpy; mk;G gha;r;Rk; Giyaupd;
nray;fis gfnyy;yhk; fz;L fz;L thd kq;if kdk; nfhjpj;jhs;. mjdhy; mts;
clypy; nfhg;Gsq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

“kz;kPjpy; ciog;Nghnuy;yhk;
twpauhk; ! cupik Nfl;lhy;
Gz; kPjpy; mk;G gha;r;Rk;
Giyau; nry;tuhk; ,ijj;jhd;
fz; kPjpy; gfypnyy;yhk;
fz;L fz;L me;jpf;Fg; gpd;
tpz;kPdha;f; nfhg;gspj;j
tpupthdk; ghuha; jk;gp !"

cyfk; KOikf;Fk; czT toq;Fk; cotu;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; cauitj;jy; ek;

flikad;Nwh?

jw;fhyf; ftpQu;fspd; Ntshz;ikr; rpe;jidg; ghly;fs; rpy fPo;f;fz;lthwhfj;

njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Nre;ney; tay;fs;
,j;jF jPtpu kdq;nfhz;l ftpQh; coth;fs; epiyapid czh;e;J ghb ,Ug;gJ
rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. kf;fspd; mwpahikAk;> %lg;gof;f tof;fq;fSk; ePq;fpdhyd;wp>
83
,aw;if tsKk; nraw;if eyKk; rpwe;jpUe;jhYk;> ,e;ehL eyk; ngWtJ vd;gJ
gfw;fdthfNt KbAk; vdg; ghLfpd;whh;.

ey;y ,kak; eyq;nfhopf;Fk; fq;if ejp

nty;yj; jkpo; ehl;bd; Nkd;ikg; nghjpifkiy
nre;ney; tay;fs; nrOq;fUk;Gj; Njhl;lq;fs;
jpd;dg; goq;fs; njtpl;ljh gad; kuq;fs;
,d;gk; nrwpe;jpUf;Fk; ,g;nghpa Njrj;jpy;
Kg;gJKf;Nfhb khe;jh;fs; nka;j;njd;d?
nra;Ak; ,aw;iftsq;fs; nrwpe;njd;d?
%lg;gof;fk; Kbtw;w fz;Zwf;fk;
XLtnjd;Nwh? Cah;tnjd;Nwh? ehdwpNad;?
vdNt jhidf; Fuy; xypf;fg; ghLfpd;whh;.

coth;fs;

,e;j mwpahikr; Nrw;wpy; mOe;jpf;fplf;Fk; kf;fs; rhKjhaj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf

coth; rhKjhak; GijNrw;wpy; rpf;fpaJ Nghy; NkYk; NkYk;; mope;J nfhz;Nl
Nghfpd;wJ.

tpbAKd; vUjpd;thy; mbgw;wpg; gfy;

Kbtpdpy; vUjpd; KJfpy; rha;e;J
tUk; Fbahdtd;
epiy ghpjhgj;Jf;F chpajhfNt ,d;Wk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

cotd; ehs;NjhWk; Koq;fhy; Nrw;wpy; Kofp Kofp vOfpd;whd;. nghOJ

rha;e;jJk; cioj;j clYf;F Xa;Tju tpUk;gpj; jdJ jdpkhspifahk; Xiyf;
Fbirapy; ePl;bg; gLf;fTk; ,lkpd;wp tpy;Nghy; tise;J RUz;L> ifaJ nfhz;L
nka;aJ nghj;jp> fhyJ nfhz;L> NkyJ joP,f;fplf;fpd;whd;. me;jf;fhl;;rpia>

vyhJ gLf;Fk; vz;rhz; clk;ig

ehYrhz; mfd;w xiyf; Fbirapy;
Koq;fhy; Kl;L Kfk;tur; Rul;b
toq;F jkpourp tise;j tpy;nydf;
fplg;gtd; gfnyy;yhk; fLf;f ciog;gtd;
Fbahdtd;
vd mtdJ tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh; ftpQh;.

mWRit czT

,t;Totd; cioj;J cioj;J epj;jpa jhpj;jpudha; MdJk; ,e;j ehl;by; jhd;

mjw;Fg; gpwFk; njhlh;e;J cioj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f mtdJ ciog;gpd; gaidg;
gpwh; $rhky; mDgtpg;gJk; ,e;j ehl;by;jhd; mofpa efiuAk;> mWRit cz;biaAk;
mtd; fz;ljpy;iy. gpwF cz;gNjJ? Mdhy; mWRit czTf;fhd nghUs;fis

84
vy;yhk; cw;gj;jp nra;J> me;j mofpa efh;fSf;F mDg;gpitg;gJk; kl;Lk; mtdJ
njhd;W njhl;L tUk; flikahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

‘mofpa efiu mtd; mwpe;jjpy;iy

mWRit czTf;F mtd; tho;e;jjpy;iy
mofpa efUf;F mWRit czit
toq;Fjy; mtdJ tof;fk; mjid
tpOq;Fjy; kw;wth; Nkd;ik xOf;fk;
kq;ifah;

coth;fNs md;wp mth;jk; ,y;yj;J kq;ifaUk; Foe;ijfSk; $l tay;fspy;

gzpahw;Wfpwhh;fs;. ,e;jr; rhKjhaj;ij ehL Nghw;wtpy;iyahapDk; ,e;j ehl;ilg;
Nghw;wpf; fhg;gjpy; ,t;Toth; rKjhak; vd;Wk;> gpd;dile;J ,y;iy> muRfl;by;> Vwp
Ml;rp GhptJjhd; njhz;L vd;gJ ,y;iy> fodpapy; ,wq;fp fis vLj;J tpisitf;
fhg;gJk; $l ehl;Lf;Fr; nra;Ak; ey;ynjhz;Nl MFk; vd;W czh;e;J
nray;gLfpd;wdh;. Mt;Toth; ngUkf;fspd; ,y;yj;jurpfs; cz;bf;nfhLj;N;jhh;
caph;nfhLj;Njhh; Mth; vd;gJ gz;ilNahh; thf;F md;Nwh? Caph;fisf; fhg;gijtpl
rpwe;j njhz;L NtW vJthf ,Uf;f KbAk;?

nre;ney; fhg;gJ nghJg;gzp nra;ay; Mk;

vd;w epid tpdhy; vd;dUe; ijay;
kpd;Dly; tisa tisay; jd; ghl
tpiutpy; nrq;fhe;js; tpuy;thlf;
fis vLf;fpd;whd;.
,t;thW fbdkhf cioj;Jk; mth;jk; tho;f;ifj; juk; cah;e;j ghby;iy>
nghUshjhu tsk; ,d;ikahy; Vio coth;fspd; FLk;gj;Jg; ngz;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ikNahh;> kiof;Fk; gs;spapy; xJq;Fk; epiy tha;g;gjpy;iy. ,g;gbNa
epiyik njhlUkhdhy; ,th;fs; tho;T tPzhtjd;wp mth;jk; tUq;fhyr; re;jjpAk;
my;yth tPzhFk; fy;tp mwpNt ,y;yhj ngz;fs; ngw;W tsh;f;Fk; Foe;ijfSk;
mwpahikapNyNa tsh;thh;fs;> vg;gbNah tho;thh;fs; fsh; epyj;jpy; gaph; nra;jhy;
vd;d tpisitg; ngwKbAk;?

Gydw;w Ngijaha;g; ngz;izr; nra;jhy;

epyk; tpise;j igq;$o; epiyikAk; mk;kl;Nl
vd fis vLf;Fk; ngz;kzpfSk; fy;tp ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;whh;.

tpijr; Nrhsk; - ftpQu; ituKj;J

Mb KbQ;rpUr;R
MtzpAk; fopQ;rpUr;R
nrhf;fpf;Fsk; Nfhlhq;fp
nrhd;dnfL fle;jpUr;R
85
fhL fhQ;rpUr;R
fj;jhio fUfpUr;R
vye;ij Ks;nsy;yhk;
viyNahl cjpe;jpUr;R

ntf;f nghWf;fhk
nwf;f nte;j FUtpnay;yhk;
ntq;fhL tpl;L
ntFJ}uk; NghapUr;R

nghl;L kio nga;aiyNa

GOjp mlq;fiyNa
cr;rp eidaiyNa
cs;fhL cOfiyNa

tpjg;Gf;F tpjpapUf;Nfh
ntwfhf tpjpapUf;Nfh
fl;btr;r ntq;fyg;ig
fz;zuP ; tbr;rpUr;Nr

fhj;Jy <ukpy;iy
fs;spapNy ghYkpy;iy
vWk;G Fspr;Nrw
,Unrhl;L jz;zpapy;iy

Nkfk; vwq;fiyNa
kpd;dy; xz;Zq; fhq;fiyNa
Nkw;f fUf;fiyNa
Nkfhj;J tPriyNa

nja;tnky;yhk; Fk;gpl;Lj;
njirnay;yhk; njz;ldpl;L
ePl;bg; gLf;fapy
nej;jpapy xj;j kio

Jl;Ls;s Ms;Njbr;
nrhe;jnky;yhk; thuJNghy;
rPikf;Fg; NghapUe;j
Nkfnky;yhk; jpUk;Gija;ah

thUka;ah thUka;ah
tUz gfthNd
jPUka;ah jPUka;ah
njd;dhl;Lg; gQ;rnky;yhk;

86
xj;j VU ehd; cOfj;
njhj;jg;gR tr;rpUf;Nfd;
,d;Dk; xU khl;Lf;F
vtdg; Ngha; ehd;Nfl;Ngd;

Cnuy;yhk; Njb
Vu;khL ,y;yhl;b
,Uf;fNt ,Uf;fh
,Lg;nghbQ;r nghz;lhl;b

fhR ngUj;jtNs
fhu tPl;Lf; fUg;ghap
jz;zptpl;L vz;nzapd;D
jhspf;fj; njupQ;rtNs

ryitf;Fg; Nghl;lhr;
rhak; FiyA kpd;D
rPiy njhitf;fhj
rpf;fdj;J khjurp

fhy;%l;l ntjr;Nrhsk;
fldhfj; jhjhap
fhy;%l;l flDf;F
KO%l;l msf;Fwz;b

Cj;Jjb Cj;Jjb
Crpkio Cj;Jjb
rhj;Jjb rhj;Jjb
rilrilahr; rhj;Jjb

ghOk; kiof;Fg;
igj;jpakh Gbr;rpUf;F
Nkfj;ijf; fpopr;R
kpd;dy; nfhz;L ijf;Fjb

Ke;jhehs; te;j kio

%r;RKl;l nga;Ajb
njir VJk; njupahk
njuNghl;Lf; nfhl;Ljb

$u xOFjb
Fr;RtPL eidAjb
<uk; guTjb

87
<uf;nfhy eLq;Fjb

nts;sk; Rj;jpepd;D
tPl;l ,Of;Fjb
M];jpapNy rupghjp
mbr;rpf;fpl;Lg; NghFjb

FbnfLj;j fhj;J
$u gpf;Fjb
kioj;jz;zp Cwp
kQ;RtU fiuAjb

ehL eLq;fja;ah
er;Rkio NghJka;ah
ntjntjf;f NtZk;
ntapy; nfhz;L thUka;ah

kioAk; ntwpf;f
krkrd;D ntapybf;fa
%iyapNy tr;rpUe;j
%ilag; Ngha; ehd; gpupf;f

ntjr; Nrhsk; edQ;rpUr;Nr

ntl;bahg; G+j;jpUr;Nr
nkhsf;fhj gbf;F
nkhsf; fl;bg; NghapUr;Nr

Vu;Gbf;Fk; rhjpf;F
,JNtjhd; jiynaOj;jh?
tpjpKbQ;r MSf;Nf
tptrhak; vOjpapUf;fh

fhQ;R nflf;FJd;D
flTSf;F kDr; nrQ;rh
NgQ;R nfLj;jpUr;Nr
ngUkhNs vd;d gz;z? - (nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio – ituKj;J)

ehw;Wf;fspd; kuzk; - ftpQu;fupfhyd;

ghsk; ghskh
ntbr;Rf; nflf;F
etug;gl;lj;J elT
88
mg;gg;g
kioahtJ NgAk;
rk;ghthapUe;jhYk;
Gs;sp tr;rp
fTj;JTl;bUe;jJ rl;ba
eLf;nfhy;yapy
ngupag;gh
fz;Z tpOe;Jlf;$lhJy;y
jsjsd;DUe;j gapUy

Ntk;G thf nehzh

joNghl;L mOj;jp
fpl;lj;jpNa epd;D
fPupNghl;L> neUf;fp el;l elT

FLj;jpUe;j jPdpahNy
nghj fl;Lr;rp
jpkpupf;fpl;L J}u; ntbr;R
nghlnghld;D rj;jk; Nfl;lJ

vupQ;R Nghr;R
nry;ypak;kd; Nfhapy;
buhd;Rghuk;
nkhl;lad; nrhd;dhd;

FGf;Fd;D neUg;G
neQ;Rf;Fs;s gj;jpf;fpr;R

Mr;R mQ;R ehS

,UtJ ehshtJ MTNk
,d;Dk;
Mu;R gtUf;F
,t;Nshd;D
tR+y; gz;zDk;
xt;nthU
Nkhl;lhu;fhuq;fpl;lAk;

ge;jp itf;fDk;
fl;ilapy Nghw
fuz;L fhuDtSf;F
nrk;GLg;G
rdp %iyapNyNa
xf;fhe;jpUf;F

89
ngupag;gh

e\;lj;ijtpl nfhLk
gr;rGs;sahl;lk; tsu;j;j
gapu; rhTk; Ntjid. -(mg;NghjpUe;j ,ilntspapy; – fupfhyd;)
cOjtd; fzf;F - ftpQu;fupfhyd;
fsj;J Nkl;Ly tr;R
fzf;fr; nrhy;Yr;R fuj;jhd;
miuf;fhzp elTf;F Md nryTfs
vuE}W vz;zp ntr;Nrd;

ntja;f;Fk; ehj;jq;fhYf;Fk;
VU Xl;Ld buf;Ff;F
ms;spf; nfhLj;Njd;
MLtpj;J ma;E}W
mb cuj;Jf;F mwE}Wd;dh
mk;khb vq;f NghNtd;

gioa NyhNd mlapyNa

GJRf;F te;Jl;bah GLq;FwJf;F
ntul;bTl;lhd; nrhirl;bf;fhud;
mbkbapNyNa ifia tr;Nrd;
Mkh> mTj;Jg;Gl;Nld; mtjhypa
mQ;R tl;bf;F thq;fp
MSt fzf;Fj; jPj;Njd;
Nk xuKk; jhd;
mk;gJ nfhur;ryh ma;E}Wf;F
fs mwpf;f E}j;jk;gJ
fUkhjp G+r;rpfs fl;Lg;gLj;jNt
vuE}j;jk;gJ
Mf nryT nuz;lhapuj;jp E}j;jk;gJ

mWg;gwf;f nuz;L %l;l

mse;Jf;fpl;lhd; VO%l;l jz;zpthuk;
kPe;j %l;l gd;dz;L
cOjtq; fzf;f ghj;jpah
xof;Fq;$l kpQ;ryjhd;
fhy;fhzpa tpj;jhNy
filtr;rp gpiof;fyhk; gf;fj;J efupy;
MdhYk; fuj;jhd; vLj;J itf;FJ
mLj;j Nghfj;Jf;F ntj ney;Y. - (mg;NghjpUe;j ,ilntspapy; – fupfhyd;)
90
ftpQh; K. Nkj;jh
“ntl;l ntl;l jiog;Ngd;

,utpdpy; fz; tpspg;Ngd;

kuq;fspy; ehd; Vio

vdf;F ,l;l ngah; thio”

9. ,ilg;gUtk;

91
10. gpioapd;wp vOJk; Kiwfs;- vOj;Jg; gpio> nrhw;gpio>
nrhw;gphpg;Gg; gpio> thf;fpag; gpio> nka;g;Gj; jpUj;jk;

Kiwahd vOj;Jg; gapw;rp vd;gJ> mofhd vOj;J tbtj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhJ>

vOj;Jg; gpiofs; mw;w nkhop tbtj;jpw;Fk; mJNt mbj;jskhf mikfpwJ. rhpahd
tajpy;> rhpahd fhyj;jpy; khztHfSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; vOj;Jg; gapw;rpahdJ>
khztHfspd; gilg;ghw;wy; jpwDf;F mbg;gilahf miktNjhL mj;jpwDf;F
nkUNfw;WtjhfTk;> ,t;ntOj;Jg; gapw;rp mikAk;.

gpioapd;wp vOJk; Kiwfs; :

vOj;Jf;fis cr;rhpf;Fk;NghNjh my;yJ vOJk;NghNjh nghJthfg; gpiofs;
epfo;fpd;wd. ftdf; FiwtpdhYk;> rhpahd cr;rhpg;G> rhpahd vOj;J vd
mwpahjjpdhYNk ,g;gpiofs; NeHfpd;wd. nghJthfNt> gpiofs; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk epfOk; ,g;gpiofisf; fz;lwpe;J
fisAk; topKiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nrhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs; :

1. vOj;Jg; gpio
2. nrhw;gpio
3. nrhw;gphpg;Gg; gpio
4. thf;fpag; gpio

1.vOj;Jg; gpio :
vOJfpd;wNghJ> vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtk;> xypg;G Kiw Mfpait mwpe;J
cr;rhpg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. vOj;Jf;fis cr;rhpf;Fk; xyp tbtk; rhpahf
,Ue;jhy;jhd; vOJk; thptbtKk; rhpahf mikAk;. ,jid mwpe;J vOj;Jf;fis
Kiwahff; fw;wwpe;jhy;jhd; gpiofs; Vw;gLtijj; jtpHf;f KbAk;.

vOj;Jg; gpio epfOk; ,lq;fs; :

Fwpy;> neby; NtWghL njhpahjjpdhYk;> vOj;Jf;fSf;Fhpa tbtk; rhpahf
mwpahjjpdhYk; ,U nrhw;fs; NrHifapy; ,lj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jthwhd ty;ypd xw;W>
,lk; ngwhjjpdhYk; (re;jpg;gpio) gpiofs; NeHfpd;wd.

vOj;Jg; gpio %tifg;gLk;. mit>

m. xypnahj;j vOj;Jg; gpio
M. tbtwpah vOj;Jg; gpio
,. re;jpg;gpio

m. xypnahj;j vOj;Jg; gpio :

xNu khjphpahd xypg;G Kiwapdhy; thptbtk; rhpahff; fz;lwpa ,ayhj
epiyapy; ,g;gpiofs; NeHfpd;wd. vOj;Jf;fs; khWgl;l tbtkhapDk;> xypf;Fk; Kiw
92
Vwj;jho xNu khjphpahd xypg;G Kiw nfhz;litahf mikAk;NghJ ,t;ntOj;Jg;
gpio epfo;fpd;wJ. ,J Nghd;w vOj;JfSf;Fhpa nrhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J
mr;nrhw;fSf;Nfw;g> vOj;Jf;fspd; ,lq;fSf;Nfw;g ,t;tifahd vOj;Jf;fisg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
xj;j xypg;Gila vOj;Jf;fs; y-s> u-w> d-e-z> q-Q MfpaitahFk;.
,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngWk; nrhw;fisAk;> ,r;nrhw;fs; ,lk; ngWk; njhlHfspd;
nghUSf;Nfw;g ,t;ntOj;Jf;fis vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ntiy - Ntis
fiy - fis
gok; - gyk;
mhpe;jhd; - mwpe;jhd;
miu - miw
muk; - mwk;
gdp - gzp
fd;dp - fz;zp
kdk; - kzk;
rpy vOj;Jf;fisj; jtwhf vOJk;NghJ mk;KOr;nrhy;Yk; jtwhjYk; cz;L.
mQ;Qhdk; - tpQ;Qhdk;-tpq;qhdk; vOj;Jf;fis khw;wp vOjpa NghJk; nghUs; khwhky;
,Ug;gJk; cz;L. v.fh.mEjhgk;-mDjhgk;> mEkjp-mDkjp.

M.tbtwpah vOj;Jg; gpio :

Fwpy;> neby; NtWhgL mwpahky; vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jYk;> xU
nrhy;Yf;Fj; Njitahd vOj;jpid tpLtJk;> Njitaw;w vOj;ijr; NrHg;gJk;
xypf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtW Mfpa gpiofNs tbtwpah vOj;Jg; gpiofshFk;.

M.1. Njitahdtw;iw tpLjy; :

Njitahd vOj;Jf;fis NrHj;J vOjhky; tpLj;J vOJtNjahFk;.
(v.fh)cLf;if – cLif@ ,Uf;if - ,Uif@ ,JNghy; f;>r;>g; Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fis
tpl;Ltpl;L vOJtJk; cz;L. ,j;jtWfis ePf;f ,JNghd;w ty;ypd
nka;naOj;Jf;fisr; NrHj;J vOJfpd;w nrhw;fis mjpfkhf vOjpg; goFfpd;w
tof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
M.2. Njitaw;wtw;iwr; NrHj;jy; :
Njitaw;w vOj;Jf;fis xypg;G Kiwiaf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L NrHj;J
vOJjYk; cz;L. (v.fh) Kaw;rp-Kaw;rr
; p@ ehw;fhyp-ehw;f;fhyp@ ,JNghy; Njitaw;w
vOj;jpid NrHj;J vOJjYk; cz;L. ,J Nghd;w jtWfs; epfohtz;zk; ftdj;NjhL>
vOjpg; gOFjy; Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;fs; vt;tplj;jpYk; xU ty;nyhw;iw mLj;J NtnwhU
ty;nyhw;W ,ize;J tUtjpy;iy vd;gij vg;NghJk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

M.3.Fwpy;> neby; NtWghL mwpahjpUj;jy; :

93
 Fw;nwOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba ,lq;fspy; nel;nlOj;Jf;fisAk;>
nel;nlOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fisAk;
gad;gLj;Jjy; jtwhd nra;ifahFk;.

(v.fh) Fd;W vd;gjid $d;W vd;Nwh> thdk; vd;gjid tdk; vd;Nwh jtwhf
vOJtjhFk;. NkYk;> xw;iwf; nfhk;G (n) ,ul;ilf; nfhk;G (N)> fhy; vOj;J (h) Nghd;w
Jiz vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ neby;> Fwpy; NtWghL mwpahjjpdhy; khw;wpg;
gad;gLj;Jk; jtwhd Nghf;F ngUk;ghyhd jkpo;fw;Fk; khztHfspilNa
fhzg;gLfpwJ. nel;nlOj;Jf;fisAk; mjw;F ,dkhd Fw;nwOj;Jf;fisAk;> x-X. v-
V vDk; Fwpy;> neby; vOj;Jf;fshy; epfOk; NtWghl;bidAk; rhpahf mwpe;j
nfhs;shj jd;ikapdhYNk ,j;jtWfs; epfo;fpd;wd. v.fh : Njd;-njd;> njd;id>.
nel;nlOj;Jf;fis ed;F fw;W epidtpy; nfhs;tNjhL xypg;G Kiwf;Fj; jf;fthW
Fwpy;> neby; vOj;Jf;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L vOj Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

M.4. tbtwpahg; gpiofs; :

mtrukhf vOJtjpdhNyh my;yJ njhlf;ff;fhyj;jpypUe;J rhpahd Kiwapy;
tbtwpahJ vOjpg; gofpajpdhNyh ,j;jtWfs; epfo;fpd;wd. O vd;w vOj;jpw;Fg;
gjpyhf “K” vd;w vOj;ijg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. “y” vd;w vOj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf “t” vd;w
vOj;ijg; gad;gLj;JjYk; “Y” vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf “S” vd;w vOj;ijg;
gad;gLj;JjYk; ngUk;ghYk; epfo;tij ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;. xyptbtj;ijAk;>
thptbtj;ijAk; xUq;fpize;j fw;wwpjy; %yk; kl;LNk ,t;tbtf; Fog;gj;jpid
eptHj;jp nra;a ,aYk;. (v.fh) KOtJk;-KKtJk;.

M.5. xypg;Gg; gpiofs; :

xypg;gpy; nra;ag;gLk; jtWfNs vOJk;NghJk; Vw;gLk;. rhpahd xypg;gpd; %yNk
,g;gpio epth;j;jp nra;ag;gLk;. y>s>o> Mfpa vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;ig rhpahff;
fw;wpUe;jhy;> cr;rhpf;Fk;NghNj Fwpg;gpl;l vOj;ijf; fz;lwpe;J vOJjy; ,aYk;.
Mdhy;> vOj;jpw;Fhpa rhpahd xypg;gpid mwpahJ xypf;Fk;NghJ NtnwhU vOj;jpidj;
jtwhf vOJtjw;F tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. vOj;Jf;fspd; rhpahd tbtk;> rhpahd
cr;rhpg;ig> nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L gofp te;jhy;> ,t;nthypg;Gg; gpiofs; Vw;gLtijj;
jLf;f KbAk;.v.fh: gyk;> goik> tsik> fy;> fs;> ghy;> gy;yp> gs;sp ,J Nghd;w
nrhw;fis mbf;fb xypj;J> vOjpg; gofpdhy; ,g;gpiofs; Neh; nra;ag;gLk;.

,. re;jpg;gpio :
epiy nkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; jdpj;jdpNa epw;Fk;NghJ jdpj;jdpg; nghUisj;
jUk;. Gzh;rr; papy; ,uz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;jTld; jhk; vg;nghUisj; ju xd;W Nrh;e;jdNth
mg;nghUs; nflh tz;zk; Nrh;e;J epw;f Ntz;Lk;. Gzh;rr ; papy; jtW Vw;gbd;
Gzh;e;jgpd; Fwpf;Fk;nghUspYk; jtW Vw;gLk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
“,ir” vd;w nrhy;Yk;> jkpo; vd;w nrhy;Yk; GzUk; NghJ ,irj;jkpo; vd;w nrhy;
cUthfpd;wJ. ,iria cs;slf;fpa jkpo; nghUshdJ “j;” vDk; re;jp vOj;jpdhy;
,irAk; jkpOk; vd;w nghUspy; toq;Ftij ehk; fhzyhk;.
94
 vy;yh nrhw;fs; GzUk; NghJk; re;jp vOe;J Njhd;Wtjpy;iy. vy;yh
nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; re;jp vOj;Jf;fshf tUtjpy;iy. epiynkhopapd; <w;nwOj;Jld;
tUnkhop Kjypy; f> r> j> g> Mfpa vOj;Jf;fis Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; te;J
GzUk; NghJ kl;LNk ty;ypd xw;nwOj;Jf;fspy; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g VjhtJ xd;W re;jp
vOj;jhf tug; GzUk;.

v.fh : ghlk; + nghUs; = ghlg;nghUs; @ ,uhkd; + fz;Nld; = ,uhkidf; fz;Nld;

,t;thW ty;nyhw;Wr; re;jpahf tUtij typkpFjy; vd;W $WtH. mjhtJ
tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;jpy; cs;s ty;ypd xw;Wkpf;F GzHtij typkpFjy; vd;gH.
nghUs; Fog;gj;ijj; jPHf;fNt re;jp vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;wd vd;gij
epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. re;jp vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;lhj ,lj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jpdhYk; jtW Vw;gLk; vd;gijAk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. nrhw;gpio :
ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhy;ypd; nghUswpe;J mr;nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
,lj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ jtWfs; Vw;gl tha;g;NgJkpy;iy. nrhw;fs; jtwhfg;
gad;gLj;Jtijj; jhd; nrhw;gpio vd;fpNwhk;.

jq;fspd; tPL vq;Fs;sJ? vd;w tpdhtpw;F> mUfhikapYs;sJ vDk;

tpilahdJ mUfpy; cs;sJ vDk; nghUisj; jUtjhf tpdh Nfl;ltUk;> tpil
$wpatUk; vz;ZfpNwhk;. ,t;thW nrhw;fs; mjd; cz;ikg; nghUs; czuhJ
jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijNa nrhw;gpio vd;fpNwhk;. mUfhik vdpy; mUfpy;
,y;yhik vDk; nghUisNa jtUtjhFk;.

rhpahd nrhw;fs; jtwhd nrhw;fs;

ehfhpfk; ehfhPfk;

khkuk; khq;fha; kuk;

Rje;juk; Rje;jpuk;

vz;nza; vz;iz

rkak; rikak;

nrhw;fisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjidf; fPo;f;fz;lthW fhzyhk;.

jz;ik + ePu; = jz;zPH @ jz;ik vd;why; FspHr;rp vd;W nghUs;> jz;zHP
vd;w nrhy; FspHe;j ePiuNa Fwpf;Fk;. rpyH Ngr;R tof;fpy; RL jz;zPH vd;W
Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. mJ vj;jifa jtwhd nghUs; vd;gjid czHf.

❖ ntk;ik + ePH + nte;ePH @ Nj (,iy) + ePH = NjePH (Njj;jz;zPu;-vd;W nfhr;irr;

nrhw;fshf cr;rupg;gJk; cz;L) @ ,r;nrhy;iy NjdPH vd;W vOJjy;
jtwhdjhFk;. Njd; fye;j ePNu NjdPH MFk;.

95
 ❖ vs; + nea; = vz;nza; ,r;nrhy;iy vz;iz vd;W vOJjy; jtwhdjhFk;.
vz; vd;w nrhy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUig(I) Vw;w nrhy;Ny vz;iz
vd;gjhFk;.
❖ fl;llk; - fl;lg;gl;l tPL, fl;blk; - tPL fl;Ltjw;fhf cs;s ,lk;.

3. nrhw;gphpg;Gg; gpiofs; :
xU njhlhpy; cs;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;Nfw;g gphpj;J my;yJ Kd;gpd; cs;s
nrhy;Yld; NrHj;J rhpahd nghUs; jUk;gbahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nrhy;Yf;F
nrhy; ,lk;tpl;L vOJk;NghJ nrhw;fis NrHj;Jg; gbj;Jj; jtwhd nghUs;
mikahjgb ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpf;fpNwd; vd;gjhf vz;zpf; nfhz;L Kd; gpd;dhy;
cs;s nrhw;fSf;Fhpa vOj;Jf;fisAk; NrHj;J vOJtJ jtwhFk;. fPo;f;fhZk;
eifr;Ritj; njhlNu ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;. mtd;> Rf;Fkp> sFjp> g;gpyp> %d;Wk; thq;fp
te;jhd;. ,jpy; Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp vd;W nrhw;fis Kiwahfg; gphpf;fhJ nrhw;fisj;
jtwhfg; gphpj;jjpdhNy ,g;gpio NeHe;Js;sJ.

,ilr; nrhw;fisg; gphpj;jy; :

,ilr; nrhw;fisg; gphpj;J vOJtjpdhYk;> ,J Nghd;w gpiofs; epfo;fpd;wd.
“mtd;jhNd te;jhd;” ,t;tpU nrhw;fs;> %d;whfg; gphpe;J NtW nghUisj; jUfpwJ
– mtd; jhNd te;jhd;.

Ntw;Wik cUGfisg; gphpj;jy; :

Ntw;Wik cUGfis mtw;wpd; nrhw;fspypUe;J gphpj;J vOJjy; $lhJ.
“gjpg;gfj;jpypUe;J ,g;Gj;jfk; thq;fpNdd;”
“gjpg;gfj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,g;Gj;jfk; thq;fpNdd;”
gd;ik tpFjpfisg; gphpj;jy; :
gd;ikf;Fhpa “fs;” vDk; tpFjpiag; gphpj;njOjpdhy; jtwhd nghUNs mikAk;.
KdptHfs; cz;ldH– KdptH fs; cz;ldH.
,J kl;Lkpd;wp Jiztpidr; nrhw;fisg; gphpj;njOJjYk; jtwhFk;. v.fh :
thq;fptpl;Nld;> vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd; vd;gd Nghd;w nrhw;fisAk;> gphpj;njOJjy;
jtwhFk;. xU thf;fpaj;jpd; my;yJ xU gj;jpapd; xt;nthU thpapd; njhlf;fj;jpYk;>
nka;naOj;J tUk;gb vOJjy; $lhJ.
v.fh……………………….……………………………….……….mtd; te;Jtpl;Lr;
nrd;whd;.
xU thpapd; ,Wjpapy; ,lHg;gLk; nrhy;iy mLj;j thpapy; vOJk; NghJ$l
nghUs; jUk; Kiwapy; gphpj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
………………………………………………………………………vd;id tutp
lhJ jLj;jdH (jtW)
……………………………………………………………….vd;id tutplhJ
jLj;jdH (rhp)
4.thf;fpag; gpio :

96
 xU thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpa %d;Wk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;gLnghUs; ,d;wpAk; mikAk;. ,t;thW thf;fpak;
mikf;Fk;NghJ rpyH thf;fpa mikg;gpy; jtWfisr; nra;fpd;wdH. mj;jifa
jtWfis thf;fpag; gpio vd;fpNwhk;.
vOthAld; gadpiyf;Fs; ,iagpy; jtWfs; epfof; $lhJ. ,t;tifapy;
jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhy ,iagpy; jtW epfof;$Lk;. mtw;iw mwpe;J gpiofis
ePf;fpf; nfhs;tJ ed;W.
ts;sp ghl;Lg; ghbaJ - jpiz ,iagpy; gpio
fz;zd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; - ghy; ,iagpy; gpio
Fuq;F fpisf;Fj; jhtpd - vz; ,iagpy; gpio
ehk; czT cz;Zq;fs; - ,l ,iagpy; gpio
ehd; ehis CUf;Fr; nrd;Nwd; - fhy ,iagpy; gpio
Nkw;fz;lthwhfg; gpiofs; fhZkplq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwf; fisAk;
tz;zk; Kiwahd gapw;rpfisf; filg;gpbj;J tskhd nkhopj;jpwd;fisg; ngWf.

97
 gpioapd;wp vOJk; Kiwfs;

vOj;Jg; gpio nrhw;gpio nrhw;gphpg;Gg; gpio thf;fpag; gpio

xypnahj;j tbtwpah re;jpg;gpio ,ilr;nrhw;fisg; gphpj;jy; 1. jpiz ,iagpy; gpio

v.gpio v.gpio Ntw;Wik cUGfisg; gphpj;jy; 2. ghy; ,iagpy; gpio
gd;ik tpFjpfisg; gphpj;jy; 3. ,l ,iagpy; gpio
1.Njitahdtw;iw tpLjy ; 4. fhy ,iagpy; gpio
2.Njitaw;wtw;iwr; NrHj;jy; 5. vz; ,iagpy; gpio
3.Fwpy;>neby; NtWghL mwpahjpUj;jy;
4.tbtwpahg; gpiofs;
5.xypg;Gg; gpiofs;
 nka;g;Gj;jpUj;jk;

mr;Rg;gpio jpUj;Jgtu; nra;jpia ntspapLtJ gw;wpNah nra;jpapd; kjpg;G

gw;wpNah jPu;khdpf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. mr;Rg;gb jpUj;Jgtu; nkhop mwpT gilj;jtuhf>
kpFe;j nghWg;Gzu;Tld; gbfisg; gbj;Jg; ghu;g;gtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mr;Rg;gpio
jpUj;Jgtu; mtuhfr; nra;jpapd; cUitNah> cs;slf;fj;ijNah khw;Wk; gzpiar;
nra;af; $lhJ.

gpio jpUj;Jk; Kiwfs; :

nghJthf mr;Rg; gpioiaj; jpUj;j ,uz;L Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. xd;W

tof;fkhd Kiw> ,k;Kiwapy; xt;nthU jtWf;Fk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; jpUj;Jthu;fs;.
jtW cs;s ,lj;jpy; xU milahsf; Fwp ,l;L mt;tbf;F Neuhfg; gf;fthl;by; vd;d
jpUj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghu;fs;.

,uz;lhtJ Nfhbl;Lj; jpUj;Jk; Kiw> ,k;Kiwapy; jpUj;j Ntz;ba ,lj;jpypUe;J

gf;fj;jpd; Xuk; tiu xU Nfhl;bid ,Oj;J> vd;d jpUj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLtu;.

mr;Rg;gbj; jpUj;Jk;nghOJ> mr;Rf; Nfhu;g;gtu;fSf;Fg; gy jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ar;

nrhy;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;jpUj;jq;fis vOjpf; fhl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; Fog;gq;fisj;
jtpu;f;f ,jopayhu;fs; rpy FwpaPLfis cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. ,f;FwpaPl;L milahsq;fis
mr;Rf; Nfhu;g;gtu;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gu;.

gpio jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfs;:

mr;Rg;gpio jpUj;jf; FwpaPl;L milahsq;fisg; nghJthdit> epWj;jw;FwpaPL

njhlu;ghdit> ,ilntsp ju Ntz;bait> ,izf;f Ntz;bait> vOj;J tbtk;
gw;wpait vd;W gpupf;fyhk;. mf;FwpaPLfSk;> mit czu;j;Jk; nghUSk; fPo;f;fz;lthW
mikAk;.

99
 nka;g;Gj; jpUj;jk;
nra;a Ntz;ba jpUj;jk; FwpaPL

1. vOj;ijNah nrhy;iyNah ePf;Ff - d (delete)

2. Gjpa vOj;ijNah nrhy;iyNah Nru;ff
; - ^ (insert)
3. cs;sJ cs;sgbNa ,Uf;f - Stet

4. jiyfPohf ,Uf;Fk; vOj;ij khw;w -

5. vOj;ij Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp mikf;f - ≃
6. nrhy;iy ,lk; khw;wp mikf;f -
7. tupfis ,lk; khw;wp mikf;f - ∫
8. gj;jpapidj; njhlu;r;rpahf mikf;f - ∾
9. Gjpa gj;jpahf Mf;f - [#
10. vz;iz vOj;jhf khw;w - (50)

11. vOj;ij vz;zhf khw;w - (Ik;gJ)

12. vOj;ijNah nrhy;iyNah ePf;f -

13. nrhy;iyg; gpupf;f - /

14. rpwpa vOj;ijg; ngupa vOj;jhf khw;w -

15. ngupa vOj;ijg; rpwpa vOj;jhf khw;w -

16. Fwpg;gpl;l VOj;Jf;fs; KOtijAk; ngupa vOj;jhf khw;w - ⌢⌣⌢⌣
17. Fwpg;gpl;l VOj;Jf;fs; KOtijAk; rha;T vOj;jhf khw;w -
18. Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f - 
19. xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; FwpaPl;ilf; Fwpf;f - ‘7
20. ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; FwpaPl;ilf; Fwpf;f - “7
21. clikg; nghUis czu;j;Jk; FwpaPl;ilf; Fwpf;f - ’7
22. vOj;J/nrhy;/tup NkNyNah fPNoNah nfhz;L tu -– ⇅
23. ,dky;yhj vOj;J - WF
24. rupahf tpohj vOj;ijj; jpUj;Jf - x
25. ,lk; tpLf - ⋕
26. ,wq;fpapUg;gij cau;j;Jf - ⊓
27. cau;e;jpUg;gijj; jho;j;Jf - ⊔
28. tpsf;fk; Njit - 
29. ,lJ Xuk; ,lk; tpLf - 
30. tyJ Xuk; ,lk; tpLf - 
31. ,uz;L XuKk; ,lk; tpLf - 

100
7
 11. ghuk;ghpa Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs;;
tof;fhWfs; vy;iyaw;wit vd;gJk; xh; ,lj;jpypUe;Jk; xU nkhopapypUe;Jk; xU
Clfj;jpypUe;Jk; jd;id kw;nwhd;wpw;;F kpf vspjhf khw;wpr;nry;Yk; ty;yik nfhz;lit
vd;gij mwpNthk;. ,jidg; NghyNt Ntshz;ikj; JiwapYk; ek; Kd;Ndhh;fshy; xU
epyj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fs; kUj epyj;jpypUe;J FwpQ;rpf;Fk; Ky;iyf;Fk;
nea;jYf;Fk; kpf vspjhfg; gazk; nra;jd. xU epyj;jpy; rhFgb nra;ag;gl;L te;j
gaph;fs; kw;Wk; ,ufq;fs; me;j epyk; jhz;bAk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;El;gj;NjhL ,lk;
ngah;e;jpUf;Fk; nra;jpapidg; gonkhopfs; %ykhfTk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; %ykhfTk; ehk;
cWjp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

ek; Kd;Ndhh;fshy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;j Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; gy

,d;W mope;JNghapUg;gpDk; mtw;wpd; vr;rkhf> kpr;rkhf ,d;Dk; rpy gFjpfspy;
Mq;fhq;Nf rpy njhopy;El;gq;fs;> capu;g;NghL cyh te;J nfhz;bUg;gJ fz;$L.
jiyKiwg; nghf;fprq;fshd ,e;jg; ghuk;ghpa Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; fhyj;jhy;
mope;J tUtJ vd;gJ tUe;jj;jf;f epfo;thFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,J Fwpj;J Mq;fhq;Nf rpy Jiwfspy; xU rpy Ma;Tfs;
fpuhkg;Gg;Gwq;fspy; epfo;e;J tUfpd;wd. mope;JtUk; ek;Kila ghuk;ghpaj;
njhopy;El;gq;fisf; fhg;gJ ek; flik.

,j;jifa njhopy;El;gq;fis Mtzg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;

NjitahFk;. ,e;jg;ghuk;ghpaj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; rpy> fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; tptrhag;
ngUq;Fb kf;fshy; ,d;wsTk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mit kpfr;
nrhw;gNk. ,it ,aw;iff;F ,k;kpasTk; CW tpistpf;fhJ. kz;Zf;Fk; fhw;Wf;Fk;
ePUf;Fk; Vd; ek; clYf;Fk;$l ve;ehSk; eyj;ijNa jUk; njhopy;El;gq;fshf epytp
tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa njhopy;El;gq;fs; xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;nwhU gFjpf;Fk;
gutpapUg;gJk; ehk; mwpe;jNj. ,j;jifa ghuk;ghpaj; njhopy;El;gq;fis
Mtzg;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpaj;ij ehk; xt;nthUtUk; czu Ntz;LtJ fl;lhakhFk;.

ghuk;ghpa Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; :

guk;giuahf ,d;wsTk; kiwe;JNghfhJ filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w rpy ghuk;ghpaj;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; fPo;f;fz;lthwhfg; gl;bayplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

taYf;F ,ilNaAs;s Ntk;G> Gq;fd;> thif Nghd;w kuq;fspd; ,iyjiofis

ntl;b elT taypy; ,l;L kl;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; gapUf;Fj; jior;rj;Jf; fpilf;fg;
ngWfpd;wJ. ,j; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; ghuk;gupakhf ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; filg;gpbj;J te;jdu;.

101
 1. kQ;risg; gjg;gLj;Jk; Kiw : kQ;ris ntl;bnaLj;jTld; fpoq;F kQ;risj;
jdpahfTk; tpwyp kQ;risj; jdpahfTk; gphpj;Jj; Njitahd mstpy; xbj;Jg; gpd; 40
ypl;lH ePhpy; kQ;risf; nfhl;b mjd; Nky; rhf;if itj;J mjpy; Njitahd msT
rhzf;fiuriy Cw;wp Ntfitf;fg;gl;lJ. kQ;rs; kzk; tUk; tiuapYk; ed;F
Ntfitf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd; mjidf; fPNo nfhl;b 15 ehs; ey;y #hpa xspapy; fhaitj;Jg;
gpd; tpw;gid nra;J te;jdu.;

2. guq;fp tpijapy; G+rztpij NeHj;jp : guq;fp tpijfisg; G+rz Nehapdhy;

mOfptplhky; ghJfhf;f rhk;gy;> khl;Lr;rhzk;> ePH Mfpa %d;iwAk; fye;j fyitapy;
tpijfisf; fye;J xU kzpNeuk; Cwitj;Jg; gpd; epoypy; cyHj;jpr; Nrkpj;J itg;gjd;
%yk; tpij mOfptplhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;.

3. Ke;jpupapy; Kisg;Gj; jpwd; mjpfupf;f :Ke;jpup tpijapid rhzf;fiurypy; Cwitj;Jg;

gpd;du; tpijj;jhy; Ke;jpupapd; Kisg;Gj; jpwd; mjpfupf;Fk;.

m. new;gapu; - ghuk;gupa Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; :

1. new;gaphpy; kf#y; mjpfhpf;f : ney; gaphpy; kf#y; mjpfhpf;f 1 fpNyh fpuhk;

Mykuj;Jf; nfhOe;jpid miuj;J ePhpy; fiuj;J> 1 ypl;lh; ePhpy; 3 kp.yp. vd;w mstpy;
fye;J njspf;fyhk;.

2. ney;iyj; jhf;Fk; me;Jg;G+r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j : ney;iyr; Nrkpf;f ed;F fha itj;Jg;

gjh;fs; ,y;yhjthW J}w;wp Rj;jk; nra;J mjDs; G+f;fs; ,iy kw;Wk; fha;e;j kpsfha;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fye;J Nrkpj;J itg;gjpd; %yk; me;Jg;G+r;rp jhf;FjpypypUe;J
ghJfhf;fyhk;.

3. new;;gaphpy; Neha;g;ghJfhg;G : fiuf;fg;gl;l rhzk;> Ntg;gq;nfhl;ilr; rhW ,uz;ilAk;

fye;J new;gaphpy; mbg;gjd; %yk; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

4. ney; Nrkpg;G : ney; jhdpaq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntg;gk; Gz;zhf;Ffis %l;ilfspd;

mbapy; gug;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ney;iyf; Nfhzpg; igapy; Nrkpf;Fk;NghJ G+r;rpj;
jhf;fhky; ,Uf;ff; nfhd;iwg; G+f;fisf; Nfhzpg;igapy; ,l;L; Nrkpf;fTk;.

M. gawpdg; gapu;fspy; G+r;rp kw;Wk; Neha; Nkyhz;ik :

1. gawpy; mRtpdpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; : gaW tifg; gapHfspy; mRtpdpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

xU gq;F khl;Lr;rhzj;jpy; %d;W gq;F ePiur; NrHj;J ed;F fye;J njspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

102
 2. mtiuapy; rhk;gy; Neha; : mtiug; gaphpy; Njhd;Wk; rhk;gy; Nehiaj; jLf;f vhpe;j
rhk;giyj; J}tpf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

3. gawpy; G+r;rpj; jhf;Fjy; : gaW tiffisr; nrk;kz; fye;J itj;J Nrkpg;gjpd; %yk;
G+r;rp kw;Wk; tz;LfspypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;.

,. G+r;rp kw;Wk; Neha;ff

; l;Lg;ghL : midj;J tifg; gapHfspYk; G+r;rp kw;Wk; Neha;j;
jhf;Fjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j vUf;fpiyia miuj;Jj; njspf;fTk;.

G+r;rp Nkyhz;ik :

1. nfhj;Jky;ypiaj; jhf;Fk; g+r;rp : nfhj;Jky;ypiag; g+r;rp jhf;fhky; ,Uf;f ed;F fha

itj;J mjDs; fha;e;j kpsfhiaf; fye;J Nrkpj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. Nfo;tufpy; G+r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL : Nfo;tufpy; G+r;rpj; jhf;fhky; ,Uf;fg; ngUejhdpag; gapUld;
fye;J itj;jpUe;jhy; G+r;rpj; jhf;Fjiyj; jtpHf;fyhk;. my;yJ kpsfhAld; fye;J
itj;;jhy; ,jpYs;s fhuj;jd;ikapdhy; G+r;rpfs; jhf;Ftjpy;iy.
3. njd;idapy; fhz;lhkpUf tz;L jhf;Fjy; : njd;idapy; fhz;lhkpUf tz;L jhf;Fjy;
njd;gl;lhy; FUj;Jg; gFjpapy; kziyf; nfhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
4. ntq;fhaj;ijj; jhf;Fk; mRtpdpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; njhopy;El;gk; :
Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio> vUf;F> Mlhnjhlh Mfpa %d;iwAk; xU ghidapy; Cwitj;Jg;
Gspg;Gj; jd;ik tUk;tiu mjhtJ Ie;J my;yJ MW ehl;fs; tiu Cwitj;Jg; gpd;dH
ePiu tbfl;bj; njspg;gjd; %yk; mRtpdpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
5. fapWKiwg; G+r;rpf;fl;Lg;ghL : fapW xd;wpid vLj;Jf; nfhz;L vl;L mbf;F xU mb
vd;w mstpy; ,ilntsptpl;L ney; taypy; ,uz;L Ml;fs; cjtpAld; fapwpd;
,UKidiag; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L gaphpd; Nky; gLk;gb miyf;fopg;Gr; nra;ag;gLtjd; %yk;
G+r;rpfs; rpijf;fg;gl;L mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
6. ,aw;ifKiwg; G+r;rpf; fl;Lg;ghL : ,Q;rp> G+z;L> gr;irkpsfha; Mfpa %d;wpidAk;
miuj;Jg; Nghjpa msT ePhpy; fiuj;Jg; gpd;> tbfl;b taypy; njspg;gjd; %yk; G+r;rp
kw;Wk; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
7. ,aw;if Kiwapyhd G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;J : xU Vf;fH epyj;jpw;Fg; G+r;rp kUe;J jahhpf;f
Ntg;gpiy – 3 fpNyh> nehr;rpapiy-3 fpNyh> fUNty ,iy-3 fpNyh vd;wstpy; vLj;Jg;
girNghy; miuj;J 100 ypl;lH ePhpy; fiuj;J tbfl;lTk;. mf;fiuriy 1 ypl;lUf;F 2
kpy;yp tPjk; fye;J njspj;jhy; G+r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
8. vYkpr;irapy; GOf;fl;Lg;ghL : fUthl;bid ed;F Cwitj;Jg; gpd;du;> fiuj;J ,iyNky;
njspf;f> GO fl;Lg;gLk;. NkYk;> ,iyNkw;gug;gpy; rhk;gy; gbe;jhw;Nghy; fhzg;gLtJk;
kiwAk;.

103
<. ghuk;gupa Nrkpg;G Kiwfs; :
1. tpisnghUl;fs; Nrkpg;G : Ntshz; tpisnghUl;fis kz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l Fjph;
vdg;gLk; ngl;lfj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;NghJ Fjph;fspd; NkNy nts;is epw Rz;zhk;G
mbj;Jj; Jthuq;fs; ,y;yhky; kz;zhy; nkOfp> Ntg;gpiy> fhl;lhkzf;Fj; jio
Nghd;wtw;iw ,Ltjpd; %yk; tz;L jhf;Fjiyj; jtpHf;fyhk;.

2. jhdpaq;fs; Nrkpg;G : jhdpaq;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;NghJ vWk;G kw;Wk; G+r;rpj;

jhf;FjypypUe;J fl;Lg;gLj;j %l;ilfSf;fpilapy; Ntg;gq;nfhl;ilg; gUg;Gj;J}is J}tp
tplNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy;> vWk;G kw;Wk; G+r;rpfs; jhdpaq;fisj; jhf;FtJ
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. Jtiu Nrkpg;G : ey;y jukhd Jtiu tpijfisr; Nrfhpj;J ePhpy; Cwitj;Jg; gpd;dH
tbfl;b cyHj;jTk;. ed;F cyHe;j gpd;> %d;W gq;F nrk;kz;zpy; xU gq;F ePiuf;
fye;J Jtiu tpijapd; Nky; G+rp> ,uz;L ehl;fs; tiu fha itj;J kz;ghidapy;
Nrkpf;fTk;. ,jd; %yk; tz;L jhf;Fjiyj; jtpHf;fyhk;.

4. gaW Nrkpg;G : gaW tiffisr; Nrkpf;Fk;NghJ gaWfspd; kPJ vz;nza; jltp

Nrkpj;jhy; jhdpa G+r;rpfs; jhf;Fjiyj; jtpHf;fyhk;.

5. cSe;J Nrkpg;G : cSe;J gapiur; Nrkpf;Fk;NghJ rpW rpW G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tz;Lfspdhy;
NehpLk; Nrjj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf> cSe;J Nrkpg;gpd;NghJ Ntg;gpiy> nehr;rpapiy>
vUf;fpiy Nrh;j;Jr; Nrkpg;ghh;fs;.

6. cSe;J tpij Nrkpg;G: cSe;ij ntapypy; ed;whff; fha itj;Jg; gpd;dH> mjd; Nky;
nehr;rpapiy> kpsfha;> kQ;rs; ,tw;iwg; gug;gp itf;fTk;. gpd;dH ,tw;iw kz;ghidapy;
Nrkpj;J mjd; tha;g;gFjpapy; itf;Nfhy; itj;J milj;Jr; rhzk; G+rp fha itf;fTk;.
,jdhy; G+rzk; jhf;fhJ fhf;fyhk;.

c. gapu;g; ghJfhg;Gj; njhopy;El;gq;fs; :

vypfisg; gpbf;f my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;j>

1. Me;ijg;ge;jk; : (rpf;fy;):
Me;ijf; $l;bid nraw;ifahfj; jahu; nra;J Njhl;lj;jpy; nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G> mjpy; te;J mkUk; Me;ijahdJ> xU ehisf;Ff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; Njhl;lj;jpy;
cs;s> ehd;ife;J vypfisahtJ gpbj;Jz;Zk;. ,jd; %yk;> vypfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

104
2. Gijghid Kiw :
xU ngupa ghidapy;> ghjpasT ePiu epug;gp> mjDs; ney;gjupidf; nfhl;b>
mjid ney;taypd; %iyapy;> ghjpasT %o;fpAs;sthW epyj;jpy; Gijf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpy ehl;fs; fopj;J> ghidapypUe;J ntsptUk; ney;gju; thridahy;> vypfs; ftug;gl;L
mg;ghidapDs; tpOe;JtpLfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk;> vypfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

3. vyptpul;b :
kz;nzz;nzAld; rhzj;ijf; fye;J ifg;gpb msTs;s cUz;ilahfg; gpbj;J
tay; tug;Gfspy; itg;gjd; %yk; mjpypUe;J ntsptUk; Ju;ehw;wj;jpdhy; vypfs;
tpul;babf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

4. G+r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j>

,iyf;fiury; : (mupaY}u; – cja ej;jk;)

Njitahd nghUl;fs; :

Nfhkpak; - 25 ypl;lu;

jz;zuP ; - 30 ypl;lu;

gPrq;F jio - 5 fpNyh

ej;ij nrhup - 5 fpNyh

rpiff;fha; ,iy - 5 fpNyh

vUf;F - 5 fpNyh

Ntk;G - 5 fpNyh
nehr;rp - 5 fpNyh

gPg;gha; - 100 ypl;lu; nfhs;ssT

nra;Kiw :
Nkw;$wpa midj;Jj; jiofisAk; nghbahf eWf;fp 100 yp nfhs;ssTs;s
gPg;ghapy; nfhl;b> 25 yp Nfhkpak;> 30yp jz;zuP ; Cw;wp xU khjk; tiu fhj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G> nehjpj;j midj;J ,iyf;fiuriyAk; tbfl;b> xU ypl;lu; msTs;s
,iyf;fiurYf;F 10yp jz;zuP ; fye;J njspf;fyhk;.
gad;fs; : midj;J tifahd gapu;fSf;Fk; ,jidj; njspf;fyhk;. ,jd; %yk; midj;J
tifahd G+r;rpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
5. gof;fiury; :

105
 Njitahd nghUl;fs; :
thiog;gok; - 8 fpNyh
fUg;gl;b nty;yk; - 3 fpNyh
jz;zuP ; - 10 ypl;lu;
nra;Kiw :
Nkw;$wpa midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; 25 yp nfhs;ssTs;s ghidapy; Cwitj;Jf;
nfhjpf;ftpl Ntz;Lk;.

gad;fs; :

➢ Kjy; 20 ehl;fs; Cwpa fiuriyj; njspg;gjpd; %yk; go <f;fs;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
➢ Kjy; 40 ehl;fs; Cwpa fiuriyr; rk;gq;fpkyu;g; gapUf;Fj; njspg;gjpd; %yk;
G+g;gpbj;jy; jd;ikia mjpfupf;fyhk;.

C. fha;fisf; fdpahf;f :
1. thioiag; gOf;f itf;f : Njitf;Nfw;g msthd gs;sk; Njhz;b mjpy; fha;e;Jk;
fhahj thior; rUFfisg; gug;gp mjd; Nky; mUfUNf ,Uf;Fk;gbahf thioj;jhu;fis
mLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; kPJ> kPz;Lk; thior; rUFfisg; gug;gp <uk; fhahj kz;iz>
xU mLf;fhfg; gug;gp mOj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du;> mk;kz;zpd; Nky; rpW Fopapl;L thior;
rUFfs; njupAk;gbahf itj;J> mf;Fopapd; kPJ Jisaplg;gl;l kz;ghidapidf;
ftpo;j;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kz;ghidapd; JisapDs; neUg;Gj; Jz;lq;fis ,l;L
CjptplTk;. fhahj thior; rUFfshjyhy;> Gif vOk;Gk;. ,g;GifahdJ>
thioj;jhu;fis CLUtpr; nry;Yk;. ,g;Gifapd; ntg;gj;jpdhy; thiof;fha; gOf;fj;
njhlq;Fk;. xUehisf;F ,UKiw ,t;thW Cjptpl Ntz;Lk;. %d;W ehl;fspy; fha;>
gOj;JtpLk;.

2. ,aw;if Kiwapy; khq;fha; gOf;f itj;jy; :

khq;fha; gOf;f itf;f rhf;Fg; igfspy; nfhd;iwg; g+f;fis Nkyhf itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;du;> XupU ehl;fspy; gOj;JtpLk;.

Nkw;fhzg;gl;lJ Nghd;w Vuhskhd njhopy;El;gq;fs; ,e;jj; jkpo; kz;zpy; Gije;J

fplf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; ngUikfis ehk; czHe;J Mtzg;gLj;JtNjhL jf;f Kiwapy;
gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,j;jifa midj;Jg; ghuk;ghpa
Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; mwptpay; mZFKiwfNshL nghUe;jp tUtjhy;
Ntshz; tpQ;QhdpfSk; ,tw;iwj; jk; Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jp ,aw;iff;F khWglhj
tifapYk; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F CW Neuhj tifapYk; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gq;fshf
midtUk; gad;gLj;jp mjpf kf#y; ngw MtzQ; nra;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;.
106
107
 12. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkd; jpwd;fs; (Soft skills)
jiyikg;gz;G (Leadership)> fhyNkyhz;ik(Time management)
12. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nkd;jpwd;fs;
kdk;> cly;> mwpT Mfpait rhHe;j jpwd;fNs> nkd;jpwd;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.kdjpd; vz;zq;fs; Nkk;glTk;>mwptpd; rpe;jidfs; tYg;glTk;> ey;y
vz;zq;fSk;> ey;y rpe;jidfSk; ey;y cly; MNuhf;fpa tho;tpw;F tpj;jhf mikaf;
$bad. ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> xU kdpjd; jiytdhf cUthf mtDf;Fj;
Njitahdit> mtd; tho;tpy; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba ,d;d gpw Mfpad midj;Jk;
jiyikg; gz;Gfs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Nj Nghd;W> MSikj; jpwd;
Nkk;ghL> fhy Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; kdpj cwTfis tsHf;Fk; jpwd;fs; Mfpad Fwpj;Jk;
njs;spjpd; tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

12.1. jiyikg;; gz;Gfs; :

jiyik epiyia milaj; Jbf;Fk; xU jdp kdpjdJ Fzeyd;fSk;> gz;GfSk;
vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJ Fwpj;j rpy
fUj;Jf;fis ehk; Ma;T Nehf;fpy; <z;L fhzyhk;. jiyik Vw;gjw;Fhpa rpy gz;Gfis
xUth; ngw;wpUg;gjpdhNyNa mth; jiytuhf Mjy; ,ayhJ. jw;fhyj;jpa r%ftpayhh;
gz;G Nfhzj;jpypUe;J (Trail Approach) jiyikia Nehf;fhJ epiyf;fsf;
Nfhzj;jpypUe;J (Field Approach) Nehf;fp Muha Kw;gLfpwhh;fs;. jiyik vdg;gLtJ xU
jdpkdpjdJ rpwe;j MSikfshy; kl;Lk; cUthtJ md;W. mJ xU rKjhaj;jpd;
jw;Nghija #o;epiyiag; nghWj;jJ MFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Xh; MSikg; gz;gpidNah
my;yJ ,ize;j gy MSikg;gz;GfisNah ngw;wpUj;jypdhy; kl;Lk; jiyik
vOtjpy;iy. xU epiyikapy; vy;yh cWg;gpdh;fsplkpUe;Jk; Njitg;gLk; xj;Jiog;igg;
ngwf;$ba rKjhaj; njhlh;rr ; papypUe;Nj jiyik vOtjhFk; vd;W n`yd; n[d;dpq;];
vd;gth; $Wfpwhh;.
cyfj; njhFjpapy; xt;nthUtUNk jiyth;fshf khl;lhh;fs;. rKjhaj;jpy;
nghpanjhU khw;wj;ijAk;> msg;ghpa Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; rpwe;j jiyth;fs;
rhjpj;Js;sth;fshapDk; tuyhw;Wr; #oy; mth;fspd; jpwikf;Fj; jPdpahf
mike;jjpdhNyNa mth;fshy; ,tw;iwr; rhjpf;f Kbe;jJ vDk; $w;W kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.
tuyhw;Wr; #oy; rhpahf mikahj fhuzj;jpdhy; rpwe;j jpwikrhypfs; kw;Wk;
mwpthspfs; jk;ikg; gpd;gw;WNthhpd;wpj; jiyik epiyiaaila ,aytpy;iy vd;gJk;
rKjhak; mDgtpj;j cz;ikahFk;. rKjhaj;jpd; #oy; khWgl;lhy;> jiyikf;Fj;
Njitg;gLk; jFjpfSk;> gz;GfSk;> jpwikfSk; khWgLk;. mjdhy; jiyikAk; khWgLk;.

108
 xU Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa jiytd; (Good Leader) ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfisr;
r%ftpay; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapYk;> mwpQh;fspd; $w;W %ykhfTk; Muhayhk;.
,tw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ts;Sth; jk; topapy; $wg; ngw;w tho;tpay;
mwq;fisj; jiytdpd; ew;Fzq;fshf cUtfq;nfhz;L xUq;fikg;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp Muha
Kaw;rpj;jhy; fhzg; ngwhj mUk; ngUk; fUj;Jg; Gijay;fis> mwk;rhh; Ftpay;fis
ms;sp ms;sp EfUk; kfpo;tpw;F ek;ikf; nfhz;L nry;fpwJ.

nkd;jpwd;fs; midj;ijAk; gfpHe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> tho;f;ifapy; czHe;J

nray;gLtjw;Fk; ts;Stk; xU rpwe;j rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Nkiy ehl;L mwpQHfspd;
rpe;jid vd;W ngUkpjj;NjhL ehk; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;lhYk;> ek;Kila tho;tpay;
rpe;jidfSf;Fk;> eilKiwr; nray;ghLfSf;Fk; rpwe;j rhd;whf ts;Stj;ijj; jtpuTk;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $w NtWvJTk; ,Ug;gjha; vz;ztpy;iy. mjid mbg;gilaha;f; nfhz;L
Nehf;Fk;NghJ nkd;jpwd;fs; Fwpj;J ts;Stk; ,ak;Gtdtw;tw milahsk; fhl;LtNj
,g;ghlg; gFjpahFk;.

mwpQh;fspd; $w;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jiyikg; gz;Gfs; -

ts;Stj;jpd; ghh;itapy; :
Nkd;ik kpF jiytd; (Good Leader) vd;gtd; mwpthw;wy; kpf;ftd;. ,t;thw;wy;
mDgtj;jpd; %ykhfNth> E}ywptpd; %ykhfNth miktJ cz;L. ,aw;ifahfNt
Ez;zwptpdhy; miktJk; cz;L. jiytdpd; mwpthw;wy; vd;gJ mtd; elj;jpr; nry;Yk;
rKjhaj;jpd; mwpT epiyiag; (Relative to the group) nghWj;jjhFk; my;yJ rKjhaj;jpd;
mwpT epiyf;Fj; jf;fthwhd jiytNd Njhw;wk; ngWtjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.
“eP Nghfyhk; vd;gtd; vrkhd;

th Nghfyhk; vd;gtd; jiytd;”

❖ nghJthf jiytd;> jk;ikg; gpd;gw;WNthiuf; fhl;bYk; Ez;zwpTilNahdhf

tpsq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l rKjhaj;jthpd; ruhrhp Ez;zwpitf;
fhl;bYk; mjpfkhdjhf ,Ug;gpd;> mth;fspilNa jiyikj; njhlh;G vohJ vd;W
fpg; (Gibb) vd;ghh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
❖ jiyth;fSf;Fk; gpd;gw;WNthh;fF
; k; ,ilNaahd Ez;zwptpd; msT> NtWghL
Rkhh; 30 Gs;spfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;ghh; `hypq; nthh;j; (Hawling
worth). rpe;jpf;Fk; rf;jp> KbT fhZk; jpwd;> Jzpe;J nrayhw;wy; KjypadTk;
mwpthw;wypy; cs;slq;fpaitNa. Mdhy;> rpyNghJ mwpthw;wy; epuk;gg;ngwhj
rhjhuz kdpjd; $l jd; tplh Kaw;rpahYk; ek;gpf;ifahYk; jiyikg; gjtpia
va;jp tpLtJ tpjp tpyf;fhFk;.

109
Nkw;$wg;gl;l fpg; kw;Wk; `hypq;nthh;j; MfpNahhpd; $w;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jiyikg;
gz;Gfspy; mwpthw;wy; vd;gJ jdpaplk; tfpg;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ts;Sth;> mwpTilik
vDk; jdp mjpfhuj;ijNa tFj;J mwpTr; nry;tj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahikNa tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
NkYk;> rpe;jpf;Fk; rf;jp> KbT fhZk; jpwd;> Jzpe;J nrayhw;wy; Mfpatw;iwNa
mwpthw;wYf;Fs; fhzg;gLtjhf mikg;gpDk; NkYk; rpy ,d;wpaikahj; jpwd;fNshL
,itAk; njhlh;Giladthff; fhzg;gLtjpdhy; gpd; $wg; ngWk; mwpQh;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fNshL mtw;iw ,izj;J ngwyhk;. mwpTilik (43) mjpfhuj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s fUj;Jf; fUT+yq;fs; jiyikg;gz;gpw;F vt;tpjk; rpwg;G Nrh;g;gjhf
mike;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gJ <z;L tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,iwkhl;rpapy; muR Kiwikfs;
Fwpj;J tpsf;fpa ts;Sth;> mjidaLj;J fy;tp> fy;yhik> Nfs;tp vDk; thpirapy;
mwpTilik mjpfhuj;ij itj;jpUg;gjd; %yk; murDf;Fhpa gz;Gfshf> Njitfshf
jpwd;fshff; fUjpajd; mbg;gilapy; mwpTilik ,izf;fg; ngw;wjhff; fUj
,lKs;sJ. Kjy; Fwl;ghtpNyNa (421) murDf;Fj; Jd;gk; tuhJ fhf;Fk; fUtp vd;W
mwpTilik Fwpj;J tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. murd; vd;gjw;Fj; jiyik vDk;
nghUs; nfhz;L mwpTilik Fwpj;j fUj;Jf;fis <z;L fhzyhk;.

“mwptw;wq; fhf;Fq; fUtp nrWthh;fF

;

Ks;sopf;fy; Mfh muz;” (421)

mwpntdg;gLtJ Jd;gk; NehpLk; fhyj;J mj;Jd;gj;jpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;s fhyj;J

fUtpahFk;. md;wpAk>; Mgj;jpid Kd;dwpe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahfTk;> cs;GFe;J mopf;f
,ayh muz; vd;Wk; mwpT mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. jiyikAilNahDf;Ff; fhf;Fk;
fUtpAkhfTk; muzhfTk; ,aq;ff;$ba mwptpd; Gyg;ghL Njit vd;W ts;Sth;
typAWj;Jfpwhh;.

NkYk;> kdk; nrd;w topapnyy;yhk; nry;ytplhky; jPikapypUe;J ePf;fp> ey;y

topapy; nrYj;JtJk; mwpthFk;.

“nrd;w ,lj;jhw; nrytplh jPnjhuP,

ed;wpd; ghYa;g;gJ mwpT” (422)
vd;gjpd; %yk; ey;topapy; nry;Yk; jiytidg; gpd;gw;Wk; rKjhaKk; mt;topNa nry;tJ
,ay;ghifahy; mj;jifa mwpT vd;gJ jiytDf;Ff; fy;tpapd; %yNkh md;wp
mDgtj;jpd; %yNkh md;wp ,uz;bdhYNkh mikag; ngWtJ mtrpakhfpwJ.

mwpT vd;gJ ahJ? vd;gjw;fhd ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpd;w tifapy;> njhlh;e;J ehd;F

Fwl;ghf;fspy; tiuaiw nra;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. ,tw;Ws;> Kjd;ikahf> ahh; ahh; tha;
Nfl;gpDk; vd;gjw;F cah;e;j nghUs; Fwpj;J ,ope;jhh; ciuj;jYk;> ,ope;j nghUs; Fwpj;J
cah;e;jhh; ciuj;jYk;> cWjpg; nghUs; Fwpj;J gifth; ciuj;jYk;> nfLnghUs; Fwpj;J

110
cwNthh; ciuj;jYk; vd vg;nghUs; Fwpj;J ahh; $Wk; nghUs; vd;gjid Muha;;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. xU nghUs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fk; MSf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; khWgLk; vd;W ghpNkyofh;
ciu $Wfpwhh;. vj;jifa mofhd> El;gkhd rpe;jid ,J.

xU nghUs; Fwpj;J Ngr KidNthh; jq;fspd; ,ay;Gf;Fj; jFe;j tpsf;fk; fhz;gh;.

Mjyhy; mg;nghUspd; nka;g; nghUs; vd;d vd;gij KOikahf mwpa ,ayhkw; Nghfpd;w
tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. MfNt vj;jifa nghUshapDk; mJ Fwpj;J ehNk Muha;e;J cz;ik
mwptNj mwpthFk; vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.

gpd; epfo ,Ug;gij Kd;djhfNt vz;zp mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwk; cilatNu

mwpTilath; Mthh; (427) MtJ mwpthh; mwpTilahh; vd;gjpd; %yk; jiyikg;
gz;Gfspy; ,d;wpaikahjg; gz;ghf mwpTilikiaf; nfhs;syhk;. jhk; njhlq;Fk;
nrhy;ypdhNyh> nraypdhNyh md;wp KiwikapdhNyh gpd;dhy; ,d;dJ epfOk; vd Kd;
$l;bNa mwpag; ngWk; mwpthw;wy;> jiyikg; gz;gpw;F kpfTk; Vw;GilaJ vd;gij
tpsf;fTk; Ntz;LNkh? NkYk; mQ;rj; jf;f nraYf;F mQ;r Ntz;baJ mwpTilik vd
xt;nthd;whf mwptpd; ngUikapidAk;> rpwg;Gj; jd;ikapidAk; epuy;gLj;jpf; $wpa
ts;Sth;> mwptpidg; Nghd;wnjhd;W gpwpjpy;iy vd;W tpsq;Fk; Kfkhf mwpTilahh;
vy;yhk; cilahh; (430) vd;W nghJthf Kj;jha;g;G itf;fpwhh;. ,jDs; vy;yhg; nghUSNk
mlq;fptpl;lJ vdf;nfhs;syhk;. midj;J tif ,d;gq;fs;> nry;tq;fs; vd vy;yhk;
cilath; mwpTilahh; vd ,Wjp nra;fpwhh;. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>
jiyikf;F Vw;Gilaj;jhd gz;G> mwpTilik vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
Nkw;$wpa Fwl;fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk;NghJ fpg;
kw;Wk; `hypq;nthh;j; vDk; mwpQh;fspd; $w;W cWjp ngWfpwJ. fpg; $WtJNghy
Ez;zwpT mjpfkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jiyikg; gz;gpy;> jiytDf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNaahd jiyikj; njhlh;G epfohJ vDk; $w;W rw;W rpe;jpf;f itf;fpwJ. Mdhy;>
,J Nghd;w #oiyAk; mwpT rhjpj;JtpLk; vd;W ts;Sth; tf;fhyj;J thq;FtijAk;
ehk; fhzyhk;. mwpT> mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp> mwpT gif cs;Ns Eioe;J mopf;f ,ayh
muz; vd;W ts;Sth; $Wtjpdpd;W vj;jifa Jd;gj;jpypUe;Jk; fhf;Fk; fUtpahfTk;>
muzhfTk; mwpT tpsq;FfpwJ vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt> mwpthdJ vj;jifa
#oiyAk;> vj;jifa ,lhpidAk; fise;J tpl;L rhjid gilj;J Kd;NdWk; vd;gij
ts;Sthpd; rhd;WfspypUe;J ehk; ngwyhk;.

rpwe;j jiytdpd; ey;y gz;Gfs; :

Mjpf;f kdg;Nghf;F> Jzpe;J Jhpjkhfr; nrayhw;Wk; jpwd;> nrhy; td;ik> vLj;j
nraiy Kbf;Fk; jpwd;> kdntOr;rpg; ngUf;fk;> gpwhplk; ghpT> gpwUld; Nrh;e;J
nrayhw;Wk; jpwd;> gpwiur; nraw;gl itf;Fk; jpwik> mstw;w rf;jp gpd; epw;gJ Nghd;w
mlf;fk; MfpaditNa cz;ikj; jiytdplk; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs; vd;fpwhh; My;/Nghh;l;
vd;Dk; mwpQh;.

111
 xU rpwe;j jiytd; mwpTj; jpwDld; gy mwg;gz;GfSk; tha;f;fg;
ngw;wpUg;gtdhfNt tpsq;Ffpwhd;. cly; cWjp> cs;s cWjp vjph;g;Gifsj; jhq;Fk;
typik> mauhJ ciof;Fk; jd;ik> jd;idg; gpd;gw;WNthhpilNaAk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
ew;ngah; ngw;W tpsq;Fjy;> nghWik> fUiz> Neh;ik> tha;ik> ek;gpf;ifg; ngwf;$ba
ed;dlj;ij> JzpT> #o;epiyf;Fj; jFe;jthwhf nrayhw;Wk; mwpTj;jpwk;>
jw;ngUikapd;ik> gpwh; eydpYk; mf;fiw nrYj;Jjy; ,JNghd;w gy gz;GfisAk;
xUq;Nf ngw;wtdhfj; jiytd; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa gz;Gfs; jiytdplk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd gpd;gw;WNthh; vjph;ghh;g;gJk; ,ay;ghdJ. nghWg;Ngw;Fk; Mw;wy;> Rje;jpukhfr;
rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;Wk; jpwd; Nghd;wd jiyikapd; ,d;wpaikahj gz;Gfs; MFk;.

Mjpf;f kdg;ghd;ik :
Mjpf;f kdg;ghd;ik kl;Lk; jiyikia epiy epWj;jg; NghJkhdjhfhJ.
gpd;gw;WNthhpd; Njitfis czh;e;J mth;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWk; Mw;wYk;
jiyikf;Fj; Njitahd gz;ghFk;. Kul;L Mjpf;f kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;l jiytDf;Fj;
jd;idg; gpd;gw;WNthhplkpUe;J vjph;g;G Njhd;WNkay;yhJ xj;Jiog;G fpl;lhJ. jd;idg;
gpd;gw;WNthhpd; kdg;Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J mth;fspd; Njitia czh;e;J nray;gLk;
jiytNd ntw;wpNahL ,aq;Fk; jiytdhthd;. vdNt> ahUf;Fj; jiyik jhq;FfpwhNdh
mth;fisNa mj;jiytd; gpd;gw;Wtjhff; nfhs;syhk;. mwpQh; My;/Nghh;l; jiyikg;
gz;gpw;Fhpj;jhd Fzeyd;fisg; gl;bay; Nghl;bUf;Fk; Kiwikia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L jpUf;Fwl; rpe;jidfs; Kd; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mwpQh; My;/Nghh;l; $Wk;
fPo;f;fz;l gz;Gfs; Fws; mjpfhuq;fSf;Fs; mlf;fk; ngWk; tifapidf; fhzyhk;.

My;/Nghh;l; $Wk; gz;Gfs; - ts;Sth; tFj;j mjpfhuq;fs;

1) nghWik - mOf;fhwhik (17) nghiwAilik (16)

2) gpwhplk; ghpT - xg;Gutwpjy; (22) mUSilik(25)
md;Gilik(72) <if (23)
3) cz;ik NgRjy; - tha;ik (30)

4) #o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW - mit mwpjy; (72) njhpe;J nray;tif (47)

nrayhw;Wk;mwpTf; $h;ik

5) vLj;j nraiy - typawpjy; (48)fhyk; mwpjy; (49)

Kbf;Fk; jpwd; ,ldwpjy; (50)njhpe;J njspjy; (51)
njhpe;J tpidahly; (52)
gifj;jpwk; mwpjy; (88)cl;gif (89)
6) nefpo;rr
; p - fz;Nzhl;lk; (58)
112
 7) mauhik - Cf;fKilik (60) kbapd;ik (61)
kdntOr;rpg; ngUf;fk;
8) njhy;iy> vjph;g;igj; - Ms; tpidAilik (62)
jhq;Fk; jplk; ,Lf;fz; mopahik (63)
9) cWjp kdg;ghd;ik - tpid nray;tif (68)mitaQ;rhik (73)
10) Neh;ik - khdk; (97)> Gwq;$whik (19)
nrq;Nfhd;ik (55)>nka;Azh;jy; (36)
11) gpwh; ek;gpf;if - Fw;wk; fbjy; (44) rpw;wpdk; Nruhik (46)
itf;Fk; elj;ij tpidj;J}a;ik (66)>tpidj;jpl;lk; (67)
rhd;whz;ik (99)>gz;Gilik (100)
ehZilik (102) Fb nray;tif (103)
tpUe;Njhk;gy; (9) ,dpait $wy; (10)
eLTepiy (12) kd;diur; Nrh;e;njhOfy; (70)
12) jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; FO - xOf;fKilik (14) Rw;we;johy; (53)
cWg;gpduJ kjpg;gpidg; gadpy nrhy;yhik (20) jPtpidar;rk; (21)
ngw;wpLjy;. mwpTilik (43) ,d;dh nra;ahik (32)
13) nrhy;yhw;wy; - nrhy;td;ik(65)
14) gpwUld; Nrh;e;J nrayhw;Wk; jpwd; - nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly; (45)
15) gpwiur; nraw;gl itf;Fk; jpwik - njhpe;J tpidahly;(52)
16) mlf;fk; - mlf;fKilik (13)

Nkw;fz;lthwhf My;/Nghh;l; tFj;Js;s jiyikg; gz;Gfisj; jpUf;Fwspd;

$w;wpd;gb> xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjkhfr; rpy gz;Geyd;fis kl;Lk; Muha
Kw;glyhk;.

1. nghWikNa ngUik:
jiyikg; gz;gpid mila epidf;Fk; my;yJ jk;kplk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
vz;Zgtd; Kf;fpakhf va;j Ntz;ba Fzk; nghWikahFk;. ekf;Fj; Jd;gj;ij
cz;lhf;Fk; xUtuJ nrhy; my;yJ nraiyg; nghWikNahL Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
mtrpkhdjhFk;. ehk;; mila Ntz;ba ,yf;fpw;fhfg; nghWik fhf;Fk; #oy; va;ifapy;
,j;jifa nghWikNa ekf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk;. jdf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; xUtidj;
jz;bf;f Kbe;j fhyj;jpy;$l jz;bf;fhJ mtd; kPJ fUiz nfhz;L Nfhgk; nfhs;shky;
Fw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mf;Fw;wj;ij kwe;JtpLtJ vd;gJ nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;tij tplTk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ (152) vd ts;Stg; ngUe;jif MNyhrid
toq;Ffpwhh;.
“xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahNu itg;gh;
nghWj;jhiug; nghd;Nghy; nghjpe;J”

113
fUj;J Kuz;ghL:
,Nj Neuj;jpy; ek; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; kw;nwhU jpUf;FwisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L
rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lkha;g; gzpfpd;Nwd;.

“nfhiyapw; nfhbahiu Nte;njhWj;jy; igq;$o;f;

fisf;fl; ljNdhL Neh;” (550)
jkf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;jtiuj; jz;bf;ff; $lhnjd;Wk;> mijtplTk; me;jj;
Jd;gj;ij kwe;JtpLjy; vd;gJ NkyhdJ vd;Wk; cah;;e;Njhh; Vj;Jth; vd;Wk; $wpa mNj
jpUf;Fws;> nfhiyia tplTk; nfhba nray; nra;gth;fis Nte;jd; mbNahL mopj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;;. mr;nra;if $l nfhLikahdJ my;y. mJ gaph; ed;whf tsu Ntz;Lnkd;W
vz;zpa cotd; fisfis NtNuhL mWj;J mopj;jiy xf;Fk; vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.
ts;Sthplj;J Vdpe;j Kuz;ghL tpise;Js;sJ. jhd; vOjpaijj; jhNd Vd; Gwk;
js;spdhh;? ,jd; %ykha; ts;Sth; ek;ghy; itf;Fk; rpe;jidjhd; ahJ? nghUl;ghypy;
murpaypy;> nrq;Nfhd;ik mjpfhuj;jpy; ,f;Fws; itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,jw;F vjphpil
vd;W ehk; vz;Zk; nghiwAilik mjpfhuk; ,y;ywtpaypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,y;yw tho;tpy; <LgLk; jdp kdpjDf;nfhU ePjp;; murhSk; Kb kd;dDf;nfhU

ePjp vd;W ehk; ntFz;nlo Ntz;baNj ,y;iy. ,J xU rpW jPg;nghwpahff;
nfhs;Nthkhapd; ts;Sthpd; vspikAk;> KiwikAk; nfhz;baq;Fk; mth;jk; cahpa
rpe;jidia ehKk; vl;lyhk;.

nfhbath; vd;gjw;F ghpNkyofh;> jPf;nfhSTthh;> eQ;rpLthh;> fUtpapw; nfhy;thh;>

fs;th;> Mwiyg;ghh;> #iwnfhs;thh;> gpwdpy; tpiothh; vd;wpth; Kjyhapdhh; vd;W ciu
vOjpAs;shh;. jdpkdpjd; jk;Kila kdijg; nghWj;Jj; Jd;gk; vd;w vz;Zgtw;iwg;
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> xU murd; vd;gtd; jd; kdj;jpw; nghUe;Jgit
vd;W vz;zhJ murpay; mwk;> murpiw ePjp> eLTepiyik> nrq;Nfhd;ik vDk; Nehf;fpy;
Ma;e;J ePjp tOthJ Ml;rp Ghpjy; Ntz;Lnkd;Nwh! jdf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;jhh; vd
vz;Zifapy;> kd;dpg;gJ kdpj ,ay;G vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJ vj;jifa Jd;gk;
vd;gjw;fhd tiuaiwia ts;Sth; mspf;ftpy;iy. ,t;tplj;J ,d;ndhU rpe;jiiiaAk;
jq;fs; Kd; itf;fpNwd;. ghjphpahiu mtuJ Foe;ijNahL thfdj;jpy; itj;J vhpj;j
kjthjpapd;ghy; fUiz nfhz;L [dhjpgjpf;F ghjphpahhpd; kidtp ghpe;Jiu nra;jjij
<z;L epidT $h;jy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhfj; jd;idf; nfhd;wtd;
kPJk; fUiz fhj;j kfhj;khtpd; <ukdj;ij ehk; kwj;jyhfhjy;yth?

murpaypy; nghiwAilik mjpfhuj;ij itf;fhJ> ,y;ywtpaypy;

itj;Js;sikahy; murDf;Fg; nghWik Njitapy;iy vd;W vz;z Ntz;Ltjpy;iy.
xt;nthU jdp kdpjDf;Fk; Ntz;lg;gLfpd;w jdpg;ngUk; Fzk; vd;Nw nghUs; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. MifapdhNyNa murpaypy; itf;fg; ngwtpy;iy vdf; nfhs;syhk;. jiyikg;

114
 gz;gpw;Fhpa Fzkhf My;/Nghh;l; $Wtdjhff; nfhz;Nlhkhdhy; jdpkdpjNd jiytd;
vDk; Nghf;fpy; ehk; xUq;fpize;Jf; fUj;Jj; njspT ngwyhk;. mNj Ntisapy;
nfhiyiag; Nghd;wnjhU nfhba nray; vdg;gLtJ jdpkdpjdJ ghh;itapy; NtwhfTk;
murpd; ghh;itapy; ePjpapd; ghh;itapy; NtwhfTk; Njhd;Wjy; ,ay;ghFk;. ,JNghd;w
nfhba nray; GhpNthh; jz;lid ngwhJ Nghthuhapd; kdk; jpUe;jp ey;y kdtpaiyg;
ngWjy; mhpjhFk;. Mifahy;> ,JNghy; jtW GhpNthUf;Fk;> jtW GhpAk;
kdtpay;GilNahUf;Fk; xU mr;rj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gNj ,e;jj; jz;lidfspd;
Nehf;fkhFk;. jiyikg; gz;G ngWNthh;fF ; nghWikAk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; ePjp tOthj
jd;ikAk; Ntz;LtNj vdj; njspT ngwyhk;. nghiwAilik Ngrpa ts;Sthpd;
vOj;jhzp xU ghku tptrhap fis> fisAk; nraypd; jd;ikia xj;j ,ay;ghd nraNy
,J Nghd;w jz;lidfSkhFk; vd vz;Zk; mrhj;jpa EZf;f czh;T vz;Zk;njhWk;
vz;Zk; njhWk; vk;ik tpag;gpy; Mo;j;JfpwJ.

2. jpwidAk; jpwdhspiaAk; milahsk; fhzy; :

,jid ,jdhy; ,td; Kbf;Fk; vd;wha;e;J
mjid mtd; fz; tply; (517)
,e;j Ntiyia ,e;j tpjj;jpdhy; ,td; Kbj;jy; $Lk; vd;gij Muha;e;J mwpe;j gpwF
me;j Ntiyia mtdplk; xg;Gtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd ,tiuj; Njh;e;J njspjy;>
ed;F Njh;e;J njspe;j gpd; ,jw;nfd ,tiu epakp;j;jy; vd tpsq;FjNy rhyr; rpwe;jJ.
ePjpnewp> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> capUf;fhf mQ;Rk; mr;rk;> ey;y Fbg;gpwg;G> Fw;wk; rpwpJk;
,y;yhik> gopghtq;fSf;F mQ;rp ehZk; jd;ikAilahiuNa ekf;Nfw;wj; Jizahf
Muha;e;J Njh;e;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
“Mw;whiuj; NjWjy; Xk;Gf kw;wtu;
gw;wpyu; ehzhu; gop”
vj;jifa MjuTkw;Nwhiu ek;gp vr;nraiyAk; mspj;jy; $lhJ. Vnddpy;> cyfj;jhNuhL
njhlh;G mw;wth; vj;jifa gopghtq;fSf;Fk; mQ;rhjtuhthh;. md;Gilik fhuzkhf
ahiuAk; njspjy; $lhJ. Njuhj; njspTk;> njspe;j gpd; IAWjYk; jPuhj Jd;gj;ijj;
jUk;. jiytd; vDk; jFjp ngw;wtd; jdf;Fj; Jizahfj; NjHT nra;Ak;
ek;gpf;iff;FhpatHfs; kw;Wk; xU nghWg;gpw;nfdj; NjHT nra;ag;gLgtHfs; vg;gbj; NjHT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F mbg;gilahd fUj;Nj ,f;FwshFk;. mg;gbg;gl;l rhpahd
Misj; NjHT nra;tjpy;jhd; xU jiytDila KOj;jpwikAk; gspr;rpLfpd;wJ.
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf> ,e;jf; fPo;f;fhZk; fUj;ijAk; njhpe;J njspjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vidtifahd; Njwpaf; fz;Zk; tpidtifahd;
NtwhFk; khe;jh; gyh; (514)

115
 vy;yh tifahYk; Muha;e;J njspe;j gpwF xU Ntiyia Nkw;nfhz;L cah;e;j
gjtpaile;j gpd;dh; Fzk; khWjy; milAk; kf;fs; gyh; cz;L vd;gjid vz;zpj; Njw
Ntz;Lk;. vj;jid mofhd rpe;jid vd;gJ kl;Lky;y tYthd fUj;Jk; $l. gjtpngw;w
gpwF Fzk; khWk; kdpjHfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L rhpahd nghWg;ghsiuj; NjHT nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

3. cz;ik NgRjy; :
cz;ik NgRjy; vDk; gz;G jiytDf;Fhpa gz;Gfspy; xd;whf r%ftpayhh;
tFj;js;sdh;. cz;ik kl;LNk Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; cahpa Fzj;jpdhy; mt;tg;NghJ
rpy ,ilA+WfisAk; NtjidfisAk; re;jpf;f Nehpl;lhYk; me;j Nrhjidfisnay;yhk;
rhjidfshf khw;wpf; fhl;lf;$ba typik cz;ikf;N;f cz;L. “cz;ikf;fhf
vijAk; ,of;fyhk;. Mdhy; vjw;fhfTk; cz;ikia ,of;fhNj” vDk; kfhj;khtpd; $w;W
Nehf;fj; jf;fJ. ,e;jpahtpd; xg;gw;wj; jiytuhf tho;e;J fhl;ba kfhj;kh ‘cz;ik’
vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F nrYj;Jk; khpahij kfj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. cz;ikia ,of;f
NehpLk;NghJ mtd; jd;idNa ,og;gjhf kfhj;kh vz;Zfpwhh;. cz;ik xd;iw kl;LNk
Ngrp ,d;iwa tho;tpy; rhjidfs; epfo;j;j ,aYkh? mJTk; xU jiytdhy; mq;qdk;
tho;e;Jfhl;l ,aYkh? ehk; vy;NyhUk; mhpr;re;jpudpd; jk;gpahf ,aYkh? vd
Nfypf;$j;jhff; Nfs;tpfis mLf;fp itf;f KidfpNwhk;. ,ay;G tho;f;if NtW@ tha;
thh;j;ijfs; NtW vd vz;Ztjhy; tUk; Nfs;tpf; fiz ,J. ehk; nra;aj; njhlq;Fk;
xt;nthU jtWf;Fk; Kd;ghf epw;gJ ehk; NgRk; ngha;Na. ve;jj; jtw;wpw;Fg; gpd;dhYk;
xspe;jpUg;gJ mtd; Kjypy; Ngrpa ngha;Na. Mf> jtWfspd; Kd;NdhbNa ngha; vdf;
nfhs;syhk;.

cz;ik NgRjy; vd;gJ tuk;> rhgky;y. Kjypy; Jd;gkhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; mJNt

epiyahd ,d;gj;ijj; jUk; rpwe;j fUtpahf tpsq;Fk; vd;gjpy; vs;ssTk; Iakpy;iy.
cz;ik NgRjy; vd;gJ jiytDf;F Ntz;l ; g;gLfpd;w FzkhFk;. jiytdpd; kPJ
kf;fSf;F ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;JtJ ,e;jf; FzNk. jiytDf;F typik Nrh;f;Fk; gyk;
cz;ikf;Nf cz;L. ,j;jifa cahpa gz;ig tha;ik vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; itj;Js;s
ts;Sth; mjid mZ mZthf Ma;e;J> mf;Fzj;ij midtUk; NgZjy; caph;
tho;f;iff;Fr; rpwg;G Nrh;fF
; k; vd;W cWjpglf; $Wfpwhh;.

tha;ik vd;why; vd;d?

tha;ik vdg;gLtJ vd;dntdpy;> vit xd;wpw;Fk; ve;jtpj jPikiaAk; nra;ahj>
juhj nrhy; midj;Jk; tha;ikNa vd tpil $Wfpwhh; ts;Sth;. tha;ik vd;gJ
ahUf;Fk; jPq;F juhj nrhy; vd;W ts;Sth; $wpdikahy;> rpyNghJ $Wfpd;w

116
cz;ikapdhy; ekf;Fj; jPq;F NehpLfpwNj vd rpyh; tpjz;lhthjk; nra;ayhk;. rw;Nw
rpe;jpf;f Ntz;LfpNwd;. xU cz;ik xUtDf;Fj; jPq;F jUfpwJ vd;why; mt;Tz;ikf;Ff;
fhuzkhd mtdJ nray;ghl;bNy jPik gJq;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;gNj nghUshFk;. ey;tpid>
jPtpid vd;gJ nrayhy; ,y;iy. gaidg; nghWj;Nj nrayikfpwJ. Xh; capUf;Fj;
jPq;F NehpLk;NghJ xUtd; ngha; $wpdhy; mjdhy; mtDf;Fj; jPtpid Vw;glhJ. gRitf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf this vLj;Jf;nfhz;L te;j xUtd;> gR ,t;top Nghapw;wh vd;W mUfpy;
,Ue;jtdplk; Nfl;lhd;. Mk;! gR ,t;topNa Nghapw;W vd;W epd;Wnfhz;bUe;jtd; nrhd;d
nka;> xU capiug; gyp thq;FfpwJ. mtd; jPtpidahsdhfpd;whd;. MfNt> nka;> ngha;
vd;gJ mjd; gaidg; nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. “tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw” vd;W Nghw;wpa mNj
ts;Sth;>

ngha;ikAk; tha;ikaplj;Jg; GiujPhe

; ;j
ed;ik gaf;F nkdpy; (292)
rpy Neuq;fspy; ngha;$l tha;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ> vg;NghJ? mg;ngha;apdhy;
VNjDk; ed;ik cz;lhFkhapd; ngha;ikAk; tha;ikaplj;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; vd;fpwhh;
ts;Sth;.

tha;ikahy; tha;f;Fk; mfj;J}a;ik :

tha;ikNa tho;f;ifapy; cah;tpidAk;> rKjhaj;jpy; ew;ngahpidAk; rpwg;gpidAk;
ngw;Wj; jUk; vd ekf;F mwpTiu gfh;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. mf tho;tpYk;> nghJ tho;tpYk;>
vj;jifa #oypYk; ,Wjpapy; nty;tJ tha;ikNa vd;gjid xt;nthU ,isQDk;
czHe;J nray;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cly; J}a;ik vd;gJ ePhpdhy; miktJNghy> kdj;J}a;ik vd;gJ ehk; NgRfpd;w

cz;ikapdhy; mikfpd;wJ. ngha; NgRk;NghJ ehk; ek; kdj;jpd; epk;kjpiaj; njhiyj;J
tpLfpd;Nwhk;. mJNt cz;ikahapd; ek; kdj;jpd; mikjpf;Fk; epk;kjpf;Fk; mJNt
mr;rhukhfptpLfpd;wJ.

tha;ikia tpl ey;y gpw vJ?

tha;ikapd; rpwg;G Fwpj;Jg; NgRk; ts;StH> tha;ikiaf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;j nghUs;>
cyfpy; Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy; ngha;ahik md;d Gfopy;iy; ngha;ahJ xOfpd; vy;NyhH
csj;jpYk; csd;; ed;ik gaf;Fnkdpd; ngha;ikAk; tha;ikahFk;; mfj;ijj; J}a;ik
nra;tJ tha;ikNa; ngha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwnkd;W gpw vJTk; nra;a Ntz;lhk; vdg;
gythwhf tha;ik gw;wpg; Gfo;e;Jiuf;fpd;whH.

117
 ngha;ahik vd;gJ xUtDf;F vy;yh mwq;fisAk; ngw;Wj;jUk; (296) vd
tpsf;FfpwhH. xUtd; xU cz;ikia kiwj;Jg; ngha; Ngrp xOfpdhy; mtd; kdNk
mtid tUj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. kdj;jpw;F khWglhky; cz;ikg; Ngrf;$batd; jtKk;
jhdKk; nra;NthhpDk; rpwg;Gilatdhff; fUjg;gLthd; (295) vdg; gfu;fpwhH ts;Stg;
ngUe;jif. tha;ikiag; NgR vd;gjid tplTk; ngha; NgrhjpU vd;gNj ts;Sthpd;
cWjpf; $w;whf tpsq;Ftij ,e;jg; gj;J Fws;fspd; %yk; tpsq;ff; fhzyhk;. ngha;
NgrhjpUg;gjpdhy; tpisAk; ed;ikAk;> ngha; NgRtjpdhy; tpisAk; ,lHghl;bidAk;
Nkw;fz;ltw;why; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa caHe;j tha;ik> ,j;jifa
gyd;fisnay;yhk; ngw;Wj; jUk; tha;ikiaj; jiytd; Nkw; nfhz;nlhOFk; NghJ
mj;jiytNdhL kl;Lky;yhJ> mtidj; njhlUk; kf;fSf;Fk; ngUik NrHg;gjhf
tpsq;Fk; vd;W cWjpahf ehk; ek;gyhk;.

ahk;nka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy vidj;njhd;Wk;

tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw (300)
cz;ikahff; fz;lnghUs;fspy; tha;ikiaf; fhl;bYk; vt;tifapYk; rpwe;jhff;
$wf;$ba nghUs; NtW xd;Wk; ,y;iy vd;W cWjp $Wfpwhh;.
cz;ik NgRtJ vd;gJ Mz;ikapd; MSikf; FwpaPL vdpy; mJ kpifahfhJ.
neQ;R epkpHj;jp> tpopia tphpj;J ghHitia $uhf;fpg; NgRk; cz;ik nkhopfs; ,g;g+kpia
Ml;b itf;Fk; tPuk; nghUe;jpa $He;j MAjkd;Nwh? ahd; nka;ahff; fz;ltw;Ws;
tha;ikiag; Nghd;W rpwg;G tha;e;jJ gpwpnjhd;Wkpy;iy vd ts;StNu jk; tha;nkhopahf
tha;ikf;F typik NrHf;fpwhH. ,jd; %yNk cz;ik NgRk; gz;G vj;jifa caH
gz;G vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. cz;ikia kl;LNk NgRtjpdhy; ,lHfSk;>
Jd;gq;fSk; te;Nj jPUk; vd;Wk; mhpr;re;jpuid tpuy; Rl;bg; NgrpdhYk;> tho;f;ifapy; gy
mDgtq;fisg; ngw;w ek;ikg; Nghd;w vspNahH Kd;> fPo;f;fhZk; fUj;ijr; rpe;jidf;F
tpj;jhf;FfpNwd;. xU ngha;iag; Ngrp me;jf; fzj;jpy; epk;kjp ngw;W> neQ;irj;jltp
MWjy; ngw;whYk;> mLj;jLj;J tUfpd;w fhyfl;lq;fspy; mg;ngha;ia cz;ikahf;f
vj;jid Gidfijfisg; Ngrp> jg;gpf;f top Njb jpz;lhLk; Rz;nlypiag; Nghy; xt;nthU
fzKNk gpioj;Jg; gpioj;J rhFk; epiyikia ehk; fz;ljpy;iyah? mNj Neuj;jpy;
mNj ,lj;jpy; neQ;R epkpHj;jp tpop ghHj;J cz;ikiar; nrhy;tjpy; Vw;gLk; JzpT>
njspT> kdmikjp me;j xU ngha;apy; fpl;Lkh?

mJ kl;Lkpd;wp XhpUKiw ngha;iag; Ngrp> mJTk; ntspg;gl;Lj; njhpa

te;Jtpl;lhy; gpd;dH ehk; vj;jid Kiw ve;j ,lj;jpy; cz;ikNa NgrpdhYk; mijg;
ngha;nad;Nw ,e;j cyfk; ek;ik vfj;jhsk; nra;Ak;. ,ij czHe;Nj ts;StH md;Nw
vf;fhyj;Jk; vd;Wk; cz;ikNa NgRtJ vy;yhtpjj;jpYk; rpwg;G kpf;fJ kl;Lky;y ek;
neQ;Rf;F mikjp jUtJkhFk; vd cWjpglg; NgRfpwhH.

118
4. #o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW nrayhw;Wk; mwpTf;$Hik:
gy;NtWtpjkhd ed;gz;GfSk;> jpwikfSk;> ey;nyz;zq;fSk; xUq;fpize;J
fhzg;glf;$batNd rpwe;j jiytdhf tpsq;f KbAk;. jd;id ek;gp> jd;kPJ ek;gpf;if
nfhz;L jd;idr; ruzilAk; jk; njhz;lHfspd; vz;zq;fis> fdTfis
epiwNtw;WgtNd mk;kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpukhf tpsq;Fthd;. jiytDf;Fhpa
ey;ypay;G ngw;w jiykfdpd; ngUikfisAk;> ghuhl;LfisAk; rpwg;GfisAk; fz;zhuf;
fz;l ehk;> jiytdpd; jdp ,ay;G ey;ypay;gha; vohjjpdhy; Vw;gl;l rpWikfisAk;>
,d;dy;fisAk;> ,opTfisAk; ehk; gy jiytHfsplk; re;jpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.

ed;ikahapDk; ,d;ikahapDk; vj;jifa #oypYk; khwptUk; Vw;w ,wf;fq;fspYk;

rkhspj;Jj; jd; ,Ug;ig ,Uj;jpf; nfhs;tJk;> kjpa+fj;jpdhy; vijAk; rhjpj;JtpLk;
jpwikAk;> ,ay;ghfNt jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; kd typikiaAk; ngUf;fpf;nfhs;tJk;
jiytdpd; jdpj;jd;ikiag; nghUj;jNjahFk;. nghUj;jg;ghby;yhj fbdkhd
#oiyf;$lj; jd; mwpTf;$Hikapdhy; Vw;Gilj;jjha;> nkd;ikahd #oyhf khw;wpf;
fhl;lf;$ba Mw;wy; rpy jiytHfsplj;J kl;LNk ,ay;gha; ,ize;jpUf;fpwJ.

5. typik Muha;e;J nray;gLjy; :

#o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW nray;gLjy; vDk;NghJ> jiytd; nrhd;d nrhy;ypypUe;J
epwk; khWfpwhNdh> thf;F jtWfpwhNdh vd;W IAWtJk;> Nfyp NgRtJk; NgjikahFk;.
#o;epiyiag; nghWj;J nray;gLjNy mwpTilik. ,jd; %yk;> jiytd; epidj;j
tpidapy; ntw;wp fhz;gJld; jdf;Fk; Nrjkpy;yhky;> jk;ik ek;gpNdhHf;Fk;
ghjfkpy;yhky; fhhpaj;ij nrt;tNd nra;tJ vd;gNj rpwe;j ntw;wpahFk;. xU fhhpaj;ij
Kbg;gJ vd;gJ midtUk; nra;a ,aYnkd;whYk; mjd; rhjf> ghjff; $WfisAk;>
vjpHfhyj;jpd; gpd; tpisTfisAk;> njhiyNehf;Fg; ghHit nfhz;L myrp Muha;e;J
nray;gLtjpNyjhd; xU jiytdpd; jiyikj; jpwk; mlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa
nray;jpwj;jpid typawpjy; (48)> fhyk; mwpjy; (49)> ,ldwpjy; (50)> njhpe;J nray;tif
(47) Mfpa mjpfhuq;fs; top vjpHgLk; ts;Sthpd; tpsf;fq;fis ehk; tpae;J Nghw;wyhk;.
vj;jifa tphpthd Muha;r;rp> vj;jifa njs;spa tpsf;fk;> Jy;ypa $w;W vd xt;nthU
nra;jpANk ts;Sthpd; $H;j;j mwptpd;ghy; ek;ik <Hj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.

#oYf;Fj; jf;fthW nray;gLjy; vDk;NghJ> ehk; nra;a vz;Zfpw fhhpaj;jpd;

jd;ik> jd;dhy; mf;fhhpaj;ij ve;j mstpw;Fr; rhpahfj; Jy;ypakhf nra;J Kbf;f
,aYk; vd;fpd;wjd; typik> mNj Neuj;jpy; ek;Kila nraYf;Fg; Nghl;bahf
Kisj;jtd; my;yJ Kisj;jjpd; typikiaAk; ed;F Muha;e;J me;jr; #oYf;Fj;
jf;fthW rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLjy; vd ts;StH (471) tpthpf;fpwhH. vLj;j fhhpaj;ij
Kbf;fpd;w tiuapYk; jk; kdj;ijg; nghUe;jitj;J tpyfhJ Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> mf;fhhpaj;jpw;fhd jk;Kila typikia mjpfhpj;Jf;nfhs;s

119
Ntz;LkhapDk; mjpYk; Kaw;;rpj;J ntw;wpngw Ntz;Lk;. jd;Dila typikia ed;F
czHjy; vd;gJk; me;jf; fhhpaj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F Ik;gJ rjtpfpjk; xJf;fpajw;Fr; rkkhFk;.
vt;thnwdpy;> jd;Dila typikia mwpahJ mf;fhhpak; KbAk; Kd;ghfNt ,ilapNyNa
mope;jtH gyuhtH. MifapdhNyNa ts;StH> jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l nraiy ,aYk; vd
rpe;jpj;J Kad;W ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. ,jw;fhd mofhdnjhU ctikiaAk;
ek;Kd; tpthpf;fpwhH ts;StH. nky;ypa kapypwF xd;W kl;LNk ,Uf;Fnkdpy; mjd;
nkd;ikj; jd;ikapd; fhuzkha; typikahd mr;rhzpf;F VJk; epfohJ. Mdhy;> mNj
nky;ypa kapypwFfisg; gythf tz;bapy; Vw;wpdhy;> mt;tz;bapd; mr;rhzpNa
Kwpe;JtpLk; vd;fpwhH. ,g;gpwpJ nkhopjyzp nkhopAk; tpsf;fk; ahnjdpy;> typikapy;yhj
xUtd;> jd; typikia czHe;J (jd; #oiy czHe;J) jk;ikg; Nghd;w gyiuAk;
jkf;F Mjuthfj; jpul;bf; nfhz;lhy; typik ngw;w xUtidAk; vspjhfj; ntd;W
tplyhk; (475) vd MNyhrid toq;FfpwhH ts;StH. ,Nj Nghd;W> ,d;DnkhU gpwpJ
nkhopjyzpapd; %yk; Vw;Gila kw;nwhU rpe;jidiaAk; ek;Kd; itf;fpwhH ts;StH.

jk; mstpw;F kPwpa Kaw;rpia xUtd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Kbtpy; jhNk

mope;JgLtH. vjw;Fk; xU vy;iy cz;L. mt;nty;iyia kPWk;NghJ gy ,d;dy;fs;
ek;ikAk; ek;ikr; rhHe;NjhiuAk; thl;Lk; ; tpul;Lk;; kpul;Lk;. ,jid ts;StH
Edpf;nfhk;G VwpdtH NkYk; KaYk;NghJ mJNt mtH jk; capHf;F ,WjpahfptpLk; vd
(476) mr;RWj;JfpwhH. ,jidaLj;J thpirahf ehd;F Fwl;ghf;fspy;> mstpw;Fj;
jFe;jhw;Nghy; ghHj;J epjhdkha; nrytopj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTiu nra;fpwhH.

• tUtha; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk;> mjw;Fj; jFe;j nryTfis kl;Lk;

Nkw;nfhs;tjpdhy; jPq;nfhd;Wkpy;iy. (478)
• tUtha;fF
; j; jf;fgb gpwUf;Ff; nfhLj;J cjt Ntz;Lk;. Mw;wpy;
NghLtjhapDk; mstwpe;J NghL vDk; (477) gonkhopapd; top tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• jd; tsk; (nry;tk;) mwpe;J thohjtDilia tho;f;if ,Ug;gJ Nghy ,Ue;J
gpd;dH ,Ue;j ,lk; njhpahJ mope;JgLk; (479).
• jd; tUtha; mwpahJ Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xg;GuT> tpiutpy; Jd;gj;ijf; nfhzHe;J
tpLk;. (480)
• jiyikg; gz;Gf;FhpNahhplk; ,g;gz;G fhzg;gLtjpdhy;> kw;Wk; tsq;fisj;
jFe;j Kiwapy; nrytpLtjpd; %yk; jkf;F NehpLk; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J jk;ikr;
rhHe;NjhiuAk; NrHj;Nj fhj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;> jiytd; jd;typ mwpe;J
nray;gLjy;> vj;jifa ed;ikapidg; ngw;Wj; jUk; vd;gjidAk; ,jd; %yk;
ehk; mwpfpNwhk;.

120
 Nkw;fz;lthwhf jd; ,Ug;G mwpe;J elj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Fhpa jd;
tw;GWj;jiy ts;StH NkYk; NkYk; jFe;j fhuz fhhpaq;fNshL cWjpahf
tYg;gLj;JfpwhH.

6. mitawpjy:;
mitapd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J ek;Kila nrhy;Yk;> nraYk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
m/Nj ek;Kila jdpj;jd;ikiag; gy;yhh; Kd;Dk; epiyehl;lj; jFjpAilajha;
mikAk;. gy;NyhUk; $bapUf;Fk; rigapd; jd;ikiaAk; ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw gw;wpAk;
ts;Sth; fPo;f;fz;lthwhff; Fwpf;fpd;whh;.

,ilnjhpe;J ed;Fzh;e;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypd;

eil njhpe;j ed;ikath; (712)
ntspg;gilr; nrhy;> Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; Kjypa gytifr; nrhw;fspd; xOq;fpid
Muha;e;J mwpe;j ed;ikapid cilath;> jhk; xd;iwr; nrhy;yj; njhlq;F Kd; me;j
rigapd; jd;ikapid vz;zpg; ghh;j;Jf; Fw;wk; Neuhtz;zk; Muha;e;J NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nrhy;td;ik kpf;fhuhapDk; mitawpah jd;ik ,y;yhuhapd; nrhy;ypd; tifAk;> jpwDk;
mwpahjhuhff;; fUjg;gLthh;. NkYk; Nrhh;Tgl Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ciuAk; nraYk;
Fw;wkhdjhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jk;kpd; rpwe;jhh; mitapy; ehtlf;fj;Jld; ,Uj;jYk;>
mwptpy;yhjhh; rigapy; ntz; fz;zk;Nghy; ,Uj;jYk; ,isa rKjhak; filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;ba ew;Fzq;fs; MFk;.

7. njhpe;J njspjy; kw;Wk; njhpe;J tpidahly; :

,jid ,jdhy; ,td; Kbf;Fk; vd;wha;e;J
mjid mtd; fz; tply; (517)
,e;j Ntiyia ,e;j tpjj;jpdhy; ,td; Kbj;jy; $Lk; vd;gij Muha;e;J mwpe;j
gpwF> me;j Ntiyia mtdplk; xg;Gtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd ,tiuj; Njh;e;J
njspjy;> ed;F Njh;e;J njspe;j gpd; ,jw;nfd ,tiu epakp;j;jy; vd tpsq;FjNy
rhyr;rpwe;jJ. ePjpnewp> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> capUf;fhf mQ;Rk; mr;rk;> ey;y Fbg;gpwg;G>
Fw;wk; rpwpJk; ,y;yhik> gopghtq;fSf;F mQ;rp ehZk; jd;ikAilahiuNa ekf;Nfw;wj;
Jizahf Muha;e;J Njh;e;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vj;jifa MjuT kw;Nwhiu ek;gp
vr;nraiyAk; mspj;jy; $lhJ. Vnddpy;> cyfj;jhNuhL njhlh;G mw;wth; vj;jifa
gopghtq;fSf;Fk; mQ;rhjtuhthh;. md;Gilik fhuzkhf ahiuAk; njspjy;$lhJ. Njuhj;
njspTk;> njspe;j gpd; IAwjYk; jPuhj Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf> ,e;jf;
fPo;f;fhZk; fUj;ijAk; njhpe;J njspjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vidtifahd; Njwpaf; fz;Zk; tpidtifahd;
NtwhFk; khe;jh; gyh; (514)

121
vy;yh tifahYk; Muha;e;J njspe;j gpwF xU Ntiyia Nkw;nfhz;L cah;e;j gjtp
mile;j gpd;dh; Fzk; khWjy; milAk; kf;fs; gyh; cz;L vd;gjid vz;zpj; Njw
Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;nrhd;dthwhf> jiyikg;gz;G Fwpj;j r%ftpayhH $w;Wfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L ts;StH tFj;Js;s mjpfhuq;fis xUq;fpizj;Jg; ghHj;Njhkhapd;> Kfe;j
ghj;jpuj;jpd; tbtj;jpidg; ngWk; ePhpidg;Nghy; ehk; vz;Zfpd;w rpe;jidfisNa>
ts;Sthpd; fUj;Jfshf khWNtlk; Gidtijf; fz;$lf; fhzyhk;.

12.2. fhy Nkyhz;ik :

fly; miyAk; fhyKk; ahUf;fhfTk; fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy vd;ghHfs;. cz;ikjhd;>
Neuj;ij ,Oj;Jte;J fl;bg;Nghl;L itj;J ekf;Fj; NjitahdNghJ gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
KbAkh? KbAk;. kdpjdhy; ,ayhjJ vJTk; ,y;iy. cyfpy; eif> gzk;> nrhj;J>
epyGyq;fs; vd;git MSf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghd;W khwf; $bait. Mdhy;> Neuk; vd;gJ
midtUf;Fk; xd;Wjhd;. Viof;Fk; gzf;fhuDf;Fk;> ey;ytDf;Fk; jPatDf;Fk;>
Foe;ijf;Fk; nghpatHf;Fk;> fw;wtHf;Fk; fy;yhjtHf;Fk; Neuk; vd;gJ nghJthdNj.
Mdhy;> tPl;by; Ntiy ghHg;gtHfspypUe;J ehl;il Ms;gtH tiu Neuk; Nghjtpy;iy vd
rypj;Jf;nfhs;tJ vq;qdk;? ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d? xt;nthUtHf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; NtiyAk;
ciog;Gk; NtWghLilaNj. mg;gbapUf;f vy;NyhUNk Neuk; Nghjtpy;iy vd
rypj;Jf;nfhs;tJ Vd; epfo;fpd;wJ. xt;nthUf;FNk Neuk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahj
nghUshFk;. ek; vy;NyhUf;FNk Neuk; mjpfk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ciof;f> cUthf;f>
caHj;j> cau Neuk; mjpfk; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> vy;NyhUf;FNk nghJthd Neuk; vd;gJ
vy;NyhUf;FNk 24 kzpNeuk; jhd;. Mdhy;> ,e;j Neuj;ij vg;nghOJ KOikahf
ek;Kila Neukhf khw;wpf; nfhs;fpNwhNkh mg;NghNj ek;Kila mj;jid fdTfSk;
KOikahf epiwNtWk; fhyk; ek;ik neUq;fj; njhlq;Fk;. ek;Kila tpUg;gk;Nghy;
ekf;fhd ek;Kila Neuj;ij ehk; mjpfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. fhyk; ehk; ,Oj;j
,Og;gpw;F tUk;. vg;gb tUk;? mJ ek; ifapy;jhd; cs;sJ. Neuj;ij ehk; vg;gb
ifahs;fpNwhk; vd;gijg; nghUj;Nj ekf;fhd ek;Kila Neuk; Kw;wpYk; ekf;fhfNt
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ekf;fhd Neuj;ij ehk; vg;gb cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd rpy
topKiwfis ehk; ghHf;fyhk;.

ekf;fhd Ntiyfs; ekf;fhff; fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. vy;yh NtiyfisAk;

Fwpj;j fhy ,ilntspf;Fs; nrk;ikahf nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

❖ nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiy vd;d?

❖ vj;jid kzpf;Fs; my;yJ vj;jid ehSf;Fs; Ntiyia
Kbf;fNtz;Lk;?
❖ Njitg;gLk; Vw;ghLfs; vd;ndd;d?

122
 ❖ ahUila cjtpahtJ Njitg;gLkh?
❖ Njitahd fUtpfs;> rhjdq;fs; vy;yhk; ,Uf;fpd;wdth?
ve;j xU Ntiyia ehk; nra;a Ntz;bjhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,ijg; Nghd;w tp\aq;fisg;
gl;baypl;Lf; nfhz;L> mt;Ntiyf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghd;w nray; jpl;lq;fis tFj;Jf; nfhz;l
gpd;dH> xU fhhpaj;jpy; ehk; ,wq;fpdhy;> mg;gzp nrk;ikahf> KOikahff; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy;
epiwTWk;.

fhyk; mwpe;J nra;jhy; QhyKk; if$Lk; :

xU fhhpaj;ijr; nra;J Kbg;gjw;fhdj; jFe;j fhyk; vJ vdj;NjHT nra;J
mf;fhyj;jpw;Fs;shfNt mf;fhhpaj;ijr; nra;J Kbg;gNj rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;.

Qhyq; fUjpDq; if$Lq; fhyk;

fUjp ,lj;jhw; nrapd;.
jFe;j fhhpaj;ij> jFe;j fhyj;jpy;> jFjpahdtH Nkw;nfhs;tNj ntw;wpf;F top
tFf;Fk; nrayhFk;. fhyk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nray; vjpHghHj;j ntw;wpf;F> fhhpa rpj;jpf;F top
tFf;Fk;. ,d;iwa ,isa rKjhak; vLj;j fhhpaj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;; ntw;wp
fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidiaj; jtpu mg;gzpia vt;thW elj;j ,aYk;> ahiuf; nfhz;L
nra;jy; eyk;> ve;jf;fhyj;jpy;> Vd;> vg;nghOJ? vg;gb? vjdhy;? ,g;gb ve;j tpdhitAk;
vOg;GtJkpy;iy; KaYtJkpy;iy. m/jhtJ> vLj;j fhhpak; njhlh;ghd ve;j xU
tifapyhd jpl;lkpLjNyh> nray;gLjNyh> Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w khjphpahd
nray; jpl;lq;fSf;F top tFg;gjpy;iy. vLj;Njd;; ftpo;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;gJ Nghd;w
NkNyhl;lkhd nray;ghLfs; rpW ntw;wpiaf; $l ek; fz;zpy; fhl;lhJ kiwj;JtpLk;.
,jdhNyNa ts;StH vLj;j fhhpaq;fis ntw;wpfukhf nra;J Kbf;f rpy toptiffis
ek; Kd; itf;fpwhH. mtw;Ws; xd;Wjhd; ,e;j fhyk; mwpjy; mjpfhuk;.

fhykwpjy; :
fhyk; mwpe;J nra;jy; vd;gJ jd;dk;gpf;ifg; ngw;Wj;; jUk; tp\akhf ekf;F
mwpTWj;j Kay;fpwhH ts;StH. cyfj;ijNa Ms Ntz;Lk; vd;W kdJ itj;jhy; mJ
fz;bg;ghff; if$Lk; vt;thW? fhyk; fUjp ,lj;jhw; nrapd; vd mofhf ,U Fwl;ghf;fspy;
Kj;jha;g;G itf;fpwhH ts;StH.

“fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gH fyq;fhJ

Qhyq; fUJ gtH”.
ntw;wp fhzNtz;ba fhhpak;; mjw;Fhpa fUtp Mfpa midj;JNk ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
mjw;fhd fhyj;ij mikjpNahL vjpHghHj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ey;ywptpid cilNahH
jkf;Fj; jPq;fpidr; nra;aTk; giftH kPJ mg;NghNj jk; Nfhgj;ij ntspf;fhl;lkhl;lhH.

123
jFe;j fhyj;ij vjpHghHj;J mg;giftiu nty;thH. fhyk; ghHj;J cs; NtHg;gH xs;spatH
(mwpTilatH) vd kpf mofhf ,U Fwl;ghf;fs; %yk; czHj;JfpwhH.
fhyk; mikahjNghJ gifthpd; Fw;wq;fisj; (mtH vd;d nra;jhYk;) jhq;fpf;
nfhz;L mikjpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;giftdpd; ,Wjpf;fhyk; tUk;NghJ vy;yhNk
jiyfPohf khwptpLk; vd;gjid>

“nrWeiuf; fhzpd; Rkf;f ,Wtiu fhzpd; fpof;fhk; jiy”

Nkw;fhZk; fUj;Jf;fs; ,isQH mtrpak; kdjpy; nfhs;sj;jf;fr; rpe;jidahFk;.

mtrug;gl;L thHj;ijfisf; nfhl;btplhky; Nfhgg;gl;L jk; ,ayhikia giwrhw;Wtijtpl
mikjpahf ,Ue;J fhyk; fdpe;J tUk;NghJ ehk; ahH vdg; Gyg;glitf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt
ekf;Fj; jFjpahdJ ve;jg; gzpapy; <LgLk;NghJk; ,ila+Wfs;> jlq;fy;fs; Nghd;wit
giftHfspdhy; te;J NrUk;. mj;jifa fhyq;fspy; nghWikahf ,Ue;J ek; fhhpaj;ij
ntw;wpfukhf Kbg;gjpNyNa ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ek; ftdj;ijr; rpijg;gJjhd; ek;
giftHfspd; ,yf;F vd;gij ehk; czHe;J mikjp fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNj Neuj;jpy; jFe;j
fhyk; tha;j;Jtpl;lhy; me;j mhpa nraiy mg;NghNj nra;J Kbj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. (489)
vd fhhparpj;jpf;Ff; fhykwpjiy xU ,yf;fhf epHzak; nra;fpwhH ts;StH.

fhyj;ij Nrkpf;Fk; Kiw :

xU nraypy; <Lglj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ my;yJ xU nraiyr; nra;a vz;Zk;NghJ
mr;nray; Fwpj;j midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; Kjypy; Nrfhpj;Jf;nfhz;L ntw;wp> Njhy;tp>
,yhgk;> el;lk;> tuT> nryT vd;gd Nghd;w midj;Jf; Nfhzq;;fisAk; njhpe;J> njspe;J
<Lglj; Jtq;Fjy; vd;gJ mwpTilikahFk;. ,j;jifa njhlf;fj;ijf; nfhz;l ve;jf;
fhhpaKk; njhlh;e;J ntw;wpiaNa Njbj;jUk;. ,jidj;jhd; ts;Sth;> njhpe;J nray; tif
vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;L Ma;e;Js;shh;.
nfhf;nfhf;ff; $k;Gk; gUtj;J kw;wjd;
Fj;njhf;f rPu;j;j ,lj;J
#o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW nrayhw;Wjy; vDk; My;/Nghh;l; $Wk; gz;gpid> nra;ag;NghFk;
nraYf;Fhpa #o;epiyiaj; njhpe;J nfhz;L mjw;Fj; jf;fthwhf ,aq;;Fjy; vDk;
mbg;gilapy; ehk; ,q;F Muhayhk;.

jpl;lkpl;L nrayhw;Wjy; :
xU nraiy nra;aj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ mr;nraypdhy; Vw;gLk; tuT> nryT> ,yhgk; Mfpa
,k;%d;iwAk; vz;zpg;ghh;j;Jr; nray;glNtz;Lk;.

njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;njz;zpr; nra;thu;f;F

mUk;nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y (461)

124
 jhk; njhlq;Fk; nraypd; Kd;Dk;> gpd;Dk; rpe;jpj;Jj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nrayhw;Wjy;
vd;gJ mr;nraypd; ntw;wpf;F tpbay; kPd; Njhd;wptpl;ljhfNt vz;zpf;nfhs;syhk;.
mNjNghd;W> jFjpahdth; vd;W Njh;e;J ez;guhf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhNuhL fye;J Muha;e;Jk;>
jk; mwpitf; nfhz;Lk; vz;zpg;ghh;j;J nra;ag;gLk; fhhpaj;ijj; Njhy;tpapd; epoy;$l
neUq;f ,ayhJ (462) vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.

nra;ag; NghFk; nraYf;F ntw;wp Njbj;jUk; ,U fUj;Jf;fis ts;Sth;

fhl;LfpwhH : (1) nraypdhy; tpisAk; ed;ik> jPikia Muha;e;J njspjy; (2)
jf;fth;fNshL Nrh;e;J Muha;e;J jpl;lkplNyhL jhKk; jk; mwpitf; nfhz;L Muha;e;J
mr;nraiy mZFjy;. Nkw;fz;lthwhfj; jpl;lkpl;L nray;gLk;NghJ ek;Kila ,yf;fpid
ehk; miltJ cWjp vd;gNjhL> Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia Kbg;gJ vd;gJk;
ek;Kila jiyikf;Fk; ek;NkhL gzpahw;WNthHf;Fk; ek; kPJ ed;kjpg;igAk;>
ey;nyz;zj;ijAk; ngw;Wj; jUk;. midthpd; ghHitapYk; ek;kPjhd khpahijAk; ntspg;gLk;.

fhyj;ij Nrkpg;gJ vd;gJk;> fhyj;ijf; fld; thq;FtJ> nfhLg;gJ vd;gJk;

tpNehjkhd nray; my;y. eilKiwapy; rhj;jpakhd xU tp\aNkahFk;. tq;fpapy; ehk;
gzj;ij Nrkpg;gJNghy> tq;fpapy; ehk; gzj;ijf; fld; thq;FtJNghy ,JTk; xU ,ay;ghd
eilKiwNaahFk;. fhyj;ijr; Nrkpf;f – cq;fspd; md;whl ciog;gpd; Neuj;ij
mjpfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. VO ehl;fs; Kbf;f Ntz;ba gzpia MW ehl;fspy; Kbj;Jg; gpd;dH>
tpLKiwia vjpH Nehf;fyhk;. ,jd; %ykhf ehk; fhyj;ijr; Nrkpj;J itj;J ekf;Fj;
NjitahdNghJ gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ciof;Fk; Neuj;ij mjpfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
ekf;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij ek;khy; Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;. fhyj;ijf; fld; thq;f –
kw;wtUila Ntiy Neuj;ijAk; NrHj;J ehk; Ntiy ghHj;Jtpl;Lg; gpwF ekf;Fj; Njitahd
Neuj;ij ekf;Fj; NjitahdNghJ ehk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. fhyj;ijj; jFe;jgb nryT
nra;jy; vd;gJ ekf;Fg; gadhd Ntiyia ehk; ghHg;gjhFk;. Mdhy;> fhyj;ij
tpuakhf;fptpl;Lg; gpd;dH> vdf;F NeuNk ,y;iy vd;W Gyk;Gjy; vd;gJk; xU rpyuJ
thbf;ifahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rhd;whf> vLj;j nghUis vLj;j ,lj;jpy; itj;Jg; goFjypdhy;
ek;Kila Njly; glyj;jpdhy; epfOk; fhy tpuaj;ijj; jLj;J epWj;jyhk;. mtruq;fSk;>
kwjpfSk; fl;Lf;Fs; ,Ug;gjpd; %yk; fhyk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhyj;ij ek; iff;Fs; itj;jpUg;gJ ek;khy; kl;LNk Kbe;j tp\ak; ,jw;fhfg; gpwiu
NehtNjh> ,jdhy; tpise;jJ vd;W Fiw$w Ntz;Ltjpy;iy. fhyj;ij Nkyhz;ik nra;tJ
vd;gJTk; MSik Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ,d;ndhU topKiwahFk;.

125
 13. MSikg; gz;G Nkk;ghL (Personality development)> kdpj
cwTj;jpwd;fs; (Interpersonal relationship) tsHj;jy;.

13.1. MSikg; gz;G Nkk;ghL

“cs;sj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;s kdpjDf;Fk; mtd; tho;e;J tsUk; #o;epiyf;Fk;

,ilNa epfOk; ,iltpidapd; (Interaction) tpisthf vOk; jdpj;jd;ikNa mtdJ
MSik vdg;gLfpwJ.” - gphpnkd; (F.S. Freeman)

cstpay; Nehf;fpy; MSik (Personality) vdg;gLtJ gue;Jgl;l nghUisf;

nfhz;ljhf tpsq;FfpwJ. xt;nthU jdp kdpjDk; mtd; r%fj;jpy; vj;jifa tho;f;if
Kiw> #o;epiyf; nfhz;ltdhff; fhzg;gbDk; mtDf;Nf chpj;jhd MSikg; gz;Gld;
tpsq;Ffpwhd;. jd; tho;f;ifapy; jdf;Nfw;gLk; mDgtq;fspy; jdf;Nf chpj;jhd
gz;GfSld; nray;gLfpwhd;. mtDf;Nf chpj;jhd mj;jifa nraw;gL Kiwfs; mtdJ
MSikapd; jdpj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. MSik vdg;gLtJ> mwpTrhh;
elj;ijfs;> kdntOr;rpfs;> gof;fq;fs;> tpUg;gq;fshy; ce;jg;gLk; elj;ijfs; Nghd;w
$Wfspd; njhFg;gpdpd;Wk; xUtdJ gz;GfSk; elj;ij KiwfSk; ,iztjd;
tpisthfNt mtdJ MSik vOfpwJ. ,d;iwa ,isQh; rKjhak; Nkw;$wg;gl;l
gz;Gfisj; jk;Ks; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;L MSikg; gz;Gfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpg; gaDw>
ts;Stj;ijf; iff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gy Nfhzq;fspYk; jk;Kila jpwikfis
tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhnyhopa Nghl;bfs; ngUfpf; fplf;Fk; ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; ehk; rpwe;jnjhU
,lj;ijr; nrd;W miljy; ,ayhJ. mjw;Fhpa rhpahd ,yf;fpidj; jPh;khdpg;gNj xU
,isQdpd; MSikg; gz;GfshFk;.

kdpjdpd; ,j;jifa Fzeyd;fs;> cs;s khWghLfs;> xOf;fr; rpe;jidfs;>

jd;id mwpjy; Nghd;w MSikg; gz;Gfis tsh;fF ; k; tpjkhf ts;Stk; ,ak;Gtd
ahit vDk; tpdhtpw;F tpil $Wk; Kfkhf ,f;fl;Liu mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ts;Stj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdpkdpj xOf;fr; rpe;jidfisAk;> eilKiwr;
rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;thFk; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> ey;tho;f;iff;Fj; Jizahf tpsq;Fk;
fUtpfs; Nghd;w midj;Jf; $WfisAk; MSikg; gz;Gfs; vDk; Nehf;fpy; Muha;e;J
ts;Sth; top epd;W ,J tpsf;FfpwJ.

1. typawpjy; :
tpid typAk; jd; typAk; khw;whd; typAk;
JiztypAk; J}f;fpr; nray; (471)

126
jhd; nra;a vz;Zk; nraypd; typikiaAk;> jd; typikiaAk;> vjphpapd; typikiaAk;>
#oiyAk; czh;e;J nray;gLk;NghJ mr; nray; nrt;tNd epiwTWk; vd;W ts;Stk;
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J khWgLk;NghJ mr; nraiy Kbf;f ,ayhkNyh> epiwthfr;
nra;a ,ayhkNyh Nghfyhk; vd;Wk; NkYk>; mr;nray; nghUl;L mwpa Ntz;Ltdtw;iwg;
gpwh; %ykhfthtJ mwpe;J kdj;Js; nghUe;j itj;J Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
mstwpe;J thoNtz;Lk;> <f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. jd;idAk; jd;
typikiaAk; mwpe;Jnfhz;L mjw;Nfw;whw;Nghy; jk; cs;s typikiag;
ngUf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; mtrpaj;ij ts;StH typAWj;Jfpwhh;.

2. nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly;:
mwr; rpe;jid nfhz;l> Jd;gq;fisg; Nghf;ff; $ba> tuhJ fhf;ff; $ba>
ty;yd;ik nghUe;jpa> fy;tp> mwpT> xOf;fk;> mDgtk;> taJ Nghd;w midj;jpYk;
jk;ikf; fhl;bYk; kpf;fhuhfpa nghpatHfisj;; jk; Rw;wj;jtuhf mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;
ty;yik nghUe;jpa gy nray;fisAk; nra;J Kbf;f ty;y Mw;wYk; cs;s cWjpAk;
jhNd te;J NrUk;.
jf;fhH ,dj;jdha;j; jhndhOf ty;yhidr;
nrw;whH nraf;fple;j jpy;.
Fw;wk; fz;ltplj;Jg; Nghf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;l> jFjp tha;e;j nghpath;fisj; jdf;Fj;
Jizahf ,isQh;fs; iff; nfhz;lhy;> vj;jifa Jd;gj;jpYk; giftuhy; NehpLk;
jPq;nfd;W vJTkpy;iy vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. $l;Lf; FLk;gq;fs; rpije;J> kdpj cwTfs;
RUq;fpj; jkf;Fs;shfNt Ntypfs; ,l;Lj; jk;ikj; jdpikg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk; khdpl
rKjhak;> mjidj; jfh;j;J ntsptuy; Ntz;Lk;. nghpath; jk; mDgtq;fspd; JizNahL
tho;it rhjidahf khw;w Ntz;Lk;.

3. nrhy; td;ik:
,isQHfs; tsHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba kpfKf;fpaj; jpwd;fSs; xd;W Ngr;Rj;jpwd;
(Speaking skill). mwpthHe;j Ngr;rpdhYk; nrhy;td;ikahYk; ,t;Tyfpy; rhjpf;f ,ayhj
nraNy ,y;iy vdyhk;. ,d;iwa jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;l tzpf re;ijapy; Kd;Ndw
tpUk;Gk; xt;nthU ,isQDk; nrhy;td;ikg; ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;.

nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyg; gpwpNjhh;nrhy; mr;nrhy;iy

nty;YQ;nrhy; ,d;ik mwpe;J (645)
ehk; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;iy nty;Yk; gpwpNjhh; nrhy; ,y;yhj tz;zk; nrhy; td;ik ngwy;
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> gpwh; tpUk;GkhWk;> khw;Wf; fUj;J ,y;yhJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
tz;zkhfTk;> fUj;Jf;fis xOq;Fngwj; njhFj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;> ,dpikahfTk;> ,lk;>
nghUs; mwpe;Jk; nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. nrhyy; ty;yid ,fy; nty;yy; ahHf;Fk; mhpJ.

127
4. xOf;fKilik:
xUtDila clw;gz;Gfs;> csg;gz;Gfs;> kdg;Nghf;Ffs;> r%f mwnewpg;
gz;Gfs; Nghd;w vy;yhg; gz;Gfspd; fyitiaf; Fwpf;Fk; MSikahdJ xU kdpjidg;
gw;wpa KOtpsf;fkhFk; vd;fpwhH g;nsd;l; (Blend). kdpjdpd; KOtpsf;fj;jpd; milahsNk
xOf;fk; jhd;. jw;fhyr; #oypy; ,isQh;fs; Kjd;ikahfg; ngw Ntz;ba cilikNa
caphpDk; Nkyhfpa xOf;fkhFk;. xOf;fk; jtWjyhy; NehpLk; rPh;NfLfis md;whlk; ehk;
mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tUfpNwhk;. khw;whUk; kjpf;Fk; khjphpahf tpsq;fTk;> ekf;F ehNk
kfpo;e;J nfhs;s> ek; Rw;wKk; #oYk; ve;ehSk; ,dpikaha; ,aq;fpl xOf;fr; rpe;jidNa
Rthrkhf tpsq;fpl Ntz;Lk;.

ghpe;Njhk;gpf; fhf;f xOf;fk; njhpe;Njhk;gpj;

NjhpDk; m/Nj Jiz (132)
mwq;fs; gytw;iw Muha;e;jhYk; ,k;ikapYk; kWikapYk; Jizahf tUtJ xOf;fNk.
tho;tpd; Nkd;ikf;Fk;> ,d;gkhd ,y;yw tho;f;iff;Fk; (138) cW Jizaha; tpsq;FtJ
xOf;fNk vd cWjp $Wfpwhh; ts;Sth;. xOf;f tho;Nt caH tho;T; ,jidg; Nghw;wp
xOFjNy epiw tho;T.

5. tha;ik:
tha;ikNa tho;f;ifapy; cah;tpidAk;> rKjhaj;jpy; ew;ngahpidAk; rpwg;gpidAk;
ngw;Wj; jUk; vd ekf;F mwpTiu gfh;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. mf tho;tpYk;> nghJ tho;tpYk;>
vj;jifa #oypYk; ,Wjpapy; nty;tJ tha;ikNa vd;gjid xt;nthU ,isQDk;
czHe;J nray;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ahk;nka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy vidj;njhd;Wk;

tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw (300)
cz;ikahff; fz;lnghUs;fspy; tha;ikiaf; fhl;bYk; vt;tifapYk; rpwe;jhff;
$wf;$ba nghUs; NtW xd;Wk; ,y;iy vd;W cWjp $Wfpwhh;. kdj;jpw;F khWglhky;
cz;ikg; Ngrf;$batd; jtKk; jhdKk; nra;NthhpDk; rpwg;Gilatdhff; fUjg;gLthd;
(295) vdg; gfw;fpwhH ts;Stg; ngUe;jif.
6.fhyk; mwpjy;;:
ve;jf; fhhpaj;jpy; <LgLtjhapDk; mjidr; nrk;ikaha; nra;tjw;Fhpa fhyk;
vd;gJ xd;W cz;L. mjid Muha;e;J NjWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mUtpid vd;g csNth fUtpahy;

fhyk; mwpe;J nrapd;.(483)
nra;J Kbj;jw;F Vw;w fUtpfSlNd nra;jw;F Vw;w fhyj;ijAk; czh;e;J nra;jhy;
,ayhj mhpa nray; vJTkpy;iy. fhyj;NjhL nghUe;jj; njhopypy; <Lgl;L elj;jy;

128
vd;gJ epy;yh ,ay;Gila nry;tj;ijAk; epiy ngwr; nra;a itf;Fk; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; ts;Sth;. ,utpy; $ifAk; gfypy; fhf;ifiag; NghyTk;> cWkPDf;fha;
fhj;jpUf;Fk; nfhf;ifg; NghyTk;> nraiyr; nra;tjw;Nfw;w fhyk; mwpe;J nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. jFe;j fhyj;jpy; jFe;j gzpia Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

7. Fwpg;gwpjy;:
Iag; glhmJ mfj;jJ czh;thidj;
nja;tj;njh nlhg;gf; nfhsy; (702)
xUtd; cs;sj;jpy; cs;sij mtd; Kfj;jhYk; fz;zhYk; Iakpy;yhky; cWjpahf
mwpa ty;ytdhfTk; Fwpg;gwpjypy; re;Njf tpghPjkpd;wp cs;sij cs;sthW mwpAk;
jd;ikAilatdhfTk; gifikiaAk;> Nfz;ikiaAk; ciuf;Fk; fz;zpd; tifikia
czUk; rpwg;gpay;ig cilatdhfTk; jk;ik tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; MSikg;
gz;GfspNyNa rpwe;j gz;ghFk;.

8. Cf;fk; cilik:
cs;Stnjy;yhk; cah;Ts;sy; kw;wJ
js;spDk; js;shik ePh;e;J
epidg;gnjy;yhk; cah;TilajhfNt ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Co; typapdhy; mJ
Kbahkw; NghdhYk; me;j vz;zk; ,fog;glhj jd;ikAilaJ. epiy ngw;w Cf;fj;ij
cilath; jk; ifg;nghUis ,oe;j NghJk; fyq;f khl;lhh;. clk;gpNy GijAz;;l
mk;gpidf; nfhz;l ahid jsh;rr; pailahJ Kd;NdWjy; Nghy; Cf;fKilatd; jhk;
vz;zpa cah;Tf;F mopT te;j NghJk; jsuhJ Kd;NdWjy; mtrpakhFk;. ,isa
rKjhak; vj;jifa Njhy;tpfs; te;jNghJk; JtshJ Cf;fj;Jld; nray;gl;lhy; thdKk;
njhl;LtpLk; J}uk;jhd;.
9.tpidj;jpl;gk; (cs;s cWjp)- tpidnray; tif :
vj;jifa Jd;gq;fs; te;j fhyj;Jk; vj;jifa nry;tq;fs; Njb tUfpd;w fhyj;Jk;
cyfk; J}w;Wk; ,opthd nray;fisr; nra;jy; $lhJ vd;W cs;sj;J}a;ik Fwpj;J
tpidj;J}a;ik mjpfhuj;jpy; csk; jpwf;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. ,ilA+W Neuhtz;zk; Kd;dNu
mwpe;J fhf;Fk; cs;s cWjpAk;> ,ilA+W te;j fhyj;Jk; cs;sk; jsuhikAk; (662)>
NkYk; kdj;njspTld; Muha;e;J fz;lwpe;j xU nraypidr; Nrhh;T nfhs;shkYk;> fhyk;
flj;jhkYk;> nra;J Kbf;ff; $ba cs;s cWjp ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak; (668) vd;fpwhh;
ts;Sth;. xU nraiy ntw;wpfukhf nra;J Kbg;gjw;fhd top tiffis Muha
Kw;gLfpd;w ts;Sth;>

J}q;Ff J}q;fpr; nraw;ghy J}q;fw;f

J}q;fhJ nra;Ak; tpid. (672)

129
JzpTld; fhyk; jho;j;jhJ> epjhdkhf mr;nraypd; ,ay;G Nghd;wtw;iwnay;yhk; ed;F
rpe;jpj;J nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; NkYk;> mjw;fhdnghUs;> nra;jw;Fhpa ,lk;> Vw;w
fUtp> jFe;j fhyk;> nray;Kiw Mfpatw;iw ed;F vz;zpg; ghh;j;J nray;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk; (675) vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
xt;nthU kdpjdplKk; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; mtdJ cly;-cs;sg; gz;Gfs;
xUq;fike;J fhzg;gLk;. ,t;nthUq;fikg;gpd; ,ay;G MSf;F Ms; rpwpjsNtDk;
khWgl;L; tpsq;Fk;. cly;-cs;sg; gz;Gfspd; jdpg;gl;l xUq;fikg;Ng MSik vd;fpwhH
My;NghHl;(G.W. Allport ). xUtDila MSikapy; mtdJ cly; typik> cs;s typik>
mDgtq;fs;> epidTfs;> fw;gidfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> tpUg;gq;fs;> Mh;tq;fs;>
tho;f;if Kiwfs;> eilAil ghtidfs; Nghd;wd midj;JNk cs;slq;FtdthFk;.
,j;jifa cs;slf;fq;fs; KOikiaAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;byq;FfpwJ jpUf;Fws;.
Nkw;$whJ tpLgl;l MSikg;gz;Gfis epuy;gLj;jp <z;L fhzyhk;.

Jd;gj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtpahfpa mwpTilikAk; (43) nty;yj;jf;f ,lk; mwpe;J

nray;gLk; ,ld; mwpjYk; (50) ,d;dh nra;jhh;f;Fk; ed;ikNa nra;Ak; ,d;dh
nra;ahikAk; (32) vidj;jhDk; ey;ytw;iwNa Nfl;Fk; rpwe;j nry;tkhfpa Nfs;tpr;
nry;tKk; (42) Fzk;> Fbg;gpwg;G> Fw;wk;> Fd;wh Rw;wKk; Ma;e;J ngWk; el;G $Wk;
el;ghuha;jYk; (80) mwj;jpw;Fk; kwj;jpw;Fk; cah;T fhl;Lk; tho;f;if Mjhuhkhfpa
md;GilikAk; (8) vy;yh tifr; nry;tq;fisAk; ek;ikj; Njb te;J Nrh;f;Fk;
tpUe;Njhk;GjYk; (9) vO gpwg;Gk; ek;ikj; njhlUk; tpOke;Jilj;jthpd; el;gpidg; ngw;Wj;
jUk; ed;wpawpjYk; (11) mwpQh;f;F mofhFk; eLT epiyikAk; (12) mkuUs; ek;ik
ca;f;Fk; mlf;fKk; (13) NjtUyfj;jpYk; ngw ,ayhj xg;GutwpjYk; (22) caph; tho;tpd;
Nrk epjpahfpa <ifAk; (23) capUf;Fj; Jizahfpa mUSilikAk; (25) jk;ikr;
Nrh;e;jhiuAk; nfhy;yf; $ba rpdj;ij mopf;Fk; ntFshikAk; (31) Mfpad Nghd;w
gy;NtW mwr; rpe;jidfisAk; ,f;fhy ,isa rKjhak; ngw;Wj; jk;Kila MSikg;
gz;Gfis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;LtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. xUikg;ghl;Lila
MSikiag; ngw;w xUtdJ mwpT> kdntOr;rpfs;> nra;jpwd;fs; Mfpa %d;Wk; rhp rk
tsh;r;rpAw;wpUf;Fk;. ,j;jifatd;> mwpTk;> rpe;jidj; jpwDk;> gpwh;ghy; md;Gk; ghpTKs;s
kdg;Nghf;Fk;> ey;nyhOf;fKk; nfhz;bUg;ghd;. kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; gpwUld; Kuz;ghbdpd;wp
,td; xj;J elg;ghd;. xUikg;ghLila MSikia; ngw;wpUg;gtdplk; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs;
ehd;F tifg;gLtd vd;W ];fpd;dh; $Wfpwhh;. ,it> 1. jd;Dila jpwd;fspy;
ek;gpf;ifAk;> jd;dplKs;s FiwghLfisg; gw;wpa mwpTk; nfhz;bUj;jy; 2. gpwuhy;
tpUk;gg;gLjy;> ez;gh;fisg; ngw;wpUj;jy;> jiyik jhq;fNth gpd;gw;wNth Njitg;gLk;
jpwidg; ngw;wpUj;jy; 3. gbg;gpYk; NtiyapYk; jpwDld; epiyj;Jr; nrayhw;Wk; jpwik
ngw;wpUj;jy; 4. csg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,y;yhjpUj;jy;> cz;ik epiyiaawpe;J xOfy;>
ey;y cly;> kdepiy> kdntOr;rp Kjph;r;rp Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;wpUj;jy;> kfpo;rr ; pAld;

130
tho;f;if elj;jy; MfpaitfshFk;. Kjph;r;rp ngw;Ws;s MSikapy; %d;W Kf;fpa
gz;Gfs; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W My;Nghh;l; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,t;thSikiag; ngw;wtd;>

1. njspthd tho;f;if ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUe;jNyhL> ,tw;wpy; xd;wpg;NghFk;

msTf;F ,tw;wplk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUg;ghd; (Self Extension).
2. xUGwr;rhh;gpd;wpj; jd;idNa kjpg;gpLk; jpwidg; ngw;wpUg;ghd; (Self Objectification).
3. ,t;tpU gz;GfSk; ,ize;J ,aq;Ftjhy; vOk; rpwg;ghd tho;f;ifj;
jj;Jtj;ijAk; ngw;wpUg;ghd; vd;W My;Nghh;l; $Wfpwhh;.
nghJthd cs;sg; Nghuhl;lq;fisj; jtpu> xUtDila tho;f;ifapd; vy;yhg;
gUtq;fspYk;> mtDf;F epfOk; mDgtq;fSk;> ,t;tDgtq;fs; mtid vt;thW
ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gJk;> mtdJ MSik tsh;r;rpapd; rpwg;Gf; fhuzq;fshtd. Kf;fpakhf>
Fotpg; gUtk; xUtdJ MSik tsh;r;rpf;F mbj;jskhf mikfpwJ. ,NjNghd;W Fkug;
gUtj;jpy;; xUtDf;F Vw;gLk; kfpo;rr ; pAs;s mDgtq;fNsh> kdj;ijg; Gz;gLj;jf;$ba
mDgtq;fNsh mtdJ MSikapy; khw;w Kbahj jOk;Gfis tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wd.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;Jg; gz;GfisAk; fbdkhf cioj;J> Kad;W ngw;W jOk;GfisAk;
ntw;wpg;G+f;fsha; kyur; nra;ayhk;. mopTg;ghijf;Ff; $l;br; nry;Yk; ,e;j td;Kiw
Afj;jpidf; fise;J mikjpj; njd;wy; jtOk; xOf;f G+kpahf ,g;ghujk; tpsq;f ek;kpd;
fz;kzpaha; tpsq;Fk; ,isa rKjhak;> ts;Sth; fhl;Lk; ,j;jifa MSikr;
rpe;jidfisj; jk;kpilNa tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kd;tu Ntz;baJ mtrpak; kl;Lky;y
fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaKk; $l.

13.2.kdpj cwTfis tsHf;Fk; jpwd;fs; :

kdpj tho;T vd;gJ xU kdpjd; gpw kdpju;fNshL nfhs;fpw cwT KiwfspNyjhd;
mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j cwT vd;gJ ,y;yhtpl;lhy; kdpj tho;T ,y;iy vd;Nw
nrhy;yptplyhk;. kdpjdpd; kdg;ghq;F. mtDila tpUg;gk;> Ntl;if> Cf;fk;> ciog;G
Nghd;w Fzq;fspd; njhifahfTk;> tifahfTk; kdpj rKjhak; tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jdp
kdpju;fs; rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;. rKjhaj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; jdpkdpju;fs;
tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;.

jdpkdpjdpd; cwT epiy vd;W Nehf;Fk;NghJ> FLk;g cwTfspy; jdpkdpjdpd;

vz;zk;> nray;> rpe;jid> md;G> fhjy;> ghrk;> jd;ik> ,lk;> mq;fPfhuk;> kjpg;G> flik>
nghWg;Gzu;T Nghd;wit mf tho;f;ifiaAk;> rKjha cwTfspy; jdpkdpjdpd; fUiz>
tPuk;> flik> el;G> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> kfpo;Tzu;T> goFk; ghq;fpay; Nghd;wit Gw
tho;f;ifiaAk; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd.

vij ehk; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh mijj;jhd; ehk; ngWNthk;. ek; nrhy;iy> nraiy>

rpe;jidia> elj;ijia vg;gbf; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh mg;gbj;jhd; ngwTk; KbAk;. md;igf;

131
nfhLj;J md;ig thq;fyhk;@ ey;yijf; nfhLj;J ey;yij thq;fyhk;@ khpahijiaf;
nfhLj;J khpahijia thq;fyhk;@ vijf; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh mijNajhd; ehk; jpUk;gg;
ngWNthk;. tho;f;if vd;gJ ,Jjhd;. ePq;fs; vg;gbg; gpwiu elj;JfpwPHfNsh> mJNghyNt>
ePq;fSk; gpwuhy; elj;jg;gLtPHfs;. tho;f;if vd;gJ vjpnuhyp Nghyj;jhd;. ePq;fs; vijr;
nrhy;fpwPHfNsh> mJNt cq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gpr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ehk; gpwhplk; vt;thW
goFfpNwhk;> NgRfpNwhk;> el;GwT nfhs;fpNwhNkh mJNghyNtjhd; ek;kplKk; gpwH ele;J
nfhs;thHfs;. ek; elj;ijf;Fhpa tpdh vg;gbapUf;fpwNjh mg;gbNa ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
tpilAk; mikAk;. ,J VNjh jj;JthHj;jkhd fUj;Jf;fs; vd;w epwk; g+rpj; js;sp
epw;gNjh> VNjh xU Njly; vd;W Mfhak; ghHg;gNjh my;y. ,Jjhd; cz;ik. ,Jjhd;
tho;f;ifapd; epjHrdk;. gpwHf;Ff; nfLjy; nra;J tho;gtHfs; vy;yhUNk ed;whfj;jhNd
tho;f;ifia mDgtpj;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. nry;tr;nropg;NghLk;> GfNohLk;>
caHgjtpapy; cyh tUfpwhHfs; vd;W mtek;gpf;ifapy; Ngr Ntz;lhk;. mthplk;
fhzg;gLk; VNjh xd;W $l ,g;gbnay;yhk; epfof; fhuzkhf mikayhk;. (,ijNa jhd;
ts;StUk; jk; tpdhthf itj;jhH) mit epwkpof;Fk; NghNjh md;wpj; jk;
milahsq;fisj; njhiyf;Fk;NghNjh mit tpiuthf rig VWk;.
mt;tpa neQ;rj;jhd; Mf;fKk; nrt;tpahd;
NfLk; epidf;fg; gLk;
ek;Kilaij ehk; vt;thW epHzak; nra;fpNwhk; vd;gij vz;zj;jpYk;> nraypYk;
fhl;LNthk;.
kdpjHfisr; rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk;@ ey;y cs;sq;fisr; rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk;@
ey;yit nra;J ngWk; kfpo;rr ; pfisr; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ay;ghfNt mike;jpUf;fpd;w
ey;y vz;zq;fNshL> rpy gy gz;G eyd;fNshL ,dpikahd gjl;lkpy;yhj njspthd>
ehfhPfkhd Ngr;Rf;fSk;> elj;ijAk;> trPfug; Gd;difAk;> ahiuAk; vspjpy; ftHe;j
nfhs;Sk; m];jpuq;fshFk;. vg;nghOJk; ahhplKk; rpLrpLntd;W Nfhgj;JlDk;> ntWg;G
rpe;Jk; ghHitAlDk;> mLj;jtHfis vhpr;ry;gl itf;ff; $ba Ngr;Rf;fSk;> vg;nghOJk;
jtW fz;Lgpbf;Fk; kNdhghtKk; gpwhpd; rpukq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;shky;
fz;%bj;jdkhfr; nray;gLk; Raeyk; vd ,JNghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d rpd;d rpd;d
tp\aq;fs; $l rKjhak; ek;kplk; neUq;fj; jaq;Fk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilfshf tpsq;Fk;.

midtUlDk;> ve;jtpj vjpHghHg;Gk; ,y;yhky; goFk; xU fyfyg;ghd #oiy

midtUk; tpUk;GtH. ,jw;fhf mofhf ,Ug;gNjh> xg;gidNah tpiyAaHe;j Mil
mzpfyd;fNsh vd;w ve;jtpjkhd nkdf;nfLTk; Njitapy;iy. gpwiuf; fhak; nra;ahj
,ay;ghd thHj;ijfs;> ghHitapy; ,uf;fk;> ,jkhd elj;ijfs;> MHg;ghl;lkpy;yhj
nray;fs; ahiuANk ek;kplk; ftHe;jpOf;f itf;Fk; fhe;jq;fs; MFk;. nraw;iff;
fyg;gpy;yhj ,ay;ghd eltbf;iffNs ek;kplk; ek;gfj;jd;ik Vw;gl toptFf;Fk;. rhp>
,g;gbnay;yhk; ehk; ele;J nfhs;tjpdhy; vd;d Vw;glg; Nghfpd;wJ? vy;NyhUk; vdf;F

132
Xl;Lg; Nghl;L Kjyikr;rH Mf;fptplg; NghfpwhHfsh? vd;gd Nghd;w FWf;F> FUl;Lf;
Nfs;tpfs; cq;fs; kdjpy; voyhk;. ,isQHfNs! kf;fisr; rk;ghjpj;jy; vd;gJk;
vy;NyhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; kdpjd; ehd; vDk; kpfg;nghpa nrhj;Jk; ahUf;Fk; vspjpy;
fpilf;fhj> fpilf;f ,ayhj tug;gpurhjkhFk;. ,J VNjh XhpU ehspNy epfoe;Jtplf;$ba
khah [hyq;fs; my;y. gbg;gbahfTk;> ehk; ghHf;Fk; gzpapYk;> ehk; ,Uf;Fk; #oypYk;>
trpf;Fk; FLk;gj;jpYk;> ekf;nfd;W rpy Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis ekf;F cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;Fk;.
,tH Kf;fpakhdtH vd;W ek;Kila ,Ug;ig Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jk;. ,tH ekf;Fj; Njit
vd;fpd;w ek; gq;fspg;igg; gpwiu vjpHghHf;f itf;Fk;. ,j;jifa tha;g;G vj;jid nghpa
ghf;fpak;. ,itnay;yhk; ekf;F vd;d nghpjhfr; nra;Jtplg; Nghfpd;wJ vd;WjhNd
Nfl;gPHfs;. ,itnay;yhk; cq;fSf;Fg; nghpa gjtpfisAk;> thdshtpa GfioAk;>
Nfhbf;fzf;fhdr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; cq;fsplk; nfhl;b msf;fhky; $lg; Nghfyhk;.
Mdhy;> ,itnay;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhd rpy eyd;fs; cq;fs; tPl;Lf;fjitj; jl;bj; Njb
te;J cq;fisr; NrUk;.

,dpikahd gz;G eyd; :

vy;NyhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLfpd;w ,dpikahd gz;G eyd; vd;gJ vd;d? mJ vq;Nf
vg;gb fpilf;Fk;? mJ Ntnwq;Fkpy;iy. cq;fSf;Fs;NsNa FbapUf;fpwJ. ey;y
vz;zq;fs;> ey;y elj;ijfs; ,tw;wpd; ntspg;ghNl xU ey;y kdpjd; vDk; epiyf;F
ek;ik caHj;Jk; gbf;fl;Lf;fshf mikAk;. xU kdpjd; gz;gLtjw;Fr; rpwe;j
mDgtq;fSk;> Nkhrkhd #o;epiyfs; $l fhuzkhf mike;J tpLk;. nfl;l
elj;ijAila xUtH vd;djhd; kpfg; gy xg;gidfNshL jd;id kpf ey;ytuhff; fhl;bf;
nfhz;lhYk;> mit rpW fhyq;fSf;F kl;LNk Ntiy nra;Ak;. vd;whtJ xU ehs; ehpapd;
rhak; ntSj;jJ Nghy mtiuNa mwpahky; mthpd; ,ay;Gfs; mtiu ntspg;gLj;JtpLk;.
ntWk; jpwikAk;> fk;gPukhd Njhw;wk; kl;LNk xUtiuj; J}f;fp epWj;j KbahJ.
vj;jidNah nghpa nghpa epHthfq;fspd; NkyhsHfs; jpwikrhypfshfTk;> mofhd
Nkhw;wk; kpf;ftHfshfTk; ,Ug;gpDk; rpy fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk mit nry;YgbahFk;.
gpw;fhyq;fspy; ,itNa mthpd; gytPdkhf mtiu ntspg;gLj;Jk;. mthpd; gz;GfSk;>
trPfukhd Njhw;wKk; epiyj;j ntw;wp vd;gJ ekf;F rhRtjkhfptpLfpd;wJ. ekJ
rpe;jidNah> nraNyh> elj;ijNah> mJ mg;gbNa mt;thNw ek;kplk; kpfr; rhpahfj;
jpUk;gp te;J NrUk;. ehk; vg;gb ,t;Tyifg; ghHf;fpNwhNkh> mg;gbNa ,t;TyFk; ek;ikg;
ghHf;fpd;wJ. xU ey;y ez;gd; Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Kjypy; ePq;fs; xU ey;y ez;gdhf
,Uq;fs;.

kdpj cwTfisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s> epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;s> Kjd;ikj; Njit

ek;kplk; ngUFk; ey;y gy Fzeyd;fNsahFk;. ,JNt xU Vioia nry;te;jdhff;
fhl;Lk; tpj;ijahFk;. ey;y gz;G eyd;fis ehk; miltjw;Fk;> milahsk;

133
fhZtjw;Fk;> ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kjypy; ePq;fs;> cq;fisj; jahH nra;J
nfhs;Sq;fs;.

ey;y Fzq;fisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; topKiwfs; : NrHj;jy;; :

✓ Gd;dif KfKk;> fdpthd Ngr;Rk;.
✓ cw;rhf kdepiy
✓ Nahrpj;Jg; NgRq;fs;> ftdkhf thHj;ijfisj; NjHT nra;J NgRq;fs;.
(fdpapUf;ff; fhiaj; NjlhjPHfs;)
✓ nghWg;GzHTk;> flikAzHTk; kwthjPHfs;.
✓ gpwUila vz;zq;fSf;Fk;> Ngr;rpw;Fk; kjpg;G nfhLq;fs; (khw;whd; Njhl;lj;J
ky;ypifAk; kzf;Fk;)
✓ kdkhug; ghuhl;Lq;fs;
✓ nra;j jtiw Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;@ kd;dpg;G NfSq;fs;.
✓ xUtH nra;j jtiw epidTg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;NlapUf;fhjPHfs;. jtiw xg;Gf;
nfhz;ltiug; ghuhl;b> me;jj; jHkrq;flkhd #o;epiyapypUe;J mtiu
tpLtpf;fg; ghUq;fs; (ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPuhapDk;> my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;)
✓ vjidAk; ey;y Nehf;fj;Jld; ghUq;fs;@ NgRq;fs;@ vz;Zq;fs;.
✓ Ngr;rpYk;> nraypYk; vg;NghJk; NeHikia ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs;
✓ tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> xj;Jg;Nghjy;.
✓ vijAk; kd;dpg;gJ kl;Lky;y@ kwf;fTk; nra;Aq;fs; (kwg;Nghk;> kd;dpg;Nghk;)
✓ Kbe;jtiu cjTq;fs;@ KbahjNghJ MjuitAk;> md;igAk; nfhLj;J
cjTq;fs;.
✓ thHj;ijfistpl nray;fSf;Nf typik mjpfk; vd;gjid czHe;J
nray;gLj;Jq;fs;.
✓ mlf;fj;JlDk;> gzpTlDk; ele;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
✓ eifr;Ritg; NgZq;fs;.

jtpHj;jy; :
✓ fHtKk;> jw;ngUikAk; jtpUq;fs;. ehd; vd;gij tplTk; ehk; vdg; Ngrpg;
goFq;fs;.
✓ gpbthjk;> Nfhgk;> khpahijapd;ik> Raeyk; ,tw;iw mg;Gwg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
KfKk;> kdKk; njsptiltPHfs;.
✓ Nehpil tpkHrdq;fisj; jtpUq;fs;.
✓ Njitaw;w #oypy; gadw;w nrhw;fisj; jtpUq;fs;. gy ,d;dy;fSf;F
mdhtrpa Ngr;Rf;fNs mbj;jskpLk;. kpifg;gLj;jpg; NgrhjPHfs;@ ghHf;fhjPHfs;.

134
 ,Jkhjphpahd mj;jid kdepiyfisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk;> gof;f
tof;fq;fisAk; xUtNu ngWjy; my;yJ ngw Kaw;rpj;jy; fbdky;yth? ek; xt;nthUtH
kdj;jpYk; ,j;jifa gz;G eyd;fs; ,aw;ifahfNt Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd.
,tw;iwnay;yhk; nrg;gdpl;Lf; $l> Fiwthf ,Ug;gdtw;iwr; rhpnra;J gy gz;GfisAk;
ekf;Fs;spUe;J ehk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;> tsHj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;;. ahUNk
KOikahdtHfs; ,y;iy. KOikia vjpHghHg;gJk; jtW. xd;wpuz;L Fiwe;jhYk;>
Fiwahfj; njhptjpy;iy. kdpj cwTfis Nerpj;Jj; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Nerk; kpf;f kdpjid cwTfs; NjbtUk;. ehk; gpwhplk; NgRk; KiwapYk;> ele;J nfhs;Sk;
tpjj;jpYk; kdpj cwTfisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,JNghy; kdpj cwTfs; ek;ik
ehb te;J NrUk; tpjkhf ek; elj;ijfisr; nrg;gdpl NtW topKiwfis ek;
Kd;NdhHfs; mUk;ngUk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; %ykhf ekf;F ms;sp ms;sp toq;fpapUf;fpwhHfs;.
,jidg; gapy;tNjhL tho;f;ifg; gadhf;fj;jpw;Fkhfr; nrytpl Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU ,yf;fpaKk; gyg;gy gbg;gpidfis> elj;ij Kiwfis> tho;f;if

mDgtq;fis ekf;Fr; nrhy;ypj; jUfpd;wd. mtw;iwnay;yhk;. KOikahf gbj;Jg; gad;
ngw KbahtpbDk;> jpUf;Fws; vDk; thof;;if newp jhq;fpapd; epoypy; rpWfhyk; ek;
kdJ jq;fpr; nrd;whYk; NghJk;. ek; tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wg; gbfs; ek;ik Nehf;fp
nky;y nky;y efHe;J tUtjidf; fhzyhk;.

ve;j xU fhhpaj;jpidAk; jdpnahU kdpjdhf epd;W rhjpg;gJ ,ayhj fhhpakhFk;.

fhyj;jpy; ve;jg; gzpiaAk; ve;j xU fhhpaj;ijAk; kw;wtHfspd; Jizapy;yhky;> MjuT
,y;yhky; jdpj;Jr; nra;tJ vd;gJ elf;f Kbahj nrayhFk;. gyhpd; cjtpNahLk;>
xj;Jiog;NghLk;> mDruidNahLk;> mwpTiufSlDk;> Nkw;ghHitNahLNk fhhpq;fs;
eilngWtJ vd;gJ jw;fhyj;jpa KiwahFk;. %is xUtUilajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mijr;
nra;J Kbf;f Mapuk; fuq;fs; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ehk; xg;Gf; nfhz;Nl Mf Ntz;Lk;.
tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> xj;Jiog;G jUjy;> xUq;fpize;J nray;gLjy; ,it Nghd;witNa
ehk; xU fhhpaj;ij ntw;wpfukhf rhjpf;f cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk;. kdpj cwTfis ehk;
mZFk; tpjj;jpNyNa rhj;jpakhFk; vd;gij ehk; vg;nghOJk; kwf;ff; $lhJ.

md;ghf ele;J nfhs;Sjy;> jd;idg;Nghy; gpwiu vz;Zjy;> gpwH Jd;gq;fisj;

jdjhfg; ghtpj;jy;> ,dpikahd elj;ij> fdpthd Ngr;R> tpl;Lf; nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik>
cjtp nra;jy; Nghd;w kdg;ghd;ikia tsHj;Jf; nfhz;lhNy NghJk;. ,itnay;yhNk
cq;fs; kdjpw;Fs; ePq;fs; mwpe;Jk;> mwpahkYk;> Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw
mt;tg;NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs;@ nrwpthf cs;thq;Fq;fs;@ njspthf ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

135
rKjha mikg;G :
rq;ffhyj;jpy; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l epyg; gFjpfisAk;> FbNaw;wq;fisAk;>
mjw;Fhpa nrhj;Jhpik kw;Wk; KiwfNshLk; kf;fs; rKjhak; cUthfpaJ. rq;f
fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF ,df;FOthf ,Ue;j kf;fs; tsHr;rpaile;jjpdhy; njhopy;
mbg;gilapyhd FOthf khwpdH. ,j;jifaj; njhopy; mbg;gilapyhd r%fg;gphpTfs;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; NkYk; tsHr;rpaile;J rhjp vd;w gphpthfj; jq;fisg; ghFgLj;jpf;
nfhz;ld.

kdpjd; jdpj;J ,aq;f ,ayhJ vd;gij czHe;Nj jk; rKjhaj;NjhL jk;ik

,izj;Jf; nfhz;L mjd; %yk; jd; tsHr;rpia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;lhd;. jd;idr;
rhHe;j> jk;ik czHe;j> kw;Wk; jd; Njitia czHe;jtHfis ehbr; nry;YjNyhL>
jk;ik tpUk;gp tUgtHfNshLk;> jd;Dila cwTfisr; nrk;ikahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s
Kw;gLfpd;whd;. rKjhaj; J}z;ly;fSf;Nfw;gj; jd;idj; jFjpilatdhf Mf;fpf;
nfhs;tjd; %yk; jd;idr; rhHe;jpUg;Nghiuj; jk;kpilNa jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;>
jd;idg; gpwH ehb tUk;gbAk; mikfpd;w #oiy cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;whd;. $b thOk;
gz;G mtdpd; ,ay;ghf ,Ug;gjpdhYk;> jd; cwTfisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;gk;
cilatdhf tpsq;FtjpdhYk; vj;jifa rKjhaj; J}z;ly;fSf;Fk; jd;id
,iuahf;fpf; nfhz;L jd;idj;jhNd gz;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kay;fpd;whd;. jd;id khw;wpAk;>
jpUj;jpAk; mikj;Jf; nfhz;L tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jd;idj; jahH nra;J
nfhs;fpd;whd;. ,jd; %yk; rKjhaj;jpy; cz;lhFk; neUf;fbfisr; rkhspj;Jf;
nfhs;tNjhL jd; rKjhaj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;whd;.

jdpkdpjDk; kdpj cwTfSk; :

mwj;Jg;ghy; vd;gJ jdpkdpj xOf;fnewpfis cyfpw;F tFj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk;
tpjpKiwfisf; nfhz;l tho;tpay; Ntjkhf tpsq;FfpwJ vdpy; kpifapy;iy. jdpkdpj
tho;f;ifia ,y;ywk;> Jwtwk; vd ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fpwhH ts;StH. ,y;tho;tpd; newpapy;
epd;W mjw;Fj; Jizahfpa fw;Gil kidtpNahLk; nrk;ikAw tho;tJ ,y;ywkhFk;.
,y;yw newpapy; epd;W rKjhaj;jpy; gyNuhL njhlHG nfhz;L thOk; epiyapid>
md;Gilik> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> ,dpait $wy;> mlf;fKilik> nra;ed;wp mwpjy;>
eLTepiyik> xOf;fKilik> gpwdpy; tpioahik> nghiwAilik> mOf;fhwhik>
nt/fhik> Gwq;$whik> gadpy; nrhy;yhik> xg;Gutwpjy;> <if> jPtpidnar;rk;> Gfo;
vd;Dk; mjpfhuq;fspy; ts;StH tpsf;FfpwhH. ,itaidj;Jk; jdpkdpjDf;Fhpa
xOf;fq;fisAk; mjd; newpKiwfisAk; vLj;Jf; $WtjhapDk; xU kdpjd; jd;
rKjhaj;NjhLk;> cyf ,ay;GfNshLk; ,iae;J tho;tNj kdpj tho;f;ifahFk;.

jdpkdpjDf;fhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l xOf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; jdpkdpjDf;fhf kl;Lkpd;wp

mtNdhL ,iae;J thOk; jdp kdpj cwTfSf;Fk; NrHj;Nj nrhy;yg;gl;ljhFk;. jdpkdpj

136
xOf;f newpKiwfs; xU kdpjd; jd;idj;jhNd gz;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fhpa
tpjpKiwfisfshf kl;Lky;yhJ gyNuhL xUkpj;J thOk; rKjha tho;f;if
newpKiwfisr; nrk;ikahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rpwg;ghdnjhU topfhl;Ljyhf
mikfpd;wd. md;G> nghWik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> ey;yd fz;L Nghw;Wjy;>
jPad fz;L NghuhLjy; Mfpad rKjhaj;jpd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpw;Fk;> tsHr;rpf;Fk;>
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. ,g;gz;GfisNa> NkNy Rl;ba mjpfhuq;fspy;
ts;StH njspTWj;jpAs;shH. kyhpd; kzKk;> moFk; Nghd;W ,iae;j jdpkdpj tho;Tk;>
rKjha tho;Tk;> xd;wpw;nfhd;W ngUik NrHf;Fk; tpjkhf ,ize;J ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
Mifapdhy;> mwj;Jg;ghy; vd;gJ> jdpkdpjNdhL ,iae;j rKjha cwTfSf;fhf
vOe;jJ vd;Nw KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

tho;f;ifg; gw;wpa nfhs;ifia cUthf;Ftjpy; rKjhak; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

,f;nfhs;ifapd; mikg;Gg; gw;wp ehk; Muha;e;jhy;> md;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilg;
gz;Gfis ehk; mwpa tUfpd;Nwhk;. jdpkdpjd; Fwpj;Jk;> rKjhaj;NjhL mtDf;Fhpa
cwT Fwpj;Jk; jhk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisj; jpUf;Fwspy; Kiwg;gLj;jp mwk;>
nghUs;> ,d;gk; vdg; ghFgLj;jpj; jd; nfhs;ifia epiyepWj;JfpwhH ts;StH.

137
 14. mwptpay;jkpopd; tsHr;rp epiyfs;;> Ntshz; E}y;fs;>
Ntshz;ik ,jo;fs;> mYtyff; fbjk;
mwptpay; jkpo;
mwptpay; jkpo; vd;gJ fy;tpj; Jiwiar; rhHe;j jkpopyhd mwpT ,ayhFk;.
fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> caphpay;> nghwpapay;> kUj;Jtk;> Ntshz;ik Nghd;w
mwptpay; JiwfSf;nfd jdpeil cz;L; nrhy;yikg;G cz;L; kuG cz;L. vdNt>
mwptpay; E}y;fisj; jkpopNy jUtJ vd;gJ jkpopy; mwptpay; ,yf;fpak; gilg;gjhFk;.

14.1. mwptpay; jkpopd; tsHr;rp epiyfs;;

xU nkhopapd; epiyj;j jd;ikf;F mjd; tsHr;rpNa Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhFk;. Ngr;R
nkhopahfTk;> vOj;J nkhopahfTk; kl;Lky;yhJ> gadhf;f nkhopahfTk; (Applied Science)
ghpzhkk; milAk;NghNj mk;nkhop fhyj;jhYk; mopahj epiyNgw;wpid milfpd;wJ. 21
Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Ngrg;gl;L tUk; nkhopfspy; 95 tpOf;fhL> tof;fw;W kiwe;J
Ngha;tpLnkd;W nkhop ty;YdHfs; fUJfpwhHfs;. ,j;jifa moptpidAk; jhz;b> ek;
jha;nkhopahk; jkpo;nkhop caHe;Njhq;fp tsHe;J epw;Fk; vd;gjw;F ,d;iwa mwptpay;
jkpopd; tsHr;rpNa rhd;whfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ehk; ,d;Dk; njhlf;f epiyapNyNa
jq;fpapUg;gjhfr; rpy mwptpay; jkpohsHfspd; Kof;fq;fSk; xypj;Jf;
nfhz;LjhdpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;epiyiar; rPH nra;a ,d;Dk; ehk; mwptpay; jkpopd; jpir
Nehf;fp ek; gzpfisj; jpir jpUg;g Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

mwptpay; jkpopd; njhd;ik :

fp.K.%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; nghUsjpfhu
kugpaypy; cyf capHfis czHTfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghFgLj;jpa capH
tifg;ghl;bidNa mwptpay; jkpo; tsHr;rpapd; Muk;gkhf ehk; nfhs;syhk;. mwptpay;
$Wfis cs;slf;fpa cd;dj ,yf;fzkhfTk;> fhg;gpakhfTk; ,e;E}y; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
vdpy;> ek; Kd;NdhHfspd; mwptpay; ghHitAk;> njhopy;El;gj; jpwDk; Vwj;jho 2000
Mz;Lfs; goik tha;e;j tsHr;rpiaAk;> tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaAk; nfhz;ljhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

rq;ffhyj;jpy;> Ntshz;ik> tzpfk;> fl;llf;fiy> nerT> kz;ghz;lk; nra;jy;>

jr;Rj; njhopy; Nghd;w gy;NtWtifahfj; njhopy;fSk; jkpo; kz;zpy; gutp> ek;
rKjhaj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ij epHzapf;Fk; fhuzpfshf tpsq;fpd.

Nkw;nrhd;dthwhfj;> jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpay; $Wfs; xt;nthd;WNk ,aw;ifNahL

,iae;j tho;tpay; Kiwfshf ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. kdpjHfspd; Njitfs;
mjpfhpj;jikAk;> ,yFthd kw;Wk; nrsfhpakhd tho;f;ifiaAk; Nehf;fpj; jk;
138
Njly;fis tpiuTgLj;jpf;nfhs;sj; njhlq;f> INuhg;gpaHfspd; tUif ekf;Fr;
rhjfkhfpaJ. ,jd; gpd;dH> mwptpay; ghHitAk; Nehf;fKk; jpwDk; mjpfkhf> ehk;
nkJNt ,aw;ifiaj; Jwe;J mwptpaiyr; rhHe;j tho;f;iff;Fj; jahuhfj;
njhlq;fpNdhk;. mg;nghOjpypUe;Nj tsu Ntz;ba nkhopAk; kpfTk; gpw;fhyj;jpNyNa jk;
tsHr;rpiaj; Njlj; njhlq;fpaJ.

,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng> fl;lg;gl;l fy;yizAk; Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F

Kd;ghfNt mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhtpy;fSk; mopahr;rpd;dq;fshf ,d;Dk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
mofhd efuikg;Gj; jpwdpYk; ePHg;ghrd Nkyhz;ikapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatHfs;
jkpoHfNs. mjw;F rhl;rpaha; ,d;Wk; tpsq;Fgit kJiu khefuKk;> fhQ;rp khefuKk;>
fy;yizANkahFk;. ePHg;ghrd Nkyhz;ikapd; Kd;Ndhbahd fy;yizapd; rpwg;igf;
Nfs;tpAw;W fl;ll ty;YdHfisj; jkpofj;jpypUe;J vfpg;jpw;F mioj;Jf; nfhz;LNgha;
iey;ejpapy; mizfisf; fl;lr; nra;jdH. ,jdhy; ghiytdkhf tpsq;fpa iey;ejpapd;
gFjp NrhiytdkhfpaJ. gz;ila fhyq;fspNyNa tsHr;rpaile;jpUe;j mwptpay; njhopy;
El;gq;fspdhy;> mwptpay; fiyr;nrhw;fSk; ruskhfg; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jjid ehk;
mwpayhk;.

v.fh:
Earth - kz;ZyF
Universe - mfpyz;lk;
Matter - rl¥bghUŸ
jkpopyf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,JNghd;w fiyr;nrhw;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; gad;ghl;by;
,Ue;jjw;fhd milahsq;fs; vdf; nfhs;syhk;..
fhyj;jpd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;gj; jkpo;nkhop gy Gjpa cs;slf;fq;fisg; ngw;W ,d;Dk;
rpwg;ghfr; nray;glj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. mwptpay;jkpo; vDk; Jiwapd; Njhw;wKk;
tsHr;rpAk; ek;kpilNa mwptpay; rpe;jid tphptiltij tYg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mwptpay;jkpo; vd;gJ mwptpaYf;F Mf;fj;ijAk;> jkpo;nkhopf;F
tsHr;rpiaAk; jUtJ; jkpopdj;jpw;Fj; Jiz epw;gJ. mwptpay;> nkhopapay;> r%ftpay;
Mfpa rpwe;j Jiwfisj; jOtpa rpwe;j gilg;G mwptpay; jkpo; vd;W tpsf;FfpwhH
Fd;wf;Fb mbfshH.

mwptpay; jkpopd; ,d;iwa tsHr;rp :

tsUk; cyfpy;> kyUk; mwpTj; Jiwfspd; midj;J tsHr;rpfSk;> rhjidfSk;
jkpo;nkhopapy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ngUFk; Gjpa Gjpa nrhw;fs; nkhop tsHr;rpf;F
cjTfpd;wd. mJkl;Lky;yhJ jha;nkhopapy; Ngrj; njhpe;j midj;Jj; jug;gpdiuAk;

139
mwptpay; tsHr;rp nrd;wilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> mwptpaYk; tsHfpd;wJ; mwptpay; gaidAk;
kf;fs; Ja;f;fpd;wdH.

jdpr;rpwg;Gkpf;f> ,yf;fpag; ghuk;ghpak; kpf;f ek; jkpo;nkhop> nkhop Mjpf;fk;> rka

Mjpf;fk;> ,d Mjpf;fk;> nghUshjhu Mjpf;fk; vdg; gy ,d;dy;fisg; gy
fhyfl;lq;fspy; mDgtpj;J te;jNghjpYk; midj;ijAk; Gwe;js;spg; Gd;dif Kfj;NjhL
tsHe;jjy;yth ek;nkhop. fy;tp> kUj;Jtk;> Ntshz;ik> rl;lk;> nghwpapay; vdg; gy
mwptpay; JiwfspYk; Eioe;J Gwg;gLfpd;w jkpo;nkhop ,d;Dk; njhlf;fepiyapNyNa
epw;gJNghd;w XH czHT vOk;GtJ cz;ikNa. ,d;Dk; gy E}y;fs; nkhopngaHg;ghfTk;>
Gjpa gilg;ghfTk; Gj;JapH ngwNtz;ba fhyfl;lj;jpy; mwptpay;jkpo; epd;W
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. fzpg;nghwpfspYk; tpirg; gyiffspy; cs;Eioe;j jkpo;nkhop
,izaj;jpYk; Nt&d;wp epw;fj; njhlq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.

tp];t&gnkLj;J epw;Fk; fzpg;nghwp Afj;jpy; njhl;lJ midj;Jk; fzpg;nghwp

kakhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; fzpg;nghwp Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
fzpg;nghwpiar; rhHe;Nj ,d;iwa cyfk; ,aq;Ffpd;wnjdpy; kpifapy;iy. capHfhf;Fk;
kUj;Jtk; cs;spl;l njhopw;JiwfspYk;> njhopw;rhiyfs; midj;jpYk; fzpg;nghwpNa
capHehbahf tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fzpdpapYk; jkpo;
cs;Eioe;jpUf;fpd;wJ fzpg;nghwpiaAk; cs; thq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ
ngUikf;FhpajhapDk;> fzpg;nghwp Afj;jpy; ek; mwptpay;jkpo; njhlNtz;ba rpfuk;
,d;Dk; ntF J}uk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gJk; cz;ikNa.

mwptpay; ehSf;F ehs; JiwNjhWk; tsHe;J tUfpd;wJ. mtw;wpd; gd;Kf tsh;

epiyfs; nkhopiaf; fle;Jk; vl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gpw nkhopapy; cUthd mwptpay;
fUj;Jf;fSk; jha;nkhopapy; khw;wk; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mtrpak; czHe;jjhNyNa>
mwptpay;jkpo;f; fl;LiufSk;> Ma;T E}y;fSk;> fUj;juq;FfSk; tsHr;rpf;nfd ghLgl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

mwptpay; jkpopd; gad;ghLfs; :

mwptpay; tsHr;rpAk; mjNdhL $ba nkhoptsHr;rpAk; Nkk;gLfpd;w epiyapy;
mk;nkhopapd; rKjhaKk; caUfpd;wJ. cyfehLfisg; NghyNt jkpofj;jpYk; mwptpay;
tsHe;jjw;fhd tuyhW cz;L. midj;J epiyfspYNk njhlf;fj;jpy; mwptpay; mtutH
jha;nkhopapy; ,y;iy. mwptpay; fUj;jpid mk;nkhop rhHe;j kf;fSf;Fr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ
njspT fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,dpik gaf;fpd;wJ tpopg;GzHT gpwf;fpd;wJ. ,itaidj;ijAk;
jkpo; topapyhd mwptpay; nra;fpd;wJ.
mwptpaiy kf;fspilNa gug;Gtjpy; nkhopapd; tsHr;rpAk; xU ,yf;fhfj;
jhdhfNt mike;JtpLfpd;wJ. mwptpay; jkpopd; tsHr;rp vd;gJ> mwptpay; tsHr;rp>
jkpopd; tsHr;rp>mwptpay; tsHr;rpapd; gutyhf;fk; kw;Wk; gadhf;fj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j

140
rhjidahFk;. jkpowpQHfSk;> mwptpay; ty;YdHfSk; xUq;fpize;J nray;gl;L
mwptpay;jkpo; tsHr;rpf;nfdg; Nkd;NkYk; ghLglNtz;Lk;.

14.2. jkpopy; Ntshz;ik E}y;fs; :

jkpopy; Ntshz;ik E}y;fs; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sd. gpw Jiw E}y;fNshL
xg;gpLifapy; rw;Wf; FiwNt. fhyr;#oypy; NkYk;> E}y;fs; gilf;fg;gLtjw;fhd
tha;g;GfNs cs;sd. Ntshz; fy;tp jkpo;top fw;gpf;fg;glhikAk;> Ntshz;kf;fs;
E}y;fisj; Njbr;nrd;W gbf;f Mu;tk; ,y;yhikNa MFk;. Ntshz; njhlu;Gila
fl;Liufs;> nghJikahd ,jo;fspy; ntsptuj; njhlq;fptpl;l ,r;#oypy; tha;g;G
rhj;jpaNk. Mifapdhy;> Ntshz;ik E}y;fs; fzprkhd mstpy; ntsptuj;
njhlq;fpAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,d;Dk; mjpf E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd;
fl;lhakhFk;. rhd;whf rpy E}y;fspd; ngau;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.
Ntshz;ik E}y;fs; : Mrpupau; ngau;
1. go tsk; - c. mQ;rdk; mofd;
2. gz;izg; guhkupg;Gk; Nkyhz;ikAk; - ,uh.Mde;j gj;kehgg;gps;is
3. fsu; epyr; rPuj; ;jpUj;jk; - Nf.Nf. fpUl;lz%u;j;jp
4. fpoq;Ffs; - fh.Qh.rz;KfNtY
5. ePu; epu;thfk; - Mu;.Nf. rptdg;gd;
6. gapu;g;ghJfhg;G Kiwfs; - Nf.Mu;. ehfuh[d;
7. ney; rhFgb - v];.v];. ehfuh[d;
8. Ntshz;ikf; fsQ;rpak; - ,uh.Nejh[p rPj;jhuhkd;
9. fUk;G - vk;.Mu;. ghyfpU\;zd;
10. ek; ehl;Lf; fPiufs; - Nf.ghyRg;ukzpad;
14.3.jkpopy; Ntshz;ik ,jo;fs;
1904 Mk; Mz;by; coNthd; vDk; jkpo; Ntshz; ,jo; ntspte;jJ. ,e;j ,jNo
jkpopy; Ntshz;ikf;nfd te;j Kjy; ,johFk;. Plough Man vd;w Mq;fpyg; ngaUlDk;
rdtupapy; ntsp te;Js;sJ. ‘ fzgNja ek’ vd;w flTs; tzf;fj;Jld; njhlq;Fk;
,e;j ,jopy; cotu; rpwg;G> mnkupf;fhtpy; tptrhag; gbg;G> ePuhjhu Ntiyfs;> tptrhar;
rq;fq;fs; mika Ntz;bajd; NjitAk; mtrpaKk;> gapUzT %yg; nghUs;fs;>
gk;ghapy; tptrha ifj;njhopy; fhrp> kjuh]; INfhu;lL
; jPu;g;G> jpUney;Ntyp jhkpuguzp
Mw;Wg; ghrdr; rpf;fy;> jio vU> New & Notes vd;w jiyg;gpy; fl;Liufs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;jd.
,jd; gpd;du;> rpy khjq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; Vg;uy; khjk; ‘ The Vivasaya Dipika’ vd;w
ngaupy; jkpo; Ntshz;ik ,jo; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ‘A Monthly Tamil Magazine and Review
devoted to the Mission of Agricultural Knowledge’ vd;w nfhs;ifAld; ,e;j ,jo;

141
ntspte;jJ. ,t;tpjo; jkpopNy ntspaplg;gl;bUg;gpDk; ,jopd; Kd; milg;gpYs;s
fl;Liufspd; jiyg;Gfs; Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa ntspaplg;gl;bUe;jd.
1975 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpypUe;J ‘tsUk;
Ntshz;ik’ ,jo; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,d;Wtiu njhlu;e;J ntsptUk; ,e;j ,jo; Ntshz;
gy;fiyf;fof Ma;T KbTfis> mbj;js cotu;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gzpapy;
<Lgl;L tUfpwJ. ey;top (1909) kUj;Jt,jo;> fiyf;fjpu; (1948) - nghJ mwptpay;Jiw>
Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; gpwF ePz;l ehl;fshf ntsptUk; mwptpay; ,jo; vd;w ngUik tsUk;
Ntshz;ikf;F cz;L. 1977y; epy tsKk; 1978y; ‘];ig]; ,e;jpah’ ,jOk;
njhlq;fg;gl;lik Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rhu;Gf; fy;tp epWtdkhfr; nray;gl;L
te;j nrd;id fhy;eil kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapypUe;J (fhy;eil mwptpay; gy;fiyf; fofk;)
1981y; fhy;eilf;fjpu; ntspaplg;gl;L te;jJ. jkpof cotu;fSf;Fk; Ntshz; Ma;T
epiyaq;fSf;Fk; Clfkhf ,e;j Ntshz; ,jo;fs; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Ntshz;ik ,jo;fs; :
1. coNthd; (1904) Nf.v];. Kj;Jrhkp Iau;> khj ,jo; Nf.v];. Kj;Jrhkp Iau;>
nrd;id.
2. tptrha jPgpif (1904)-vd;. thdkhkiyg; gps;is> khj ,jo;> nrd;id.
3. njd;dpe;jpa tptrhak; (1907) – ,uh[Nfhghy; ehAL> khj ,jo;> nrd;id.
4. Fk;gNfhzk; tptrha rq;fj;jpd; khjhe;jpug; gj;jpupf;if> (1907)– Mu;.rPdpthr
Iaq;fhu;> khj ,jo;> Fk;gNfhzk; tptrha rq;fk;> Fk;gNfhzk;.
5. fpU~pfd;> (1909) - n[.Mu;. uq;fuh[;> khj ,jo;> nrd;id.
6. fpU~pfd; (1919) – uh[; gfJ}u; nry;tuh[;> khj ,jo;> nry;tuh[;> nrd;id.
7. ,e;jpa tptrhak; (1920)
8. fpU~pf kpj;jpud; (1922) –tp.v]. itj;jpaehjd;> khj,jo;;> nrd;id.
9. &uy; ,e;jpah (1927)
10. Vy tptrhap (1928)-Mu;. ehuhazrhkp> khj ,jo;> jpUthq;$u; Vy tptrhapfs;
rq;fk;> cj;jk ghisak;.
11. fkj; njhopy; tpsf;fk; (1930)
12. jkpo; tptrha rQ;rpif (1938) – khj ,jo;>kNyrpah tptrha ,yhfh>kNyrpah.
13. Nkopr; nry;tk; (1943) tptrha ,yhfh jiytu;> khj ,jo;> tptrha ,yhfh>
nrd;id khfhzk;> nrd;id.
14. fpU~pfd; (1951) – khj ,jo;> gapu;j; njhopy; gz;iz> tpOg;Guk;.
15. tptrhap (1951) V.Nf. NtZNfhghyhr;rhupau;> khj ,jo;> nrq;fy;gl;L [py;yh
epyr;Rthd;fs; rq;fk;> nrq;fy;gl;L.

142
16. gapu;j;njhopy; (1956) v.v];. ntq;fluht;> gapu;j; njhopy; gz;iz> thu ,jo;>
tpOg;Guk;.
17. ,e;jpad; fhg;gp (1959) - fhgp Nghu;L jiytu;> thu ,jo;> fhg;gp Nghu;L>
Nfhit.
18. tptrha cyfk; (1962) - – v];. ngUkhs;> khj ,jo;> v];. ngUkhs;>
nrd;id.
19. cuKk; gapUk; (1962) - Nf.v];. Rg;gpukzpad;> ,U khjk;> ,e;jpa cur;rq;f njd;
gpuhe;jpaf; fpis> nrd;id.
20. cotu; ehL (1963) b.b. uh[d;> khjkpUKiw> b.b.uh[d;.
21. Ntshz;ik tsk; (1963) - ky;ypfh rPdpthrd;> khj ,jo;> buhf;lu; mz;L ghu;k;
f;A+g;nkz;l; epWtdk;.
22. tptrha ehL> (1965) - vk;. Foe;ij NtY> khj ,jo;> vk;. Foe;ij NtY>
jpUth&u;.
23. gz;izj; njhopy; (1969) - Rg;Gnyl;Rkp> khj ,jo;.
24. fUk;G kyu;> (1974) - jiyik fUk;G mjpfhup> myq;fhey;Y}u;> fUk;G ru;f;fiu
Miy> khj ,jo;> kJiu.
25. tsUk; Ntshz;ik> (1975) - ,af;Feu; ntspaPLfs;> khj ,jo;> jkpo;ehL
Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf; fofk;.
26. tpQ;Qhd tptrhak; (1976) b. fpU~pzrhkp> khj ,jo;> b. fpU~;zrhkp> Nfhtpy;gl;b.
27. epytsk; (1977) - tq;fp nrayu;> khj ,jo;> jkpo;ehL khepy Ntshz;ik kw;Wk;
Cuf tsu;rr ; p tq;fp.
28. ];ig]; ,e;jpah (1978) ];ig]; thupaj; jiytu;> khj ,jo;> ];ig];thupak;.
29. fhy;eilf; fjpu; (1981) -,af;Feu;> jkpo;ehL fhy;eil mwptpay; kUj;Jt kyu;.
30. Nfhop tsu;g;G (1982) - khj ,jo;> v];.Nf.vk;. khl;Lj; jPtd epiyak;> Nryk;.
31. gRik (1983). khj ,jo;
32. cq;fs; tptrhak; (1988) khj ,jo;.
33. ,ug;gu;gyd; (1989). ,ug;gu; thupaj; jiytu;> ,ug;gu; ntspaPL> nrd;id.
34. cotd; ez;gd; (1989) cotu; gapw;rp ikaj; jiytu;> fhQ;rpGuk; gQ;RNgl; cotu;
gapw;rp ikak;> fhQ;rpGuk;.
35. ek; top Ntshz;ik> (1991) g. tpNtfhde;jd;> kJiu.
36. gz;izr; nra;jp (1992)
37. etPd Ntshz;ik (1996) jkpof Ntshz; cyfk;.
38. cotu; Xir (tptrhak;)> khj ,jo;> 520> G+e;jky;yp neLQ;rhiy>
mike;jfiu> nrd;id – 29
39. jkpof tptrhap cyfk; (Ntshz;ik) khj ,jo;> jkpo; cyfk;

143
 gg;spNf~d;]>; nrd;id
40. ,d;iwa Ntshz;ik> khj ,jo;> 2> Kj;jkpo; njU> nghd;dpak;kd; efu;>
; hf;fk;> nrd;id – 64
rpl;yg
41. ehk; cotu; (nghJ tptrhak;)> khj ,jo;> 7> ePyfz;l Nkj;jh njU>
jp.efu;> nrd;id – 17>
42. gRik tpfld;> 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw> gRik tpfld;
757> mz;zhrhiy> nrd;id – 2
43. ];gpf; gz;izr; nra;jp (Ntshz;ik)> nra;jp kyu; nrd;id fpUj;Jtf;fy;Y}up
tshfk;> fpof;F jhk;guk;> nrd;id – 600059
44. epytsk; (Ntshz;ik)> khj ,jo;> jkpo;ehL $l;LwT khepy Ntshz;ik kw;Wk;
; p tq;fp>181 – 183>y]; ru;r; rhiy>kapyhg;G+u;> nrd;id–4
Cuf tsu;rr
45. njhopy; El;g Njhl;lf;fiy> khj ,jo;> 54> , / 3b nrapd;l; N[hrg;> v];. b. rp NuhL>
ngUkhs;Guk;> jpUney;Ntyp – 627007
46. ek;top Ntshz;ik (,aw;if top Ntshz;ik) > fhyhz;L >45> b. gp. vk;. efu;
tpuhl;bgj;J> kJiu – 61501
47. ,e;jpa njd;id ,jo;> fhyhz;L > Kjd;ik njd;id tsu;rr
; p mjpfhup njd;id
tsu;r;rp thupak;> nfhr;rpd; – 682011
48. jhshz;ik> khj ,jo;>15/gp> gNahdpau; FbapUg;G
jpUkq;fyk; > kJiu – 625706
49. Ntshz;ik nra;jpf;fjpu;> khj ,jo;>45>raj;fhydp>2tJ tPjp>vf;Nkhu;>nrd;id–8
50. thndhyp cotu; rq;fk;> khj ,jo;> thndhyp cotu; rq;fk;>ciwA+u;>jpUr;rp–3
,iza ,jo;fs;
1. mf;up lhf;lu;
2. jpd Ntshz;ik
3. Ntshz;ikr; rpwF
4. jhsz;ik
5. nrhy;tdk; Ntshz;ik
6. gRikj; jkpofk;
7. mfu Kjy
8. fz;Nzhl;lk;
9. jpz;iz
10. thdfk;

144
 15. fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; - Ntshz; fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk;
Kiw- jug;gLj;Jjy; - ,yf;fpaf; fiyr;nrhw;fs;> tl;lhu
Ntshz;ik tof;Fr;nrhw;fs; - mfuhjpapay;

fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;
mwptpay; jkpopd; ,d;wpaikahj cWg;G fiyr;nrhy; MFk;. xU nkhopapy; ,y;yhj
mwptpay; nrhy;Yf;F Ntw;W nkhopapdpd;W Neupilahfr; nrhw;fisg; ngw;Nwh vOj;Jg;
ngau;j;Njh my;yJ nkhop ngau;j;Njh GJ nrhw;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tijNa
fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; vd;gu;. fiyr;nrhy; vd;w fUtpia cUthf;Ftjd; %ykhf kl;LNk
mwptpay; - njhopypay; nra;jpj; njhlh;Gfis Nkk;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij cyfpw;F
czh;j;jpath; Nguhrphpah; A+[pd; C];lh; Mth;. ,tu; 1898 >y; M];jphpa ehl;by; gpwe;jth;;.
kpd;nghwpapay; gl;lk; ngw;wtuhthh;. ,tNu fiyr;nrhy;ypd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.

fiyr;nrhy;ypd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk; Gupe;J nfhs;SjyhFk;. ,e;Nehf;fk;

KOikaila Ntz;Lnkdpy; Gjpa Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhy;Yf;F cupa rupahd nrhy;iyj;
jUjNyahFk;. mwptpaiyj; jkpopy; jUk; fiyr;nrhy;ypd; gzp kfj;jhdjhFk;. Mq;fpy
nkhopapy; vz;zw;w mwptpay; fl;LiufSk;Ma;twpf;iffSk;> mwptpay; E}y;fSk;
ntspte;j tz;zk; cs;sd. mNjNghy; vz;zw;w fiyr; nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpNy
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa mwptpay; nra;jpfs; jkpo;nkhopapy; rupahd
Kiwapy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gLk;NghJ jkpOyfk; Gjpa tsu;rr ; p epiyfisj; jhz;bj; jk;
gazj;ijj; njhlUtij ehk; czu;e;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,j;jifa Gjpa Kaw;rpapd; ntw;wpf;Ff;
fhuzkhf ,Ug;git fiyr;nrhw;fNs vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. mj;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j fiyr;nrhw;fs; %ynkhopf;fhd rupahd khw;Wr; nrhy;yhf ,Uf;fNtz;baJ
mtrpakhdjhFk;. mj;jifa fiyr;nrhw;fis vt;thW cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ
,f;fl;Liuapd; ikar;rpe;jidahFk;.

fiyr; nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

NeNdh njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;W GjpJGjpjhf mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;>
rhjidfSk; tsu;e;J nfhz;Nl tUk;NghJ mjw;F ,izahd jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhw;fSk;;
rupahfj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ve;j KOikahd mwptpay;
rhjidfSk; filepiy kdpjd; tiu nrd;wila Ntz;LtJ mtrpak;. mg;NghJjhd;>
mwptpaYk; tsUk;; nkhopAk; epiyf;Fk;. ‘cell’ vd;w Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F
,izahd ‘capuZ’ vd;fpd;;w Gjpa fiyr;nrhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJk; ‘nry;’ vd;w
vOj;Jg; ngau;g;Ng gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,JNt tof;Fr; nrhy;yhf khwptpl;lJ. ,jw;Ff;
fhuzk;> gad;ghl;by; xU nrhy; te;j clNdNa mjw;F ,izahd jkpo;f;
145
fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; tpopg;Gzu;T ,y;yhikAk; msTf;fjpfkhd
fhyj;jhkjKNkahFk;. ‘nry;’; vd;w nrhy;> filepiy kdpjidAk; nrd;wile;j gpd;du;
‘capuZ’ vd;w Gjpa fiyr;nrhy; cUthfpAk; mjdhy; gadpy;iy vd;fpd;w
khjpupahd xU R+oy; cUthfptpl;lJ. xU Gjpa mwptpay; Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;
gad;ghl;bw;F te;j clNdNa mjw;Fupa epfuhd Gjpa jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; ,j;jifa epiykhWtjw;F tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. mg;gb
,y;yhtpby; vOj;Jg; ngau;g;GfNs jkpo;f;fiyr;nrhy; cUthf;fkhf khwptpLtNjhL
jkpo;nkhopapy; nghUSf;Fk;> nrhy;Yf;Fk; gQ;rk; te;Jtpl;ljhd khiaj; Njhd;wj;
njhlq;fptpLk;. Mjyhy;> mwptpay; tsu;rr ; pf;F kl;Lkd;wp jkpo;nkhop tsu;rr
; pf;Fk; ,e;j
mtrufhy eltbf;ifj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk;> XNu Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy; gyNtW JiwfspYk; gad;gLj;jg; ngWk;

epiyikAk; cz;L. vdNt> fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjpia cUthf;Fk; gzpapy; <LgLgth;fs;
gy;NtW Jiwr;nrhw;fisAk; Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F <lhff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;whf> cell vd;gJ capuZ vd;W caphpaypYk; kpd;fyk; (Ngl;lup nry;) vd;W
kpd;dpaypYk; nghUs;gLk;. vdNt> fiyr;nrhy;yfuhjpapy; cell vd;w nrhy;Yf;F capuZ>
kpd;fyk; vd;w ,U nghUs;fisANk juNtz;Lk;. mt;tj; Jiwapdh; jkf;F Ntz;Lk;
nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th;.

15.1. fiyr; nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk; Kiw :

fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ ,dpa Xir> moF> goik> rpwpa tbtk;
Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;bYk; fUj;Jj; njsptpw;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mwptpay; nra;jpahdJ> mtw;wpw;Fupa mwptpay; Jiwapy; rupahd nrhy; tbtkhf
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Lj; Jy;ypakhf;fg;gLtNj fiyr;nrhw;fspd; Kjd;ikg; gzpahFk;.
jkpopy; fiyr;nrhy; Ie;J Kiwfspy; cUthf;fg;gLtjhf nkhopapay; ty;Ydu;fs;
gupe;Jiu nra;fpd;wdu;. mit gpd;tUkhW>

1. goQ;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
2. nrhw;nghUs; tpupT
3. GJr;nrhy; gilg;G
4. nkhop ngau;g;G
5. vOj;Jg;ngau;g;G
1. goQ;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; :
goQ;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ> ePz;l fhykhf vOj;J tof;fpNyh> Ngr;R
tof;fpNyh gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; eilKiwr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fiyr; nrhw;fis
cUthf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

rhd;W : Jam- gof;$o;; Non-absorbent cotton – cwpQ;rh gUj;jp;

146
 Polyphyletic – gy;topg; gupzhkk;
Pumping Unit – ePu; ,witg; nghwp

2. nrhw;nghUs; tpupT :
nrhy;ypd; KOg;nghUisAk; cs;slf;fpapUg;gNjhL> tpupthd tpsf;fk; jUtjhfTk;
fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;FjNy nrhw;nghUs; tpupthFk;. mr;nrhy;ypd; cupa nghUis
tpupthf vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk;gbahf Gjpa nrhw;fismikf;fNtz;Lk;.

rhd;W - Pesticide – G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp; ; Osmosis – rt;T+L guty;;

Catalysts – tpidA+f;fpfs; ;Radicle – KisNtu;

3. Gjpa nrhy;gilg;G :
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Gjpjhff; fiyr;nrhw;fs; gilf;fg;gLtijg; NghyNt jkpopYk; %yf;
fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F cupj;jhd rupahd Gjpa nrhy;iy cUthf;FjyhFk;.
rhd;W:Tapetum -Cl;l capuZf;fs;; Pistil -R+yfk;;>Samara – rpwFf;fdp;> Enzyme–nehjpfs;
Gjpa nrhy; gilf;fg;gLk;NghJ> nkhop kuGk; nrhy;yhf;f tpjpfSk; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Gjpa nrhw;fisg;gilf;Fk;NghJk;> goQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; Gjpa fUj;J tbtk; jUk;NghJk;>
%y nkhopr;nrhy;iy milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; juNtz;Lk;. Gjpa nrhw;fisj;
njhifr;nrhw;fshfNth jdpr; nrhw;fshfNth cUthf;Fjy;> Kd;ndhl;L> gpd;ndhl;L
tiuaWj;jy;> gilg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ff; $WfshFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

tpid + gpd;ndhl;L = ngau;

xspu; + T = xspu;T
mjpu;+T = mjpu;T
mk; (rhupia)
jdp +mk; = jdpkk;
Nru; +mk; = Nru;kk;
Md;
fzpg;G +Md; = fzpg;ghd;
fiug;G +Md; = fiug;ghd;

Kd;ndhl;L> gpd;ndhl;L ,izj;Jf; fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;Fjy;

njhiy + Ngrp = njhiyNgrp
kpd; + tprpwp = kpd;tprpwp

147
4. nkhopngau;g;G :
Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;iy mg;gbNa nkhopngau;j;J jkpopy; cUthf;FtjhFk;.
ngUk;ghyhd jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhw;fs; nkhopngau;j;J cUthf;fg;gl;litahfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rhd;W : Mixed crop – fyg;Gg;gapu;;> Seed pelleting–tpij Kyhk; G+Rjy;;
Culture medium – tsu;g;G Clfk; Pulpwood– kur;$o;

rpyNghJ fyg;G KiwapYk; rpy mwptpay; nrhw;fs; jhdhfNt mike;J tpLfpd;wd.

Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;Ny gofpajhfNth> gad;ghl;by; ,Ug;gjhfNth fhzg;gl;lhy;
mtw;iwAk; jkpo;rn
; rhy;NyhL ,izj;Jf; fyitahff; Fwpg;gpLjy;. rhd;W g;A+iul;
Foha;> ghypjPd; ciw> gpsh];bf; FLit> Balloon fish – gY}d;kPd; Hot plasam –
ntk;ikahd g;shrk;.

5. vOj;Jg; ngau;g;G:
,tw;iwaLj;J vOj;Jg; ngau;g;G vd;w KiwapYk; fiyr;nrhw;fs; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd. mjpfg; gad;ghl;by; me;j Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Ny Gof;fj;jpy; epiyj;J tpLtjhYk;>
NtW rupahd cupa fiyr;nrhy; mikf;f KbahjjhNyh> nkhop ngau;g;gpNyh> Gjpa nrhy;
cUthf;fj;jpNyh rpf;fy; NeupLk; NghNjh me;j Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;iy mg;gbNa
vOj;Jg; ngau;g;gNj rupahd Kbthf mike;JtpLfpd;wJ. mt;thW Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
cs;s fiyr;nrhy;iy mg;gbNa jkpopy; fld; thq;FjNy vOj;Jg; ngau;g;ghFk;.

rhd;W : FNshhpd;> gh];gu];> i`l;u[d;> `Pypak;.MagNetic –khf;dbf;; Meter – kPl;lu;

,J Nghd;w ngUk;ghyhd Ntjpg;ngau;fs; midj;Jk; Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. fupakpythA> gpuhzthA> (capu;tsp)> vuprhuhak; vd;W rpy ngau;fs;
nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lhYk; mitahTk; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fshfNt jkpopy;
cr;rupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW mikf;fg;gLtJ jtW vd;Nwh> fl;lhak; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl
Ntz;baJ vd;Nwh Kuz;nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy.

Vnddpy;> fiyr;nrhy;ypd; jiyaha Nehf;fNk Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLjNyahFk;.

,j;jifa Ntjpg; ngau;fs;> fzpjf; FwpaPLfs;> msitfs;> jhtutpay; ngau;fs;>
tpyq;fpay; ngau;fs; Mfpait njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk;
Fog;gq;fs; Neuplf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhfTk; mg;gbNa vOj;Jg;ngau;g;G nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fj;jpd; Kjy; Kaw;rpahf tpsq;Fgit vOj;Jg;ngau;g;Gk;>
nkhopngau;g;GNkahFk;.

148
fiyr;nrhw;fs; cUthf;Fk;NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;bait :
xU fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;Fk;NghJ ngUtof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy;iy tpLj;J
mUfpa nrhy;iyj; Nju;T nra;jy; Kw;wpYk; jtwhdjhFk;.

Kjyhtjhff;> fiyr;nrhw;fs; ahUf;fhf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpj;Jr;

rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghkuu; Kjy; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; tiu fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L tifapdUf;Fk; gad;gLkhW cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;.mLj;J> mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj; JiwapYs;s gy;NtW gpupTfspYk;
jw;fhy mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; vspjhf tpsq;FkhW jkpo;rn ; rhw;fs; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.
jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; ntWk; nkhop ngau;g;Gfshf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. mit Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fspd;
nghUisr; rupahf czu;j;Jtjhff; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gLk; nrhw;fs;
$ba tiuapy; tpsf;fk; epiwe;jdthff; fhzg;glNtz;Lk.; vspa tbtpyhd>
Fog;gkpy;yhj njspthd nrhw;fisNa Nju;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;nghUs; tpupT
nkhopngau;g;G Mfpa ,U KiwfNs ngUk;ghYk;; rupahd fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f Kiwfshf
mikfpd;wd ,Ug;gpDk;> rpyNghJ capNuhl;lk; kpf;fr; rupahd ,izahd Gjpa nrhw;fSk;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

rhd;W SRI-nrk;ik ney; rhFgb> Pit Planting in Sugarcan – fUk;gpy; FopelT>

Drip Fertigation –nrhl;L ePu; cug;ghrdk;.

Gjpa nrhy;> mofhd nrhy;> ,yf;fpar; nrhy;> Xir eak; nghUe;jpa nrhy; vd;fpd;w
fhuzq;fspdhy; Vw;fdNt gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy;iy tpLj;J mwpKfkpy;yhj Gjpa
nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JtJ kpfj; jtwhdjhFk;. Gjpa nrhw;fNsh> gad;ghl;Lr; nrhw;fNsh
epfuhf mikahjNghJ kl;LNk Gjpa nrhy;iy ehlNtz;LNk jtpu> Vw;fdNt vy;NyhuhYk;
gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;w cupa nrhy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; Gjpa nrhy;iyj;
njupT nra;af;$lhJ. jkpo;nkhopr; nrhw;fis Muha;e;jhy; mit ngUk;ghYk; Xuir
my;yJ <uirr; nrhw;fNs vd mwpayhk;. rpWghd;ik %tirr; nrhw;fSk; fhzg;gLk;.
fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fj;jpy; rpd;dQ;rpW nrhw;fNs Kjd;ik ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. vdNt>
ePskhd nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlh;fisAk; jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

❖ mwptpay; cyfpy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Gof;fj;jpy; tUfpd;w fhyfl;lq;fspNyNa

mjw;fhd jkpo;f; fiyr;n ; rhw;fisAk; cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; cldbahf
<LglNtz;Lk;.fhy jhkjk; $lhJ.
❖ gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; jkpo;rn
; rhw;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
❖ Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis nkhopngau;f;Fk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fspd; nghUisAk;> Moj;ijAk;
ed;F czu;e;J nkhopngau;g;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
❖ jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhw;fSf;F mUfpy; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; Mq;fpyf; fiyr;
nrhy;iyAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;
149
❖ rupahd jkpo;rn
; rhy; mikf;f ,ayhJ rpf;fy; NeupLk;NghJ mg;gbNa Mq;fpyr;
nrhy;iy vOj;Jg; ngau;j;Jg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
❖ Xh; mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;Fk;NghJ me;j mwptpay; Jiw rhu;e;j
ty;YeUk; jkpo;nkhop ty;YeUk; xUq;fpize;J Ma;e;J cupa jkpo;f;
fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdhNy jukhd
rupahd fiyr;nrhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gLk;.

15.2. fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jug;gLj;Jjy; :

jug;gLj;jg;glhj vJTk; Rfhjhukhdjy;y vd;gijg; Nghd;Nw jug;gLj;jg;glhj
fiyr;nrhy;Yk; nkhopr; Rfhjhukw;wjhfptpLk;. xU Ntshz; fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F xt;nthU
Ntshz; tpQ;QhdpAk; jq;fs; tpUg;gk;Nghy; Gjpa nrhy; cUthf;fk; nra;Ak;NghJ
Fog;gk; Vw;gLfpwJ. Mifapdhy;> xU Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhy;Yf;Fr; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l gy
,izahd jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jFe;j ty;Ydu;FONthLk; jkpo; mwpQu;fspd;
JizNahLk; tpthjpj;Jr; rhpahd xU nrhy;iy kl;Lk; Nju;T nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa
fiyr;nrhy;iyNa midtUk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. jug;gLj;Jk;NghJ
mf;fiyr;nrhw;fs; vspa eilapYk; nghUs; rpwf;f cjTk; tifapYk; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;
.

Nkw;fz;lthW> jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fiyr;nrhw;fs; jkpo;g;ghl mwptpay; E}y;fspy;

,lk;ngw muR Miz gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhlu;e;J me;j xU nrhy;iyNa
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tPzhd Fog;gq;fs; jtpu;ff; g;gLk;. xU rKjhaj;jpd; gy;Jiw nkhop
Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; ,d;wpaikahj gq;fhw;WfpwJ. fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;
vd;gJ vspa nray; md;W. mJ ePz;l ehshf Kad;W Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
gzpahFk;.Mjyhy;> tpiutpy; nra;JKbf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.,f;fiyr;
nrhy;yhf;fg; gzpapy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;ghLfis Nkw;$wpa epiyfspy; mfw;wp> Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhz;lhy; rKjhaKk;> nkhopAk; Nkk;ghL miltJ jpz;zk;.

Gjpa jkpo;r; nrhw;fisj; njupT nra;jy; :

xU fUj;Jg; gbtj;ij tpsf;Fk; tz;zk; jkpopy; Gjpa nrhw;fisg; gilf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwfspy; ehSf;F ehs; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
ngUfpf;nfhz;Nl Nghtjhy;> jkpopYk; mjw;fpizahd Gjpa nrhw;fisg; gilg;gNjhL
nghUspy; njspT ,Uf;FkhWk; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; Tube, Pipe Mfpa
nrhw;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; jkpopy;> ,it ,uz;ilAk; Foha; vd;w xNu nrhy;yhy;
Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> nghUs; njsptpd;wp tpsq;FfpwJ. vdNt> mr;nrhw;fis Tube rpWFoha;;
Pipe – ngUq;Foha; vdr; nrhy;yhf;fk; nra;tNj nghUs; kaf;fj;ij jtpu;fF
; k;. Duct
vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; Foha; vd;w nrhy;iyNa gad;gLj;Jtu; nghUs; njspT

150
Ntz;b mjidr; nry;top vdr; nrhy;yhf;fk; nra;tJ rpwe;jJ. vL -Air duct tspnry;top>
Acqua duct ePu;nry;top

,J Nghd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; Wire, Rod, Bar, Shaft Nghd;w nrhw;fisj; jkpopy;
fk;gp vd;Dk; xU nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gu;. xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; Gjpa nrhw;fisg; gilg;gJ ey;yJ.
rhd;W :

Wire rpWfk;gp

Rod fk;gp

Bar ngUq;fk;gp

Shaft jz;L

,JNghd;w Post, Pole, Pillar, Column Nghd;w nrhw;fSf;Fj; J}z; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy kl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jhky; fPNo nfhLj;Js;sthW gad;gLj;JtJ rpwg;ghdjhFk;

Post kuf;fk;gk;
Pole Nfhy; my;yJ fop
Pillar J}z;
Column fl;blj; J}z;

nkhopahf;fr; rpf;fy;fSk; jPu;TfSk; :

Computer vd;w nrhy;Yf;Ff; fzpdp> fzpg;ghd;> fzpg;nghwp Mfpa fiyr;nrhw;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU nrhy; gy fiyr;nrhw;fisg; ngw;W kf;fspilNa Fog;g epiyiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. vdNt> jukhd xU nrhy;iyg; gad;ghl;by; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ Fog;gepiy
ePq;fp mr;nrhy; kf;fsplj;jpy; ntF tpiuthfr; nrd;wilAk;. mLj;J> gy nrhw;fSf;F
xU nrhy; gad;gLj;Jk; kf;fspilNa Fog;gj;ij cUthf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ‘Storage,
Memory’ Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; jkpopy; epidtfk; vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mt;thW
my;yhky; Storage, vd;gjw;Fr; Nrkpg;gfk; vdTk; Memory vd;gjw;F epidtfk; vd;Wk;
nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; rpf;fy; jPu;e;JtpLk;.

nrhw;fisj; jkpohf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJ xNu mikg;gpy; jkpohf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Worker Ntiyf;fhuu;> Dancer eldk; MLgtu;> Cleaner Rj;jk; nra;gtu; vd;Wk;
nkhopahf;fr; nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; Cooker vd;w nrhy; vt;thW
ghj;jpuj;jpw;Fg; ngauhf khwpaJ? Cooker vd;gjw;Fr; rikay; nra;gtu; vd;W

151
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. xl;Lr; nrhy;yhf Kiw Cook vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; xNu mikg;gpy;
gad;gLj;jg; glNtz;Lk;.

Ntshz;ikf; fiyr;nrhw;fs;
1. Dormancy - tpij cwf;fk;
2. Hilum - tpijj;jOk;G
3. Germination - Kisj;jy;
4. Locule - R+y; ciw
5. Node - fZ
6. Mixed crop - fyg;Gg; gapu;
7. Minerals - jhJg; nghUl;fs;
8. Inflorescence - G+ kQ;rup
9. Moisture Meter - <ukhdp
10. Pathogem - Neha;ff
; huzp
11. Pericarp - fdp ciw
12. pH - fhu mkpyj; jd;ik
13. Seed Pelleting - tpij Kyhk; G+Rjy;
14. Raphe - R+yb
15. Callus - ,iokk;
16. Bio-fuel - capu; vupnghUs;
17. Catalysts - tpidA+f;fp
18. Cell - capuZ
19. Microbes - Ez;Zapu;
20. Meristem - Edp tsu;jpR
21. Irradiation - fjpu; tPr;R
22. Culture Medium - tsu;g;G Clfk;
23. Mutation - rLjp khw;wk;
24. Osmosis - rt;T+L guty;
25. Rainfed - khdhthupg; gapu;
26. Organic Compounds - fdpk cg;Gfs;
27. Protoplasm - capuZj; njhFjp
28. Water Resources - ePh; %yq;fs;

152
29. Ionosphere - kpd;dD kz;lyk;
30. Convectional Rainfall - ntg;gr; ryd kio
31. Surface irrigation - NkNyhl;lg; ghrdk;
32. Subsoil irrigation - Fopg;ghrdk;
33. Lift irrigation - ,witg;ghrdk;> Vw;wg;ghrdk;
34. Renaissance - kWkyh;r;rp
35. Field level - fodp kl;lk;
36. Transhumance - gUt fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w Nka;r;ry;
37. Hydrolysis - ePuhw;gFg;G> ePh;g;gFg;G
38. Microflora - Ez;Zaph;j; jhtuq;fs;
39. Breeder seeds - ,dtpUj;jp tpijfs;
40. Micro nutrients - Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;Jf;fs;
41. Habitat - tho;tplk;
42. Catchments - ePh;gpbg;G
43. Morphology - cUt mikg;G
44. Magnification - gy;Kiwg; ngUf;fk;
45. Aromatic Compunds - eWkzr; Nrh;kq;fs;
46. Dry garbage - cyh;fopTfs;
47. Reactors - tpidfyd;fs;
48. Dilute - ePh;j;j
49. Fluid - gha;kk;
50. Damage cost - ,og;gPl;Lr; nryT
51. Spores - tpijr;rpjy;fs;
52. Fungicides - G+Q;irf; nfhy;ypfs;
53. Biological control - caphpay; fl;Lg;ghL
54. Attractants - <Hj;J mopg;ghd;
55. Sterilization - kylhf;fy;
56. Standardisation - jueph;zak;
57. Storage canal - Njf;ff; fhy;tha;
58. Tank irrigation - Vhpg;ghrdk;
59. Multipurpose Project - gy; Nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;
60. Hydro electric power - ePh;kpd; rf;jp

153
 61. Soil Conservation - kz;fhg;G
62. Agricultural Marketing - tpisnghUs; tpw;gid
63. Bund farmer - tug;gikf;Fk; fUtp
64. Hoeing device - fisnaLf;Fk; fUtp
65. Winnower - J}w;Wf;fUtp
66. Inputs - ,LnghUl;fs;
67. Outputs - vLnghUl;fs;
68. Ratio Methods - tpfpj Kiwfs;
69. Processing Garden - gjdpL Njhl;lk;
70. Nuclic acids - cl;fU mkpyq;fs;
71. Significance - rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs;
72. Angiosperm - %Ltpijj; jhtuq;fs;
73. Back Cross - jha; Nra; fyg;G
74. Barter - gz;lkhw;W
75. Bigerm - ,U fU tpij
76. Blotter - cwpQ;Rjhs;
77. Centrifuge - ika tpyf;F tpirf; fUtp
78. Cross Pollination - may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if
79. Genetic incompatibility - kugpay; xt;thik
80. Nematode gall - E}w;GO Kbr;R
81. Pod shattering - fha; ntbj;jy;
82. Pulse beetle - gaW tz;L
83. Synchronized flowering - Vffhyg; G+g;G
84. Working sample - Ma;T khjphp.
85. Alternative Crop System - khw;Wg; gaph;Kiw

15.3. ,yf;fpaf; fiyr;nrhw;fs; :

coj;jpaH – coTj; njhopy; nra;Ak; cotHf;F cWJizaha; ,Ug;gtHfs; -
cotH Fyg; ngz;fs;. ,tHfs; nra;Ak; jdpj;j njhopy; ehw;W eLjyhFk;. ed;wpizapy;
“J}q;fy; xhpahH” vDk; GytH ehw;W eLk; ngz;fis “eLeH” vd;Dk; nrhy;yhw; Fwpg;gJ
Nghw;Wjw;FhpajhFk;.
“ ePHcW nrWtpy; ehWKb mOj;jepd;

154
 eLenuhL ePNrwp ahapd; tz;
rhAk;nea;jYk; Xk;Gkjp”> - vDk; ghly;>
cotNd! ePH epiwe;j taypy; ehw;W Kbfis eLtjw;F eP epd; coj;jpaUld;
nry;thNaahdhy;> mq;NfAs;s NfhiufisAk;> nea;jy;fisAk; fisfs; vd;W fUjpf;
fisahky; ghJfhg;ghahf vd;W Njhop $Wfpd;whHfs;. ,d;W gapw;WeH - ,af;FeH –
Xl;LeH – elj;JeH Kjyhd nrhw;fisg; gilj;Jf; NfhlYf;F %y fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ
eLeH vd;Dk; nrhy;nydpy; kpifahNkh?
muRj;Jiw> jdpahH Jiwfspy; gzpahw;WNthH jk; Cjpaj;jpy; xU gFjpiar;
Nrkpj;J Xa;Tf; fhyj;jpy; ngWk; epjpiar; Nrkepjp – eyepjp Provident Fund” vd;W toq;fp
tUfpd;wdH.jpUthrfj;jpy; kzpthrfg; ngUkhs; jpU mz;lg; gFjpapy;> “VjpyhHf;F Vjpy;
vk; ,iwtd; tho;f! fhjyHf;F va;g;gpdpy; itg;Ng! vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. mUk;GjTiu
vOjpa mwpQH eP>fe;jrhkpgps;isatHfs; va;g;gpdpy; itg;G vd;gjw;F “,isj;j fhyj;jpy;
cjTk; nghUs; Nrkepjp” vd;W vOjpAs;shH. ,isj;j fhyj;jpy; vd;gJ Xa;T ngw;w
fhykhFk;.
jpUthrfk; vd;Dk; jPe;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> kfspH fhyzpiag; ghlfk; vd;Dk;
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. “ghlfk; nky;yb MHf;Fk; kq;if” vd;w mbf;F ciu vOjpa
mwpQH erP.fe;jrhkpg;gps;isatHfs; ghlfk; vd;gjw;F “kfspHf; fhyzp” vd;W
vOjpAs;shH.,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiyr;nrhw;fis Mq;fpyf; fiyr;nrhw;fSf;F
,izahd gjyPl;Lr; nrhw;fshfj; Njitf;Nfw;g ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J ifahSjy;
mtrpakhFk;. rpe;jpj;jhy; nkhop tsUk; Ma;e;jha;e;J fw;why; fiyr;nrhy; tsUk;.
xU rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW tsHr;rpf;Fk;> nkhop Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;
,d;wpaikahj gq;fhw;WfpwJ. fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk; vd;gJ vspa nray; md;W. mJ ePz;l
ehshf Kad;W Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gzp MFk;. Mjyhy;> tpiutpy; nra;J Kbf;f
Ntz;ba gzpAkhFk;. mfw;wp> Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhy; rKjha Nkk;ghLk;> nkhop Nkk;ghLk;
Vw;gLjy; jpz;zk;.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Ntshz;ikf; fiyr;nrhw;fs;

1. mfsk; - ePu;rr
; hy;

2. mr;rpuk; - Kd;gdpf; fhyk;

3. mrk;G - NrW

4. mik - %q;fpy;

5. my;yp - mftpjo;
6. mopngay; - kpf;f kio

155
7. ms; - nrwpT> $u;ik

8. Mk;gp - ePupiwf;Fk; fUtp

9. Muk; - tz;bapd; Xu; cWg;G

10. Miu - mr;Rkuk;> Muhf;fhy;

11. Mg;gp - gRtpd; rhzk;

12. Myq;fhdk; - Mykuf;fhL> jiyahyq;fhL

13. Md;gak; - gRk;ghy;

14. MDUf;F - gRtpd; nea;

15. ,lh - ,iw$il

16. ,jf;if - gdq;fhapd; jiyapYs;s NjhL

17. ,Uk;Gdk; - ngupa nfhy;iy

18. ,Utp - jhs;> jpiz mupe;j jhs;

19. ,Untjpu; - ngupa %q;fpy;

20. ,yQ;rp - thtp> Fsk;> kL

21. ,w;wp - ,j;jp

22. ,wb - jpid

23. ,why; - Njdil

24. ,Wk;G - kskuf;fhL> FWq;fhL

25. <dpy; - gpurt miw

26. <Djy; - Kl;ilapLjy;> cz;lhf;Fjy;> G+j;jy;> jspu;j;jy;

27. ce;J}o; - ngU%q;fpy;

28. cyit - fha;e;j fpis> kuf;nfhk;G

29. cOgil - fyg;ig

30. Co;j;jy; - Kjpu;jy;> kyu;jy;> gjdopj;jy;

31. COW G+ - kyu;e;J fopAk; gok;G+

32. vwp - Gdk;

33. vWo; - nre;epwg; G+Tila FwpQ;rp

156
34. vwp Gdk; - ntl;br; Rl;l nfhy;iy epyk;

35. Itdk; - kiy ney;

36. fsup - fsu; epyk;

37. fodp - tay;

38. fhu; ehw;wk; - kz; thrid

39. FyTf; Fuy; - tise;j fjpu;

40. Fstp - fhl;L ky;ypif

41. $tpsk; - tpy;tk;

42. ifij - jhio

43. nfhq;F - G+e;jhJ

44. nfhO - cOk; fUtp

45. rpWjb - ghj;jp

46. rpjb - rPs; tz;L

47. rhyp ney; - nre;ney;

48. Rud; - ghiy epyk;

49. nrJk;gy; - Nrw;W epyk;

50. Nrly; - gtsky;ypif

15.4 tl;lhu Ntshz;ik tof;Fr;nrhw;fs;

Nryk; khtl;lk;
tof;Fr; nrhy; nghJr; nrhy;

1. fpspfhl ntsQ;rpUf;F - mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf

2. gapHnrq;fwpr;Rg; Nghr;R - gapH rpte;J Nghjy;

3. GOf;fg; gQ;R - ntbf;fhj gQ;R

4. gapH fiwQ;rpg; Nghr;R - gapH J}H fl;b tsuhky; Cd;wpa gapUk; Fiwjy;

5. <Lrhl ntsQ;rpUf;F - miu Fiwahd tpisr;ry;

jUkGhp khtl;lk;

157
 tof;Fr; nrhy; nghJr; nrhy;

1. njhz;ilg; g+l;il - fjpH ghjpapy; epd;W tpLjy;

2. nghl;lhg; Nghr;R - gjuha;g; Nghjy;

3. rs;Sj; jz;zPu; - elTf;Fg;gpd; Kjy; Kiwahfg; gha;r;Rk; ePH

4. nrb Ff;fpg; Nghr;R - nrb tsu tpy;iy

5. <NlW Xl;lwJ - VUf;F VH coT nra;jy;

ePyfphp khtl;lk;

tof;Fr; nrhy; nghJr; nrhy;

1. kWKs;S NghLjy; - kW coT

2. jpid nghWf;fy; - jpid mWtil

3. Jtrk; - jhdpak;

4. NgL fl;Ljy; - ghj;jp fl;Ljy;

5. tu tpijg;G - GOjp tpijg;G

Nfhit khtl;lk;
tof;F nrhy; nghJ nrhy;
1. nrik fl;Ljy; - ney; mhpjhs;fisf; fl;Ljy;
2. Nek;Gjy; - J}w;wpg; Gilj;jy;
3. Nghzp coT - Kjy; coT
4. ts;sk; g+kp - ehd;F Vf;fH
5. gho; epyk; - nghwk;Nghf;F
fd;dpahFkhpkhtl;lk;
tof;Fr; nrhy; nghJr; nrhy;
1. glg;G milf;fpwJ - NghH NghLjy;
2. nghb tpijg;G - GOjpapy; tpijj;jy;
3. gf;fk; itj;jy; - fpisg; gapH
4. ghjpahug; ghl;lk; - tpistpy; ghjp
5. nrq;fhkiu tpOjy; - gapH rpte;J Nghjy;

15.5.mfuhjpapay;
158
 jkpopy; mfuhjp njhFf;Fk; KiwAk; mfuhjp njhFg;Gf;fhd newpKiwfSk; mjpf
mstpy; ntsptutpy;iy. mfuhjp jahupf;Fk; Kiw jkpOf;F xd;Wk; Gjpjpy;iy
vd;wNghJk; njhopy; rhu;e;j mfuhjpfs; jkpopy; ntsptutpy;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. ehk;
ghuk;gupakhfg; gy njhopy;fs; nra;JtUtjhy; gy Jiwf; fiyr;nrhw;fs; ek;kplk; cz;L.
mjidf; fsg;gzpfs; %yk; ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
Mq;fpyk; fye;j njhopy; nrhw;fNs epiyngw;WtpLk;. ,f;fUj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L jkpopy; njhopy; rhu;e;j kuGr;nrhw;fis vt;thW mfuhjp tbtpy; cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,q;F ghu;g;Nghk;.

mfuhjp – tpsf;fk; :
nkhopg;gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk; jhd;. ,f;fUj;Jg;
gupkhw;wk; eilngwhj ,lq;fspy; mfuhjpfs; jk;Kila gq;ifg; ngupJk; mspf;fpd;wd.

Nuz;lk; `tp]; mfuhjpapy; bf;\;dup vDk; nrhy;Yf;F xU nkhopapypUe;J Nju;T

nra;ag;gl;l nrhw;fisnay;yhk; mfutupirapy; je;J mr;nrhw;fspd; ,yf;fzf; $Wfs;>
xypg;G Kiw> nghUs;> nrhw;gpwg;G> nrhy; tpupT Nghd;witgw;wpf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
jfty;fis xNu nkhopapNyh> NtW nkhopapNyh jUk E}y; vd;W ng. khijad;
$wpAs;shu;.

rprp. ngu;f; (C.C Berg) vd;ghu;. mfuhjpiag; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ngr;R
r%fj;jpypUe;J r%f tag;gl;l nkhopapay; gbtq;fis vy;yhk; njhFj;J Kiwg;gLj;jpf;
nfhLf;fpd;w xU nrhw;nwhFjp. jFjp tha;e;j gad;ghl;lhsd; my;yJ gbg;Nghd; xt;nthU
jdpr;nrhy;iyAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; njhFj;Njhdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpsf;fj;jpid
cilaJ. mg;Ngr;R r%fj;jpy; mr;nrhy;ypd; nray;ghL gw;wpa njhlu;Gila
cz;ikfisj; jUtJ. ngu;f;fpd; ,e;j tpsf;fk; mfuhjpfspd; jiyikahd tiffNshL
njhlu;Gilajha; cs;sJ.

GSk;/gPy;L (Bloomfield, 1933) mfuhjpia ,yf;fzj;jpd; gpd;dpizg;G> Kiwaw;w

tbtq;fspd; gl;bay; vd;fpwhu; kw;Wk; mfuhjpia ,yf;fz kuNghL njhlu;GilaJ vd;ghu;
nkhopapayhu;.

mikg;G nkhopiag; NghyNt khw;wpyf;fz nkhopapYk; %d;W gFjpfis

cs;slf;fpaJ. mtw;iwj; njhlupay;> nghUz;ikapay;> xypadpay; vd;gu;. ,tw;wpy;
nghUz;ikapay; gFjpapy; mfuhjpAk; xd;W. ,jpNyAk; nrhw;nghUs; $Wk; gFjpAk;
cs;sJ. Nkw;$wpatw;iw xg;gpLk;NghJ xd;W njspthfpwJ. nkhopaikg;Gg; gw;wpa
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; mfuhjp vd;Dk;NghJ mtw;wpd; nghUs;
tpsf;fKk; ,yf;fzj;jpd; gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJjhd; vd;W f.
ghyRg;gpukzpad; tpsf;Ffpwhu;.

159
fpisnkhop mfuhjp :
fpisnkhop mfuhjp vd;gJ> xU nkhopapy; cs;s gy fpisnkhopfspy; cs;s
nrhw;fisAk;> mtw;wpd; tbtk;> nghUs;> ,yf;fzf;$W Mfpatw;iwAk; xg;Gik
mbg;gilapy; Kiwahfj; njhFj;jspf;Fk; E}y; vd;ghu; rPdpthrtu;kh. xU nkhopapy; gy
tl;lhuf; fpisnkhopfs;> rKjhaf; fpisnkhopfs;> njhopy; mbg;gilapy; mike;j
fpisnkhopfs;> rhjpf; fpisnkhopfs; vdg; gythW cs;sd. fpisnkhop mfuhjpapy;> xU
fpisnkhopapYs;s nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd gpw fpisnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ>
xU nrhy; ve;jg; nghUspy; kw;nwhU fpisnkhopapy; mike;Js;sJ> vd;gij tpsf;Fk;
fpisnkhop mfuhjp fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fk;> tl;lhu nkhopapYs;s nrhy;Yf;F
,izahd epiyNgW ngw;w nrhw;fisAk;> nghJikr; nrhw;fisAk; mikf;f toptif
nra;Ak;. mj;NjhL epy;yhky; njhopy; mbg;gilapy; mike;j gy fiyr;nrhw;fis ehk;
fz;lwpayhk;. ,jd; %yk; jkpo; nkhopapd; nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; ngUf;fj;jpw;F typik
Nru;f;fyhk;.

fpisnkhop mfuhjp kw;Wk; njhopy; rhu;e;j fpisnkhop mfuhjp vd;gJ jkpo;

nkhopf;Fg; Gjpa JiwahFk;. jkpopy; epfz;Lfs; vd;gJ nrhw;fspd; nghUis
tpsf;Ftdthfr; nra;As; tbtpy; mike;jpUe;jd. Nkdhl;lhupd; tUifahy; mfuhjp –
Fwpg;ghfr; rJufuhjp vd;gJ Kjd;Kjypy; ntspte;j E}y;. mfuhjp vd;w nrhy;iy
mfuKjyp vd nkhopngau;j;Jk; $Wtu;. MapDk;> mfuhjp vDk; nrhy;Ny epiyNgwhf;fk;
ngw;wJ. mfuhjpapy; nrhw;fis mfu tupirapy; mikj;J> mtw;wpw;Fupa ,yf;fzf; $W>
nrhy;ypd; nghUs;> nghUs; tpsf;fk;> tiuglk; Mfpad nfhLf;fg;gLk;> mfuhjp gy
tifg;gLk;. mit> Ntu;rn
; rhy; mfuhjp> ,izr;nrhy; mfuhjp> vjpu;g;gj mfuhjp> xUnkhop
mfuhjp> ,Unkhop mfuhjp> ehd;F nkhop mfuhjp vdg; gy tifg;gLk;.

fpisnkhop mfuhjp tuyhW :

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tPukhKdptu; ‘tl;lhu tof;Fj; jkpo; mfuhjp’ xd;iwj;
njhFj;J toq;fpdhu;. 1992 ,y; fp. uh[ehuhazd; ‘ tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp’
ntspapl;lhu;. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudpd; (1989) ‘tof;Fr; nrhy; mfuhjp’ ; Rg. rz;Kfk; (1990)
‘nrl;b ehl;by; nre;jkpo; tof;F’ vDk; E}iy ntspapl;lhu;. jw;NghJ ngUkhs; KUfd;
(2000) nfhq;F tl;lhur; nrhy;yfuhjp’ vDk; E}iy ntspapl;Ls;shu;.

lhf;lu; gp. vr;. fpU\;z%u;j;jp (1962) mtu;fs; njYq;F njhopy; fpisnkhopfisg;

gw;wpa mfuhjpia VO njhFjpfshf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,jpy; mtu; fpisnkhop mfuhjp
mikg;G Kiwia ed;F tpsf;fpAs;shu;. jw;NghJ jkpo; njhopy; fpisnkhop mfuhjp
Muha;r;rpNa gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,d;dKk; KOikahd
jkpOf;nfdj; njhopy; mfuhjpia ahUk; ntspapltpy;iy.

160
mfuhjp mikg;G Kiw :
tl;lhu mbg;gilapy; jkpo;ehl;il ehd;F fpisnkhopg; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. 1.
njd;fpisnkhop> 2. kj;jpa fpisnkhop> 3. Nkw;Ff; fpisnkhop> 4. tlf;Ff; fpisnkhop
vd Nfh. rPdpthrtu;kh jd;Dila fpisnkhopapay; vDk; E}ypy; tptupj;Js;shu;.

mfuhjpiag; nghWj;jkl;by; ,U gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W ,lJ gFjp

kw;nwhd;W tyJ gFjp. ,jpy ,lJ gFjpiaj; jiyr;nrhy; gFjp vdTk;> tyJ gFjp
nghUs; tpsf;fg; gFjp vdTk; $wyhk;. xU mfuhjpiaj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ jiyr;
nrhy;iy Kjypy; jahu; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; rhu;e;j mfuhjpiaj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ
khw;Wr;nrhy; kw;Wk; khw;W tbtk; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; mjpfstpy; fpilf;fg; ngWk;. mt;thW
fpilf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fis xNu gjpT tupiraikg;gpy; ifahsNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd;
mfuhjpiag; gbg;gtu;fs; xNu nrhy;Yf;F khw;Wr; nrhw;fNsh my;yJ khw;W tbtj;ijNah
mq;Nf mwpe;J nfhs;sKbAk;. jiyr;nrhy;iyj; Nju;T nra;j gpd;> mj;jiyr;nrhy;ypd;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;ig mq;NfNa mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; khw;Wr;nrhy; my;yJ khw;W tbtk;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; Fwpg;ghd;fs; %ykhf ve;jg; gFjpapd; nrhy; vd;gijAk; mq;NfNa mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wr;nrhw;fs; ,y;iynadpy; Fwpg;ghd;fs; %yk; mspf;fj; Njitapy;iy.
jiyr;nrhy;ypd; nghUis> nghUs; tpsf;fg; gFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; gpd;du;
khw;Wr;nrhy; my;yJ khw;W tbtj;ijj; juNtz;Lk;. tiuglk; vq;F Njitg;gLfpwNjh
mq;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf mfuhjpia cUthf;fyhk;.

161
 16. nkhopngaHg;G - Kf;fpa tpjpfs;- gbepiyfs;-
nkhopngaHg;ghshpd; ,d;wpaikahg; gz;Gfs;- Ntshz;
nra;jpfis nkhopngaHj;jy;> fl;Liur;RUf;fk; vOJjy;

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; jiynaLj;j nkhopngaHg;G rpwpJ>

rpwpjhff; Fiwe;J gs;spfSf;F Ntz;ba E}y;fis kl;LNk jkpOf;Fg; ngaHf;Fk;
epiyapy; epd;wJ. me;j E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpynkhop ed;F Nt&d;wptpl;ljhy;
gs;sp khztHfs; jkpo;g;ghlk; jtpu kw;w ghlq;fs; midj;ijAk; Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa gapy
Ntz;baJk;> gapyf;$baJkhd epiy te;J tpl;ljhy; nkhop ngaHg;G Kaw;rp mwNt epd;W
tpl;lJ. ,e;j ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; jha; nkhopapNyNa fy;tpaspf;f Ntz;ba
Nehf;fj;jpdhy; nkhopngaHg;G kPz;Lk; jiof;fj; njhlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. NkYk;> Ntshz;
tpQ;Qhdpfs; jk; Muha;r;rp KbTfs;> fl;Liufs;> mtH jk; Kaw;rpfs;> Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> Ntshz; njhopy; El;gq;fs; Nghd;w midj;Jk; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa
ntspaplg;gl Ntz;ba fl;lhaKk;> midj;J jug;gpdUk; mwptpay; El;gq;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa ntspapl Ntz;baJk; mtrpakhFk; #o;epiyapy;
nkhop ngaHg;G kpfTk; NjitahfpwJ.

16.1 nkhop ngaHg;gpd; Kf;fpa tpjpfs; :

fUj;J %yj;jpw;F ,izahapUj;jy; :

nkhopngaHg;gtH jkf;nfd;W xU eilia cila fl;Liuahsuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

Mdhy;> mtNu nkhopngaHg;ghsuhFk; nghOJ mtH jk; eilia xJf;fp tpl;L %ynkhop
MrphpauJ eiliaNa ngaHf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjhtJ> %ynkhop MrphpauJ
rpe;jidNahl;lj;NjhL> nkhop ngaHg;gtH ,iae;J elf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;epiyapy;
nkhop ngaHg;ghsuJ nkhopapd; miy thpir> %y nkhopapduJ nkhopapd;
miythpirapypUe;J jtwp> jd;Dila nkhop miythpirapd; ghjpg;G Vw;gLNkahdhy;>
mJ nkhopngaHg;ghf md;wp> jdpj;j xU nkhop Mf;fkhfNth> jOtyhfNth mike;J
tpLk;.

xU gilg;ghsp> jkJ fUj;ijr; rhpahf ntspg;gLj;jtjpy; Njhw;Wg; NghapUf;fyhk;.

%y nkhopapy; gilg;ghspapd; rpe;jidNahl;lk; njhlHgpd;wp mike;jpUf;fyhk;.
,g;gilg;ig nkhop ngaHf;ifapNy> Vw;G nkhopapy; gilg;ghspapd; rpe;jidNahl;lKk;>
ntspg;ghLk; nrk;ikahf ,Uf;FkhW mikANkahdhy;> mJ rpwe;j nkhopj;jOtyhf
,Uf;FNkad;wp rpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghf mikahJ. Mf> %y MrphpauJ fUj;J rhpNah>
jtNwh> nrk;ikNah> rPHikNah vJthapDk; %yg;gilg;gpw;F cz;ikaha; ,Uj;jiyNa
nkhopngaHg;gpd; mbg;gil trjpahff; nfhs;syhk;.

162
16.2 nkhop ngaHg;Gg; gbepiyfs; :
nkhop ngaHg;G> gFg;gha;T> khw;Wjy;> nrk;ikahf;fk; vd;w %d;W gb epiyfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhf ielh $WfpwhH.

gFg;gha;T :
Kjy; gb epiyahd gFg;gha;tpy; xU nkhop ngaHg;ghsd; %y nkhopapd;
nrhw;fSf;fpilapy;> epyTk; ,yf;fz cwTfisAk;> nrhw;fspd; NrHf;iffSf;fpilapy;
epyTk; ,yf;fz cwTfisAk;> cw;W Nehf;fpg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhd;. nrhy;iyAk;>
nghUisAk; ,izf;Fk;NghJ mjw;Fhpa nghUisAk; EZfpg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhd;.
Vnddpy;> xNu nrhy; gy nghUisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;> ,lj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; my;yJ
nrhw;fs; NrUfpd;w epiyf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; nghUs; khWgLtjhYk; ,g;gFg;gha;T
mtrpakhfpwJ. nkhop ngaHf;f Ntz;ba gFjpia nkhop ngaHg;ghsd; xU Kiw
KOtJkhf ed;F gbj;Jr; nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd; mtw;iwg; gy
myFfshfg; gphpj;J mtw;wpd; jd;ik> nghUs; mikg;G mjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpwF> gFg;gha;tpw;Fl;gl;l $WfSf;F ,izahd
nrhw;fisf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> %ynkhopapypUe;J ngWnkhopf;F nkhopngaHf;Fk;
nghOJ ikaf; fUj;JfSf;Nf ,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kw;Wj; njhlH> kuGj; njhlH> nrhy;>
cUgd; Nghd;wtw;iw kdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. %ynkhopapd; gFg;gha;T mjd; nghUis
khWglhJ njspthfg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s kpfTk; cjTk;.
khw;Wjy; :
nkhop khw;Wjy; vd;gJ xUthpd; %isapy; eilngWk; nraw;ghlhFk;. gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;l %yr;nra;jpiaj; jd; kdj;Js;NsNa vz;zp vz;zpj; NjHe;J Jzpe;J
%ynkhopj; njhlHfspd; tbtk;> eilaoF Nghd;wtw;iwf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shky;> %y
nkhopapy; cs;s nra;jpfis ,yf;fz Nehf;fpYk;> nghUz;ik Nehf;fpYk; gFg;gha;T
nra;j gpd; mjd; jPHTfis %y nkhopapypUe;J ngWnkhopf;F khw;WtNj nkhop khw;Wjy;
vd;gjhFk;. %yj;jpd; nra;jpiag; nghUl; gpioapd;wpj; njspthfg; ngWnkhopf;F
khw;WtjpNyNa mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nrk;ikahf;fk; :
,uz;L nkhopfSf;fpilNa epd;W khw;wq;fis mtw;wpw;Fhpa fhuzpfis mtw;wpd;
ntspg;ghLfis> mt;ntspg;ghl;L mikg;Gfis mtw;wpd; nghUl;fs; $Wk; nraw;ghLfis
czu Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; gpwNf> nkhopngaHg;ghsd; jd; nkhop ngaHg;gpy; mtw;iwf;
nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epiyia czHe;J ,uz;L nkhopfspYk; cs;s nrhw;fs;>
njhlHfs;> nghUl; $Wfs;> mit mikAk; tpjq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J mjd; gpwF>
mtw;iw nkhop khw;Wjypy; rhpahff; nfhz;L tUjy; vd;gJ vspikahd nray; md;W.
nkhop khw;Wjy; vDk; nray; Kiwapy;> xNu Neuj;jpy; %y nkhopAk;> ngWnkhopAk;

163
<LgLfpd;wd. mt;tpjkhd nkhop khw;wj;jpy; %yj;jpd; nghUs; Kjd;ikahf ,lk;
ngWfpd;wJ. eilf;$Wfs; ,uz;lhkplk; ngWfpd;wd.

,k;nkhopkhw;Wjy; epfo;rr
; p nrhw;fis Neubahff; fld; thq;Fjy;> fyg;Gr;
nrhw;fis cUthf;Fjy;> nkhop ngaHj;jy;> goQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; GJg;nghUs; nfhLj;Jg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; vDk; ehd;F epiyfspy; eilngWfpd;wJ. nkhop khw;Wjypy; ,uz;L nkhopr;
nrhw;fisAk; nkhop khw;wk; nra;ahJ> mJ czHj;Jk; fUj;Jf;Nfw;w nrhy;iyj;
NjHe;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

16.3 nkhop ngaHg;ghsdpd; ,d;wpaikahg; gz;Gfs; :

%ynkhopr; nrhw;fis mg;gbNa ifahStjd; %yk; nghUis kpfj; njspthfTk;>
Mw;wNyhLk;> Gyg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;Wk; rpyH ek;GfpwhHfs;. %ynkhopr; nrhw;fisf;
ifahStJ jhd; ngUikf;FhpaJ vd;W fUJtJk; cz;L. vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk;
%ynkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jNt $lhJ vd;W NtW rpyH fUJfpwhHfs;.
,g;Nghf;Ffs; nkhop khw;WjYf;Fg; ngWnkhopapy; ,ay;ghd vspa nkhopngaHg;G
tUtjw;F ,ila+whf mikfpd;wd. nkhop ngaHg;ghshH tpUg;G ntWg;Gkpd;wp
nkhopfisAk;> kf;fisAk;> gz;ghLfisAk;> kjpf;Fk; mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAlatuha;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nkhop khw;Wjypy; ifahsg;gLk; cj;jpfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpad gw;wpa
mwpTk;> nkhop khw;WjYf;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,ay;ghd
nkhopngaHg;G ntsptu ,it Jiz Ghpfpd;wd. nkhopngaHg;ghsUf;F Mf;fj;jpwDk;>
jd;dhf;fj;jpwDk; Njit. nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;J gad;gLj;Jtjpy; jhd;
xU nkhop ngaHg;ghshpd; KO ntw;wp mikAk;. rhpahd nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLg;gjpy; mtH
jd; nkhopj;jpwd;> mwpTf; $Hik> Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

nkhop khw;Wjy; vd;gJ xU fbdkhd nrayhFk;. ,r;nraypy; <LgLgtH %y

nkhopapy; jpwk;gl mwpT ngw;wtuhfTk;> mk;nkhopapd; kPJ md;GzHT cilatuhfTk;
,Uj;jy; eyk; tpistpf;Fk;.

Ntshz; nra;jpfisj; jkpo;nkhopapy; nkhopngau;g;gjw;fhd topKiwfis

Nkw;fz;lthwhfg; ngw;Nwhk;. mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
fhzg;gLk; Ntshz; nra;jpfisj; jkpo;nkhopapy; nkhopngau;j;Jg; goFjy; ed;W.

16.4. fl;Liur; RUf;fk; (Abstract) vOJjy;.

fl;Liuapid ed;F gbj;J Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;> fUj;J. nghUs; khWglh tz;zk; Njitaw;w nrhw;fs;> tHzidfs;>
mjpfgl;r nra;jpfs; Mfpatw;iw ePf;f Ntz;Lk;. kpf Kf;fpa nra;jpfis fl;Liuapd;
jdpj;Jtk; nflhj tifapy; njhFj;J mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G ,Ljy;
Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liur; RUf;fj;jpw;F cl;jiyg;Gfs; mtrpakpy;iy. fUj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk

164
,lk; ngWjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G ,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy;
vOjg;ngw;w jpUj;jg; ngwhj gbtj;jpid ed;F gbj;Jj; jtWfis rhp nra;jgpd;
jpUj;jg;ngw;w mry; gbtj;jpidj; jaHhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gapw;rp tpdh:

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Liuapy; mike;Js;s nra;jpfisr; RUf;fp> fl;Liur;

RUf;f (Abstract) tbtpy; jUf.

gUj;jpapy; thly; Neha;

gUj;jp xU Kf;fpa gzg;gapH. gUj;jpiar; RkhH 20 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Neha;fs; jhf;fp

tpisr;riy ntFthff; Fiwf;fpd;wd. gUj;jpiag; gy tifg;gl;l Neha;fs; jhf;fpdhYk;
thly;> ghf;Bhpah ,iyf;fUfy;> My;lH Nehpah ,iyg;Gs;sp> nuKNyhpah vd;Dk; rhk;gy;
Neha;> NtuOfy;> Me;j;uf;Ndh];> fha; mOfy; kw;Wk; rpW ,iy Mfpa Neha;fNs
gUj;jpapy; mjpf Nrjk; tpistpj;Jg; gUj;jp tpisr;riyf; fzprkhff; Fiwf;fpd;wd.
Nkw;$wg;gl;Ls;s Neha;fSs; thly; Neha; gw;wp fhz;Nghk;.

thly; Neha; : gUj;jpiaj; jhf;ff;$ba Neha;fspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ thly; Neha;

MFk;. gUj;jp vq;nfq;F gaphplg;gLfpwNjh mq;nfy;yhk; ,e;Nehapd; jhf;Fjiyf;
fhz KbAk;.

Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; : thly; NehahdJ tpij Kisj;jjpypUe;J mWtil tiu vg;NghJ

Ntz;LkhdhYk; jhf;ff; $baJ. tpij Kisj;J 10 ehl;fs; Mz nrbia ,e;Neha;
jhf;fpdhy; tpij ,iy kQ;rs; epwkhfp> gpd;dH gOg;G epwkhf khWk;. nrbapd; jz;Lg;
gFjpapy; gOg;G epw tl;lk; fhzg;gLk;. ,jidj; njhlHe;J mr;nrbahdJ thb gpd;
fUfptpLk;.

XusT tsHe;j nrbia ,e;Neha; jhf;fpdhy; Kjypy; nrbapd; ,iyfspd; Xuq;fs;

kQ;rshf khWk;. gpd;dH ,iyfspd; euk;GfSf;fpilNaAk; kQ;rs; epwk; fhzg;gLk;.
,e;epw khw;wkhdJ ,iyfspd; Xuq;fspy; Muk;gpj;J ikag; gFjpf;Fg; guTk;.
ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs; mjd; tpiwg;Gj; jd;ikia ,oe;JtpLk;. gpd; ehsiltpy; fha;j;J>
gOj;J> RUz;L ,iyfs; cjpHe;JtpLk;. Neha; Kw;wpa epiyapy; nrbapd; vy;yh
,iyfSk; fha;e;J cjpHe;J tpLk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l nrbapy; MzpNthpd; vz;zpf;ifAk;
Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l nrbapd; jz;Lg; gFjpiz gpse;J ghHj;jhy; jz;bd;
cl;ghfj;jpy; fUg;G my;yJ gOg;G epwj;jpy; NfhLfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,f;NfhlhdJ>
fpisfspd; cl;ghfj;jpYk; Nthpd; cl;ghfj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;NehahdJ> nrbapd;
tsHr;rpg; gUtj;jpy; gpd; gfhj;jpy; jhf;fpdhy;> nrbfs; tsHr;rp Fd;wpAk;> fha;fspd;
vz;zpf;if Fiwe;Jk;> msT rpWj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;> fha;fs; KjpHr;rp miltjw;F Kd;

165
ntbj;JtpLk;. Nehapd; fhuzpahd g+Q;rhdkhdJ> xUtpj er;Rg; nghUis cz;Lgz;zpAk;
thly; Nehia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

rhjfkhd #o;epiyfs; : Neha;f; fhuzpfspd; tsHr;rpf;Fk;> ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk; ntg;g

epiy kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;W. kz;zpd; ntg;gepiy 20o-30oC ,Ue;jhy; ,e;Nehapd;
jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. gaphpd; tsHr;rpg; gUtj;jpy; ey;y twz;l
thdpiyf;Fg;gpd; kio nga;jhYk;> fhuj;jd;ikAs;s fhpry; epykhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
jior;rj;Jk;> kzpr;rj;Jk; mjpf mstpy; Nghl;lhYk; ,e;Nehapd; jhf;Fjy; mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;.

guTk; tpjk; : Kjd;ikahf ,e;Neha;f; fhuzpahdJ kz; %ykhfTk;> tpij %ykhfTk;

guTk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. ,uz;lhtjhf fhw;W kw;Wk; ePH %ykhf guTfpd;wd.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; : gUj;jp tpijfis tpijf;Fk; Kd; mlH fe;jf mkpyk; %yk;
tpij Neh;j;jp nra;J gpd; FnshNuh jyhdpy; vd;w g+Q;rhzf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jld; (4 fpNyh)
tpij NeHj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rhk;gy;rj;J mjpf mstpy; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. jilr;rj;Jk;>
kzpr;rj;Jk; rhpahd mstpy; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. njhOcuk;> xU vf;lUf;F 10 ld; vd;w
tpfpjj;jpy; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. thly; Neha; jhf;fhj gpw nrbfshd> Nrhsk;> fk;G Nghd;w
gapHfSld; fye;J gaphpl Ntz;Lk;. Neha; vjpHg;Gj; jpwd; nfhz;l gUj;jp ,ufq;fisg;
gaphpl Ntz;Lk;.

166
17. fzpdp cyfpy; jkpo; >tpf;fpgPbah> Ntshz; nra;jpfisg; gjpNtw;wk;
nra;jy;> Ntshz; nra;jpfis ,izajs top mwpjy;

fzpdp cyfpy; jkpo;

fzpj;jkpopd; tuyhW kpf ePz;lJ> kpfg; gue;jJ> kpf MokhdJ. vj;jidNah

Mu;tyu;fs;> Ma;thsu;fs;> khztu;fs;> Nguhrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; gadhsu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpy;
vOjg;gl;l fzpj;jkpo; tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpaf; fhyfl;lq;fisr; RUf;fkhf ,q;F
Nehf;FNthk;.

(1) vOj;JUTk; nrhy; nrayhf;fpAk;

fzpj;jkpopd; tuyhW jkpo; vOj;JUtpy; (Font) njhlq;fpaJ vd;gij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.

fzpg;nghwpapy; jkpiof; ifahs 'vOj;JU' mbg;gilj; Njit MFk;. vz;gJfspd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; fzpg;nghwpfspy; lh]; (DOS) ,af;f KiwikNa (Operating System)
,Ue;jJ. lh]py; gad;gLj;jf;$ba jkpo; ciuj; njhFg;gpfs; (Text Editors) vz;gJfspd;
njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ntspaplg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; jkpo; vOj;JUf;fSk;
cs;spizf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. jkpo;ehl;by; rpy fy;Y}upfspy; 'ghujp' gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mnkupf;f> INuhg;gpa> fdlh jkpou;fs;> lhf;lu; rPdpthrdpd; 'Mjkp'iag; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u; ehLfspy; Jiztd;> ghujp> fzpad;> KuR Mfpait cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
tl mnkupf;fg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gzpGupe;j jkpo; mwpQu;fs; 'A+dpf;];' Kiwikapy;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba jkpo; vOj;JUf;fis cUthf;fpdu;. 'A+];nel;' nra;jpf;FOf;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l 'kJiu' vOj;JU mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

fzpg;nghwpapy; jkpo; vOj;Jfs; nkd;nghUs; %ykhfNt rhj;jpag;gl;l me;jf;

fhyfl;lj;jpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; GNdapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpa muR epWtdkhd C-DAC,
fzpg;nghwpapy; tl;lhu nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;j GIST vd;Dk; td;nghUs; fhu;bid
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. rpq;fg;G+upYk; ,J Nghd;w EPROM fpuh/gpf;]; fhu;L %ykhf Mg;gps;-
II fzpg;nghwpfspy; jkpo; vLj;jhsg;gl;ljhfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

1985 Kjy; 1995 tiuapyhd gj;jhz;Lfspy; lh];> A+dpf;];> Nkf; ,af;f

Kiwikfspy; nray;glf;$ba Vuhskhd jkpo; vOj;JUf;fSk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
Mtzq;fis mr;rplf;$ba Vuhskhd nrhy; nrayhf;fp nkd;nghUs;fSk; jkpo;ehl;bYk;
jkpou;fs; thOk; ntspehLfspYk; Vuhskhf cUthf;fg;gl;ld. M];jpNuypahtpy; 'fk;gd;'>
kNyrpahtpy; 'espdk;'> rpq;fg;G+upy; 'jhuif' Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

jkpo;ehl;by; gy;NtW gj;jpupif epWtdq;fs; jj;jkf;nfdj; jahupf;fg;gl;l

nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. jkpo; ehspjo;fs;> thu> khjg; gj;jpupiffs; ,j;jifa

167
nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mr;Nrw;wg;gl;ld. GNdapd; khLyu; rp];lk;];> nrd;idapy;
cs;s fhl;fpuh/g;> rh/g;l;tpA+> yh];nlf;> ngq;fShupy; cs;s Mg;gps;rh/g;l; Nghd;w
epWtdq;fs; gj;jpupifg; gzpfSf;fhd nkd;nghUs;fisAk; vOj;JUf;fisAk;
cUthf;fpg; gue;j mstpy; re;ijg;gLj;jpd. godpag;gh gpuju;]; epWtdk;> jdJ jkpo;
E}y;fis Mg;gps; nkf;fpd;lh\; fzpg;nghwpfspy; jhNd cUthf;fpa jkpo;
vOj;JUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntspapl;lJ.

(2) tpz;Nlh]; gad;ghLfspy; jkpo;

1984Mk; Mz;by; Mg;gps; epWtdk; tiufiyg; gadu; ,ilKfk; (Graphical

User Interface) nfhz;l nkf;fpd;lh\; ,af;f Kiwikia ntspapl;lJ. mjidj;
njhlu;e;J 1985-,y; ikf;Nuhrh/g;l; epWtdk; lh]py; nray;gLk; tpz;Nlh]; ,af;fj;
jsj;ij ntspapl;lJ. 1990-,y; tpz;Nlh]; 3.0 ntspaplg;gl;l gpwF mbg;gilf; fzpg;nghwp
mDgtk; ,y;yhNjhUk; fzpg;nghwpia tpUk;gpg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. cyfk;
KOtjpYk; fzpg;nghwpapd; guty; mjpfupj;jJ. rhjhuz kf;fSf;fhd gad;ghLfs;
mtutu; jha;nkhopapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;ljhy;> cyf kf;fs; jj;jk;
jha;nkhopf;fhd vOj;JUf;fisAk; gad;ghLfisAk; cUthf;fpf;nfhz;ldu;.

,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;L> ntspehl;L epWtdq;fs; gyTk; Vuhskhd jkpo;

vOj;JUf;fisAk; gad;ghLfisAk; cUthf;fpd. tl;lhu nkhop vOj;JUf;fis cUthf;f
cynfq;Fk; True Type Font vd;Dk; njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,tw;Ws;
vspikahdit 7-gpl; vOj;JUf;fs;. ,tw;wpy; 128 vOj;Jf; Fwpfs; ,Uf;Fk;. mf;fhyj;
jkpo; vOj;JUf;fs; ngUk;ghyhdit ,j;jifa 7-gpl; Fwpahf;fj;ijf; (encoding)
nfhz;lit. ,it ngUksT jkpo;j; jl;lr;rpd; tbtikg;ig xj;jit. ,j;jifa
vOj;JUf;fis cs;sPL nra;aj; jdpr;rpwg;ghd epuy;fs; (keyboard drivers) vJTk;
Njitapy;iy. ,tw;iwf; fzpg;nghwpapy; epWtpa gpd; Neubahfr; nrhy; nrayhf;fp (Word
Processor), tpupjhs; (Spreadsheet), juTj;jsk; (Database) Nghd;w ve;jg; gad;ghl;bYk;
ifahs KbAk;.

mLj;j fl;lkhf> INuhg;gpa nkhopfisf; fzpg;nghwpapy;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd 8-gpl; Fwpahf;f Kiw (Extended ASCII) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
256 vOj;Jf; Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. tpz;Nlh]; Fwpahf;f Kiw 1252
,jw;F ,lk; je;jJ. jkpo; nkhopapd; capu;> nka;> capu;nka; vOj;Jfisj; jdpj;jdpNa
mg;gbNa cUtfpj;Jf; nfhs;s ,lk; ,Ue;jjhy;> gioa Mg;nrl; mr;Rj; juj;Jf;F
<Lfl;Lk; tifapy; jkpo; vOj;Jfisf; fzpg;nghwp topahfr; rpwg;ghf mr;rpl Kbe;jJ.
jkpo;g; gj;jpupiffs;> gjpg;gfq;fs; midj;Jk; 8-gpl; xUnkhopf; Fwpahf;fj;jpy; mike;j
vOj;JUf;fisNa gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpd. MdhYk; ,tu;fs; jq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb

168
cUthf;fg;gl;l vOj;JUf;fisAk; jj;jk; tpUg;gg;gb mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;; ve;jf;
Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpahf;f (encoding) KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. vOj;JU tbtikg;G
epWtdq;fs; mtu;fs; tpUg;gg;gb Fwpahf;fj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jd.

1985 Kjy; 1995 tiuapyhd gj;jhz;Lf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; fzpg;nghwpapy;

jkpopd; gad;ghLk; jkpopy; fzpg;nghwpg; gad;ghLfSk; ngUksT mjpfupj;jNghJk;>
jug;ghl;Lf;Fs; (standard) mlq;fhj vOj;JUf;fSk; mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd
nkd;nghUs;fSk; Gw;wPry; Nghyg; Gof;fj;Jf;F te;jd. jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpahf;f KiwNa
(Standardized Encoding System) ,y;yhikf;F tzpf cs;Nehf;fKk; xU fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ vd;gNj cz;ik. ,jdhy; Fog;gj;Jf;F Mshdtu;fs; gadhsu;fNs. xU
epWtdj;jpYs;s fzpg;nghwpapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l xU jkpo; Mtzj;ij efnyLj;J NtnwhU
epWtdj;jpYs;s fzpg;nghwpapy; gjpTnra;J gbj;jwpa KbahJ. fhuzk;> ,U
epWtdq;fSk; ntt;NtW Fwpahf;f Kiwapy; mike;j vOj;JUf;fisg;
gad;gLj;JtJjhd;.

(3) ,izaj;jpy; jkpo;

,izaj;jpd; tUif> fzpg;nghwp tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpakhd

jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. cyfj; jkpou; jkf;Fs;Ns fUj;Jfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;s
kpd;dQ;ry; toptFj;jJ. tpz;Nlh];> A+dpf;];> nkf;fpd;lh\; vd ve;jf; fzpg;nghwpahf
,Ue;jhYk; ,izak;top vt;tpj ,ilA+Wk; ,d;wpj; jfty; gupkhwpf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w
epiy cUthdJ. Nkw;fz;l ,af;f Kiwikfspy; nray;glf;$ba xNu khjpupahd
Fwpahf;fk; nfhz;l vOj;JUf;fs; Njitg;gl;ld. %d;W gzpj;jsq;fspYk; nray;glf;$ba
jkpo; vOj;JUf;fs; ,izak; top ,ytrkhf tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. kapiy> ,izkjp>
jkpo;/gpf;]; Nghd;wit mtw;Ws; rpy.

njhz;Z}Wfspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; tiufiy mbg;gilapyhd ita

tpuptiy (WWW) ,izaj;jpd; mq;fkhdJ> 1995-,y; tpz;Nlh]; 95-,d; mwpKfk;
Mfpait ,izaj;ij xU Gjpa cr;rj;jpw;F cau;j;jpd. ,izaj;jpy; Vuhskhd jkpo;
tiyafq;fs; (websites) ,lk;ngwyhapd.

jkpo;ehl;by; mr;rpy; ntspte;j gy;NtW ehNsLfs;> thu> khj

,jo;fs; ,izaj;jpy; ,lk; gpbj;jd. jpdG+kp> jpdkzp> jpdj;je;jp> jpdkyu;> Mde;j
tpfld;> FKjk;> fy;fp> fizahop Mfpait mtw;Ws; rpy. ,it jtpu ,izaj;jpy;
kl;LNk ntspaplg;gl;l kpd;dpjo;fs; (e-magazines) gyTk; Njhd;wyhapd. jkpo;rpdpkh>
kpd;dk;gyk;> Mwhk;jpiz> jpz;iz Mfpatw;iw Kd;Ndhbfshff; $wyhk;. kpd;dpjo;fs;
169
,izaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lNghJk; mit fzpg;nghwpapd; gy;Y}lfj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
rpwg;Gf; $Wfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;stpy;iy; mr;Rg; gj;jpupiffspd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk;>
Kd;itg;G KiwiaANk gpd;gw;wpd. vdpDk; mit fzpj;jkpopd; tsu;r;rpia mLj;j
fl;lj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nrd;wd vd;gij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.

,t;thwhf ,izaj;jpy; jkpopd; guty; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;Yk;gb

,Ue;jNghJk;> ,izag; gadhsu;fspd; mDgtNkh mtyk; kpf;fjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. jkpo;
tiyafk; xt;nthd;iwg; ghu;itaplTk; xt;nthU jkpo; vOj;JUitg; gjptpwf;f
(Download) Ntz;bajhapw;W. xt;nthU ,izag; gj;jpupifiag; gbf;fTk; ntt;NtW
vOj;JUitg; gjptpwf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,izaj;jpy; jftiy ntspapl;l xt;nthUtUk;
jkf;Nf cupa vOj;JUf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. me;j vOj;JUf;fs; xNu Fwpahf;f
Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit my;y. Mq;fpy tiyg;gf;fq;fisg;
nghWj;jtiu ntt;NtW vOj;JUf;fspy; mike;jpUe;jhYk; mit xNu Fwpahf;f
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wgit. ntt;NtW ,af;f Kiwikfs; vd;whYk; xj;j vOj;JUf;
Fwpahf;f Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpd; gadhsu;fs; jj;jk; fzpg;nghwpapy; ghu;itaplj;
jilapy;iy. Mdhy; ,izaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jkpo; vOj;JUf;fs; ntt;NtW
Fwpahf;f Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. vdNt> xU tiyafk; ve;j vOj;JUtpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lNjh mNj vOj;JUtpy; kl;LNk mijg; ghu;f;f KbAk;.

(4) vOj;JU> tpirg;gyif jug;gLj;Jjy;

kpd;dQ;ry;> mQ;ry; FOf;fs;> kpd;dpjo;fs;> tiyafq;fs; thapyhfj;

jkpopy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; cr;r fl;lj;ij vl;baNghJjhd; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l jkpo; vOj;JUf;
Fwpahf;fj;jpd; Njit czug;gl;lJ. cynfq;fpYKs;s jkpo; Mu;tyu;fs; ,JFwpj;Jg;
gutyhf tpthjpj;jdu;. 1996-,y; fyp/Nghu;dpahtpd; ngu;f;fpypapy; Nguhrpau; [hu;[; `hu;l;
,Jgw;wpa fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F xU $l;lj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J>
fzpj;jkpo; Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhd eh. Nfhtpe;jrhkp 1997-,y; rpq;fg;G+upy; ,izaj;jpy;
jkpo;j; jfty; gup khw;wj;Jf;fhd Kjy; ru;tNjr khehl;il elj;jpdhu;. 'jkpo;nel; 97'
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ,e;j khehl;by; cynfq;fpYs;s fzpj;jkpo; Mu;tyu;fSk; mwpQu;fSk;
fye;Jnfhz;L> jkpo; vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;fj; jug;ghL gw;wp tpthjpj;jdu;. ,Unkhop 8-gpl;
vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;f Kiwnahd;iwj; jug;gLj;Jjy; gw;wpa rpy Kf;fpakhd KbTfs;
,k;khehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

'jkpo;nel; 97' khehl;Lf;Fg;gpd; ,izak;topj; jkpo;j; jfty;

gupkhw;wj;jpy; gq;Fngw;w jkpo; Mu;tyu;fs; 'mQ;ry; FO' topNa tpthjq;fis elj;jp Xu;
vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;fj;ij tbtikj;jdu;. mJ b];f;fp (TSCII) vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; mike;j jkpo; vOj;JUf;fs;> nkd;nghUs;fs; ,ytrkhf

170
tpdpNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. gpw Fwpahf;f KiwfspYs;s Mtzq;fis b];f;fpf;F
khw;Wtjw;fhd nkd;nghUs;fSk; fUtpfSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

'jkpo;nel; 97' khehl;Lg; gupe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Xu;

vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;f Kiwia tbtikg;gjw;fhd mLj;jfl;l eltbf;iffisj; jkpo;ehL
muR Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jw;nfd Xu; cau;kl;lf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j
midj;Jf; Fwpahf;f KiwfisAk; mf;FO myrp Ma;T nra;jJ. 1999 gpg;utupapy;
nrd;idapy; eilngw;w 'jkpo;nel; 99' cyfj; jkpo; ,iza khehl;by; ,f;FOtpd;
gupe;Jiufs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. khehl;bd; ,Wjpapy; ,uz;L efy; Fwpahf;f Kiwfs;
ntspaplg;gl;ld (TANSCII kw;Wk; TAM). jug;gLj;jg;gl;l tpirg;gyif tbtikg;Gf;fhd
khjpupaKk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. 8-gpl; Fwpahf;f Kiwapy; 128-160 Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jkpo;
vOj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd tpthjj;jpy; ,Wjp KbT vLf;f Kbahjjhy;>
khehl;ilj; njhlu;e;J> E}W ehl;fSf;F tpthjj;Jf;Fk; Nrhjidf;Fk; gpwF ,Wjpj;
jug;ghL ntspaplg;gLnkd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

'jkpo;nel; 99' khehl;il xl;bj; jkpo; nkd;nghUs; jahupg;ghsu;fSk; fzpj;jkpo;

Mu;tyu;fSk; ,ize;J 'fzpj;jkpo;r; rq;fk;' vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdu;. murpd;
MjuTk; ,r;rq;fj;Jf;F ,Ue;jJ. 'jkpo;nel; 99' khehl;by; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l TANSCII>
TAM Fwpahf;f Kiwfis ,r;rq;fj;jpdu; Ma;TfisAk; NrhjidfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L
mtw;wpy; ,Ue;j Fiwfis ePf;fpdu;. jkpo; tpirg;gyif tbtikg;gpy; ,Ue;j
rpf;fy;fisj; jPu;j;jdu;. TAB/TAM Mfpa ,Unkhop/xUnkhopf; Fwpahf;f Kiwfs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. 'jkpo;99' vd;fpw tpirg;gyif tbtikg;Gk; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
fzpj;jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; gupe;Jiufisj; jkpo;ehL muR Vw;Wf;nfhz;L murhiz
ntspapl;lJ. ,dp ntspaplg;gLk; jkpo; nkd;nghUs;fs; ,j;jug;ghLfSf;F
cl;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gijg; gupNrhjpj;Jr; rhd;wspf;Fk; nghWg;igAk; jkpo;ehL muR
fzpj;jkpo;r; rq;fj;Jf;F toq;fpaJ.

cyf mstpy; midj;J nkhopfSf;Fk; A+dpNfhL (Unicode) vd;Dk; nghJthd

Xu; vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;f Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J (I.v];.X - 10646) 32-gpl;
Fwpahf;f KiwahFk;. TAB> TAM> TSCII Mfpait 8-gpl; Fwpahf;fk; vd;gij epidtpy;
nfhs;f. cyf nkhopfs; midj;Jf;Fk; A+dpNfhby; ,lk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. A+dpNfhby;
jkpOf;F 128 ,lq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU capu;nka; vOj;Jf;Fk; jdpj;jdp ,lk;
fpilahJ. vz;gJfspy; ,e;jpa murpd; rp-lhf; epWtdk;> ,e;jpa nkhopfSf;nfd
cUthf;fpa nghJf; Fwpahf;f Kiwahd ,];f;fpia (ISCII) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
A+dpNfhby; ,e;jpa nkhopfSf;F ,lq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A+dpNfhby; jkpo; vOj;Jfs;
mfu tupirg;gb ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;fpw FiwghLk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo;ehL muR
A+dpNfhL $l;likg;gpy; cWg;gpduhfj; jd;id ,izj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. FiwghLfisf;

171
fistjw;Fj; jkpo;ehL muR> jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofk;> fzpj;jkpo;r; rq;fk;
Mfpait $l;L Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sd. Vw;nfdNt Vuhskhd jkpo;
tiyg;gf;fq;fs; A+dpNfhby; tbtikf;fg;gl;L ,izaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpz;Nlh];> ypdf;];> nkf;fpd;lh\; ,af;f Kiwikfspd; Gjpa gjpg;Gfs; A+dpNfhil
Vw;fpd;wd. tUq;fhyj;jpy; fzpj;jkpo; A+dpNfhbNyNa mikAk;.

(5) ,af;f Kiwikfspy; jkpo;

fzpj;jkpopd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf ikf;Nuhrh/g;l; epWtdNk

czu;e;jJ vdf; $wyhk;. cyfk; KOtJk; 90%-f;Fk; mjpfkhd fzpg;nghwpfspy;
ikf;Nuhrh/g;l;bd; tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f KiwikNa nray;gLfpwJ. ikf;Nuhrh/g;l; jdJ
tpz;Nlh]; 2000 ,af;f Kiwikapy; ,e;jpiaAk; jkpioAk; ,lk;ngwr; nra;jJ.
Mtzq;fisj; jkpopy; cUthf;fpa epiy mLj;j gupkhzj;ij vl;baJ. Mtzq;fSf;Fj;
jkpopNyNa ngaupl KbAk;. Nfhg;Giwfspd; ngau;fs; kw;Wk; fzpg;nghwpapy;
midj;Jtifj; jfty;fisAk; jkpopNyNa ifahs KbAk;. kpd;dQ;ry; kw;Wk; gpw jfty;
gupkhw;wq;fisAk; kpf ,ay;ghfj; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;s tpz;Nlh]; ,lk;
je;jJ. tpz;Nlh];> vk;v]; M/gP]; Mfpatw;iwj; jkpo; kl;LNk mwpe;j xU gadhsu;
gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ fzpj;jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epfo;T. mLj;J te;j
tpz;Nlh]; vf;];ga
P py; gjpndhU ,e;jpa nkhopfs; ,lk;ngw;wd.

tpz;Nlhi]j; njhlu;e;J ypdf;]pYk; jkpo; ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. tpz;Nlh

i]g; Nghyd;wp> ypdf;]; ,af;f Kiwikia vtu; Ntz;LkhdhYk; jk; tpUg;gg;gb
khw;wpaikj;Jg; Gjpa ngaupy; ntspapl KbAk;. mt;thW ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW
ypdf;]; gjpg;Gfspy; jkpo; cs;spizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj;jkpo; tuyhw;wpy; ,J xU
Kf;fpa iky;fy;.

6. tpf;fpg;gPbah :
,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; midtuhYk; cr;rupf;fg;gLk; xU nrhy;yhff;
fhzg;ggLtJ tpf;fpg;gPbah. Mdhy; ,e;j tpf;fpg;gb
P ah vd;why; vd;d? ,J vd;d
nra;fpwJ? ,jd; tuyhW vd;d? vd;gd Nghd;w nra;jpfs; gyUf;Fk; njupahj epiyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> mtw;iw tpupthf ,q;Nf fhz;Nghk;.
jfty;fis rPuhf xOq;fike;jgb nfhz;l> ngUk;ghYk; vy;yhr; nra;jpfisg;
gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa E}iyf; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; (Encyclopedia) vd;W
nrhy;YNthk;. Encyclopedia vd;why; ikf;Nuhrhg;bd; Encarta Encyclopedia kw;Wk; Britanica
Encyclopedia Nghd;witjhd;. MdhYk; ,d;iwa epiyapy; Nkw;fz;l Encyclopedia
vy;yhtw;iwAk; Njhw;fbj;J jfty;fspd; nkhj;jj; jpul;lhf tpf;fpg;gPbah vDk; fl;lw;w
fiyf;fsQ;rpak; cUntLj;Js;sJ.
7. tpf;fpg;gPbah Xu; mwpKfk; :

172
 `tha; nkhopapy; ‘tpf;fp’ vd;why; ‘tpiuT’ vd;W nghUs; ,izaj;jsq;fisg;
ghu;itapLk; ve;jnthU gadUk; njhFf;ff; $ba tifapy; mike;j ,izaj;jsq;fNs
,izag;gug;gpy; tpf;fp vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd tpf;fp tif ,izaj;jsq;fisg;
guhkupj;J Kjd;ikailar; nra;tjw;F tpf;fp ,Q;rpd; (wiki engines) vdg;gLk;
nkd;nghUs;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; Open source tif nkd;nghUs;fs;
gad;gLfpd;wd. Media wiki vDk; Open source tifiar; rhu;e;j nkd;nghUs;fs; %yNk
Wikipedia guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ. vtuhYk; njhFf;ff; $ba tifapyike;j fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
vd;gjhy; ,jw;F Wikipedia vDk; nghUj;jkhd ngau; mike;jJ.

8. tpf;fpg;gPbah cUthd tuyhW :

2000 Mk; Mz;L [pk;kp Nty;]; (Jimmy wales) vd;gtu; mtUila FOtpdUld;
,ize;J Nupedia vDk; ,iza mbg;gilapyhd fiyf;fsQ;rpak; xd;iw Muk;gpj;jhu;.
,jpy; jpwiktha;e;jtu;fsplkpUe;J fl;Liufs; ngwg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld. Mdhy; [pk;kp
Nty;]; (Jimmy wales) epidj;jJNghy Nupedia vd;gJ Wikipedia vdg; ngau;khw;wg;gl;L
,izaj;jpw;F te;jJ. MfNtjhd; xt;nthU tUlKk; [dtup 15 Mk; Njjpia
tpf;fpg;gb
P ah jpdk; (Wikipedia day) vd;W gadu;fs; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;.

9. tpf;fpg;gPbah – gpw Kaw;rpfs;:

tpf;fpg;gb
P ahtpd; mghu tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfj; jfty;fisg; ngWk; %yq;fs;
,yFthf;fg;gl;lNjhL jfty;fspd; Rje;jpuKk; Ngzg;gLfpwJ. tpf;fpg;gPbahthdJ ,d;Dk;
gy jfty; Nfhl;ilfis mikf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws; tpf;rdup
(wiktionery) vdg;gLk; mfuhjp> tpf;fpE}y;fs; (wikibooks)> tpf;fpNkw;Nfhs; (wikiquote)>
tpf;fp%yk; (wikisource)> tpf;fp ,dq;fs; (wikispecies)> tpf;fpnghJ (wikicommons) vd;gd
Nghd;wdthFk;.

P ah – jkpopy;
10. tpf;fpg;gb
jkpo;nkhopapy; mike;j fl;lw;w fiyf;fsQ;rpak; jkpo; tpf;fpg;gb
P ah
(http://wikipedia.org) Kaw;rp 2003 ,y; Muk;gkhdJ. ,e;j tpf;fpg;gb
P ahtpy; gjpNtw;wk;
nra;ag;gLk; fl;Liufs;> glq;fs; gw;wpa tpthjk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mtw;iw thrpj;jwpe;J
,e;jj; jfty; rhk;uh[paj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; gq;nfLf;fyhk;. xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYKs;s
"njhF" vdg;gLk; (hiperlink) I fpspf; nra;tjd; %yk; jfty;fis mspf;fKbAk;.
jfty;fis toq;FtJ njhlu;ghf gapw;rp ngWtjw;F tpf;fp kzy;njhl;b (wiki sand box)
vDk; trjpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;nkhopapyike;j tpf;fpg;gb
P ahtpYk; Vida gpw
Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; tpf;fpNkw;Nfhs;> tpf;fpE}y; Mfpa
Kaw;rpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; Kd;NdwpAs;sd.

173
 tpf;fp vd;gJ xU tiyj;jsj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ij gadu;fNs vspjhf jpUj;j>
cUthf;f> kw;Wk; gpw topfspy; gq;fspf;f trjp nra;Ak; xU El;gk; MFk;. xt;nthU
gadu; nra;j khw;wq;fSk; gjpag;gl;L> NjitNaw;gbd; kPl;fg;glyhk;. cs; ,izg;Gfs;
Clhf njhlu;Gila jiyg;GfSf;F ,ilNa ,yFthd ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
tpf;fpg;gb
P ahtpd; xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; njhF vd;w xU nrhy;; fhzg;gLk;. mjid fpspf;
nra;tjd; %yk;; me;jg; gf;fj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;J Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
Nrkpj;jTld; me;jg; gf;fk; ,izaj;jpy; vy;Nyhu; ghu;itf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;. xNu Neuj;jpy;
gadu;fs; xNu gf;fj;ijj; njhFj;jhy;> mijj; jFe;jthW mwpTWj;jp vy;NyhUila
khw;wq;fisAk; Vw;Fk; tz;zKk; Vw;ghL cs;sJ.

,t;thW gy gadu;fs; $l;lhf nray;gl;L xU ngUk; tiyj;jsj;ij tbtikf;f

tpf;fp cjTfpwJ. ,e;j El;gk; thl; fd;dpq;fhkpd; vd;gtuhy; 1994 k; Mz;bNyNa
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L> tpf;fpg;gb
P ahthy; gutyhd gad;ghl;Lf;F te;jJ. tpf;fpg;gPbah
kPbahtpf;fp vd;w tpf;fp nkd;nghUspy; fl;likf;fg;gl;lJ. kPbahtpf;fp kpf tsu;r;rp ngw;w>
KOikaile;j> jd;nkhopahf;f trjpfs; ngw;w xU fl;lw;w nkd;nghUs; MFk;. ,e;j
nkd;nghUisf; nfhz;L tpf;fpg;gPbah kl;Lk; kd;wp tpf;rdup> tpf;fp nra;jpfs;> tpf;fp
%yq;fs;> tpf;fp E}y;fs; Mfpa cwTj; jpl;lq;fSk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. E}yfk;> jkpo;
ngsj;jk; Nghd;w rpy NtW jkpo; ,izaj; jpl;lq;fSk; kPbahtpf;fpiag;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gp.vr;.gp epuy; nkhop (Programme language)> ikrPf;Fty; juTj;jsk;
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;j nkd;nghUs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

11. Ntshz;ikg; gjpTfs;

Ntshz;ik rhu;e;j gjpTfis ehspjo;fs; kw;Wk; ,iza ,jo;fspy; gjpT

nra;ayhk;. mjidg; nghJg;gadu;fs; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;fhf Ntshz;
gjpTfs; rpytw;iwf; fPNo fhz;Nghk;.

12. Ntshz;ikr; nra;jpfisg; gjpNtw;wk; nra;jy;

jkpo;nkhopf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiyg; Gjpa ,yf;F Nehf;fp efu;j;j Ntz;ba nghWg;Gk;

flikAk; fy;tpahsu;fSf;Fk; fzpQu;fSf;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. MfNt> cyf cUz;ilapy;
jkpOk; jkpo;f; fy;tpAk; epiyngw Ntz;Lkhdhy;> ,izak; topahfTk; ,iza
Ve;Jfspd; topahfTk; jkpiof; fw;fTk; fw;gpf;fTk; Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lhakhFk;.
,jid czu;e;J> jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSk; jkpiof; fw;Fk; my;yJ fw;f
tpUk;Gk; khztu;fSk; ,idaj;ijAk; ,iza Ve;JfisAk; gad;gLj;j Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;.

,dptUk; fhyk; ,izaj;NjhL ,uz;lwf; fye;Jtplg;Nghfpd;wJ.

mjw;Nfw;why;Nghy> jkpo;nkhopf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jYk; ,izaj;ij cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOjhd;> jkpOk; jkpo;f;fy;tpAk; ePLepyt KbAk;; jkpo;nkhop jdJ
njhd;ikapd; njhlu;r;rpiaj; njhiyj;Jtplhky; epiyj;J thOk;.

174
13. gjpNtw;wk; nra;jy; :
Ntshz;ikr; nra;jpahfl;Lk; my;yJ NtW tifahd nra;jpfshfl;Lk;
vJthapDk;> Kjypy; juTfs; njhFf;fg;ngw;W nrk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du;
jsj;jpd; jd;ikf;Fk; jFjpf;Fk; Vw;whw;Nghy fl;Liuahf;fk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,f;fl;Liufis xUq;FFwpapy; jl;lr;R nra;J> gpioePf;fp ,izaj;jpy; gjpNtw;wk;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liufis fl;lw;w fiyf;fsQ;rpakhf tpsq;Fk; tpf;fpapYk; jkpo;
jsq;fspYk; gjpNtw;wk; nra;ayhk;. tpf;fpapy; gjpNtw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; fl;Liufs;
nghJg;gadu;fspd; ciuahly;fSf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis ePf;fTk; Nru;f;fTk; ,lkspf;Fk;
tifapYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Vnddpy; tpf;fp xU fl;lw;w fiyf;fsQ;rpak; MFk;.

14. jkpo; ,izaj;jsq;fs;

jkpo; nkhopf;nfd;W vz;zw;w ,izaj;jsq;fs; cUthfpAs;sd. ,jpy; jkpou;fs;

kw;Wk; mayfj;jkpou;fs; cUthf;fpadTk; mlq;Fk;. jkpo; rhu;e;j midj;Jj;
jsq;fisAk; gl;baypl;lhy; ePSk;. Mifahy; vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;fhf rpytw;iwf; fhz;Nghk;.

jkpo; ,izaj;jsq;fs; :

1. kJiu jkpo; ,yf;fpa kpd;gjpg;Gj; jpl;lk;

2. jkpo; ,iza ;fy;tpf;fofk;
3. jkpo; ,izak; 2010
4. jpUf;Fws;
5. jkpo;nkhop mikg;G
jkpo;j; jsq;fs;
1. jkpo; epyk;
2. jkpo;j;jsq;fs;
3. jkpofk;
4. jpUj;jkpo;
5. jkpo; kzk;
6. Njd;$L
7. Mwhk; jpiz
8. jpz;iz
9. jkpo;j;jpiz
10. jkpo;j;Njhl;lk;

175