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HEALTH
Quarter 2– Module 2:
Pregnancy Related Concern and Prenatal Care

Self-Learning Module
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 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide to understanding

pregnancy-related concerns and prenatal care. The changes
happened during pregnancy. It is a piece of knowledge on taking
care of a pregnant woman in coping up with the biological
changes, emotional and mental changes during and after the
pregnancy.

This lesson is designed to develop an understanding of

pregnancy-related concerns and prenatal care. The importance
of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, essential newborn
protocol, and advantages of breastfeeding to have a harmonious
relationship in the family.

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OBJECTIVES:

✓ Talk about pregnancy-related concerns and prenatal

care.

✓ Explain the importance of maternal nutrition during

pregnancy.

✓ Discuss essential newborn protocols.

✓ Recognize the advantages of breastfeeding.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

✓ . Discusses various maternal health concerns (pre-during-

post pregnancy.

✓ Discusses pregnancy-related concerns.

✓ Explains the importance of maternal nutrition during

pregnancy

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 PRE-ASSESSMENT

Multiple choice Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it in your
activity notebook.

____ 1. The reproductive process wherein the male gamete and female gamete unite to
form a new single cell.
A. Fertilization B. Ovulation C. Implantation D. Gestation
___2. The fertilized egg develops into a baby in the _______.
A. Ovaries B. Fallopian tube C. Uterus D. Stomach
___3. The developing human is called ______.
A. Fetus B. Zygote C. Baby D. Embryo
___4. The developing human is fed in the woman’s womb through.
A. Mammary gland B. Placenta C. Uterus D. Bladder
___5. The stage of pregnancy that starts from week 13 to 27.
A. First trimester B. Second Trimester C. Third Trimester
___6. What is the last stage of pregnancy before giving birth?
A. First trimester B. Third Trimester C. Second Trimester
___7. The process of birth wherein the doctor removes the baby from the womb.
A. Caesarian section C. Surgical operation
B. Normal delivery D. Painless Delivery
___8. The behavioral development of a healthy baby wherein he/she learns to vocalize
and controls the movement of the head.
A. 0-1-month B. 4-5 months C. 6-7 months D. 2-3 months
___9. The best and ideal form of infant feeding is through _______.
A. Breastfeeding B. Bottle-feeding C. Mix feeding D. All of the above
____10. Lactation is the period of milk production initiated by what hormone in the
mammary gland?
A. Progesterone B. Estrogen C. Prolactin D. None of the above

WHAT TO KNOW
Infatuation VS Love

After marriage, a couple desires to build a family. Humans are reproduced

through sexual reproduction. In this kind of reproduction, the reproductive cells of
man and woman join together to make a new human cell. This process is called
fertilization. Pregnancy is the time when a new cell is formed during fertilization,
grows, and develops into a baby in the woman’s uterus. From the time that the
ovum and the sperm cell unite until the end of the eighth week, the developing
human is called an embryo. From eight weeks until birth, the developing human is
called the fetus. A normal pregnancy generally lasts until 9 months or 38-40 weeks.

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NEW BEGINNING:
Fertilization is a reproductive process wherein half of the genes of the father
and mother combine to form a single cell; the new cell then divides and forms
more cells. This ball of cells enters the uterus and attaches itself to the uterine wall.
The attachment of the developing cells to the uterus is called implantation.
Pregnancy is the time when a new cell is formed during fertilization, grows,
and develops into a baby in the woman’s uterus. From the time that the ovum
and the sperm cell unite until the end of the eighth week, the developing human
is called an embryo.

TEENAGE PREGNANCY
An unplanned and unwanted pregnancy can cause emotional anguish,
possible health risks, and in one case, limited life options. Teenage pregnancies
are premature because they occur in mothers who may be too young and/or
immature to care for a child adequately. In such cases, the mother may be so
young endangering pregnancy.
According to statistics:
1. Teens at 15 and younger face a 60% higher risk of death during pregnancy and
childbirth than young mothers at the age of 20.
2. Babies born to young teenage mothers are two to three times more likely to die
during their first year than babies born to older mothers.
3. Teen mothers are twice more likely to have low birth weight infants (at risk of
physical and mental defects as well as increased risk of dying).
4. Seventy percent (70%) of teen mothers get no medical care at all during
critical first months of pregnancy and 25% get no prenatal care at all. This is
specifically dangerous because, while a teen may be able to conceive a baby,
her body may not be quite ready for the stresses of pregnancy and childbirth.
Thus, she is at higher risk for complications like high blood pressure, toxemia,
prolonged and difficult labor, more vaginal lacerations during childbirth, and
more after-delivery complications and infections.
5. Even with good prenatal care, teenage mothers are more likely to have
premature labor and to deliver low birth-weight babies. 2
6. Young teen mothers are likely to drop out of school and face a high risk of
unemployment, poverty, and dependence on parents.
7. If they marry due to pregnancy, their risk of break up, or separation is high.
8. The young mother is more likely to be angered and disillusioned by her baby’s
demands and may become an abusive parent. Each mother is a distinct
individual. Some young women make wonderful mothers and manage to build
satisfying lives for themselves. Unfortunately, these tend to be the minority.
Chances are young pregnancy is a problem for the pregnant teenager and her
family.

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Changes in the Mother’s Body
During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes many changes. As soon as
implantation happens, the mother’s uterus releases special hormones, which are only
released by the woman’s body during pregnancy. Some of the hormones produced by
the pregnant woman’s body make her nauseated, this situation is called “morning
sickness” and usually lasts for 3 months. The same hormones make the woman’s breast
enlarge and prepare to produce milk. Over the 9 months, the woman’s uterus stretches
to hold a full-sized newborn baby. This stretching makes her abdomen get larger. A
pregnant woman also experiences swelling of legs, difficulty in sleeping, restlessness,
and irritability as the fetus gets larger. Many women, feel clumsy or uncomfortable too
because of the changes that took place.

Normal physical changes and symptoms throughout pregnancy

Although they can range from mild to severe, the following conditions are
common during pregnancy:
• Fatigue
• Morning sickness
• Sleep problems
• Breast changes
• Heartburn
• Changes in vaginal discharge. A thin, milky-white discharge (leukorrheal)
is normal throughout pregnancy. Also, the tissue lining of the vagina
becomes thicker and less sensitive during pregnancy.
• Nosebleeds and bleeding gums
• Hemorrhoids and constipation
• Varicose veins
• Hair changes
• Stretch marks, itchiness, and other skin changes
• Leg cramps
• Back pain and sciatica
• Pelvic ache and hip pain
• Hand pain, numbness, or weakness (carpal tunnel syndrome)

Phases of Pregnancy
The first trimester of pregnancy lasts from week 1 through week 12.
Your first sign of pregnancy may be a missed menstrual period.
The second trimester of pregnancy (from week 13 to week 27) is the time
when most women start to look pregnant and may begin to wear maternity
clothes. By 16 weeks, the top of your uterus, called the fundus, will be about
halfway between your pubic bone and your navel. By 27 weeks, the fundus will
be about 2 in. (5 cm) or more above your navel. You may find that the second
trimester is the easiest part of pregnancy. For some women, the breast
tenderness, morning sickness, and fatigue of the first trimester ease up or
disappear during the second trimester, while the physical discomforts of late
pregnancy have yet to start. Pressure on your bladder may be less as the uterus
grows up out of the pelvis.

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 The third trimester lasts from week 28 to the birth. Many women have some
discomfort during this time as their belly gets bigger. Sleep problems are common
during this period.

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Complications of Pregnancy

Birth

The passage of a baby from its mother’s uterus to the outside of her body is
called birth. During birth, the uterus contracts many times and pushes the baby through
the vagina and outside the mother’s body. Labor is the process that lasts from the time
contractions start until the delivery of the child and the placenta. Labor lasts a different
amount of time for every woman and every pregnancy.

There are three distinct stages of labor:

1st Stage – Begins with the first contraction and lasts until the cervix has opened enough
to allow the baby to pass through. Contraction happens every few minutes and lasts a
minute.

2nd Stage – Starts when the cervix is completely open and lasts until the baby is
delivered. During this period, contraction happens every 2-3 minutes. After the baby is
born, the doctor cuts the umbilical cord. Healthy babies breathe and cry almost
immediately.

3rd Stage – This is the final stage of labor. It is when the placenta is delivered. In this
stage, the mother’s uterine contractions push the placenta or “afterbirths” out of her
body. At this time, the birth is completed. In some cases, doctors have to deliver a baby
by a caesarian section (CS). In this procedure, the doctor surgically removes the baby
and the placenta from the mother’s uterus. Cases like this happen when the mother
cannot or is not capable of delivering normal childbirth.

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 WHAT TO PROCESS
Activity 1: Know it!
Direction: Identify the given information above the box or column, if it is
Changes in the mother's body, Normal Physical Changes, Nourishing the baby, Phases
of pregnancy, and Complications of Pregnancy. Write it in their respective column or
box.

Selection:

• Fatigue • The fetus get its nutrition from food the mother eats

• First trimester • Anemia

• Hair changes • Second and third trimester

• Toxemia • Breast enlarge and prepare to produce milk
• Morning sickness

• The mother needs to eat healthy food and take special vitamins
Changes in Normal Nourishing the Phases of Complication
mother’s body Physical baby Pregnancy of Pregnancy
Changes

Activity 2: What to Avoid During Pregnancy

The following is a list of actions which possibly happen during pregnancy. If the
action mentioned is something that pregnant women should avoid, put a cross (X) mark
on the space provided. If the activity is something that would be good for pregnant
women, put a slash (/) mark.
1. Drinking alcohol ________
2. Drinking milk ________
3. Dyeing hair ________
4. Cleaning the cats litter box ________
5. Drinking water ________
6. Eating varieties of frutis and vegetables ________
7. Smoking cigarettes ________
8. Sitting in a sauna, steam room or hot tub ________
9. Eating uncooked meat ________
10. Taking vitamin B (folic acid) ________
11. Having x- ray ________
12. Going to walks ________

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Importance of Maternal Nutrition
Maternal nutritional status affects the offspring’s health development
significantly during early embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth, and lactation, and
subsequently determines health during growth and even throughout adulthood. On the
other end of the human lifetime scale, the importance of maternal nutrition expands into
the period before conception: Pre-conception nutritional status not only influences fertility
but also embryogenesis and life-long health. Predisposition for coronary heart diseases,
type-2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension can be caused by intrauterine adaptations to
fetal malnutrition. Hence, optimizing nutrition for women during their reproductive period
can be expected to have a great impact on the well-being of the next generation

DIETARY PLAN DURING PREGNANCY

Body Building Foods
Fish, Meat, Poultry 4 matchbox-sizes
Milk 2/3 cup whole
Eggs 3-4/ week
Dried Beans & Nuts ½ cup cooked
Energy-Giving Foods
Enriched rice 5 cup cooked
Root crops 1 small or ½ cup sliced
Sugar 7 teaspoon Fat 6 teaspoons
Regulating Foods
Green leafy and yellow vegetables ¾ cup cooked
Vitamin C –rich foods 2 medium or 2 slices big fruit
Other fruits and vegetables 2 medium fruits and 2/3 cup cooked
Vegetables

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Activity 4: What is on my plate
Direction: List the foods necessary for pregnant women.

Breakfast Lunch Dinner

Newborn
A new baby at home is exciting, but it can be scary, too. Newborns have many
needs, like frequent feedings and diaper changes. Babies can have health issues that
are different from older children and adults.

Essential Newborn Care

Protocol aimed to significantly reduce infant deaths in the country. A protocol
can pave the way to the reduction of neonatal deaths. Essential Newborn Care is a
comprehensive strategy to improve the health of the newborn through interventions
before conception, during pregnancy, soon after birth, and in the post-natal period. This
protocol will focus on the first few hours of the life of the newborn with the manual
guiding the health workers and medical practitioners in providing evidence-based
essential newborn care.
The guidelines are categorized into time-bound and non-time-bound plus
unnecessary procedures. Time-bound procedures should be routinely performed first
which are:
1. immediate drying
2. skin to skin contact
3. clamping of the cord after 1-3 minutes
4. non-separation of the newborn from the mother
5. breastfeeding initiation
Non-time bound interventions include:
1. immunizations
2. eye care
3. vitamin K administration
4. weighing
5. washing
6. routine suctioning
7. routine separation of newborn for observation
8. administration of prelacteals like glucose water or formula.

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 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9288
AN ACT PROMULGATING A COMPREHENSIVE POLICY AND A
NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR ENSURING NEWBORN SCREENING

Newborn means a child from the time of complete delivery to 30 days old.

Newborn screening: Newborn Screening (NBS) is a simple procedure to find out if the
baby has a congenital metabolic disorder that may lead to mental retardation or even
death if left untreated.

Importance of newborn screening: Most babies with metabolic disorders look "normal”
at birth. By doing NBS, metabolic disorders may be detected even before clinical signs
and symptoms are present. And as a result of this, treatment can be given early to
prevent the consequences of untreated conditions.

When is screening done? Newborn screening is ideally done on the 48th, to 72nd hour of
life. However, it may also be done after 24 hours from birth.

How is newborn screening done?: A few drops of blood are taken from the baby's heel,
blotted on a special absorbent filter card, and then sent to Newborn Screening Center
(NSC).

Who will collect the sample for newborn screening?: The blood sample for NBS may be
collected by any of the following: physician, nurse, medical technologist, or trained
midwife.

Where is newborn screening available?: Newborn screening is available in hospitals,

lying-ins, rural health units, health centers, and some private clinics. If babies are
delivered at home, babies may be brought to the nearest institution offering newborn
screening.

When are newborn screening results available?: Results can be claimed from the health
facility where NBS was availed. Normal NBS results are available by 7 - 14 working days
from the time samples are received at the NSC. Positive NBS results are relayed to the
parents immediately by the health facility. Please ensure that the address and phone
number provided to the health facility are correct. A NEGATIVE SCREEN MEANS THAT
THE NBS RESULT IS NORMAL. A positive screen means that the newborn must be brought
back to his/her health practitioner for further testing.

What should be done when a baby has tested a positive NBS result?: Babies with
positive results must be referred at once to a specialist for confirmatory testing and
further management. Should there be no specialist in the area; the NBS secretariat
office will assist its attending physician.

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What are the disorders tested for newborn screening?
The disorders tested for newborn screening are:
1. Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
2. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
3. Galactosemia (GAL)
4. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
5. Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD Def.)

The developmental stages of a healthy baby.

0 -1 month suckles and smiles
2-3 months vocalizes and controls head
4-5 months controls hand and rolls over
6-7 months sit briefly and crawl
8-9 months grasps and pulls up
10 – 11 months walk with support and stands alone

Kind of Immunization Age of Immunization

BCG (Anti-TB) 0-1 month old and 7 years old
OPV (Anti-Polio Vaccine) 0-½ month, 2½ months, 32 months
DPT (Anti-diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) 1 ½ months, 2½ months, 32 months
Hepa B vaccine 1 ½ months, 2½ months, 32 months
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) 9 months to 1 year

Activity 5: keywords
Creating an acronym using the letters from the word INFANT.
I - ____________________
N - ____________________
F - ____________________
A - ____________________
N - ____________________
T - ____________________

Activity 5: keywords
If you will have your baby in the future, what are the needs you should provide
him/her? List down at least ten in your diary.
1, 6.
2, 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

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Performance task: Music Message of Love
Pretending to breastfeed a baby and sing the popular song entitled “Ugoy ng
Duyan”, What are the possible effects of singing the song repeatedly. Write your ideas
on one whole bond paper.

Ugoy ng Duyan
Music by: Lucio San pedro
Lyrics by: Levi Celerio

Sana‟y di nagmaliw ang dati kong araw

Nang munti pang bata sa piling ni nanay
Nais kong maulit ang awit ni inang mahal
Awit ng pag-ibig habang ako‟y nasa duyan

Sana‟y di nagmaliw ang dati kong araw

Nang munti pang bata sa piling ni nanay
Nais kong maulit ang awit ni inang mahal
Awit ng pag-ibig habang ako‟y nasa duyan

Refrain:
Sa aking pagtulog na labis ang himbing
Ang bantay ko‟y tala, ang tanod ko‟y bituin
Sa piling ni nanay, langit ay buhay
Puso kong may dusa sabik sa ugoy ng duyan

Sana‟y di nagmaliw ang dati kong araw

Nang munti pang bata sa piling ni nanay
Nais kong maulit ang awit ni inang mahal
Awit ng pag-ibig habang ako‟y nasa duyan

Sa aking pagtulog na labis ang himbing

Ang bantay ko‟y tala, ang tanod ko‟y bituin
Sa piling ni nanay, langit ay buhay
Puso kong may dusa sabik sa ugoy ng duyan
Nais kong matulog sa dating duyan ko, inay
Oh! Inay
Summary/Synthesis/Generalization
Obviously, in this module, you have learned that changes in the mother’s body
during pregnancy are evident due to the developing fetus.

A pregnant woman should watch for her health, she should submit herself to regular
check-ups and a healthy lifestyle to give the baby sufficient nutrition.

Giving birth can be safe and easy but during some deliveries, unexpected life-
threatening problems may arise. Delivering in a hospital with a qualified doctor is the
safest way.

Breastfeeding is essential in proper childcare. Mother’s milk is economical and nutritious

and it promotes emotional bonding between the mother and the child.
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Mandaue City
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines 6014
Telephone Nos.: (032) 345 – 0545 | (032) 505 – 6337
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: https://depedmandaue.net

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