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General Biology 1 – Grade 11/12 (STEM)

Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – Week 2a: The Cells

First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Learners’ Activity Sheets

Writer: Reynilyn L. Lepardo

Division Validators:
Edna E. Trinidad, EdD
Irene F. Havana
Lara B. Realista
Jeshrel B. Plaza
Rey D. Arbolonio
Reynilyn L. Leopardo
Ivy Grace T. Coronel

Regional Validators
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Rainer P. Sularte
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Management Team:
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Gilbert L. Gayrama PhD, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Celsa A. Casa, CID Chief
Bryan L. Arreo, LR Manager
Edna E. Trinidad, Science Education Program Supervisor

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
General Biology 1, Grade 11/12, Quarter 1, Week 2a

THE CELLS

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC):

✓ Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3); and
✓ Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of each
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4).

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;

2. classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues); and
3. specify the functions of each tissues.

Time Allotment: 4 Hours

Key Concepts

• Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are the two types of cells that exist on Earth. There
are several differences between the two, but the biggest distinction between them is that
eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material, while
prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material instead.
(Figure 1).
• All living things can be divided into three basic domains: Bacteria, Archaea and
Eukarya. The primarily single-celled organisms found in the Bacteria and Archaea domains
are known as prokaryotes. These organisms are made of prokaryotic cells — the smallest,
simplest and most ancient cells.
• Organisms in the Eukarya domain are made of the more complex eukaryotic cells. These
organisms, called eukaryotes, can be unicellular or multicellular and include animals,
plants, fungi and protists.

What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, they share some common features,
including the following:
• DNA: Genetic coding that determines all the characteristics of living things.
• Cell (or plasma) membrane: Outer layer that separates the cell from the surrounding
environment and acts as a selective barrier for incoming and outgoing materials.
• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid within a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts and
proteins.
• Ribosomes: Organelles that make proteins.

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

• Nucleus/DNA: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that

consists of two lipid membranes, according to Nature Education. The nucleus holds the
eukaryotic cell's DNA. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; rather, they have a
membrane less nucleoid region (open part of the cell) that holds free-floating DNA.
• Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells have several other membrane-bound
organelles not found in prokaryotic cells. These include the mitochondria (convert food
energy into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to power biochemical reactions); rough and
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (an interconnected network of membrane-enclosed tubules
that transport synthesized proteins); golgi complex (sorts and packages proteins for
secretion); and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts (conduct photosynthesis). All of these
organelles are located in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm.

Figure 1. The main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

Source: https://www.livescience.com/65922-prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells.html

• Ribosomes: In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomes are bigger, more complex and bound by a
membrane. They can be found in various places: Sometimes in the cytoplasm; on the
endoplasmic reticulum; or attached to the nuclear membrane (covering on the nucleus).
• In prokaryotic cells, the ribosomes are scattered and floating freely throughout the
cytoplasm. The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells also have smaller subunits.
• Reproduction: Most eukaryotes reproduce sexually (although some protists and single-
celled fungi may reproduce through mitosis, which is functionally similar to asexual
reproduction). Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, resulting in the offspring being an exact
clone of the parent. Some prokaryotic cells also have pili, which are adhesive hair-like
projections used to exchange genetic material during a type of sexual process called
conjugation. Conjugation can occur in bacteria, protozoans and some algae and fungi.
• Cell Walls: Most prokaryotic cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds the plasma
membrane and gives shape to the organism. In eukaryotes, vertebrates don't have a cell
wall but plants do. The cell walls of prokaryotes differ chemically from the eukaryotic cell
walls of plant cells, which are primarily made of cellulose. In bacteria, for example, the cell
walls are composed of peptidoglycans (sugars and amino acids).

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
Plant and Animal Tissues

• Tissues are made up of a group of similar cells that are adapted for a particular function.
Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.

Plant Tissues
• Plants are typically made up of roots, stems and leaves. Plant tissues can be broadly
categorized into dividing, meristematic tissue or non-dividing, permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue is made up of simple and complex tissues (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Cells adapted for the same function work in conjunction to form tissues.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1

• Meristematic tissue is undifferentiated tissue. Meristematic tissue contains actively

dividing cells that result in formation of other tissue types (e.g. vascular, dermal or ground
tissue). Apical meristematic tissue is found in buds and growing tips of plants. It generally
makes plants grow taller or longer. Lateral meristematic tissue makes the plant grow
thicker. Lateral meristems occur in woody trees and plants. Examples of lateral
meristematic tissue include the vascular cambium that results in the rings you see in trees,
and cork cambium or 'bark' found on the outside of trees. Meristematic tissue is found in
root tips as this is where roots are growing and where dividing cells are produced. Figure
3 shows an image of a root tip.

•
Figure 3. Root and Shoot Apical Meristems
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/meristem

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 • The meristematic tissues give rise to cells that perform a specific function. Once cells
develop to perform this particular function, they lose their ability to divide. The process of
developing a particular structure suited to a specific function is known as cellular
differentiation.

1. Simple permanent tissues

• Epidermis
• Parenchyma
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma
2. Complex permanent tissues
• Xylem vessels (made up of tracheids and vessels)
• Phloem vessels (made up of sieve tubes and companion cells)

• The epidermis tissue is a single layer of cells that covers plants' leaves, flowers, roots and
stems. It is the outermost cell layer of the plant body and plays a protective role in the plant.

• A stoma is a pore found in the leaf and stem

epidermis that allows for gaseous exchange. The
stoma is bordered on either side by a pair of
specialized cells known as guard cells. Guard
cells are bean shaped specialized epidermal
cells, found mainly on the lower surface of
leaves, which are responsible for regulating the
size of the stoma opening. Together, the stoma
and the guard cells are referred to as stomata.
(Figure 4)

• Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

cells. Together these tissue types are referred to
as ground tissues. Ground tissues are located
in the region between epidermal and vascular
tissue. (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Root and Shoot Apical Meristems
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/meristem

• Parenchyma tissue forms the majority of stems and roots as well as soft fruit like tomatoes
and grapes. It is the most common type of ground tissue. Parenchyma tissue is responsible
for the storage of nutrients.
• Collenchyma tissue is a simple, permanent tissue typically found in the shoots and leaves
of plants. Collenchyma cells are thin-walled but the corners of the cell wall are thickened
with cellulose. This tissue gives strength, particularly in growing shoots and leaves due to
the thickened corners. The cells are tightly packed and have fewer inter-cellular spaces.
• Sclerenchyma tissue is a simple, permanent tissue. It is the supporting tissue in plants,
making the plants hard and stiff. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibers and
sclereids.
• Sclerenchyma fibers are long, narrow and have thick lignified cell walls. They provide
mechanical strength to the plant and allow for the conduction of water.

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 • Sclereids are specialized sclerenchyma cells with thickened, highly lignified walls with pits
running through the walls. They support the soft tissues of pears and guavas and are found
in the shells of some nuts.

Figure 5. Types of Plant Tissues

Source: https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm/Ground-tissue

Animal Tissues
• Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a particular function. Examining human
tissues as an example of animal tissues. Human bodies, like most animal bodies, are made
up of four different types of tissue:

1. Epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the body and also lines many of the body
cavities where it has a protective function.
2. Connective tissue assists in support and protection of organs and limbs and
depending on the location in the body it may join or separate organs or parts of the
body.
3. Muscle tissue enables various forms of movement, both voluntary and involuntary.
4. Nerve tissue is responsible for the carrying of electrical and chemical signals and
impulses from the brain and central nervous system to the periphery, and vice versa.

Epithelial Tissue—is commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of organs
and cavities. Epithelial tissues are characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions
(i.e., a type of cell modification). Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as barriers for
pathogens, mechanical injuries, and fluid loss (Figure 7). Cells that make up epithelial
tissues can have distinct arrangements:
• cuboidal—for secretion
• simple columnar—brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption
• simple squamous—plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion
• stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection
• pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of
varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell
modification that sweeps the mucus).

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 Figure 6: Epithelial Tissue
Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA).)

Connective Tissue—These tissues are composed of the following (see Figure 7):

• Blood —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water, salts,
and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense
(WBC), and platelets for blood clotting.
• Connective tissue proper (CTP)—made up of loose connective tissue that is found
in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found
in tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective
tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store energy.
• Cartilage —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage
functions as cushion between bones.
• Bone —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
which deposit collagen. The matrix of collagen is combined with calcium,
magnesium, and phosphate ions to make the bone hard. Blood vessels and nerves
are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles of osteons.

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 Figure 7: Connective Tissue
(Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

Muscle Tissue—These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow
the body to move voluntary or involuntary. Movement of muscles is a response to signals
coming from nerve cells. In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the
following (Figure 8):

• skeletal—striated; voluntary movements

• cardiac—striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart contraction; involuntary
• smooth—not striated; involuntary

Figure 8: Muscle Tissue

Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA)

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
 Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells
that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals
throughout the animal body. Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals. The
dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the
axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Neurons and Glial Cells

Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA)

Activity 1. Compare and Contrast

Objective:

1. Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

What you need: paper and pen

What to do: Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their
distinguishing features through a venn diagram.

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Differences Similarities Differences

Activity 2. Match Me

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Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
Objectives:

1. Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues); and

2. Specify the functions of each tissues.

What you need: paper and pen

What to do: Match each general tissue category to the appropriate feature. Write the letter of
the correct answer.

A. Collenchyma F. Meristematic
B. Connective G. Muscular
C. Epidermis H. Nervous
D. Epithelium I. Parenchyma
E. Ground J. Sclerenchyma

_____1. A type of tissue that would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord?
_____2. Found in the epidermis and form the lining of internal organs such as the intestines
_____3. Form the ligaments, tendons, fat and bone.
_____4. A type of tissue that makes up majority of the heart.
_____5. It contains actively dividing cells that result information of other tissue types.
_____6. The supporting tissue in plants, making the plants hard and stiff.
_____7. Responsible for the storage of nutrients.
_____8. The outermost cell layer of the plant body and plays a protective role in the plant
_____9. Located in the region between epidermal and vascular tissue.
_____10. Provide strength in growing shoots and leaves due to the thickened corners.

Reflection
Changes to your body and brain cells are normal as you age. However, there are some things
you can do. At your age, what will you do to keep your cells healthy? Answer in 3-5 sentences.

Rubrics

Ideas are expressed scientifically, consistent to the concepts and has no

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misconception.
8 Ideas are expressed scientifically, consistent to the concepts but with misconception
6 Ideas are expressed scientifically but contain several contradictory concepts.
4 Ideas are poorly expressed scientifically.
2 Ideas are vague and unprecise.
0 No discussion.

10
Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]
References

Reece, JB. & Urry, LA. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA).

General Biology 1 Specialized Subject | Academic-Stem, The Commission on Higher

Education, Philippine Normal University, 2016.

“Britanica”
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology
Accessed on June 26, 2021

“LiveScience”
https://www.livescience.com/65922-prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells.html
Accessed on August 19, 2021

“Siyavula”
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10-lifesciences/plant-and-animal-
tissues/04-plant-and-animal-tissues-04
Accessed on August 19, 2021

Answers Key

Activity 1

10. A
9. E
8. C
7. I
6. J
5. F
4. G
3. B
2. D
1. H
Activity 2

11
Author: Reynilyn L. Lepardo
School/Station: Tagbina National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur Division
email address: [email protected]