Madhya Pradesh GK - Hindi

MPPSC

MPPSC
LkaLdj.k % izFke
ISBN : 978-81-19860-04-3
MRP : 0/-
}kjk izdkf'kr % Physics Wallah Publication
eksckby ,si% Physics Wallah (Iys LVksj ij miyC/)
osclkbV% www.pw.live
Physics Wallah - Alakh Pandey
;wVÔwc pSuy%
UPSC Wallah
UPSC Wallah - Hindi Medium
PSC Wallah - UP Bihar
MPSC Wallah
bZesy% [email protected]
vf/dkj
lHkh vf/dkj çdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr jgsaxsA ys•d ;k çdk'kd dh fyf•r vuqefr ds fcuk bl iqLrd ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk fdlh Hkh
rjg ls mi;ksx ;k bldh vU; çfrfyfi rS;kj ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

fdlh Hkh lks'ky ehfM;k pSuy] bZesy vkfn ;k fdlh vU; pSuy ds ekè;e ls eksckby] ySiVkWi ;k MsLdVkWi ds ekè;e ls ihMh,iQ ;k vU;
led{k çk:iksa esa iqLrdksa dh lkWÝV dkWih dk çlkj ,d çdkj dk vijk/ gSA fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ }kjk viuh fMokbl (midj.kksa) ij iqLrd dh
lkWÝV dkWih dks çlkfjr] MkmuyksM] laxzghr djuk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e dk mYya?ku gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ bl iqLrd ;k bldh fdlh Hkh lkexzh
dh iQksVksdkWih djuk Hkh voS/ gSA ,slh fdlh Hkh lkWÝV dkWih laca/h lkexzh ds çkIr gksus dh voLFkk esa bls MkmuyksM ;k iQkWjoMZ u djsaA
vLohdj.k%
fo"k; dh xgjh le> j•us okys PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kKksa ,oa vè;kidksa dh Vhe us iqLrdksa ds fy, dM+h esgur dh gSA tcfd bu iqLrdksa
dks rS;kj djus esa daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] lEikndksa ,oa çdk'kdksa }kjk iw.kZ ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqLrd 'kSf{kd mís';ksa ds
fy, vfHkçsr gS rFkk ys•d iqLrd esa fufgr fdlh Hkh =kqfV ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxkA fo"k; oLrq dh lVhdrk ds fy, tk¡p dh xbZ gSA
çdk'kd }kjk fo"k;&oLrq dks lVhd ,oa vkf/dkfjd tkudkjh çnku djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gSA
;g iqLrd ,oa blesa fufgr O;fÙkQxr ;ksxnku çdk'kd }kjk dkWihjkbV vf/fu;e ds varxZr lqjf{kr gSaA
çfrfØ;k ds fy, bZesy djsa% [email protected]
(;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

izLrkouk
PW ONLY IAS dh ,d vR;f/d dq'ky fo'ks"kK Vhe ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dM+h esgur djrh gS fd Nk=kksa dks ,eihih,llh ijh{kk
ds fy, lokZsÙke vè;;u lkexzh çkIr gksA
'kq#vkr ls gh daVsaV cukus okyksa (daVsaV fØ,VlZ)] leh{kdksa] MhVhih vkWijsVjksa] çwiQjhMjksa ,oa vU; yksxksa dh iwjh daVsaV Vhe Nk=kksa ds
fy, çHkko'kkyh vè;;u lkexzh rS;kj djus gsrq muds lokZsÙke Kku rFkk vuqHko ds vuqlkj vè;;u lkexzh dks vkdkj nsus esa layXu gSA
vè;kidksa us fo"k;&oLrq dks vklkuh ls le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djus dh ubZ 'kSyh viukbZ gS ,oa bl vè;;u lkexzh ds fuekZ.k
ds nkSjku Vhe dks viuk ekxZn'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k çnku fd;k gSA
PW ONLY IAS oSpkfjd ,oa euksjatd f'k{kk esa n`<+ fo'okl j•rk gSA PW ONLY IAS Nk=kksa dks xq.koÙkk rFkk Li"Vrk ykus ds
fy, mPp ijh{kk&mUeq• fo"k;&oLrq çnku djrk gSA
,eihih,llh vè;;u lkexzh cgqrk;r ds lkFk cktkj esa miyC/ gS] ijarq PW ONLY IAS fo'ks"kK gekjs ,eihih,llh Nk=kksa ds fy,
lokZsPp vè;;u lkexzh çnku djus gsrq fujarj dk;Zjr gSaA
;g vè;;u lkexzh ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus okys ç'uksa dh çpqj fofo/rk ds lkFk vo/kj.kkvksa dk fo'ks"k ,oa le>us ds fy, cgqvk;keh
n`f"Vdks.k viukrh gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh ijh{kk ds fy, Kku ls lqlfTtr djrh gSA
bl vè;;u lkexzh dk eq[; mís'; gekjs Nk=kksa dks laf{kIr] Li"V] y?kq ,oa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ fo"k;&oLrq çnku djuk gSA
iqLrd dh fo'ks"krk,a
z bl iqLrd esa e-ç- dk uohure vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ,oa ctV 'kkfey gSA
z fp=kkRed vè;;u gsrq ekufp=k ,oa vkjs•A
z eè;çns'k ljdkj dh vf/dkfjd osclkbV dh enn ls v|ru MsVkA
z lelkef;dhA
z fiNys o"kks± ds ç'u (çh $ esUl)A
z çR;sd vè;k; ds ckn vH;kl ç'uA
fo"k;&lwph
Hkkx&1% eè; çns'k dk lkekU; ifjp;��1&6 3- eè; çns'k esa lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡................ 88&90
1- eè; çns'k dk lkekU; ifjp;.......................3&6 4- eè; çns'k osQ yksd u`R;@ukVd@xk;u..... 91&97
5- eè; çns'k dh yksd fp=kdyk]
Hkkx&2% eè; çns'k dk Hkwxksy�� 7&76
fp=kdkj..................................................... 98&101
1- eè; çns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkktu.................. 9&14 6- eè; çns'k osQ laxhr ?kjkus ,oa
2- eè; çns'k dh HkwxfHkZd lajpuk................ 15&16 laxhrdkj................................................. 102&105
3- eç dk mPpkop Lo#i 7- eè; çns'k dh f'kYi dyk.................... 106&108
(ioZr ,oa pksfV;ka).................................... 17&19
8- eè;çns'k osQ çeq• ioZ] R;kSgkj
4- eè; çns'k dh tyok;q............................... 20&23 ,oa egksRlo............................................ 109&112
5- eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj 9- eè; çns'k esa i;ZVu (eafnj] efLtn]
tyçikr...................................................... 24&34 xqiQk,¡] fdys] egy] edcjs)............... 113&123
6- eè; çns'k dh flapkbZ] fo|qr ifj;kstuk,¡
10- eè; çns'k esa esys................................... 124&127
,oa ck¡/....................................................... 35&43
11- eè; çns'k osQ iqjLdkj........................... 128&130
7- eè; çns'k esa ou ,oa ouksit.................... 44&50
12- eè; çns'k esa dyk laLÑfr ls
8- eè; çns'k esa oU;tho] jk"Vªh; m|ku
tqM+s O;fDrRo.......................................... 131&134
vkSj vHk;kj.;........................................... 51&59
9- eè; çns'k dh feêðh ,oa lacaf/r Hkkx&4% eè;çns'k dh laoS/kfud
leL;k,¡....................................................... 60&68 O;oLFkk�� 135&182
10- çkÑfrd vkSj •fut lalk/u.................... 69&72 1- eè; çns'k esa fo/kueaMy...................... 137&144
11- ÅtkZ lalk/u............................................... 73&76 2- eè; çns'k esa dk;Zikfydk.................... 145&163
Hkkx&3% e è;çns'k dh dyk ,oa 3- eè; çns'k esa U;k;ikfydk.................... 164&167
laLÑfr�� 77&134 4- eè; çns'k esa iqfyl O;oLFkk................ 168&170
1- eè; çns'k dh cksfy;k¡............................... 79&81 5- eè; çns'k esa iapk;rh jkt vkSj
2- çeq• lkfgR;dkj ,oa mudh Ñfr;k¡......... 82&87 uxjh; ç'kklu....................................... 171&182
Hkkx&5% eè; çns'k dk bfrgkl�� 183&248 7- eè; çns'k dk ctV ,oa
vkfFkZd loZs{k.k..................................... 286&294
1- eè; çns'k dk çkphu bfrgkl.............. 185&208
Hkkx&7% fofo/�� 295&388
2- eè; çns'k dk eè;dkyhu bfrgkl...... 209&220
3- eè; çns'k dk vk/qfud bfrgkl.......... 221&228 1- eè; çns'k dh tutkrh; çÑfr]
jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijaijk;sa...................... 297&316
4- eè; çns'k osQ jktoa'k........................... 229&248
2- eè; çns'k dh ;kstuk,¡......................... 317&329
Hkkx&6% eè; çns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk��249&294
3- eè; çns'k osQ •sy laxBu
1- eè; çns'k dh tux.kuk vkSj ,oa iqjLdkj................................................ 330&352
tulkaf[;dh........................................... 251&255 4- eè; çns'k esa LokLF;............................. 353&361
2- eè; çns'k dh vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa 5- eè; çns'k esa f'k{kk............................... 362&368
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡............................. 256&258 6- eè; çns'k esa ifjogu O;oLFkk............. 369&379
3- m|ksx....................................................... 259&270 7- eè; çns'k esa çFke................................ 380&382
4- eè; çns'k esa çkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj 8- eè; çns'k esa lapkj O;oLFkk ,oa
r`rh;d {ks=k............................................ 271&273 if=kdk,¡................................................... 383&388
5- eè; çns'k esa i'kqikyu.......................... 274&275
Hkkx&8% vk;ksx�� 389&430
6- eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k xfrfof/;k¡
(mRiknu ls foi.ku rd).................... 276&285 1- laoS/kfud vkSj oS/kfud fudk;.......... 391&430
vi
Hkkx- 1
eè; çns'k dk lkekU; ifjp;
1 eè; çns'k dk lkekU; ifjp;
ifjp; eq[;ea=kh% Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh

gSa] eq[;ea=kh jkT; ljdkj dk çeq• gksrk gSA
z eè; çns'k Hkkjr osQ eè; Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA
mPp U;k;ky;% eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; tcyiqj
z ;g Hkw&{ks=k osQ vk/kj ij Hkkjr dk nwljk lcls cM+k jkT;
esa fLFkr gS tks fd jkT; osQ Hkhrj lokZsPp U;kf;d
gS ;|fi Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ vk/kj ij NBk lcls cM+k
çkfèkdj.k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
jkT; gSA
z {ks=kiQy%
z jkT; dh lhek mÙkj if'pe esa jktLFkku] if'pe esa xqtjkr]
jkT;% eè; çns'k dk {ks=kiQy yxHkx 308]252 oxZ
mÙkj iwoZ esa mÙkj çns'k] iwoZ esa NÙkhlx<+] nf{k.k esa egkjk"Vª
ls yxrh gSA fdyksehVj (yxHkx 119]017 oxZ ehy) gS] tks bls
Hkkjr osQ lcls cM+s jkT;ksa esa ls ,d cukrk gSA
z eè; çns'k uke dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ¶eè; çkar¸ gSA ;g jkT;
{ks=kiQy osQ vk/kj ij LFkku% {ks=kiQy osQ ekeys
HkkSxksfyd æf"V ls Hkkjr osQ ân; LFky esa fLFkr gS] vkSj
bls çk;% ¶Hkkjr dk ân;¸ dgk tkrk gSA esa] eè; çns'k lHkh Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa nwljs LFkku ij
vkrk gSA
z v{kka'k ,oa ns'kkarj% eè; çns'k 21°6′ mÙkjh v{kka'k ls
26°30′ rd rFkk 74°9′ iwohZ ns'kkarj 82°48′ iwohZ ns'kkarj z tula[;k (2011)%
osQ eè; gSA jkT;% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k dh
z LFkkiuk% eè; çns'k dks vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij 1 uoacj 1956 tula[;k yxHkx 72]626]809 FkhA
dks ,d jkT; osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fnukad tula[;k osQ vk/kj ij LFkku% tula[;k osQ ekeys
,d fof'k"V ç'kklfud vkSj jktuhfrd bdkbZ osQ :i esa esa] ml le; eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa NBs lcls vf/d
jkT; osQ xBu dk çrhd gSA tula[;k okys jkT; esa vkrk FkkA
z jkt/kuh% eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky gSA ;g jkT; dk tula[;k dk ?kuRo% tula[;k dk ?kuRo yxHkx 236
ç'kklfud vkSj jktuhfrd osaQæ gSA O;fDr çfr oxZ fdyksehVj FkhA
z lcls cM+k uxj% bankSj eè; çns'k dk lcls cM+k uxj 'kgjh tula[;k% yxHkx 20]069]405 yksx 'kgjh {ks=kksa
gSA tks fd vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd egRo okyk ,d çeq• esa jgrs FksA
'kgjh osaQæ gSA xzkeh.k tula[;k% yxHkx 52]557]404 yksx xzkeh.k
z ftys% eè; çns'k dks 55 ftyksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] {ks=kksa esa jgrs FksA
tks jkT; osQ ç'kklfud mifoHkkx gSaA çR;sd ftys dks vkxs z vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ vkSj tutkfr;k¡% tula[;k dk Øe'k%
NksVh ç'kklfud bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS 15-54» vkSj 21-04» gSaA
z ljdkj% z ekud le;% eè; çns'k Hkkjrh; ekud le; (IST) ij
çdkj% eè; çns'k esa ,d lnuh; fo/kf;dk gS] ftldk vk/kfjr gS] tks UTC$05%30 gSA bl le; {ks=k dk mi;ksx
vFkZ gS fd blesa ,d gh fo/k;h d{k gSA fo/kf;dk esa o"kZ Hkj fd;k tkrk gSA
230 lhVsa 'kkfey gSaA z lk{kjrk nj% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k dh
laxBu% eè; çns'k ljdkj jkT; osQ ç'kklu vkSj 'kklu lk{kjrk nj 69-32» gS] tks 7 o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d voLFkk
osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA osQ O;fÙkQvksa dh i<+us fy•us dh {kerk dks n'kkZrh gSA
jkT;iky% ekuuh; eaxwHkkbZ lh iVsy eè; çns'k osQ z fyax vuqikr% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] fyax vuqikr]
jkT;iky gSaA ;kuh çfr 1]000 iq#"kksa ij efgykvksa dh la[;k 931 gSA
iM+kslh jkT;ksa dks Li'kZ djus okys Hkk"kk vkSj cksfy;k¡
uksV* 7 ftys 2 ls vf/d jkT;ksa
dh lhek dks Li'kZ djrs gSa
z fganh vkf/dkfjd Hkk"kk gSA
z {ks=kh; cksfy;ksa esa cqansyh] ck?ksyh] fuekM+h] ekyoh] cztHkk"kk]
Li'kZ djrs gSa
Li'kZ djrs gSa dksjowQ] Hkhyh] xksaMh vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
eè; çns'k osQ jkT; fpÉ
fpÉ fooj.k
v'kksd osQ LraHk dk ,d xksykdkj eqgj] ftlesa
Li'kZ djrs gSa
i`"BHkwfe esa cjxn dk isM+ gSA cjxn dk isM+ vkSj
Li'kZ djrs gSa
v'kksd osQ LraHk pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh ckfy;ksa osQ
Li'kZ djrs gSa ?ksjs esa gSaA iwjs yksxks (logo) osQ pkjksa vksj ,d o`Ùk
çfr:i esa 24 Lrwi dh vkÑfr;k¡ gSaA
lkef;dh çrhd
z eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt flag pkSgku us ika<qjuk ftyk ika<qjuk]
lkSalj rglhy vkSj uanouokMh mi&rglhy ls feydj
cusxkA ^VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k*
eè; çns'k dh lhek,¡

Hkk"kk fganh
jkT; eè; çns'k osQ xhr lq• dk nkrk lcdk lkFkh (egs'k JhokLro)
layXu jkT; ftys
lhekorhZ ftys jkbZ u`R;
mÙkj çns'k eqjSuk] fHkaM] nfr;k] vkxjk] bVkok]
f'koiqjh] v'kksduxj] >kalh] yfyriqj] u`R;
lkxj] Vhdex<+] gehjiqj] ckank]
fuokM+h] Nrjiqj] iUuk] tkykSu] ç;kxjkt
lruk] jhok] lh/h] (bykgkckn)]
flaxjkSyh fetkZiqj] egksck] ckjgflaxk
lksuHkæ] fp=kowQV
jktLFkku >kcqvk] jryke] ckalokM+k] çrkix<+]
eanlkSj] uhep] fpÙkkSM+x<+] i'kq
vkxj&ekyok] jktx<+] HkhyokM+k] dksVk]
xquk] f'koiqjh] ';ksiqj] >kykokM+] ckjka]
eqjSuk lokbZ ek/ksiqj]
djkSyh] /kSyiqj nw/jkt
egkjk"Vª vyhjktiqj] cM+okuh] /qys] vejkorh]
•jxksu] •aMok] ukxiqj] HkaMkjk]
cqjgkuiqj] cSrwy] cqy<k.kk] tyxkao] i{kh
fNanokM+k] flouh] uanqjckj] xksafn;k
ckyk?kkV
xqtjkr >kcqvk] vyhjktiqj NksVk mn;iqj] nkgksn eglhj
NÙkhlx<+ lh/h] flaxjkSyh] lwjtiqj] dksfj;k]
'kkgMksy] vuwiiqj] eqaxsyh] fcykliqj] eNyh
fMaMksjh] ckyk?kkV]eaMyk dchj/‌ke] ckykeÅ]
jktukanxkao
4 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

oqQeqfnuh z isap jk"Vªh; m|ku] ftldk #n;kFkZ fdfIyax dh ¶n taxy
cqd¸ osQ fy, çsj.kk L=kksr gS] ,d çeq• ck?k vkokl gS vkSj
oU;tho liQkfj;ksa osQ fy, mRÑ"V volj çnku djrk gSA
iq"i z iUuk jk"Vªh; m|ku ouLifr vkSj tho fofo/rk ls lEiUu
gS ;g ck?k] rsanqvk rFkk xaHkhj :i ls yqIrçk; ?kfM+;ky
exjePN dk vkokl gSA
cjxn dk o`{k çkÑfrd n`';
z eè; çns'k çkÑfrd n`f"V ls vR;f/d lEiUu jkT; gSA
o`{k
z foaè; vkSj lriqM+k ioZr Jsf.k;k¡ jkT; dks vkoj.k djrh gSaA
z fgUnw /eZ esa lkr ifo=k ufn;ksa esa ls ,d ueZnk unh jkT;
unh ueZnk es cgrh gSA
eYy•Ec rhFkZLFky
z mTtSu] fgUnqvksa osQ lkr ifo=k uxjksa esa ls ,d gS] ftls
•sy oqQaHk esyk osQ fy, çeq• rhFkZLFky ekuk tkrk gS] tks izfr
12 o"kZ esa vk;ksftr gksrk gSA
z vksadkjs'oj rFkk egs'oj rhFkZLFkyksa osQ :i esa çfl¼ gSa]
buosQ ?kkV o eafnj ueZnk unh osQ fdukjs fLFkr gSaA
,sfrgkfld egRo
z eè; çns'k dh ,frgkfld /jksgj ns•us ;ksX; gS] ftlesa dyk vkSj laLÑfr
çkxSfrgkfld le; osQ ekuoh; lk{; mifLFkr gSaA z jkT; esa laxhr] u`R; vkSj dyk osQ fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd mRloksa
z HkhecsVdk 'kSy vkJ;] ,d ;wusLdks fo'o /jksgj LFky] dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA Xokfy;j esa rkulsu laxhr egksRlo
ekuoksa osQ çkphu fp=kdykvksa dks çLrqr djrs gSa tks yksdfç; laxhrdkj rkulsu dks lefiZr gS vkSj blesa 'kkL=kh;
laxhr çLrqfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA
çkxSfrgkfld le; osQ thou dh varnZ`f"V çnku djrs gSaA
z bankSj esa ekyok mRlo yksd laLÑfr] laxhr vkSj ikjaifjd
z jkT; esa fofHkUu oa'kksa vkSj lkezkT;ksa us 'kklu fd;k gS]
dykvksa dh /jksgj dks çLrqr djrk gSA
ftuesa ekS;Z] xqIr] eqxy] ejkBk vkSj fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd
'kfÙkQ;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA gLrf'kYi vkSj oL=k
z bl fofo/ bfrgkl dk çfrfcac jkT; dh okLrqdyk vkSj z eè; çns'k dks mldh tfVy gLrf'kYi] egs'ojh vkSj pansjh
lkaLÑfrd /jksgj esa fn•rk gSA lkfM+;ksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS] ftudh cqukbZ rduhd vkSj
vf}rh; dykÑfr dh ç'kalk dh tkrh gSA
okLrqdyk dh vf}rh;rk
z jkT; dh tutkfr;k¡ bldh thoar gLrf'kYi dyk esa ;ksxnku
z •tqjkgks ,d vU; ;wusLdks fo'o /‌jksgj LFky] ftuesa thou] djrh gSa] tSls fd tutkfr dyk] feêðh osQ crZu] /krq deZA
vkè;kfRedrk vkSj bafæ;drk osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa dk vR;ar
vfofPNUu eapu fd;k x;k gSA eè; çns'k ,d utj
z Xokfy;j fdyk ,d ,slk igkM+h fdyk gS ftldk bfrgkl oqQy tula[;k 7-27 djksM+
gtkjksa o"kks± iqjkuk gS ;g fgUnw vkSj eqxy okLrqdyk dk xzkeh.k tula[;k 5-25 djksM+
vuwBk laxe gSA 'kgjh tula[;k 2-02 djksM+
iq#"k 3-76 djksM+
z ckS¼ Lekjd lkaph Lrwi] Hkkjr esa lcls iqjkus iRFkjh lajpukvksa esa
efgyk 3-51 djksM+
ls ,d gS vkSj ;g /kfeZd n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSA
vuqlwfpr tkfr 1-13 djksM+
oU;tho vkSj çkÑfrd lkSan;Z vuqlwfpr tutkfr 1-53 djksM+
z eè; çns'k dks ¶ck?k jkT;¸ dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g viuh fyax vuqikr 931
ck?k tula[;k osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA ;gk¡ dbZ ck?k lajf{kr tula[;k ?kuRo@fdeh 236
{ks=k vkSj jk"Vªh; m|ku gSa tks bl egku çtkfr osQ laj{k.k {ks=kiQy (fdeh) 3]08]245
esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA lk{kjrk 69-32»
eè; çns'k dk lkekU; ifjp; 5

vk;q oxZ 5- dkSulk egRoiw.kZ /kfeZd vk;kstu izfr 12 o"kks± osQ varjky
18 o"kZ rd dh tula[;k 2-90 djksM+ ij mTtSu esa vk;ksftr gksrk gS\
18&40 o"kZ osQ o;Ld 2-72 djksM+ (a) fnokyh (b) gksyh
40 o"kZ ls vf/d vk;q osQ 1-65 djksM+ (c) oqQaHk esyk (d) uojkf=k
o;Ld mÙkj (c)
ç'kklfud rF; O;k[;k% mTtSu esa çfr 12 o"kks± osQ varjky esa oqQEHk esysa dk
ftyksa dh la[;k 53 vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
laHkkxks dh la[;k 10 6- eè; çns'k osQ iwohZ ,oa if'peh {ks=kksa osQ chp dk le;kUrj
xk¡oksa dh la[;k 54]903 fdruk gS\
xzke iapk;rksa dh la[;k 23]043
(a) 30 feuV (b) 40 feuV
fodkl•aM 313
rglhyksa dh la[;k 428 (c) 34 feuV (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
O;k[;k% v{kka'k o ns'kkarkj foLrkj%eè; çns'k 21.6°N-26.30°N
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) v{kka'k vkSj 74°9'E-82°48'E ns'kkarj osQ chp fLFkr gSA eè;
1- ¶eè; çns'k¸ dk uke D;k vk'k; gS\ çns'k osQ iwohZ vkSj if'peh fgLlksa osQ chp 34 feuV dk varj gSA
(a) if'pe çkar (b) eè; çkar 7- eè; çns'k lcls vf/d lhek fdl jkT; osQ lkFk lka>k
(c) ioZrh; çkar (d) rVh; çkar djrk gSA
mÙkj (b) (a) jktLFkku (b) egkjk"Vª
O;k[;k% ¶eè; çns'k¸ dk uke 'kkfCnd :i ls ¶eè; çkar¸ (c) xqtjkr (d) mÙkj çns'k
dk gSA ;g jkT; Hkkjr osQ eè; esa fLFkr gSA mÙkj (d)
2- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh ioZr Jà•yk eè; çns'k ls O;k[;k% eè; çns'k vf/dre lhek mÙkj çns'k osQ lkFk lka>k
xqtjrh gS\ djrk gSA
(a) fgeky; vkSj djkdksje
8- eè; çns'k esa dkSulk okLrqdyk deZ;kstu fgUnw vkSj eqxy
(b) if'peh ?kkV vkSj iwohZ ?kkV
'kSfy;ksa dk feJ.k çnf'kZr djrk gS\
(c) foaè; vkSj lriqM+k
(d) vjkoyh vkSj lákæh (a) HkhecsVdk xqiQk 'kj.kkvksa
mÙkj (c) (b) lkaph Lrwi
O;k[;k% foaè; vkSj lriqM+k ioZr Jàxksa eè; çns'k ls xqtjrs gSaA (c) •tqjkgks lewg osQ egkfufn;ksa
3- eè; çns'k esa dkSu lk ;wusLdks fo'o /jksgj LFky çkphu (d) Xokfy;j fdyk
xqiQk fp=kdykvksa dks çnf'kZr djrk gS\ mÙkj (d)
(a) Xokfy;j fdyk (b) •tqjkgks O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dk Xokfy;j fdyk fgUnw vkSj eqxy
(c) lkaph Lrwi (d) HkhecsVd okLrqdyk 'kSfy;ksa osQ feJ.k dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
mÙkj (d) 9- eè; çns'k dh lk{kjrk nj D;k gS\
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ HkhecsVdk xqiQk 'kj.kkvksa esa çkphu xqiQk (a) 69-32» (b) 90-5»
fp=kdyk,¡ gSa tks çkphu ekuoksa osQ thou osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh (c) 55-2» (d) 80-3»
nsrh gSaA mÙkj (a)
4- eè; çns'k osQ dkSuls jk"Vªh; m|ku dks ¶n taxy cqd¸ O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dh lk{kjrk nj 69-32» gSA
dh çsj.kk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS\ 10- dkSu lh unh eè; çns'k ls cgrh gS vkSj fgUnw /eZ esa
(a) dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku (b) cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku lkr ifo=k ufn;ksa esa ls ,d ekuh tkrh gS\
(c) iUuk jk"Vªh; m|ku (d) isap jk"Vªh; m|ku (a) ;equk (b) xaxk
mÙkj (d) (c) ueZnk (d) czãiq=k
O;k[;k% taxy cqd (1894) vaxzsth ys•d #M;kMZ fdifyax mÙkj (c)
dh dgkfu;ksa dk ,d laxzg gSA taxy cqd dh dgkfu;k¡ eè; O;k[;k% ueZnk unh eè; çns'k ls cgrh gS vkSj fgUnw /eZ esa
Hkkjr esa eè; çns'k osQ isap jk"Vªh; m|ku ls gSa lkr ifo=k ufn;ksa esa ls ,d ekuh tkrh gSA
v v v
Hkkx- 2
eè; çns'k dk Hkwxksy
1 eè; çns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkktu
ifjp;
z HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls eè; çns'k dks rhu çeq• Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
1- eè; mPp Hkwfe 2- lriqM+k eSdky Js.kh 3- iwohZ iBkj
eè; mPp Hkwfe dks vkxs 5 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
eè; izns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkku
eè; mPp Hkwfe lriqM+k&eSdky iwohZ iBkj
c?ksy[kaM dk iBkj
caqnsy[kaM iBkj jhok&iUuk dk iBkj ueZnk&lksu ?kkVh ekyok dk iBkj eè; Hkkjr dk iBkj
eè; mPp Hkwfe {ks=kiQy% 31]955 oxZ- fd-eh (jkT; osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy
1- cqUnsy•.M iBkj% cqUnsy•.M iBkj eè; Hkkjr esa fLFkr dk 10-37»)A
,d {ks=k gS] tks mÙkj çns'k vkSj eè; çns'k jkT;ksa osQ oqQN ftyk% jhok] iUuk] lrukA
Hkkxksa dk vkoj.k djrk gSA
fLFkfr% cqUnsy•.M iBkj ;equk unh osQ nf{k.k esa vkSj
foaè; ioZrekyk osQ mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA ;g eè; çns'k

osQ mÙkj iwohZ Hkkx vkSj mÙkj çns'k osQ nf{k.kh {ks=k rd
iQSyk gqvk gSA
{ks=k% 22733 oxZ- fdeh LFkykÑfr% bl iBkj dh leqæ ry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ
ftyk% Vhdex<+] fuokM+h Nrjiqj] nfr;k] iUuk vkSj yxHkx 300&500 ehVj gSA iBkj osQ leku bykosQ esa
lkxjA vn~Hkqr >jus cus gSaA
HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% oqQMIik&foUè;u pêðku ç.kkyh ;gk¡
ikbZ tkrh gSA

•fut inkFkZ% cyqvk iRFkj] pwuk iRFkj] 'ksy vkSj
DokVZtkbV vkfn ik, tkrs gSaA

tyok;q% jhok&iUuk iBkj dh tyok;q 'kq"d vkSj xeZ
LFkykÑfr% bl iBkj dh leqæ ry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ xzh"edky] cjlkrh ekulwu osQ ekSle vkSj gYdh lfnZ;ksa
yxHkx 200&300 ehVj gSA ;g rjafxr LFkykÑfr osQ osQ chp Li"V varj n'kkZrh gSA ekulwu dh o"kkZ bl
lkFk vis{kkÑr lery gSA {ks=k esa ik, tkus okys ?kus taxyksa vkSj le`¼ Hkkxksa dk
lcls Å¡ph pksVh & fl¼ ckck (1172 m) vkoj.k djrk gSA lfgr LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks
leFkZu nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% ;gka vkfdZ;u ;qx dh pêðkusa xzsukbV
vkSlr o"kkZ% 125 lseh@çfro"kZ
vkSj uhl ikbZ tkrh gSaA bl {ks=k osQ uhl fo'kky
xzsuhVkbM gSa tks vkfdZ;u ;qx osQ ekSfyd uhl osQ nwljs ufn;k¡% Vksal] fcgM+] egkuk] csyu vkfnA
lewg dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA bl {ks=k esa yk•ksa o"kks± ls ouLifr% jhok&iUuk iBkj eq[;r% 'kq"d i.kZikrh ouksa
HkwxHkhZ; xfrfof/;ka gksrh jgh gSaA ls vkPNkfnr gSA bu ouksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh lkekU;
tyok;q% bl {ks=k esa xeZ xzh"edky vkSj vis{kkÑr BaMh o`{k çtkfr;ksa esa lkxkSu] lky] egqvk] rsanw] ckal
lfnZ;ksa osQ lkFk v/Z&'kq"d tyok;q gksrh gSA vkSj ,DlyoqM 'kkfey gSaA unh ?kkfV;ksa vkSj csgrj
vkSlr o"kkZ% 75 & 100 lseh@o"kkZ ty miyC/rk okys {ks=kksa esa ue i.kZikrh ou iuirs gSaA
ouLifr% cqUnsy•.M iBkj dh çkÑfrd ouLifr esa
3- ueZnk&lksu ?kkVh
eq[; :i ls daVhyh >kfM+;k¡] ?kkl osQ eSnku] 'kq"d vkSj fLFkfr% ueZnk&lksu ?kkVh foaè; ioZr Jà•yk osQ nf{k.k
i.kZikrh ou 'kkfey gSaA bldh v/Z&'kq"d tyok;q osQ esa vkSj lriqM+k Jà•yk osQ mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA
dkj.k] ouLifr lw•s dh fLFkfr dk lkeuk djus osQ ftys% eaMyk] tcyiqj] ujflagiqj] ueZnkiqje] jk;lsu]
fy, vuqowQfyr gSA •aMok] nsokl] cqjgkuiqj] •jxksu] cM+okuh vkSj /kj gSaA
ufn;k¡% csrok] osQu] /lku] fla/] tkeuh gSA LFkykÑfr% ueZnk {ks=k fofo/ gS vkSj bldh fo'ks"krk
•fut% ghjk] lksuk] IySfVue] iksVk'k] ,LcsLVl vkSj eSnkuksa] iBkjksa] igkfM+;ksa vkSj ?kkfV;ksa dk la;kstu gSA
flfydk gSA bldk dkj.k foaè; vkSj lriqM+k dh nks fo'kky ioZr
1- jhok&iUuk iBkj Jà•ykvksa osQ chp cgrh gqbZ ueZnk dh Hkza'k ?kkVh gSA
fLFkfr% jhok&iUuk iBkj cqUnsy•.M iBkj osQ nf{k.k&iwoZ HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% ueZnk {ks=k foaè; csflu dk ,d
esa] c?ksy•.M iBkj osQ mÙkj&if'pe esa vkSj foaè; ioZr egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS] tks foaè; lqijxzqi dk ?kj gSA ;g
Jà•yk osQ mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA bl {ks=k osQ çeq• 'kgjksa esa {ks=k viuh Åaph DokVZtkbV pêðkuksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk
jhok] iUuk] lruk] fp=kowQV vkfn 'kkfey gSaA gSA ;s pêðkusa eq[;r% tcyiqj osQ fudV HksM+k?kkV {ks=k

esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ueZnk {ks=k dk iqjkik"kkf.kd egRo Hkh jryke igkfM+;k¡ (vjkoyh ioZrekyk dk
gSA ;gka Hkkjrh; MhosQ lksfu;k dk 550 fefy;u o"kZ fgLlk)] nsokl igkfM+;k¡] eanlkSj igkfM+;k¡]
iqjkuk thok'e feyk gSA tkukiko igkfM+;kaA bl {ks=k dh lcls tkukio
854 ehVj] /tkjh 810 ehVj flxkj pksaVh (881
ehVj) gSA
iBkj% ekyok osQ iBkjh {ks=k esa O;kid lery ;k
gYosQ ygjnkj iBkj gSaA meknokM+k iBkj] nsokl iBkj]

f•phokM+k iBkj vkSj lksaMokM+k iBkj ekyok iBkj ls
lacaf/r gSaA ;s iBkj vis{kkÑr lery lrgksa okys
tyok;q% ueZnk {ks=k esa xzh"edky 'kq"d vkSj xeZ gksrk Åaps {ks=k gSaA
gSA xfeZ;ksa esa vkSlr vf/dre rkieku 35°C ls
unh ?kkfV;k¡% dbZ ufn;k¡ vkSj mudh lgk;d
45°C osQ chp jgrk gSA
ufn;k¡ ekyok iBkj ls gksdj xqtjrh gSa] ftlosQ
ueZnk {ks=k esa lfnZ;k¡ vis{kkÑr gYdh vkSj 'kq"d gksrh
ifj.‌kkeLo:i unh ?kkfV;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
gSaA rkieku 10°C ls 25°C osQ chp jgrk gS] jkr osQ
pacy] csrok] ueZnk vkSj f'kçk oqQN çeq• ufn;k¡
nkSjku rkieku BaMk jgrk gSA
gSa tks iBkj ls gksdj ;k mlosQ lkFk cgrh gSaA ;s unh
okf"kZd o"kkZ% vkSlr o"kkZ 75&125 lseh- ?kkfV;k¡ çkÑfrd lqanjrk dks c<+krh gSa vkSj mitkÅ
feêðh% bl {ks=k esa xgjh dkyh feêðh ikbZ tkrh gSA Ñf"k Hkwfe çnku djrh gSaA
ufn;ksa% ueZnk] lksu] rkIrh] nsuok] rok] nw/h vkfnA •îós vkSj ?kkfV;k¡% ekyok dk iBkj viuh •îóksa
4- ekyok dk iBkj vkSj ?kkfV;ksa osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj pacy
fLFkfr% ;g eè; çns'k dk if'peh Hkkx gS vkSj ;g iwoZ unh csflu esa •îósa xgjs] ladh.kZ pkSuy ;k ukfy;k¡
esa foaè; ioZrekyk vkSj if'pe esa vjkoyh ioZrekyk gSa tks rsth ls cgus okys ikuh osQ dVko ls curh gSaA
osQ chp fLFkr gSA ty fudk;% ufn;ksa osQ vykok] ekyok iBkj esa
ftyk% bankSj] >kcqvk] vyhjktiqj] jryke] mTtSu] dbZ >hysa] tyk'k; vkSj ty fudk; gSaA buesa ckjuk
'kktkiqj] vkxj ekyok] nsokl] Hkksiky] /kj] jktx<+] tyk'k; vkSj #ælkxj >hy tSlh çkÑfrd >hysa]
lhgksj] fofn'kk] xquk] v'kksduxj] f'koiqjh] uhep vkSj lkFk gh xka/h lkxj cka/ tSls ekuo fufeZr tyk'k;
lkxjA Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
LFkykÑfr% Ñf"k {ks=k% ekyok iBkj dh LFkykÑfr Ñf"k osQ
ÅapkbZ% iBkj dh vkSlr ÅapkbZ leqæ ry ls 450 ls fy, mi;qÙkQ gSA bl {ks=k dh fo'ks"krk O;kid Ñf"k
600 ehVj rd gSA ;g vis{kkÑr lery LFkykÑfr {ks=k gSa] tgka fdlku xsgwa] lks;kchu] dikl] eDdk
gSA ;g mÙkjh&nDdu iBkj dk ,d fgLlk gSA vkSj frygu tSlh fofHkUu iQlyksa dh •srh djrs gSaA
igkfM+;k¡ vkSj ioZr% foaè; ioZrekyk% ekyok {ks=k HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% ;g eq[; :i ls oqQN Tokykeq•h;
dh nf{k.kh lhek foaè; ioZrekyk ls fpfÉr gSA foaè; xfrfof/ okyh ryNVh pêðkuksa ls cuk gSA ykok çokg
ioZrekyk ,d fupyh ioZr Jà•yk gS tks iwjs eè; MsDdu VªSi dk fgLlk gS] oqQN {ks=kksa esa cslkfYVd pêðkusa
Hkkjr esa iQSyh gqbZ gS] tks ekyok iBkj dks nDdu fn•kbZ nsrh gSaA
osQ iBkj ls vyx djrh gSA ekyok {ks=k dh oqQN tyok;q% ekyok {ks=k dh tyok;q gYdh gS vFkkZr~
egRoiw.kZ igkfM+;k¡ gSaA lkekU; xehZ vkSj lkekU; lnhZA iQkáku us ekyok dh
tyok;q osQ ckjs esa fy•k gS fd ekyok dh tyok;q
fo'o dh lokZsÙke gSA
rkieku% xfeZ;ksa esa 35°C ls 45°C vkSj lfnZ;ksa esa 5°C
ls 20°CA
o"kkZ% 75 ls 125 lseh@çfro"kZ
eè; çns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkktu 11

ufn;k¡% pacy] f'kçk] dkyhfla/] ikoZrh] ekgh vkfnA flfy;kfjl] lSdje LiksaVsue vkSj vjaMh MksuSDl 'kkfey
feêðh% bl {ks=k esa dkyh feêðh ikbZ tkrh gS D;ksafd gSaA vkSj vc ;s phrksa dk u;k ?kj cuus okyk gSA
bldh mRifÙk Tokykeq•h ls gqbZ gS blfy, ;g ykSg lriqM+k & eSdky Js.kh (nDdu dk iBkj)
rRo ls le`¼ gSA 6- lriqM+k & eSdky Js.kh
ouLifr% eè; Hkkjr esa ekyok {ks=k dh ouLifr
fLFkfr% esdky&lriqM+k ioZrekyk nf{k.k&iwohZ eè; çns'k
fofo/ gS vkSj LFkykÑfrd fofo/rkvksa vkSj v/Z&'kq"d esa esdky igkfM+;ksa ls ysdj jkT; osQ nf{k.k&if'peh
tyok;q ls çHkkfor gSA ekyok {ks=k esa çeq• ouLifr
Hkkx rd iQSyh gqbZ gSA blesa ,d fo'kky {ks=k 'kkfey
çdkj 'kq"d i.kZikrh ou] {ks=k osQ if'peh Hkkx esa
dkaVsnkj >kfM+;k¡ gSaA gS ftldh yackbZ yxHkx 900 fdyksehVj vkSj vkSlr
pkSM+kbZ 150 fdyksehVj gSA
5- eè;Hkkjr dk iBkj
fLFkfr% eè; çns'k dk mÙkj vkSj mÙkj&if'peh {ks=k
eq[;r% pEcy dh fupyh Hkwfe ls ;qÙkQ gSA

{ks=kiQy% 32]900 oxZ fdeh (eè; çns'k osQ oqQy Hkwfe
{ks=k dk 10-68»)
ftys% Xokfy;j] eqjSuk] ';ksiqj] fHkaM] uhepA
LFkykÑfr% bl iBkj dh leqæ ry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ

{ks=kiQy% jkT; osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy dk 11»A
300 ls 600 ehVj rd gSA O;kid voukfydk dVko ftys% vuwiiqj] fMaMksjh] eaMyk] cSrwy] flouh] ckyk?kkV]
osQ dkj.k pEcy {ks=k chgM+ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA tcyiqj] fNanokM+k] ueZnkiqje] cqjgkuiqj] cM+okuhA
LFkykÑfr% bl {ks=k esa dbZ ioZr Jà•yk,a 'kkfey gSa]
ftuesa eSdky igkfM+;ka] egknso igkfM+;ka vkSj lriqM+k
ioZr Jà•yk 'kkfey gSaA ipe<+h esa leqæ ry ls 1]350
ehVj Åij ekbdy&lriqM+k jsat esa O;kid iBkj vkSj
xgjh ?kkfV;ka gSaA vejdaVd iBkj vkSj ejokgh iBkj
tSls iBkj vf/d ÅapkbZ ij fLFkr gSa vkSj vDlj dbZ
/kjkvksa vkSj ufn;ksa }kjk foPNsfnr gksrs gSaA
HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% dMIik&foaè;u pêðku ç.kkyh ;gk¡ HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% ;g /kjokM+ vkSj MsDdu VªSi jkWd
oqQMIik&foaè;u pêðkusa ikbZ tkrh gSa] tks eq[;r% volknh flLVe ls cuk gSA vr% •futksa dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k
gksrh gSaA ;s pêðkusa yk•ksa o"kks± esa çkphu ufn;ksa vkSj leqæksa dk lcls le`¼ HkkxA
}kjk tek dh xbZ FkhaA
tyok;q% eè;e xeZ vkSj 'kq"d xzh"e dky vkSj eè;e
tyok;q% xeZ xzh"edky vkSj BaMh lfnZ;k¡ bl {ks=k dh lfnZ;k¡A
fo'ks"krk gSaA
o"kkZ% 150& 175 lseh@o"kZ mPpre ipe<+h% 199
o"kkZ% 50&75 lseh] vkSlrA
lseh@o"kZ)A
ufn;k¡% pacy] owQuks] fla/] cuklA
ufn;k¡% rok] nsuok] NksVh rok] rkIrh] catj vkSj dbZ
feêðh% eè; Hkkjr iBkj dh fo'ks"krk eq[; :i ls tyks<+ vU; NksVh /kjk,aA bl {ks=k ls fudyus okyh oqQN çeq•
feêðh gS] ;g lp gS fd ;gk¡ dkyh feêðh (ftls jsxqj
ufn;ksa esa ueZnk] rkIrh] lksu vkSj egkunh 'kkfey gSaA
feêðh Hkh dgk tkrk gS) vkSj fefJr feêðh osQ oqQN
VqdM+s Hkh gSaA feêðh% bl {ks=k esa fNanokM+k&flouh iBkj esa xgjh dkyh
feêðh vkSj mFkyh dkyh feêðh 'kkfey gSA
ouLifr% pacy {ks=k esa çeq• ouLifr çdkj 'kq"d
i.kZikrh ou gSaA pacy unh vkSj bldh lgk;d ufn;k¡ ouLifr% lriqM+k eSdky Js.kh es eq[; :i ls
vius fdukjksa ij unh ouLifr dk leFkZu djrh gSaA m".kdfVca/h; ue i.kZirh ou ik, tkrs gSaA ;s ou
bl {ks=k esa ?kkl osQ eSnku Hkh 'kkfey gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls i.kZirh o`{kksa osQ feJ.k ls oxhZÑr gSa i.kZirh o`{k 'kq"d
•qys LFkkuksa vkSj de o`{k ?kuRo okys {ks=kksa esa ;s ?kkl ekSle ls nkSjku ifÙk;ka fxjk nsrs gSaA bu ouksa esa ikbZ tkus
osQ eSnku fofHkUu ?kkl çtkfr;ksa dk ?kj gSa] ftuesa lsØl okyh lkekU; o`{k çtkfr;ksa esa lkxkSu (VsDVksuk xzSafMl)]

lky ('kksfj;k jkscLVk)] ckal (cEcqlk v#afMusfl;k)] z eè; mPpHkwfe dks 5 {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%
vkSj dbZ vU; n`<+ ydM+h osQ isM+ 'kkfey gSaA 'kq"d cqUnsy•.M] ekyok] jhok&iUuk iBkj] ueZnk&lksu ?kkVh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj de ueh okys {ks=kksa esa] 'kq"d i.kZikrh vkSj eè; Hkkjr
ou çpfyr gSaA lriqM+k&eSdky Js.kh dh Å¡pkbZ ij {ks=k ftys {ks=kiQy (fdeh2)
ioZrh; ou ik, tk ldrs gSaA
cqansy•aM Vhdex<+] fuokM+h 23]733
7- c?ksy•aM dk iBkj Nrjiqj] nfr;k] iUuk (7-69»)
fLFkfr% ck?ksy•aM {ks=k eè; çns'k osQ iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkr vkSj lkxj
gS vkSj mÙkj çns'k] NÙkhlx<+ osQ oqQN fgLlksa rd iQSyk ekyok dk bankSj] >kcqvk] 88]222
gqvk gSA ;g ,d cM+s {ks=k dks doj djrk gS vkSj nf{k.k iBkj vyhjktiqj] jryke] (28-62»)
esa foaè; ioZrekyk vkSj mÙkj esa lksu unh ls f?kjk gSA mTtSu] 'kktkiqj]
vkxj ekyok] nsokl]
Hkksiky] /kj] jktx<+]
lhgksj] fofn'kk] xquk]
v'kksduxj] f'koiqjh]
uhep--
jhok&iUuk dk jhok iUuk lruk] 31]955
ftys% 'kgMksy] mefj;k] vuwiiqj] dVuh] 'kgMksy] iBkj lh/h] flaxjkSyh (10-36»)
lh/h] flaxjkSyh] mefj;k vkSj vuwiiqj ueZnk&lksu ?kkVh eaMyk] tcyiqj] 86]000 (27-9»)
LFkykÑfr% bl {ks=k dh fo'ks"krk iBkjh ifjn`'; gS] ujflagiqj] ueZnkiqje]
ftldh leqæ ry ls vkSlr ÅapkbZ 500 ls 700 ehVj jk;lsu] •aMok]
rd gSA ;g nf{k.kh Hkkx esa vis{kkÑr Å¡pk gS] /hjs&/‌hjs nsokl] cqjgkuiqj]
mÙkjh eSnkuksa dh vksj mrj jgk gSA •jxksu] cM+okuh vkSj
HkwxfHkZd lajpuk% xksaMokuk vkSj foaè;u pêðku ç.kkyh] /kjA
blfy, dks;yk HkaMkj (flaxjkSyh csflu vkSj lksgkxiqj eè; Hkkjr Xokfy;j] eqjSuk] 32]896
csflu) esa le`¼ gSA ';ksiqj] fHkaM] uhepA (10-67»)
tyok;q% eè;e xehZ vkSj BaMh lfnZ;k¡ lriqM+k&eSdky vuqiiqj] fMaMksjh] 34]000
o"kkZ% 150 lseh@o"kZ ls vf/d Js.kh eaMyk] cSrwy] flouh] (11-02»)
ufn;k¡% lksu] tksfgyk] fjgan vkfnA ckyk?kkV] tcyiqj]
feêðh% ;gka yky&ihyh feêðh ikbZ tkrh gS tks ty fNanokM+k] ueZnkiqje]
teko osQ fy, vPNh gS blfy, pkoy dh •srh osQ cqjgkuiqj] cM+okuhA
fy, mi;qÙkQ gSA c?ksy•aM 'kgMksy] mefj;k] 21]577
ouLifr% ck?ksy•aM {ks=k eq[;r% i.kZikrh ouksa ls vuwiiqj (6-99»)
vkPNkfnr gSA bu taxyksa esa lky ('kksfj;k jkscLVk)]
lkxkSu (VsDVksuk xzSafMl)] ckal (cEcqlk v#afMusfl;k)] foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
vkSj dbZ vU; isM+ çtkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA 1- pEcy ?kkVh eè; çns'k osQ fdl HkkSxksfyd laHkkx esa fLFkr
egRoiw.kZ fcanq gS\ (2016)
(a) c?ksy•aM iBkj (b) cqUnsy•.M iBkj
z HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls eè; çns'k dks rhu çeq• Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% eè; mPpHkwfe] lriqM+k eSdky (c) eè; Hkkjr dk iBkj (d) foaè; dxkjh
Js.kh vkSj iwohZ iBkjA mÙkj (c)
eè; çns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkktu 13

2- ueZnk ?kkVh mnkgj.k gS& (2014) (c) cqansy•aM iBkj
(a) <yku (b) Hkza'k ?kkVh (d) lriqM+k vkSj eSdy ioZrekyk
(c) xzhok•.M (d) gksLVZ (mR•aM) mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (b) 2- eè; çns'k osQ nf{k.kh Hkkx esa dkSu&lk ioZrekyk fLFkr
gS\
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
(a) foaè;kapy (b) lriqM+k
1- ekyok iBkj dh LFkykÑfr dk o.kZu djsaA (2020) (c) ueZnk (d) vjkoyh
2- eè; çns'k dks HkkSfrd Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vsa rFkk ekyok iBkj dh mÙkj (b)
HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf•,A(2019)
3- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk HkkSxksfyd {ks=k eè; çns'k esa
3- foaè;&c?ksy•aM iBkj dh HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa ij ,d ugha ik;k tkrk gS\
fVIi.kh dhft,A (2017)
(a) eè; mPp Hkwfe (b) iwohZ iBkj
4- eè; çns'k dks HkkSfrd Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vsa rFkk mudk foLr`r (c) nDdu dk iBkj (d) mÙkjh eSnku
fooj.k çLrqr djsaA (2017)
mÙkj (d)
5- eè; çns'k osQ cqUnsy•.M iBkj dk LFkkuA (2016)
4- HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls c?ksy•.M dk ,d Hkkx gS
6- pEcy unh dh viokg ç.kkyh dk HkkSxksfyd fooj.k
(a) mÙkjh eSnku (b) iwohZ ?kkV
nhft,| (2015)
(c) iwohZ iBkj (d) NÙkhlx<+ dk iBkj
7- c?ksy•aM {ks=k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr Li"V djsaA(2014)
mÙkj (b)
vH;kl ç'u 5- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk eè; çns'k dk ftyk cqUnsy•.M
1- eè; çns'k esa fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk lcls cM+k iBkj ls lacaf/r ugha gS\
iBkj gS\ (a) Nrjiqj (b) fuokM+h
(a) ekyok iBkj (c) Vhdex<+ (d) Xokfy;j
(b) jhok&iUuk iBkj mÙkj (d)
v v v

2 eè; çns'k dh HkwxfHkZd lajpuk
ifjp; ;g cqUnsy•.M osQ iBkjh Hkkx fo'ks"kdj Vhdex<+]

fuokM+h] iwohZ nfr;k] iwohZ f'koiqjh esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
z i`Foh dh vkarfjd Hkkx dh jpuk HkwxfHkZd lajpuk dgykrh 2- /kjokM+ ç.kkyh
gSA HkwxfHkZd lajpuk ls mlesa ekStwn rRoksa] inkFkks±] vkSj
z xBu & 4 vjc o"kZ iwoZ ls 1 vjc o"kZ iwoZ rd gSaA
fo'ks"krkvksa dk cks/ gksrk gSaA eè; çns'k dh HkwxfHkZd lajpuk
lkr pêðku ç.kkfy;ksa ls feydj cuh gSA z vR;f/d :ikarfjr ryNVh pêðku&ç.kkyh gSaA
eè; çns'k esa pêðku ç.kkyh z vkfdZ;u uhl vkSj f'kLV osQ ryNV osQ :ikarj.k osQ dkj.k
fufeZrA
vkfdZ;u pêðku ç.kkyh lriMk&eSdky vk;Zu pêðku ç.kkyh z ;g dukZVd osQ /kjokM+ ftys esa cgqrk;r esa ik;k tkrk gS
blfy, bldk uke ;g iM+kA
vkfdZ;u
z vkfFkZd n`f"V ls lcls egRoiw.kZ pêðkusa & mPp Js.kh dk
/kjokM dMIik foaè; xksMa okuk r`rh;d ykSg&v;Ld] eSaxuht] rkack] lhlk] lksuk vkfn bl ç.kkyh
uhl ,oa
iz.kkyh iz.kkyh iz.kkyh iz.kkyh iz.kkyh
f'k"V esa ik, tkrs gSaA
MsDdu z ;g lkadksyh jsat (tcyiqj)] fpYih jsat (ckyk?kkV)
VSiª vkSj lkSalj jsat (fNanokM+k) esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
iqjk.k jkWd ç.kkyh
z xBu & 1400 ls 600 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZA
z blesa nks foHkkx 'kkfey gSa% dMIik ç.kkyh vkSj foaè;u
ç.kkyhA
3- oqQMIik ç.kkyh
vka/z çns'k osQ dMIik ftys esa lcls vPNk ns•k x;k]
blfy, bldk uke iM+k dMIik iM+kA

buesa lhesaV xzsM pwuk iRFkj osQ cM+s HkaMkj gSaA
;g fotkoj jsat (iUuk] lruk] Nrjiqj) vkSj
Xokfy;j jsat esa ik;k tkrk gSA

4- foaè; ç.kkyh
vkfdZ;u pêðku ç.kkyh (çh&oSQfEcz;u pêðkusa) bldk uke foaè; ioZr ls fy;k x;k gSA
z oSQafcz;u ç.kkyh ls igys bu pêðkuksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA xBu& 1300 ls 600 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZA
z vkfdZ;u pêðku ç.kkyh esa 'kkfey gSa% fuEufyf•r Jà•yk foaè;u 'kSy ç.kkyh osQ varxZr
1- vkfdZ;u ç.kkyh vkrh gS

uhl & •fut lajpuk xzsukbV ls xSczks rd fHkUu gksrh gSA lsekjh Jà•yk (lksu oSyh)
lcls iqjkuh pêðkusa yxHkx 4 vjc o"kZ iwoZ cuh FkhaA oSQewj 'kà•yk
iwjh rjg ls fØLVyh; (D;ksafd os ewy :i ls HkaMkj 'kà•yk
Tokykeq•h; gSa)] jhok 'kà•yk

vk;Zu jkWd ç.kkyh foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
5- xksaMokuk ç.kkyh
1- Hkkjr esa foaè; pêðku ç.kkyh dk forj.k (100 'kCn)
xksaMokuk pêðkuksa esa Hkkjr osQ vf/dka'k dks;yk HkaMkj
fy•saA (2019)
ekStwn gSaA
xksaMokuk dks;yk dkckZsfuiQsjl dks;ys dh rqyuk esa cgqr vH;kl ç'u
u;k gS vkSj blfy, blesa dkcZu dh ek=kk de gSA
1- eè; çns'k esa lcls iqjkuk pêðku ç.kkyh dkSulh gS\
muosQ ikl ykSg v;Ld] rkack] ;wjsfu;e vkSj lqjek
(a) vkfdZ;u ç.kkyh
osQ Hkh le`¼ HkaMkj gSaA
(b) /kjokM+ ç.kkyh
bu pêðkuksa dk fuekZ.k Åijh dkckZsfuiQsjl ;qx ls ysdj
(c) iqjk.kk ç.kkyh
tqjkfld ;qx rd vf/d gqvkA
(d) xksaMokuk ç.kkyh
;g isap ?kkVh] lksu ?kkVh] tcyiqj vkSj ck?ksy•aM
mÙkj (a)
esa ik;k tkrk gSA
6- MsDdu VªSi 2- eè; çns'k esa vkfdZ;u pêðku ç.kkyh fdl {ks=k esa ikbZ
tkrh gS\
z Tokykeq•h; xfrfof/ osQ dkj.k fufeZrA
(a) cqansy•aM {ks=k
z ØsVsf'k;l osQ var ls 'kq: gksdj bvkslhu dh 'kq#vkr rd
(b) ckyk?kkV ftyk
fuekZ.k gqvkA
(c) iUuk ftyk
z bu Tokykeq•h fu{ksiksa dk 'kh"kZ likV gS (LohfM'k esa tky
(c) lkriqM+k iBkj
dk vFkZ ^lh<+h* ;k ^lh<+h* gksrk gS)A
z ekyok iBkj dk mn~xe nDdu VªSi ç.kkyh dk gSA mÙkj (a)
7- r`rh;d ç.kkyh 3- eè; çns'k osQ ckyk?kkV] fNanokM+k vkSj tcyiqj ftyksa esa
xBu & bvkslhu ls Iyh;kslhu yxHkx 60 ls 7 fefy;u
dkSu lh pêðku ç.kkyh ikbZ tkrh gS\
o"kZ iwoZA (a) vkfdZ;u ç.kkyh (b) /kjokM+ ç.kkyh
;g vDlj unh ?kkfV;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj ueZnk

(c) iqjk.kk ç.kkyh (d) xksaMokuk ç.kkyh
vkSj lksu ?kkfV;ksa esaA mÙkj (b)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq 4- eè; çns'k esa iqjk.kk pêðku ç.kkyh fdl ftyksa esa ikbZ
tkrh gS\
pêðku ç.kkyh eè; çns'k esa {ks=k
(a) iUuk vkSj Xokfy;j
vkfdZ;u ç.kkyh cqUnsy•.M esa fo'ks"kdj Vhdex<+] fuokM+h] (b) ckyk?kkV vkSj fNanokM+k
iwohZ nfr;k vkSj iwohZ f'koiqjh esaA
(c) lkriqM+k iBkj
/kjokM+ ç.kkyh lkadksyh jsat (tcyiqj)] fpYih jsat (d) cqansy•aM {ks=k
(ckyk?kkV) vkSj lkSalj jsat (fNanokM+k)A
mÙkj (a)
dMIik ç.kkyh fotkoj jsat (iUuk] lruk] Nrjiqj) vkSj
Xokfy;j jsatA 5- eè; çns'k esa ØhVs'kl pêðku ç.kkyh dgk¡ ikbZ tkrh gS\
(a) ekyok iBkj
foUè;u ç.kkyh ueZnk ?kkVh] lsekjh Jà•yk (lksu ?kkVh)]
(b) lkriqM+k iBkj
oSQewj Jà•yk] HkkaMsj Jà•yk] jhok Jà•yk
(c) ck?k csM~l] ykesVk csM~l] vkSj ekyok Tokykeq•h
xksaMokuk ç.kkyh ck?ksy•aM] isap ?kkVh vkSj lksu ?kkVh
csM~l esa
MsDdu VªSi ekyok dk iBkj (d) ueZnk vkSj lksu ufn;ksa osQ ?kkVh {ks=k
r`rh;d ç.kkyh ueZnk vkSj lksu ?kkfV;k¡A mÙkj (a)
v v v

eç dk mPpkop Lo#i
3 (ioZr ,oa pksfV;ka)
ifjp; z lriqM+k dh egRoiw.kZ Ükà•yk ,oa igkfM+;k¡% eSdky igkfM+;k¡]

egknso igkfM+;k¡] dkyhHkhr] vlhjx<+] Xokfyx<+] cM+okuh]
z eè; çns'k vius fofo/ ifjn`'; osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS]
v•jkuh] jktihiyk lriqM+k dh ioZr Jà•yk,¡ gSaA
ftlesa dbZ ioZr Jà•yk,a vkSj ioZr 'kkfey gSaA eè; çns'k
dh eq[; ioZr Jà•ykvksa esa 'kkfey gSa% iwoZ ls if'pe lriqM+k Js.kh
1- lriqM+k Js.kh 2- foUè;u Js.kh
eSdky dkyhHkhr vlhjx<+ eFkokj jktihiyk
lriqM+k Js.kh ioZr igkfM+;ka igkfM+;k igkfM+;ka ioZr
z jkT; osQ nf{k.kh Hkkx esa bldk foLrkj gSA ;g egkjk"Vª]
NÙkhlx<+ vkSj xqtjkr dh lhekvksa rd Hkh iQSyk gqvk gSA bl egknso Xokfyx<+ cMokuh v[kjkuh
jst
a dh fo'ks"krk vleku {ks=k] xgjh ?kkfV;k¡ vkSj ?kus taxy gSAa ioZr igkfM+;ka igkfM+;ka igkfM+;ka
eSdky Js.kh z ;g mÙkj Hkkjr dks nf{k.k Hkkjr ls vyx djrh gS vkSj xaxk
z fLFkfr% eSdky igkfM+;k¡ eè; çns'k osQ iwohZ Hkkx ls gksdj osQ eSnku dh nf{k.kh lhek cukrh gSA egf"kZ vxLR; foaè;
NÙkhlx<+ vkSj egkjk"Vª osQ oqQN fgLlksa rd iQSyh gqbZ gSaA dks ikj djus okys igys vk;Z FksA
iwoZ ls if'pe foaè;u Js.kh
z mPpre f'k•j% vejdaVd f'k•j (1]048 ehVj)A
egkdfo dkfynkl us viuh çfrf"Br iqLrd es?knwre~ esa
vejdaVd (vkezowQV) ioZr dk mYys• fd;k gSA HkkaMjs oSQewj lk¡ph foUè; tkukiko
igkfM+;ka igkfM+;ka igkfM+;k igkfM+;ka ioZr
z ufn;k¡% eSdky igkfM+;k¡ dbZ egRoiw.kZ ufn;ksa vkSj lgk;d
ufn;ksa dk lzksr gSa] ftuesa ueZnk] lksu] egkunh 'kkfey gSa]
tks eè; Hkkjr dh çeq• ufn;k¡ gSaA
egknso igkfM+;k¡
z fLFkfr% egknso igkfM+;k¡ cSrwy] fNanokM+k vkSj flouh ftyksa
esa iQSyh gqbZ gSA
z mPpkop% igkfM+;k¡ mÙkj esa ean <yku gSa] ysfdu nf{k.k
esa rhoz <yku gSaA
z mPpre f'k•j% /wix<+(1350 eh-) tks ipe<+h (lriqM+k
dh jkuh) esa gSA
z ufn;k¡% ;g ueZnk vkSj xksnkojh dh dbZ egRoiw.kZ lgk;d
ufn;ksa rok] nsuok vkSj oSuxaxk dk lzksr gSA ;g ueZnk unh
osQ csflu dks xksnkojh csflu ls vyx djrh gSA HkkaMsj
Xokyhx<+ z LFkku% oSQewj ioZrekyk osQ fdukjs iBkjksa dh ,d Jà•yk
ikbZ tkrh gSA if'pe esa iUuk iBkj] HkkaMsj iBkj] jhok iBkj
z fLFkfr% Xokyhx<+ igkfM+;k¡ •aMok vkSj cqjgkiqj ftyksa esa
vkSj iwoZ esa jksgrkl iBkj osQ lkFkA ;g NksVk ukxiqj iBkj
eè; çns'k dh nf{k.kh lhek cukrh gSaA igkfM+;ka eq[;r%
dks Hkkjr&xaxk osQ eSnkuksa ls tksM+rk gSA
egkjk"Vª osQ vejkorh ftys esa gSaA
z mPpkop% ;s unh iBkj ?kVrs Øe ls cus gSaA nf{k.k ls mÙkj
z Xokyhx<+ fdyk% ejkBksa dk egRoiw.kZ fdyk] bl fdys dk
dh vksj Å¡pkbZ de gks tkrh gSA
uke xoyh (xk;ksa osQ >qaM) ls fy;k x;k gSA
z ufn;k¡% lsykj] fcgM+] csyu] fcfN;kA
jktihiyk
oSQewj
z fLFkfr% jktihiyk Js.kh lriqM+k dh lcls if'peh Js.kh
z fLFkfr% oSQewj Js.kh foaè; Js.kh dk iwohZ Hkkx gS tks tcyiqj
gSA bldk foLrkj eè; çns'k osQ cqjgkuiqj] cM+okuh vkSj
ftys osQ dVaxh osQ vklikl ls ysdj fcgkj osQ lklkjke
vyhjktiqj ftys osQ vykok xqtjkr vkSj egkjk"Vª rd gSA
rd iQSyh gqbZ gSA ;g jhok vkSj fetkZiqj laHkkx ls gksdj
z cM+okuh igkfM+;k¡] v•jkuh igkM+h vkSj eFkokj igkfM+;k¡ xqtjrh gSA budk foLrkj yxHkx 500 fdyksehVj rd gSA
jktihiyk jsat dk fgLlk gSaA
z mPpkop% oSQewj ioZr dh Å¡pkbZ vf/d ugha gSA ;g iBkjksa
foUè;u Js.kh ls f?kjk gqvk gS vkSj bldh vf/dre pkSM+kbZ yxHkx 80
fdeh gSA
z foaè; eè; çns'k] mÙkj çns'k] NÙkhlx<+ vkSj fcgkj vkSj
z mPpre f'k•j% ln~Hkkouk f'k•j (neksg)
jktLFkku osQ oqQN fgLlksa rd iQSyh gqbZ gSA ;g Hkkjrh;
z ufn;k¡% Vksal] osQu
miegk}hi dh lcls iqjkuh ioZr Jà•ykvksa esa ls ,d gS
vkSj egRoiw.kZ Hkw&oSKkfud vkSj lkaLÑfrd egRo j•rh gSA foaè; igkfM+;k¡
z foaè; ioZr Jà•yk iwoZ&if'pe fn'kk esa yxHkx 1]050 z fLFkfr% bldk foLrkj nsokl ftys ls lkxj rd gSA ;g
fdeh rd iQSyh gqbZ gSA foa?;u jsat dk lcls pkSM+k fgLlk gSA

z mPpre f'k•j% fl¼ ckck (1172 ehVj) (lkxj 5- ueZnk ?kkVh fdl ioZr Jà•yk osQ chp fLFkr gS\ (2014)
ftyk&cqansy•aM iBkj) (a) HkkaMsj vkSj oSQewj (b) lriqM+k vkSj vjkoyh
z ufn;k¡% dkyhfla/] csrok] ikoZrh vkfnA (c) lriqM+k vkSj foaè;kpy (d) foaè;kpy vkSj vjkoyh
tukiko igkfM+;ka mÙkj (c)
z fLFkfr% bankSj ftys ls /kj rdA
z mPpre f'k•j% flxkj (881 eh)
z ufn;k¡% pEcy] f{kçk- 1- lriqM+k ioZr Jà•yk dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh rFkk bldh
ÅapkbZ fyf•,A (2019)
egÙoiw.kZ fcanq
2- foaè;kpy ioZr Jà•yk fdu igkfM+;ksa ls feydj cuh gS\
{ks=k mPpre f'k•j ÅapkbZ (ehVj) (2018)
lriqM+k /wix<+ 1350
cqansy•aM fl¼ ckck 1172 vH;kl ç'u
ekyok flxkj 881 1- eè; çns'k esa lcls Å¡pk ioZr Jàx dkSu lk gS\
oSQewj Js.kh ln~Hkkouk f'k•j 752 (a) foaè; (b) lriqM+k
(Goodwill)
(c) oSQewj (d) HkaMsj
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) mÙkj (b)

1- lriqM+k {ks=k esa fLFkr Jsf.k;ksa esa ls if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj 2- dkSu lk ioZr Jàx ueZnk vkSj egkunh ufn;ksa osQ chp dk
mudh fLFkfr dks n'kkZuokyk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk ty foHkktu djrk gS\
Øe lgh gS\ (2019) (a) foaè; (b) lriqM+k
(a) cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡&egknso Js.kh&esdy Js.kh (c) oSQewj (d) HkaMsj
(b) egknso Js.kh&cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡&esdy Js.kh mÙkj (b)
(c) egknso Js.kh&esdy Js.kh&cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡ 3- dkSu lk ioZr Jàx lriqM+k Jàx osQ iwohZ fgLls esa fLFkr
(d) esdy Js.kh&egknso Js.kh&cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡ gS\
mÙkj (a) (a) foaè; (b) lriqM+k
2- eè; çns'k dk lokZsPp f'k•j] /wix<+ fLFkr gSA(2016) (c) oSQewj (d) eSdy
(a) jktfiiyk esa (b) egknso Js.kh esa mÙkj (d)
(c) eSdky Js.kh esa (d) foUè;;u Js.kh 4- dkSu lk ioZr Jàx eè; çns'k esa lcls Å¡ph pksaVh] /‌wix<+]
mÙkj (b) dk ?kj gS\
3- dkSu&lh Js.kh ;equk vkSj lksu osQ eè; tyf}Hkktd dk (a) foaè; (b) egknso
dk;Z djrh gS\ (2016) (c) oSQewj (d) eSdy
(a) Hkk.Msj (b) oSQewj mÙkj (b)
(c) eSdy (d) eqoqQanokjk 5- dkSu lk ioZr Jàx cqjgkuiqj ikl] ftls nf{k.k dk }kj
mÙkj (b) dgk tkrk gS\
4- eè; çns'k dk ,dek=k fgy LVs'ku îpe<+h* dgk¡ (a) foaè;
fLFkr gS\ (2016) (b) lriqM+k
(a) jktihiyk igkfM+;k¡ (b) egknso igkfM+;k¡ (c) oSQewj
(c) eSdy Js.kh (d) xkfoyx<+ igkfM+;k¡ (d) jktfiikyk
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (d)
v v v
eç dk mPpkop Lo#i (ioZr ,oa pksfV;ka) 19
4 eè; çns'k dh tyok;q
ifjp; ddZ js•k

z ekSle ok;qeaMy dh {kf.kd fLFkfr gS tcfd tyok;q yach z ddZ js•k v{kka'k dh ,d dkYifud js•k gS tks Hkweè; js•k
vof/ esa ekSle dh fLFkfr osQ vkSlr dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA osQ yxHkx 23-5 fMxzh mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA
eè; çns'k dh tyok;q vius fo'kky vkdkj vkSj fofo/ z ;g i`Foh ij lcls mÙkjh {ks=kksa dks fpfÉr djrh gS tgka
LFkykÑfr osQ dkj.k fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu gSA xzh"e laØkafr ij nksigj osQ le; lw;Z lh/s flj osQ Åij
fn•kbZ nsrk gS] tks mÙkjh xksyk/Z esa izfro"kZ 21 twu osQ
eè; çns'k dh tyok;q dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd vklikl gksrk gSA
z v{kka'k% ddZ js•k eè; çns'k osQ eè; ls gksdj xqtjrh z ;g eè; çns'k osQ 14 ftyksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA
gSA bl çdkj] e- ç- dk mÙkjh Hkkx miks".kdfVca/h; 1- jryke 2- mTtSu 3- vkxj ekyok
{ks=k esa fLFkr gS vkSj ddZ js•k osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr Hkkx 4- jktx<+ 5- lhgksj 6- Hkksiky
m".kdfVca/h; {ks=k esa vkrk gSA
7- fofn'kk 8- jk;lsu 9- lkxj
z leqæ ls nwjh% eè; çns'k ,d LFky#¼ jkT; gS vFkkZr
10- neksg 11- tcyiqj 12- dVuh
bldh dksbZ rVjs•k ugha gSA Hkkjr osQ vkarfjd {ks=k leqæ
osQ eè;e çHkko ls cgqr nwj gSaA 13- mefj;k 14- 'kgMksy
z ÅapkbZ% Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk rkieku ?kVrk tkrk gSA iryh gok
osQ dkj.k] ioZrh; {ks=k eSnkuh bykdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d
BaMs gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vyhjktiqj vkSj ipe<+h
,d gh v{kka'k ij fLFkr gSa] ysfdu vyx&vyx ÅapkbZ osQ
dkj.k mudh tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vyx gSaA
z mPpkop% eè; çns'k dk HkkSxksfyd mPpkop rkieku]
ok;q ncko] ok;q dh fn'kk ,oa xfr vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=kk ,oa
forj.k dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSA eè; çns'k osQ nf{k.k&iwohZ
fgLls esa vf/d o"kkZ gksrh gS D;ksafd mPpkop osQ dkj.k
ekulwuh iousa yacs le; rd ogk¡ jgrh gSaA tcfd pEcy
{ks=k esa lcls de o"kkZ gksrh gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ ekulwuh iouksa
* fVIi.kh& ddZ js•k 'kktkiqj ls gksdj ugha xqtjrh gSA
osQ fy, dksbZ ck/k ugha gSA
z ouLifr ?kuRo% çdk'k la'ys"k.k osQ nkSjku ty ok"i osQ eè; çns'k osQ tyok;q {ks=k
fudyus osQ dkj.k ouLifr tyok;q vkSj ekSle osQ iSVuZ ij
eè; çns'k esa 5 tyok;q {ks=k gSa_
çHkko Mky ldrh gSA ok;qeaMy esa ok"i osQ NksM+s tkus ls
lrg osQ ÅtkZ çokg esa ifjorZu gksrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i 1- mÙkjh eSnku (vf/d xeZ vkSj vf/d BaMk)A
cknyksa dk fuekZ.k gks ldrk gSA pwafd eç osQ mÙkjh Hkkx 2- ekyok dk iBkj (de xeZ vkSj de BaMk)
esa ouLifr de gS] blfy, ;g nf{k.kh Hkkx dh rqyuk esa 3- ueZnk ?kkVh {ks=k (vf/d xeZ vkSj eè;e BaMk)
vis{kkÑr vf/d xeZ gSA 4- foaè;& lriqM+k ioZrh; {ks=k (eè;e xeZ vkSj vf/d BaMh)
z vkSlr rkieku% xehZ esa 38℃& 40℃] lnhZ esa 20℃ &
25℃
z o"kkZ% 125&150 lseh@o"kZ o"kkZA
foUè;&lriqM+k ioZrh; {ks=k

z eè;e xeZ vkSj vf/d BaMk
z ftys% flaxjkSyh] lh/h] jhok] lruk] iUuk] mefj;k] dVuh]
'kgMksy] vuwiiqj] fMaMksjh] ckyk?kkV] eaMyk] flouh]
fNanokM+k] cSrwyA
z vkSlr rkieku% xehZ 35℃ & 38℃] lnhZ 15℃ & 20℃
mÙkjh eSnku
z o"kkZ% 125&175 lseh@o"kZ o"kkZA
z vf/d xeZ vkSj vf/d BaMk
z eè; çns'k esa lokZf/d o"kkZ okyk LFkku & ipe<+h 199
z ftys% ';ksiqj] eqjSuk] fHkaM] Xokfy;j] f'koiqjh] uhep]
lseh@çfro"kZ]
fuokM+h] Vhdex<+] NrjiqjA blesa pacy vkSj cqansy•aM {ks=k
osQ oqQN Hkkx 'kkfey gSA z eè; çns'k esa lokZf/d vkSlr o"kkZ & ckyk?kkV
z vkSlr rkieku% xehZ esa 40℃&46℃] lnhZ esa 15℃&18℃ eè; çns'k esa o"kkZ iSVuZ
z mPpre vkSlr rkieku & •tqjkgks 49-2°C (2018)]
z eè; çns'k esa eq[; :i ls ekulwuh tyok;q gS] nf{k.k&if'pe
xatcklkSnk 48-9°C (1995)A
ekulwu vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ ekulwu bldh okf"kZd o"kkZ esa çkFkfed
z U;wure vkSlr rkieku & f'koiqjh
;ksxnkudrkZ gSaA
z o"kkZ% de o"kkZ 50 lseh@o"kZ ls de
nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu (twu ls flracj)% nf{k.k
z eè; çns'k esa U;wure o"kkZ okyk LFkku & xksgn (fHkaM if'pe ekulwu eè; çns'k esa çkFkfed o"kkZ ½rq gSA ;g
ftyk)
vkerkSj ij twu esa 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj flracj rd pyrk
ekyok dk iBkj (de xeZ vkSj de BaMk) gSA bl vof/ osQ nkSjku] jkT; osQ vf/dka'k fgLlksa esa
z eè;e xeZ vkSj eè;e BaMk i;kZIr o"kkZ gksrh gSA eè; çns'k osQ nf{k.k&iwohZ vkSj
z ftys% mTtSu] bankSj] nsokl] /kj] vkxj ekyok] 'kktkiqj] iwohZ {ks=kksa esa vkerkSj ij if'peh vkSj mÙkjh Hkkxksa dh
jktx<+] Hkksiky] lhgksj] fofn'kk] xquk] v'kksduxj] jryke] rqyuk esa vf/d o"kkZ gksrh gSA
eanlkSj] >kcqvkA iwokZsÙkj ekulwu (vDVwcj&uoacj)% nf{k.k&if'pe
z vkSlr rkieku% xehZ esa 38℃& 40℃] lnhZ esa 15℃ & ekulwu dh okilh osQ ckn] eè; çns'k esa mÙkj&iwohZ
20℃ ekulwu osQ ekSle osQ nkSjku FkksM+h ckfj'k gksrh gS] tks
z o"kkZ% eè;e o"kkZ 50&75 lseh@çfro"kZA vDVwcj ls uoacj rd gksrh gSA ;g vof/ jkT; osQ
nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkxksa esa oqQN o"kkZ ykrh gSA
z phuh ;k=kh iQkáku us ekyok {ks=k dh tyok;q dks fo'o
esa lokZsÙke dgk FkkA 'khrdkyhu o"kkZ (fnlacj ls iQjojh)% eè; çns'k
osQ oqQN {ks=kksa] fo'ks"k :i ls mÙkjh vkSj iwohZ Hkkxksa esa]
ueZnk ?kkVh {ks=k if'peh fo{kksHk osQ ikfjr gksus osQ dkj.k lfnZ;ksa osQ
z vf/d xeZ vkSj eè;e BaMk eghuksa osQ nkSjku Hkh oqQN ek=kk es o"kkZ gksrh gSA ;g
z ftys% tcyiqj] ujflagiqj] jk;lsu] ueZnkiqje] •aMok] ekulwu xsgwa] puk] ljlksa vkSj eVj tSlh jch iQlyksa osQ
•jxksu] cM+okuh] vyhjktiqjA fy, ykHknk;d gSA
eè; çns'k dh tyok;q 21

z eè; çns'k esa vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ LFkku osQ vk/kj ij yxHkx z eè; çns'k esa 4 tyok;q {ks=k gSaA mÙkjh eSnku] ekyok iBkj]
90 lseh@çfr o"kZ ls ysdj 140 lseh@çfr o"kZ rd gksrh gSA ueZnk ?kkVh {ks=k vkSj foaè;&lriqM+k ioZr Jà•ykA
z leo"kkZ js•k & e- ç- esa leo"kkZ js•k 75 lseh- ;g iwohZ z mPpre vkSlr rkieku & •tqjkgks 49-2°C (2018)]
,oa if'peh Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSA xatcklkSnk 48-9°C (1995)A
z lerki js•k &21 fMxzh lsfYl;l dh lerki js•k jkT; z phuh ;k=kh iQkfg;ku osQ vuqlkj ekyok {ks=k dh tyok;q
dks mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA fo'o esa lokZsÙke gSA
z eè; çns'k osQ iwohZ Hkkx esa vkSlr o"kkZ vf/d gksrh gSA
z eè; çns'k esa nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu] mÙkj&iwohZ ekulwu vkSj
nf{k.k&iwoZ ls mÙkj&if'pe dh vksj c<+us ij o"kkZ de
gks tkrh gSA 'khrdkyhu o"kkZ osQ dkj.k o"kkZ gksrh gSA
z eè; çns'k esa lokZf/d o"kkZ okyk LFkku & ipe<+h 199
ipe<+h dh tyok;q lseh@çfro"kZA
viuh Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k ipe<+h esa eè; çns'k esa lcls vf/d
o"kkZ gksrh gSA ipe<+h dk vkSlr rkieku Hkh blosQ vklikl foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
osQ {ks=kksa dh rqyuk es de gSA tsEl iQksflZFk us viuh iqLrd
¶n gkbySaM~l vkWiQ lsaVªy bafM;k¸ esa ipe<+h osQ lqgkous 1- eè; çns'k dh tyok;q osQ laca/ esa fuEufyf•r esa ls
ekSle dk ftØ fd;k gSA dkSu lk dFku lgh ugha gS\ (2021)
(a) eè; çns'k dh tyok;q jkT; osQ eè; ls xqtjus okyh
z ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd vy uhuks vkSj yk uhuk ddZ js•k ls çHkkfor gS
tSls tyok;q mrkj&p<+ko osQ dkj.k ;s o"kkZ iSVuZ o"kZ çfr
o"kZ fHkUu gks ldrs gSa] tks ekulwu osQ O;ogkj dks çHkkfor (b) Xokfy;j ,d xeZ rFkk miks".kdfVca/h; tyok;q dk
dj ldrs gSaA ,d mnkgj.k gSA
(c) eè; çns'k esa vjc lkxj 'kk•k vkSj caxky dh •kM+h
egRoiw.kZ fcanq 'kk•k nksuksa ls o"kkZ gksrh gSA
z eè; çns'k dh tyok;q v{kka'k] leqæ ls nwjh] ÅapkbZ] (d) jkT; esa 50 çfr'kr o"kkZ nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu }kjk
mPpkop vkSj ouLifr ?kuRo ls çHkkfor gSA gksrh gSA
z eè; çns'k osQ 14 ftyksa ls ddZ js•k gksdj xqtjrh gSA mÙkj (d)

1- ddZ js•k eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys ls gksdj ugha vH;kl ç'u
xqtjrh gS\ (2021)
1- ebZ vkSj twu esa eè; çns'k esa mPp rkieku vkSj etcwr
(a) fofn'kk (b) Hkksiky iouksa osQ fy, dkSu lk tyok;q oSKkfud ?kVuk mÙkjnk;h
(c) mTtSu (d) bankSj gS\
mÙkj (d) (a) gsear ekSle (b) nf{k.k&if'pe ekSle
(c) yw (d) ddZ js•k
2- eè; çns'k osQ fdl Hkkx esa okf"kZd rkikarj vf/dre gS\
mÙkj (c)
(2020)
2- eè; çns'k osQ nf{k.k&iwohZ {ks=kksa esa vf/'ks"k o"kkZ dk çeq•
(a) iwoZ (b) if'pe
lzksr D;k gS\
(c) mÙkjh (d) nf{k.k (a) gsear ekSle (b) nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu
mÙkj (c) (c) vkdZfVd gok,¡ (d) esfMVsjsfu;u gok,¡
3- eè; çns'k esa xfeZ;ksa esa vkSlr rkieku c<+rk gS (2020) mÙkj (b)
(a) mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd 3- eè; çns'k osQ dkSu ls tyok;q {ks=k dks vR;f/d xehZ
vkSj vR;f/d BaMh dh fo'ks"krk ls fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS\
(b) iwoZ ls if'pe rd
(a) ekyok iBkj {ks=k
(c) nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj
(b) mÙkjh eSnku
(d) if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj (c) foUè;@lriqM+k ioZrh; {ks=k
mÙkj (c) (d) ueZnk ?kkVh {ks=k
4- eè; çns'k esa fdl çdkj dh tyok;q gS\ (2016) mÙkj (b)
(a) ekulwu çdkj (b) fo"kqorjs•h; çdkj 4- eè; çns'k osQ dkSu ls LFkku ij lcls vf/d vkSlr
okf"kZd o"kkZ gksrh gS\
(c) Hkweè;lkxjh; çdkj (d) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
(a) ipe<+h (b) Xokfy;j
mÙkj (a)
(c) bankSj (d) fHkaM
mÙkj (a)
5- eè; çns'k esa dkSu lk LFkku lcls de vkSlr okf"kZd
1- eè; çns'k esa o"kkZ ifjorZu'khyrk ij ,d uksV fy•saA o"kkZ ntZ djrk gS\
(2019) (a) ipe<+h (b) Xokfy;j
2- mu jkT;ksa osQ uke crk,a tgka ls gksdj ddZ js•k (c) bankSj (d) fHkaM
xqtjrh gSA (2015) mÙkj (d)
v v v
eè; çns'k dh tyok;q 23

eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡]
5 >hysa vkSj tyçikr
eè; çns'k osQ viokg ra=k eè; izns'k osQ viokg ra=k
z eè; çns'k dks dbZ ufn;ksa dk vk'kh"k çkIr gS tks jkT;

caxky dh [kkM+h dh vjc lkxj dh vksj
osQ ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vksj izokfgr izokfgr
fuHkkrh gSaA eè; çns'k dks ufn;ksa dh ek;dk Hkh dgk tkrk
gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ ls dbZ ufn;k¡ fudyrh gSa vkSj vU; jkT;ksa
xaxk egkunh xksnkojh ueZnk rkIrh ekgh
dks vius ifo=k ty ls flafpr djrh gSaA
z fuf'pr okfgdkvksa osQ ekè;e ls gks jgs ty çokg dks eè; çns'k esa xaxk viokg ra=k
^viokg* dgrs gSaA bu okfgdkvksa osQ tky dks viokg ra=k z xaxk Hkkjr dh lcls çeq• unh gSA bldk oqQy tyxzg.k
dgk tkrk gSA fdlh {ks=k dk viokg çfr:i ,d HkwoSKkfud {ks=k 10]86]000 oxZ fdeh gS tks Hkkjr osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy dk
le;kof/ osQ nkSjku curk gSA ;g LFkykÑfr] <ky] pêðkuksa yxHkx 26» gSA blosQ oqQy tyxzg.k {ks=k dk 18» eè;
dh çÑfr vkSj lajpuk] çokfgr dh ek=kk rFkk çokg dh çns'k esa gS tks yxHkx 2 yk• oxZ fdeh gSA eè; çns'k ls
vof/ dk ifj.kke gSA eè; çns'k esa oqQy Ng viokg fudyus okyh dbZ ufn;k¡ xaxk ;k ;equk dh lgk;d ufn;k¡
ç.kkfy;k¡ lfØ; gSa% gSa (tks varr% ç;kxjkt esa xaxk ls feyrh gSa)A
z lksu unh ç.kkyh vkSj foaè; ioZr osQ mÙkjh fdukjs ls z pacy ,D'ku Iyku% vrhr esa] pacy unh dks çnw"k.k rFkk
fudyus okyh lHkh ufn;ka xaxk viokg ra=k dk fgLlk gSaA voS/ jsr •uu osQ dkj.k pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k
;g eè; çns'k dh lcls cM+k viokg ra=k gSA FkkA pacy ,D'ku Iyku eè; çns'k] jktLFkku vkSj mÙkj
xaxk viokg ra=k dh ufn;k¡ çns'k ljdkj dh ,d la;qÙkQ ifj;kstuk gS] ftldk mís';
unh osQ ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks cgky djus osQ lkFk mldh
pacy j{kk djuk gSA
z vU; uke% peZ.orh vkSj dke/suq] peZ.orh egkHkkjr esa z pEcy dh lgk;d ufn;k¡
of.kZr ,d unh gSA peZ.orh] vFkkZr og unh ftlosQ fdukjs
pacy dh lgk;d ufn;k¡
peM+k lq•k;k tkrk gSA
z mn~xe% pacy unh bankSj ftys esa egw osQ if'pe&nf{k.k
f{kizk f'kouk dkyhfla/ ikoZrh oqQuks cukl lhi
esa 15 fdeh nwj foaè; ioZr dh mÙkjh <yku ij tkukiko
igkfM+;ksa osQ flxkj pkSjh f'k•j ls fudyrh gSA z f{kçk%
z yackbZ% oqQy yackbZ&965 fd-eh- ;g vkjEHk esa eè; çns'k mn~xe% f{kçk dk mn~xe bankSj ftys osQ dkdjkoMhZ
ls gksdj yxHkx 346 fdeh rd mÙkjh fn'kk esa cgrh gS (ioZr) ls gqvk gSA
vkSj fiQj ;g jktLFkku esa ços'k djrh gS] rRi'pkr ;g yackbZ% 195 fd-eh
eè; çns'k vkSj jktLFkku lhek osQ chp 217 fdeh vkSj
nardFkk,a% iqjk.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd f{kçk dh mRifÙk
eè; çns'k vkSj mÙkj çns'k lhek osQ chp 145 fdeh rd
cgrh gSA Hkxoku fo".kq osQ ojkg vorkj osQ ân; ls gqbZ gSA mTtSu
esa f{kçk osQ rV ij ½f"k lkanhifu dk vkJe Fkk] tks
z laxe% bVkok (m-ç-) osQ fudV ;equk esaA ;g mÙkj çns'k
Hkxoku Ñ".k vè;;u LFky gSA
jkT; esa fHkaM vkSj bVkok ftyksa dh lhek ij Hkjsg osQ ikl
ueZnk&f{kçk flagLFk fyad ifj;kstuk% f{kçk ,d
ipunk esa pacy] Dokjh] ;equk] fla/] igqt lfgr ikap
ufn;ksa osQ laxe ij lekIr gksrh gSA ckjgeklh unh ugha gS blfy, f{kçk unh dks ueZnk unh
z chgM+ o egk•îó% pacy ls tksM+us dh ifj;kstuk 2012 esa çkjaHk dh xbZ Fkh tks
unh dh ?kkVh xgjh •îóHkwfe 2014 esa liQyrkiwoZd lEiUu gqbZA
(Ravines) osQ fy, fo[;kr flagLFk% ;g Hkkjr osQ lcls ifo=k R;ksgkjksa esa ls ,d gS
gS] ;g •îó Hkwfe ,d çdkj tks çfr 12 o"kZ esa ,d ckj mTtSu esa f{kçk osQ rV ij
osQ e`nk vijnu voukfydk vk;ksftr gksrk gSA vafre ckj ;g 2016 esa vk;ksftr
vijnu dk ifj.kke gS] unh fd;k x;k FkkA
dk ty fpduh feêðh dks dkVdj ;g lajpuk çnku djrk lgk;d ufn;k¡% •ku (ljLorh)
gS] ftls pEcy osQ chgM+ dgk tkrk gSA eè; çns'k rFkk
jktLFkku osQ oqQN ftys bu chgM+ksa dh leL;k ls xzflr gSaA
;s vf}rh; ifjn`'; pacy unh {ks=k dks ,d fof'k"V
LFkykÑfrd fo'ks"krk çnku djrk gSA ;g jktLFkku osQ dksVk
esa pkSjklhx<+ fdys osQ ihNs ,d •wclwjr egk•îó vFkok
tkWtZ cukrh gSA
z oU; thou o tSo fofo/rk%
pacy unh dks çnw"k.k eqÙkQ ekuk z f'kouk%
tkrk gS vkSj blesa exjePNksa mn~xe% ;g jktLFkku osQ fpÙkkSM+ ftys ls fudyrh gS
dh 2 çtkfr;k¡ & exj vkSj vkSj eè; çns'k dh lhek ij cgrh gqbZ vpsjk osQ ikl
?kfM+;ky] rkts ikuh osQ dNq, eanlkSj ftys esa ços'k djrh gSA
dh 8 çtkfr;ka] fLdej] LewFk&dksVsM Ånfcyko] xaxk unh Hkxoku f'ko dk çfl¼ eafnj v"Veq•h i'kqifrukFk
MkWfYiQu] CySd&csfyM VuZ] CySdusDM LVkWdZ vkSj lkjl eanlkSj esa f'kouk unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA
Øsu lfgr ,d vn~Hkqr unh tho&tarqvksa dk tekoM+k gSA unh rV ij egRoiw.kZ LFkku% eanlkSj
eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj tyçikr 25

z dkyhfla/% yackbZ% 470 fdeh
mn~xe% bldk mn~xe nsokl ftys osQ ckxyh xzke osQ laxe% tkykSu ftys (mÙkj çns'k) osQ fudV ;equk
fudV foaè; ioZr ls gksrk gSA unh esa
yackbZ% ;g eè; çns'k esa yxHkx 150 fdeh rd
lgk;d ufn;k¡% Dokjh] igqt
cgrh gSA
laxe% uksusjk (jktLFkku) esa pEcy esaA
csrok
unh rV ij egRoiw.kZ LFkku% lksudPN] nsokl z mn~xe% ;g eè; çns'k osQ jk;lsu ftys esa oqQejk xk¡o
lgk;d ufn;k¡% ijou (lhgksj)] vkgw] fuoktA f>jh Vhyk (Hkksiky osQ nf{k.k if'pe) osQ ikl foaè; ioZr
z ikoZrh% Jà•yk ls fudyrh gSA
mn~xe% bldk mn~xe vk"Vk (lhgksj) osQ fudV foaè; z yackbZ% csrok unh dk oqQy ekxZ 480 fdeh yEck gSA vius
ioZr ls gksrk gSA mn~xe osQ ckn] unh mÙkj iwoZ fn'kk esa cgrh gS] ;g eè;
yackbZ% 436 fd-eh çns'k mÙkj çns'k osQ chp ,d lhek cukrh gS mlosQ ckn
egkdfo dkfynkl osQ egkdkO; es?knwre~ esa of.kZr ;g >k¡lh ftyksa ls xqtjrs gq, mÙkj çns'k esa ços'k djrh gSA
fufoZUè;k unh vkt dh ikoZrh unh ekuh tkrh gSA z laxe% ;equk unh esa (LFkku& gehjiqj (m-ç-)A
laxe% jktLFkku osQ lokbZ ek/ksiqj ftys esa pEcy esaA z ,sfrgkfld egRo% csrok unh osQ vklikl dk {ks=k ,d
unh rV ij egRoiw.kZ LFkku% 'kktkiqj] vk"Vk] jktx<+ le`¼ ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr gSA ;g Hkkstiqj]
lk¡ph] vksjNk] yfyriqj vkSj >k¡lh lfgr eè; çns'k vkSj
mÙkj çns'k osQ dbZ ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa ls gksdj xqtjrh
gSA egkdkO; egkHkkjr tSls dbZ iqjkus xzaFkksa esa bl unh
dk mYys• os=korh osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gSA egku dfo
dkfynkl] ck.kHkêð vkSj osQ'ko nkl us viuh egku jpuk,¡
Øe'k% es?knwr] dknEcjh o jfldfç;k blh unh osQ rV ij
cSBdj fy•ha gSaA bl iwT;uh; unh rV ij psfn lkezkT;
dh jkt/kuh cukbZ xbZA bl unh osQ fdukjs dbZ çHkko'kkyh
Lekjdksa dk fuekZ.k djkus okys cqansyk jktiwrksa lfgr fofHkUu
jktoa'kksa osQ mRFkku rFkk iru dks ns•k gSA
z cka/% csrok osQ çokg dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, bl ij
z owQuks unh% oqQN cka/ cuk, x, gSaA buesa jkt?kkV cka/ (jkuh y{eh
mn~xe% bldk mn~xe f'koiqjh iBkj ls gksrk gSA ckbZ ifj;kstuk)]ekrkVhyk cka/ vkSj ikjhNk cka/ 'kkfey gSaA
yackbZ% yxHkx 180 fd-eh-
;g owQuks jk"Vªh; m|ku dh thou js•k gSA
laxe% pEcy unh esa (LFkku eqjSuk)
z cukl%
mn~xe% bldk mn~xe jktLFkku esa vjkoyh ioZrekyk
ls gksrk gSA
;g pEcy dh ck;ha vksj dh lgk;d unh gSA
jktLFkku esa cukl] lhi vkSj pEcy unh dk laxe
jkes'oj f=kos.kh esa gksrk gSA

fla/
z mn~xe% bldk mn~xe fofn'kk ftys osQ fofn'kk iBkj yVsjh
xkao ls gksrk gSA

osQu&csrok fyad ifj;kstuk unh tksM+ks ifj;kstukvksa dh vkfFkZd O;ogk;Zrk vkSj laHkkfor
osQu&csrok fyad ifj;kstuk Hkkjr dh ,d çeq• unh tksM+ ykHkksa osQ ckjs esa cgl tkjh gSA
ifj;kstuk gS ftldk mís'; cqUnsy•.M osQ 'kq"d {ks=k esa ty z lgk;d ufn;k¡%
miyC/rk gsrq osQu unh osQ ty dks csrok unh esa çokfgr djuk nk;ha vksj dh lgk;d ufn;k¡& chuk] tkeuh] /lku
gSA ;g ifj;kstuk Hkkjr osQ unh tksM+ks ifj;kstuk (RLP) tSls cM+s vkSj fcjek
dk;ZØe dk Hkkx gS] ftldk mís'; {ks=kh; ty dh deh dks nwj ck;ha vksj dh lgk;d ufn;k¡& dfy;klksr] ckg] lkxk]
djuk vkSj ty&le`¼ {ks=kksa ls vf/'ks"k ty dks ty&deh okys ukjSu] gykyh vkSj oSQFkkuA
{ks=kksa esa LFkkukarfjr djus dh lqfo/k çnku djuk gSA
z tkeuh unh
mís';% ifj;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís'; osQu unh æks.kh (csflu)
mn~xe% bldk mn~xe lkxj iBkj ls gksrk gSA
ls vf/'ks"k ty dks csrok unh æks.kh (csflu)esa gLrkarfjr djuk
laxe% ,sfrgkfld uxj vksjNk esa csrok ls laxeA
gSA osQu unh ij ,d cka/ (nkS/u cka/) osQ fuekZ.k osQ ekè;e
ls ty dh fn'kk ifjofrZr fd, tkus rFkk 230 fdeh yach ugj yackbZ% unh dh oqQy yackbZ 201 fdeh gSA ;g 29
cukdj Mk;otZu fd, tkus dh mEehn gSA fdeh rd fo'ks"k :i ls eè; çns'k esa cgrh gS] 87
fdeh mÙkj çns'k esa rFkk 'ks"k Hkkx nksuksa jkT;ksa osQ chp
ykHk%
,d lhek dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
z flapkbZ ykHk% ifj;kstuk dk ,d eq[; mís'; mÙkj çns'k
tkeuh dks vklikl dh >hyksa vkSj vU; ty fudk;ksa
esa ikuh dh deh okys {ks=kksa] fo'ks"kdj >k¡lh vkSj yfyriqj
ls tksM+dj cqUnsy•.M {ks=k esa is;ty dh deh dks iwjk
ftyksa esa flapkbZ dk ikuh miyC/ djkuk gSA Mk;oVZ fd,
x, (ekxZ cnys x,) ikuh ls bu {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k mRikndrk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
c<+us dh mEehn gSA z /lku unh
z is;ty dh vkiwfrZ% bl ifj;kstuk dk mís'; csrok unh mn~xe% jk;lsu ftys dk csxexatA
csflu esa 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k nksuksa vkcknh dh is;ty yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 362 fdeh gS
vko';drkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA çkphu dky esa bl unh dks n'kk.kZ osQ uke ls tkuk
tkrk FkkA
ck¡/% /lku ij ysgpwjk ck¡/ cuk;k x;k gSA
osQu
z mn~xe% ;g vgfj;k xkao] dVuh ftys osQ fudV oSQewj
igkfM+;ksa ls fudyrh gSA
z yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 427 fdeh gSA ;g fo'ks"k :i ls
pqukSfr;k¡ eè; çns'k esa yxHkx 295 fdeh rd cgrh gSA ;g vius
z i;kZoj.kh; fpark% osQu&csrok fyad ifj;kstuk dks] {ks=k dh gjs&Hkjs taxyksa vkSj pêðkuksa ls f?kjk gq, lqjE; ifjn`';ksa osQ
tSo fofo/rk vkSj oU; thou ij laHkkfor çHkko osQ dkj.k fy, tkuk tkrh gSA
i;kZoj.kfonksa rFkk dk;ZdrkZvksa dh vkykspuk dk lkeuk
z laxe% mÙkj çns'k dk ckank ftys esa fpYyk ?kkV esa bldk
djuk iM+k gSA çLrkfor nkS/u cka/ LFky iUuk Vkbxj fjtoZ
laxe ;equk ls gksrk gSA
esa fLFkr gS] ftlls Vkbxj fjtoZ osQ 10» tyeXu gksus vkSj
oU;thoksa osQ foLFkkiu dks ysdj fpark c<+ xbZ gSA z osQu dk çkphu uke 'kqfÙkQerh FkkA
z lkekftd ljksdkj% cka/ vkSj ugj usVodZ osQ fuekZ.k dks z oU; thou% osQu unh viuh tSo fofo/rk osQ fy, çfl¼
lqfo/ktud cukus osQ fy,] ou Hkwfe osQ ,d cM+s {ks=k dks gksus osQ lkFk fofHkUu çdkj dh ouLifr;ksa vkSj thoksa
lkiQ djus dh vko';drk gSA blls foLFkkfir leqnk;ksa dk vkokl gSA eè; çns'k osQ Nrjiqj xkao osQ ikl fLFkr
osQ iquokZl dh vko';drk osQ ckjs esa fpark,¡ c<+ xbZ gSaA osQu ?kfM+;ky vHk;kj.; fo'ks"k :i ls] xaHkhj foyqIrçk;
z vkfFkZd fpark,¡% ljdkj }kjk bl ifj;kstuk osQ fy, oqQy ?kfM+;ky (xsfo;fyl xSaxsfVdl) çtkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ
44]605 djksM+ #i;s dh ykxr dks eatwjh nh xbZA ijUrq ,slh fy, lefiZr gSA

z tyçikr% ikaMo] xkFkk vkSj Lusg osQu unh }kjk cus je.khd fn'kk esa cgrh gSA ;g pkj jkT;ksa& NÙkhlx<+] eè; çns'k]
tyçikr gSaA bls eè; çns'k dh lqanj unh osQ :i esa Hkh mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA
of.kZr fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g eq[; :i ls iUuk Vkbxj z laxe% fcgkj esa iVuk osQ ikl xaxk unh esaA
fjtoZ osQ ou {ks=k ls gksdj cgrh gSA z lgk;d ufn;k¡% osQobZ] tksfgyk] eqM+uk] pankl] NksVh
z lgk;d ufn;k¡% lksukj] xqnSu] ';kejh] ehjglu] mfeZy egkunh] cukl] xksin] fjgan] dUgj vkSj mÙkjh dks;y unhA
,oa paækoy z lksu unh] ;equk unh osQ ckn xaxk dh nwljh lcls cM+h
Vksal nkfguh lgk;d unh gSA
z mn~xe% bldk mn~xe lruk ftys osQ tqysjh xkao osQ ikl
oSQewj igkfM+;ksa ls gksrk gSA
z yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 320 fdeh gS ftlesa ls 238 fdeh
;g eè; çns'k esa cgrh gSA
z laxe% ç;kxjkt ftys esa fljlk osQ fudV xaxk esaA
z tyçikr% iwokZ
z lgk;d ufn;k¡% chgM+] egkuk o csyuA
z lksu vejdaVd iBkj osQ fdukjs ij >juksa dh ,d Jà•yk

cukrh gSA
z lksu unh viuh jsr osQ fy, çfl¼ gS] blhfy, ;g xaHkhj
•uu dk f'kdkj gSA
z cka/ vkSj tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk,a%
eè; çns'k& 'kgMksy ftys esa ck.klkxj cka/A
mÙkj çns'k& fjgan unh ij fiijh osQ ikl fjgan cka/A
fcgkj & baæiqjh cSjkt (;g flapkbZ osQ fy, lksu unh
ls ikuh dks lksu ugj dh vksj eksM+rk gS)A

dksbZyoj iqy dk fuekZ.k 1862 esa fcgkj esa gqvk Fkk_
;g Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk unh iqy gS] tks vkjk dks

lksu iVuk ls tksM+rk gSA
z oU; thou%bl unh esa xaHkhj :i ls yqIrçk; ?kfM+;ky
z mn~xe% bldk mn~xe eSdky Js.kh dh vejdaVd igkfM+;ksa
ik, tkrs gSa] blfy, lksu ?kfM+;ky vHk;kj.;] çkstsDV
osQ ikl ls gksrk gSA ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd eè;
ØksdksMkby osQ varxZr ?kfM+;ky laj{k.k o tula[;k o`f¼
çns'k ljdkj osQ vuqlkj lksu unh dk mn~xe ¶lksu eqMk¸
gsrq LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
vejdaVd] vuwiiqj ftys ls gksrk gS] tcfd Hkkjr WRIS
& ty lalk/u lwpuk ç.kkyh bldh mRifÙk NÙkhlx<+ osQ eè; çns'k esa egkunh viokg ra=k
xkSjsyk&isaMªk&ejokgh ftys ls fn•krh gSA z ;g eè; çns'k dk lcls NksVh viokg æks.kh gSA ;g gekjs
z yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 780 fdeh gS ftlesa ls yxHkx jkT; esa yxHkx 150 oxZ fd-eh- {ks=k esa iQSyk gSA gkykafd
500 fdeh ;g eè; çns'k esa cgrh gSA çkjaHk esa ;g eè; çns'k osQ foHkktu ls igys tc NÙkhlx<+ Hkh jkT; dk
mÙkj&if'pe vkSj mÙkj fn'kk esa cgrh gS ysfdu ck.klkxj esa Hkkx gqvk djrk Fkk] egkunh æks.kh dh jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk
oSQewj ioZrekyk dh rygVh ls Vdjkus osQ ckn ;g mÙkj&iwoZ esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA

eè; çns'k esa xksnkojh viokg ra=k oSuxaxk
z xksnkojh unh Hkkjr dh nwljh lcls yach unh gS vkSj ;g z mn~xe% oSuxaxk Hkkjr dh ,d unh gS tks flouh ftys osQ
ftu {ks=kksa ls gksdj cgrh gS] ogka osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd xksikyxat xkao osQ ikl xksaMokuk {ks=k osQ eqaMkjk esa egknso
vkSj lkaLÑfrd igyqvksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA igkfM+;ksa ls fudyrh gSA
z xksnkojh æks.kh dk foLrkj eè; vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr osQ dbZ z yackbZ% ;g unh eè; çns'k vkSj egkjk"Vª ls gksdj nf{k.k
dh vksj 580 fdeh rd cgrh gSA
jkT;ksa esa gS] ftuesa egkjk"Vª] eè; çns'k] rsyaxkuk] vka/z
z laxe% ;g o/kZ unh esa foyhu gks tkrh gSA o/kZ unh esa
çns'k] NÙkhlx<+ vkSj vksfM'kk 'kkfey gSaA bldk 20» 'kkfey gksus osQ ckn] la;qÙkQ /kjk] ftls çk.kfgrk unh osQ
tyxzg.k {ks=k eè; çns'k dk gS tks 31]821 oxZ fdeh gSA uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] rsyaxkuk osQ dkys'oje esa xksnkojh
z oSuxaxk] ckouFkM+h] isap] dkUgk] o/kZ tks eè; çns'k ls unh ls feyrh gSA
fudyrh gSa] xksnkojh æks.kh dk Hkkx gSaA z lgk;d ufn;k¡% o/kZ] isap] ckouFkMh vkfnA
eè; çns'k esa ueZnk viokg ra=k z ftys% ueZnk unh eè; çns'k osQ 16 ftyksa ls gksdj cgrh
z ueZnk unh æks.kh dk jkT; osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd] gSA vuqiiqj] fMa<ksjh] eaMyk] flouh] tcyiqj] ujflagiqj]
lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; egRo gSA bldk oqQy jk;lsu] ueZnkiqje] gjnk] lhgksj] nsokl] •aMok] •jxksu]
tyxzg.k {ks=k 98796 oxZ fdeh gS ftlesa ls 85149 oxZ /‌kj] cM+okuh vkSj vyhjktiqjA
fdeh eè; çns'k esa gSAyxHkx 1 yk• oxZ fdeh osQ oqQy
tyxzg.k {ks=k dk 87» eè; çns'k esa] 2» egkjk"Vª esa vkSj
11» xqtjkr esa fLFkr gSA
z mn~xe% ueZnk unh eè; çns'k osQ vejdaVd iBkj ls
fudyrh gSA vius mn~xe LFky ij bls ¶ueZnk oqQaM¸ osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
z yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 1312 fdeh gSA unh dk igyk
Hkkx (1]077 fdyksehVj) eè; çns'k esa cgrk gS vkSj unh
dk vxyk Hkkx (35 fdyksehVj) eè; çns'k vkSj egkjk"Vª
jkT; osQ chp dh lhek cukrk gSA fiQj vxys 39 fdeh rd
;g egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr osQ chp dh lhek cukrh gSAvafre
/kjk (161 fdyksehVj) xqtjkr gksdj cgrh gSA uksV* ueZnk unh flouh ftys dh lhek cukrh gSA

z laxe% ;g varr% vjc lkxj esa •aHkkr osQ jkLrs esa çokfgr o`f¼ gksrh gSA nkfgus rV dh lgk;d ufn;ksa lfgr oqQN
gks tkrh gSA egRoiw.kZ lgk;d ufn;k¡ (19) gSa &fgju] cjuk] pksjy]
z vU; uke% eSdkylqrk (eSdky dh iq=kh)] jsok] ujcnk]
dksykj] eSu] gfFkuh] vkSj vksjlkax vkSj ck;ha vksj dh
lq•nk;uh] ukeksnksl (VkWyseh)A
z lgk;d ufn;k¡% ueZnk unh vius ekxZ esa yxHkx 41 lgk;d lgk;d ufn;k¡ (22) gSa & cuZj] catj] 'ksj] 'kDdj] nw/h]
ufn;ksa ls ty çkIr djrh gS] ftlls blosQ viokg ra=k esa rok] xatky] NksVk rok] oqQaMh] xksbZ vkSj dtZuA
z ?kkVh% ueZnk unh æks.kh dk foLrkj yxHkx 98]796 oxZ fy, vko';d ty lalk/u çnku djrh gSa] tgk¡ ls os
fdyksehVj {ks=k esa gS] tks eè; çns'k] egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr cgrh gSaA
esa iQSyk gqvk gSA
z ty lalk/u% ueZnk unh vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;k¡ mu z tyçikr vkSj ?kkfV;k¡% ueZnk Hkza'k ?kkVh ls gksdj cgrh
jkT;ksa esa flapkbZ] ?kjsyw •ir vkSj vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx osQ gS vkSj lqanj tyçikr vkSj ?kkfV;k¡ cukrh gSA

z tyçikr% dfiy/kjk] nw//kjk] nqxkZ/kjk] y{e/kjk] isap z fryokM+k ?kkV% tcyiqj osQ ikl fryokM+k ?kkV ,sfrgkfld
/‌kjk] /qvka/kj] nnhZ] eka/krk] lgL=k/kjk] tkjokuhA egRo j•rk gS D;ksafd ;g og LFkku gS tgk¡ egkRek xka/h
z egk•îó (tkWtZ)% HksM+k?kkV dh vfLFk;k¡ ueZnk unh esa folftZr dh xbZ FkhaA
ueZnk rV ij çfl¼ LFkku LVSP;w vkWiQ ;wfuVh
z HksM+k?kkV% tcyiqj osQ ikl fLFkr] LVSP;w vkWiQ ;wfuVh Hkkjr osQ xqtjkr osQ ueZnk ftys esa osQofM+;k
HksM+k?kkV viuh laxejej dh 'kgj osQ ikl] ueZnk unh ij lk/q csV uked }‌hi ij fLFkr gSA
pêðkuksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gS] ;g ,d ;g çfrek 182 ehVj (597 iQhV) dh çHkko'kkyh ÅapkbZ ij
vk'p;Ztud ?kkVh gS tgka fo'kky fLFkr gS] tks bls nqfu;k dh lcls Åaph çfrek cukrh gSA ;g
laxejej dh pêðkuksa osQ chp çfrek phu esa fLçax VsEiy cq¼ dh ÅapkbZ dks ikj dj xbZ gS]
ueZnk unh cgrh gSA /qvka/kj tyçikr blh osQ ikl fLFkr tks LVSP;w vkWiQ ;wfuVh osQ fuekZ.k ls igys] lcls Åaph çfrek
gS] tks /q,a tSlh /qa/yh iQqgkj osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA FkhA
z egs'oj% egs'oj ueZnk osQ rV ij clk ,d ,sfrgkfld 'kgj LVSP;w vkWiQ ;wfuVh dk fuekZ.k
gS] tks vius çkphu eafnjksa] ?kkVksa 31 vDVwcj 2013 dks vkjEHk
vkSj egs'oj fdys osQ fy, gqvk vkSj 31 vDVwcj 2018
çfl¼ gSA uxj dh fojklr vkSj dks ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dh
ikjaifjd gFkdj?kk m|ksx 143oha t;arh osQ volj ij
i;ZVdksa vkSj rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa dks bldk vukoj.k fd;k x;kA bl
leku :i ls vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA çfrek dks Hkkjrh; ewfrZdkj jke oh-lqrkj us fMtkbu fd;k FkkA
z lsBkuh ?kkV% ;g ueZnkiqje ij blesa ljnkj iVsy dks ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; /ksrh vkSj 'kkWy igus gq,
fLFkr 19oha lnh dh ,d fn•k;k x;k gS] vkSj mUgsa ,drk vkSj vkRefo'okl osQ laosQr esa
cukoV gSA ;g Hkkjr osQ lcls viuk nkfguk gkFk mBk, gq, fn•k;k x;k gSA ;g çfrek ,d
cM+s ?kkVksa esa ls ,d gSA ueZnk çn'kZuh d{k vkSj ,d laxzgky; ls f?kjh gqbZ gS tks iVsy osQ
t;arh mRlo osQ nkSjku] gtkjksa thou vkSj Hkkjr esa muosQ ;ksxnku dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
yksxksa vkSj unh esa rSjrs fn;ksa osQ eè; çns'k esa rkIrh viokg ra=k
lkFk lsBkuh ?kkV thoar gks mBrk gSA ?kkV dk fuekZ.k vkSj
z mn~xe% rkIrh unh eè; çns'k osQ cSrwy ftys esa eqyrkbZ osQ
ueZnkiqje esa 'kekZ ifjokj dh tkudhckbZ lsBkuh us djk;k
ikl lriqM+k Js.kh ls fudyrh gSA
FkkA ;g ?kkV /kfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd LFkyksa dks lajf{kr vkSj
c<+kus esa LFkkuh; ;ksxnku vkSj lkeqnkf;d ç;klksa osQ egRo z yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 724 fdeh gSA viuh mRifÙk osQ
dks n'kkZrk gSA ckn unh egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr jkT;ksa ls gksdj if'pe fn'kk
esa cgrh gSA ;g xqtjkr osQ lwjr tSls egRoiw.kZ uxjksa ls
z vksadkjs'oj% vksadkjs'oj
gksdj xqtjrh gSA
fganqvksa }kjk iwT;uh; ckjg
T;ksfrfyZaxksa esa ls ,d gSA z lgk;d ufn;k¡% rkIrh unh dks iw.kkZ] fxjuk] iatkjk vkSj
ifo=k vksadkjs'oj eafnj cksjh ufn;ksa lfgr dbZ lgk;d ufn;ksa }kjk ty feyrk gSA
ueZnk unh }kjk fufeZr ,d z vU; uke% lw;Ziq=kh (lw;Z dh csVh)A
}hi ij fLFkr gSA
z cM+okuh% cM+okuh ueZnk
osQ rV ij clk ,d ,sfrgkfld uxj gS] tks vius çkphu
eafnjksa] fdyksa vkSj thoar vkfnoklh laLÑfr osQ fy, tkuk
tkrk gSA
z eaMyk% eaMyk eè; çns'k dk ,d uxj gS] tks ueZnk vkSj
catj ufn;ksa osQ laxe ij fLFkr gSA ;g vius ,sfrgkfld
Lekjdksa vkSj çkÑfrd lqanjrk osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA

eè; çns'k esa ekgh viokg ra=k pEcy 'khrykekrk bankSj
z mn~xe% bldk mn~xe /kj ftys osQ lnjiqj osQ feaMk xkao pqfy;k fpÙkksMx< (jktLFkku)
osQ ikl foaè; ioZr Jà•yk ls gksrk gSA tkenkj m"kk Vhdex<+
z yackbZ% bldh oqQy yackbZ 583 fdeh gSA oSuxaxk xaxqYikjk ckyk?kkV
z laxe% •aHkkr dh •kM+h esa çokfgrA
z lgk;d ufn;ksa% lkse] tk•e] pki] vukl] eksjsu] b:A foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
z egRoiw.kZ rF;% ;g ddZ js•k dks nks ckj dkVrh gSA 1- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu & lk ;qXe lgh lqesfyr ugha gS\
(2021)
z ekgh] tk•e vkSj lkse unh osQ laxe dks cs.ks'oj laxe
owQV%
osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tgka çfro"kZ vkfnoklh oqQaHk
dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA cs.ks'oj esyk vkfnokfl;ksa dk oqQaHk flapkbZ ifj;kstuk ftyk
dgk tkrk gSA cM+h la[;k esa vkfnokfl;ksa dks vkdf"kZr (a) cjxh ifj;kstuk tcyiqj
djus okyk ;g esyk ek?k eghus osQ vkf•jh ikap fnuksa esa (b) rok ifj;kstuk gks'kaxkckn
euk;k tkrk gSA (c) efV;kjh ck¡/ ifj;kstuk eaMyk
(d) ckjuk ?kkVh ifj;kstuk mTtSu
mÙkj (c)
2- lwph&I dks lwph&II ls lqesfyr dhft, vkSj lwfp;ksa osQ
uhps fn, x, owQV dk mi;ksx djosQ lgh mÙkj dk p;u
djsa% (2021)
lwph&I lwph&II
(lgk;d ufn;k¡) (ufn;k¡)
A. csrok i. pEcy
B. f{kçk ii. ;equk
C. oSuxaxk iii. ueZnk
D. rok iv. xksnkojh
tyçikr ,d utj esa
owQV%
unh tyçikr ftyk A B C D
ueZnk dfiy /kjk vuqiiqj (a) iii iv ii i
nqX/ /kjk vuqiiqj (b) ii i iv iii
y{e.k /kjk vuqiiqj (c) iii iv i ii
'kEHkw /kjk vuqiiqj (d) i iii ii iv
nnhZ •aMok mÙkj (b)
tjokuh ueZnk ftyk (xqtjkr) 3- csrok unh fudyrh gS% (2020)
osQu ikaMo iUuk (a) vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa ls (b) lriqM+k igkfM+;ksa ls
xkFkk iUuk (c) foUè;u igkfM+;ksa ls (d) if'peh ?kkV ls
Vksal iwokZ jhok mÙkj (c)
chgM+ ppkbZ jhok 4- pEcy ugj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk lEcfU/r gS_ (2020)
fi;kou jhok (a) flU/ csflu ls (b) xaxk csflu ls
lsyj cgqrh eÅxat (c) ;equk csflu ls (d) rkIrh csflu ls
xksjek cSyksgh jhok mÙkj (c)

5- tokgj lkxj tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk fdl unh ij fLFkr gS\ 12- rok fdl unh dh lgk;d unh gS\ (2016)
(2020) (a) rkIrh (b) ueZnk
(a) Narmada (b) Chambal
(c) ikoZrh (d) egkunh
(c) Tapti (d) Mahi
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (b)
13- csrok unh osQ rV ij fLFkr uxj gS (2014)
6- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk tyçikr ueZnk unh ij ugha gS \
(a) vksjNk (b) mTtSu
(a) dfiy/kjk (b) HkkyoqQ.M
(c) eaMhnhi (d) eqjSuk
(c) nqX//kjk (d) HksM+k?kkV
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (b)
7- lriqM+k {ks=k esa fLFkr Jsf.k;ksa esa ls if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
mudh fLFkfr dks n'kkZusokyk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lk 1- pacy osQ mn~xe LFky dk uke crk,aA (2019)
Øe lgh gS\
2- eè; çns'k esa ugj flapkbZ osQ çfrowQy dkjd D;k gSa\
(a) cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡ & egknso Js.kh & esdy Js.kh
(2019)
(b) egknso Js.kh & cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡ & esdy Js.kh
3- fdl LFkku ij ueZnk vkSj rkIrh unh ,d nwljs osQ lcls
(c) egknso Js.kh & esdy Js.kh & cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡
fudV gSa\ (2019)
(d) esdy Js.kh & egknso Js.kh & cM+okuh dh igkfM+;k¡
mÙkj (a) 4- ueZnk osQ mn~xe LFkku dk uke crk,aA (2019 special)
5- eè; çns'k esa ty lap;u çca/u ij fVIi.kh fyf•,A
8- fdl unh dh ?kkVh xgjh •îóHkwfe (Ravines) osQ fy,
fo[;kr gS\ (2019) (2019 special)
(a) ueZnk (b) lksu 6- eè; çns'k esa flapkbZ osQ fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh ubZ
(c) pEcy (d) rkIrh rduhdksa dk fooj.k nsaA (2019 special)
mÙkj (c) 7- rkIrh unh osQ mn~xe LFky dk uke crk,aA (2018)
9- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lh unh pEcy esa ugha feyrh gS\ 8- eè; çns'k dh nks ufn;ksa osQ uke crkb,] tks Hkza'k ?kkVh
(2018) ls gksdj cgrh gSa vkSj eqgkuk cukrh gSaA (2015)
(a) f{kçk (b) dkyhfla/ 9- tcyiqj osQ fudV ueZnk unh fdl tyçikr dk fuekZ.k
(c) csrok (d) ikoZrh djrh gS\ (2015)
mÙkj (c) 10- Ecy unh dh çokg ç.kkyh dk HkkSxksfyd fooj.k nhft;sA
10- eè; çns'k dh fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu&lh ?kkVh] Hkza'k ?kkVh (2015)
ugha gS\ (2018) 11- ueZnk ?kkVh ;kstukA (2013)
(a) lksu ?kkVh (b) ueZnk ?kkVh 12- eè; çns'k dh çeq• ufn;k¡A (2013)
(c) rkIrh ?kkVh (d) pEcy ?kkVh
mÙkj (b) vH;kl ç'u
11- eè; çns'k dh mR•kr & Hkwfe (cSMySaM) ifj.kke gS 1- ppbZ >juk] eè; çns'k dk lcls Åapk >juk] dh ÅapkbZ
(2016) D;k gS\
(a) voufydk vijnu dk (b) ijr vijnu dk (a) 15 ehVj (b) 30 ehVj
(c) vfrpkj.k dk (d) ok;q vijnu dk (c) 10 iQhV (d) 130 ehVj
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (d)

2- eè; çns'k esa dkSulh unh eksg osQ tuiok igkfM+;ksa ls 4- dkSulh unh bankSj ls dkØk cjM+h igkM+h esa mRiUu gksrh
mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj mÙkj çns'k osQ bVkok esa ;equk unh esa gS vkSj ekaMlkSj ftys osQ ikl pEcy unh ls feyrh gS\
feyrh gS\ (a) f{kçk unh (b) dkyh&fla/ unh
(a) ueZnk unh (b) VkWUl unh
(c) oqQuks unh (d) ikcZrh unh
(c) pEcy unh (d) f{kçk unh
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (c)
5- eè; çns'k esa dkSulh >hy e/o us'kuy ikdZ esa cSBh gqbZ
4- bankSj ftys esa dkSulh >hy viuh varjkZ"Vªh; egRo osQ
:i esa jkelj le>kSrs osQ rgr ekU;rk çkIr dj pqdh gS gS vkSj bls 2022 esa jkelj le>kSrs osQ rgr varjkZ"Vªh;
vkSj bankSj 'kgj dks ikuh çnku djrh gS\ egRo dh ekU;rk çkIr gqbZ\
(a) fljiqj >hy (b) ;'koar lkxj (a) fljiqj >hy (b) ;'koar lkxj
(c) Hkkst míku (d) (a) vkSj (b) (c) Hkkst míku (d) la[;k lkxj
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (d)
v v v

eè; çns'k dh flapkbZ]
6 fo|qr ifj;kstuk,¡ ,oa ck¡/
flapkbZ D;wfcd ehVj (MCM) 28 fefy;u ,dM+ iQhV gksus dk
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA
z jkT; dk ldy ty lalk/u 90-75 vjc ?ku ehVj gS]
flapkbZ {kerk µ 60 yk• gsDVs;j (15 fefy;u ,dM+)
ftlls 112 yk• gsDVs;j {ks=k dh flapkbZ dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkwfe
flapkbZ osQ lk/u fo|qr mRiknu {kerk µ 3]000 esxkokV
1- oqQ,¡ ,oa VÔwcosy% jkT; esa lokZf/d 67-34 çfr'kr Hkwfe
{ks=k dh flapkbZ oqQvksa ,oa VÔwcosyksa ls gksrh gSA oqQvksa ls ueZnk ty fookn U;k;kf/dj.k (vDVwcj] 1969)
flapkbZ eq[;r% ekyok osQ mÙkjh Hkkx ,oa mÙkjh ftyksa esa z varjjkT;h; unh ty fookn vf/fu;e] 1956 dh /kjk&4 osQ
dh tkrh gSA rgr] osaQæ ljdkj us ueZnk ty osQ caVokjs vkSj ueZnk unh
2- ugjsa% eè; çns'k esa ugjksa }kjk flafpr {ks=k 20-24 çfr'kr gSA ?kkVh fodkl ij fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, 6 vDVwcj 1969 dks
3- rkykc% rhljk çeq• flapkbZ lk/uA orZeku e- ç- oqQy ueZnk ty fookn U;k;kf/dj.k (NWDT) dk xBu fd;kA
flafpr {ks=k dk 3-2 çfr'kr Hkkx rkykcksa }kjk gSA z NWDT iqjLdkj (ty mi;ksx dk forj.k) 12 fnlacj]
4- vU; L=kksr% 9-22 çfr'kr {ks=k dh flapkbZ iks•j] ukyksa ,oa 1979 dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vf/lwfpr fd;k x;k FkkA
Mcjk vkfn ls gksrh gSA blosQ rgr lacaf/r jkT;ksa dks nh xbZ {kerk dk mi;ksx djus
rFkk cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, 45 lky dk le;
cgqmís'kh; tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk,a fn;kA fnlacj 2024 esa MsMykbu iwjh gks tk,xhA
z cgqmís'kh; tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk,a cM+s iSekus ij cqfu;knh z bl mís'; ls eè; çns'k us ueZnk ?kkVh fodkl çkf/dj.k
<kapk ifj;kstukvksa dks lanfHkZr djrh gSa ;g fctyh mRiUu (NVDA) }kjk ueZnk csflu ij 29 o`gr] 135 eè;e vkSj
djus vkSj ÅtkZ mRiknu ls lkFk ty dh 'kfÙkQ dk mi;ksx
3000 NksVh ifj;kstukvksa osQ fuekZ.k dk y{; j•k gSA
dj vfrfjÙkQ ykHk çnku djus esa Hkh lgk;d gSaA bu
ifj;kstukvksa dks fctyh mRiknu] flapkbZ] ck<+ fu;a=k.k] ty U;k;kf/dj.k dk iqjLdkj
vkiwfrZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh euksjatu lfgr dbZ mís';ksa dks iwjk Ø-la- jkT; çokg (MAF esa)
djus osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA 1 xqtjkr 9
z lapkbZ] fctyh mRiknu] ty vkiwfrZ vkSj vU; ykHkksa gsrq 2 eè; çns'k 18-25
ty lalk/uksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, eè; çns'k jkT; esa cM+h 3 egkjk"Vª 0-25
la[;k esa cka/ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA 4 jktLFkku 0-5
z cM+s cka/ksa ij varjkZ"Vªh; vk;ksx (International oqQy 28-00 MAF
Commission on Large Dams & ICOLD) osQ ekunaMksa mi;ksx ;ksX; ty dh ek=kk 75% fuHkZjrk ij pkj jkT;ksa }kjk
osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k osQ 906 cka/ cM+s cka/ksa dh Js.kh lk>k dh tk,xh (,uMCY;wMhVh osQ vuqlkj
esa vkrs gSaA Rajasthan
z bu cka/ksa dh oqQy fMtkbu flapkbZ {kerk 5]65]020 gsDVs;j 1.8%
Gujrat
vkSj oqQy {kerk 3746-11 MCUM gSA 9 (32.1%) 32.1%
eè; çns'k dh çeq• ty fo|qr ,oa flapkbZ ifj;kstuk,¡
ueZnk ?kkVh ifj;kstuk Madhya Pradesh
18.25 (65.2%)
65.2%
z ueZnk ty fookn U;k;kf/dj.k (NWDT) }kjk ueZnk osQ
ty dh okf"kZd mi;ksx djus ;ksX; ek=kk 34-537 fefy;u
ueZnk ?kkVh fodkl çkf/dj.k (NVDA)
z ;g eè; çns'k ljdkj dk ,d laxBu gS tks ueZnk csflu esa ty lalk/u fodkl dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj ifj;kstukvksa osQ
'kh?kz dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, xfBr fd;k x;k gSA
z NVDA dk xBu 9 vxLr 1985 dks fd;k x;k FkkA
z eq[; dk;kZy; Hkksiky esa gS
z ueZnk unh dh {kerk dks vf/dre djus osQ fy, bl ij vkSj bldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ij fuEufyf•r cka/ cuk, x, gSaA
z cjxh cka/% eè; çns'k esa tcyiqj osQ ikl fLFkr] cjxh z ckjuk cka/% ;g jk;lsu osQ ckM+h esa fLFkr ueZnk csflu
cka/ ,d cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstuk gS ;g flapkbZ] ty vkiwfrZ ls lacaf/r çeq• ifj;kstukvksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g ueZnk dh
vkSj ty fo|qr mRiknu gsrq mi;ksxh gSA cjxh cka/ tyk'k; lgk;d unh ckjuk ij gSA ;g ewy :i ls 1176 oxZ fdeh
i;ZVu vkSj euksjatd xfrfof/;ksa osQ fy, volj çnku osQ tyxzg.k {ks=k okyh ,d flapkbZ ifj;kstuk gSA Hkkjr&WRIS
djrk gSAcjxh cka/ dh nks çeq• ifj;kstuk,a gSa osQ vuqlkj] bldh flapkbZ {kerk 62]000 gsDVs;j gS ftlls
1- cjxh Mk;otZu jk;lsu vkSj lhgksj ftys ykHkkfUor gSaA
2- jkuh voarh ckbZ lkxj ifj;kstuk z rok cka/% rok tyk'k; (fjtokZ;j) ueZnk csflu ls
çkjaHk% 1988
lacaf/r rok unh ij ,d tyk'k; gSA ;g rokuxj]bVkjlh
tyxzg.k {ks=k% 14]556 oxZ fd-eh
ueZnkiqje ftys esa fLFkr gSA tyk'k; dk fuekZ.k rok cka/ osQ
flapkbZ {kerk% 3-76 yk• gsDVs;j
fuekZ.k 1958&1978 osQ chp gqvk FkkA bldh oqQy flapkbZ
laLFkkfir {kerk% 105 esxkokV {kerk 1-65 yk• gsDVs;j gSA ;g 13 esxkokV fctyh dk
Lyheukckn lqjax mRiknu dj ldrk gSA rok tyk'k; rok vkSj nsuok unh
z cjxh Mk;otZu ifj;kstuk ,d Vªkal&oSyh flapkbZ ifj;kstuk osQ laxe ij fufeZr gSA ;g lriqM+k igkfM+;ksa dh çkÑfrd
gS ftlesa 197 fdyksehVj ugj 'kkfey gSA lqanjrk ls f?kjs gksus osQ dkj.k i;ZVu dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
z ;g lruk] tcyiqj] dVuh vkSj jhok ftyksa osQ lw•kxzLr z dksykj cka/% ;g ifj;kstuk Hkksiky ls yxHkx 32 fdeh
{ks=kksa esa 245]000 gsDVs;j Hkwfe dks flapkbZ çnku djus nf{k.k if'pe esa lhgksj ftys osQ ykok•sM+h (chjiqj) xkao
osQ fy, ueZnk unh ls ty LFkkukarfjr djsxkA osQ fudV ueZnk unh dh lgk;d unh dksykj ij fLFkr gSA
z ;g tcyiqj rFkk dVuh 'kgj dks çfrfnu 284 fefy;u bldh iw.kZ flapkbZ {kerk 61000 gsDVs;j gSA
yhVj ?kjsyw o vkS|ksfxd ty dh vkiwfrZ djsxkA z bafnjk lkxj cka/% •aMok ftys esa iquklk 'kgj osQ ikl
fLFkr gSAbafnjk lkxj cka/ ,d cgqmís'kh; cka/ ifj;kstuk
gSA bl ifj;kstuk dh vk/kjf'kyk 1984 esa ç/kuea=kh bafnjk
xka/h }kjk j•h xbZ Fkh ijUrq eq[; cka/ dk fuekZ.k dbZ o"kks±
i'pkr 1992 esa 'kq: gksdj 2003 esa iwjk gqvkA
bl cka/ ls •aMok] •jxksu ,oa cM+okuh dh 1-69
yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe dh flapkbZ {kerk gSA ;g yxHkx

1]000 esxkokV (esxkokV) dh LFkkfir {kerk okys z eku o`gr flapkbZ ifj;kstuk% ;g ifj;kstuk /kj ftys esa
tyfo|qr LVs'ku dk leFkZu djrk gSA ;g vius ueZnk unh dh ,d çeq• lgk;d unh eku unh ij fLFkr
cSdokVj esa ty •syksa osQ ekè;e ls i;ZVu dks Hkh gSA bldh flapkbZ {kerk 17700 gsDVs;j gSA
vkdf"kZr djrk gSA z tkscV ('kghn pUæ'ks•j vktkn lkxj) o`gr flapkbZ
guqeafr;k }hi eè; çns'k dk ,d uohu ty i;ZVu LFky ifj;kstuk% ;g ifj;kstuk /kj ftys esa ueZnk dh lgk;d unh
gSA ;g •aMok 'kgj osQ utnhd gSA bldk fodkl ,oa gFkuh ij fLFkr gSA bldh flapkbZ {kerk 12500 gsDVs;j gSA
çpkj&çlkj eè; çns'k i;ZVu fodkl fuxe }kjk fd;k x;k
gSA bafnjk lkxj cka/ dk cSdokVj ,d fo'kky >hy cukrk gS
ftlesa i;ZVu fodkl dh vikj laHkkouk,a gSaA guqeafr;k dks
bl {ks=k esa i;ZVu fodkl osQ fy, bl cka/ osQ cSdokVj ij
fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
z ljnkj ljksoj cka/% ueZnk unh ij lcls cM+s cka/ksa esa ls

,d] ljnkj ljksoj cka/ xqtjkr esa uokxke osQ ikl fLFkr
gSA ;g ,d cgqmís'kh; ifj;kstuk gS tks flapkbZ] ?kjsyw mi;ksx
vkSj vkS|ksfxd mís';ksa osQ fy, ty miyC/ djkrh gSA cka/
osQ tyfo|qr la;a=k dh {kerk 1]450 MW (esxkokV) ls
vf/d gSA
z iquklk m}gu (fyÝV) flapkbZ ifj;kstuk% ;g ifj;kstuk ljnkj ljksoj cka/ dh vk/kjf'kyk 1961 esa tokgjyky
NksVk rok unh ij fLFkr gS vkSj blesa 8 fyÝV@iai gSaA usg: us j•h FkhA blosQ fuekZ.k dks iwjk gksus esa yxHkx
vafre flapkbZ {kerk 36760 gsDVs;j gSA bl flapkbZ ;kstuk 56 lky yxsA eè; çns'k] xqtjkr] jktLFkku vkSj egkjk"Vª
ls •aMok ftys dks ykHk feyrk gSA dks cka/ ls ty vkSj fctyh dh vkiwfrZ gksrh gSA
z vksadkjs'oj cka/% bafnjk lkxj cka/ osQ fupys fgLls esa ljnkj ljksoj cka/ 1-2 fdyksehVj yack gS vkSj cka/ dh
fLFkr] vksadkjs'oj cka/ esa yxHkx 520 esxkokV dh LFkkfir ÅapkbZ 138-68 ehVj gS tks bls Hkkjr dk rhljk lcls
{kerk okyk ,d tyfo|qr LVs'ku Hkh 'kkfey gSA bldh Åapk daØhV cka/ cukrh gSA
vafre flapkbZ {kerk 2-83 yk• gsDVs;j gSA
z egs'oj cka/% eè; çns'k esa egs'oj osQ ikl fLFkr] ;g
cka/ 400 esxkokV dh LFkkfir {kerk osQ lkFk flapkbZ vkSj
ty fo|qr çnku djus osQ fy, fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA cka/
ifj;kstuk dks i;kZoj.k vkSj lkekftd fparkvksa osQ dkj.k
fooknksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA
lekpkj esa pEcy ?kkVh ifj;kstuk
z eè; çns'k ljdkj us egs'oj tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk ls
z pEcy xaxk csflu dk ,d Hkkx gSA pEcy ifj;kstuk çFke
fctyh •jhnus dh lgefr osQ yxHkx rhu n'kd ckn
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku 1954 esa çkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA
mlosQ lHkh vuqca/ jí dj fn, gSaA
bldk fuekZ.k 3 pj.kksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g 61 xkaoksa osQ Mwcus dk dkj.k cuk gS bls blosQ •jkc
flapkbZ {kerk% 2-73 yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe
foÙkh; VªSd fjdkWMZ] dbZ vfu;ferrkvksa vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj osQ
ykHkkfUor ftys% fHkaM] lokbZ ek/ksiqj] ';ksiqj] dksVk]
vkjksiksa osQ dkj.k jí dj fn;k x;k gSA
eqjSuk
z lwÙkQk (Hkxoar lkxj) cka/% ;g ifj;kstuk •aMok esa ueZnk unh dh {kerk dks vf/dre djus osQ fy, bl
ueZnk unh dh lgk;d unh lqÙkQk ij fLFkr gSA vafre flapkbZ ij vkSj bldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ij fuEufyf•r cka/
{kerk 18580 th gsDVs;j gSA cuk, x, gSaA
eè; çns'k dh flapkbZ] fo|qr ifj;kstuk,¡ ,oa ck¡/ 37

uke çdkj unh txg ty fo|qr LFkkfir {kerk (esxkokV)
1 xka/h lkxj cka/ ck¡/ pacy eanlkSj 115
2 jk.kk çrki lkxj cka/ ck¡/ pacy jkorHkkVk (jktLFkku) 172
3 tokgj lkxj cka/ ck¡/ pacy dksVk (jktLFkku) 99
4 dksVk cSjkt cSjkt pacy dksVk (jktLFkku)
5 dksroky cka/ ck¡/ vklu eqjSuk
6 Hkqxrku cka/ ck¡/ vklu eqjSuk
z xka/h lkxj cka/% xka/h lkxj cka/ eq[; :i ls eanlkSj z tokgj lkxj cka/% ;g pacy ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa dh
ftys esa fLFkr gSA bldk fuekZ.k eq[; pEcy unh ij fd;k Jà•yk esa rhljk cka/ gS vkSj dksVk cSjkt osQ lkFk ifj;kstuk
x;k gSA xka/h lkxj cka/ osQ fuekZ.k dh vk/kjf'kyk 1954 osQ vafre pj.k esa cuk;k x;k gSA bldh LFkkfir {kerk
esa rRdkyhu ih,e tokgjyky usg: us j•h Fkh vkSj bldk
99MW gSA
forj.k 1960 esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA ;g pacy ifj;kstuk osQ
igys pj.k esa iwjk gqvk FkkA ikoj LVs'ku dh oqQy LFkkfir z dksVk cSjkt% ;g jktLFkku osQ dksVk 'kgj esa fLFkr pacy
{kerk 115 esxkokV gSA Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa dh Jà•yk esa pkSFkk gSA rhu viLVªhe
ijh{kd (CAG) dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] xka/h lkxj cka/ (vuqçokg) cka/ksa vFkkZr xka/h lkxj cka/] jk.kk çrki lkxj
dks rRdky ejEer dh vko';drk gSA cka/ vkSj tokgj lkxj cka/ksa ij fctyh mRiknu osQ ckn
z jk.kk çrki lkxj cka/% jk.kk çrki lkxj cka/ jktLFkku NksM+k x;k ty dksVk cSjkt }kjk jktLFkku vkSj eè; çns'k
esa pwfy;k tyçikr osQ fudV jkorHkkVk esa pacy unh ij
esa ugjksa osQ ekè;e ls flapkbZ osQ fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA nk;ha
cuk;k x;k gSA bldk fuekZ.k pEcy ?kkVh ifj;kstuk osQ
nwljs pj.k esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldh LFkkfir {kerk 172 ugj vkSj ck;ha ugj Øe'k% eè; çns'k vkSj jktLFkku dks
esxkokV gSA flafpr djrh gSA

z cka/% cka/ eq[; :i ls ty dks laxzfgr djosQ] muosQ
ihNs tyk'k; cukus osQ fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA laxzfgr ty
dk mi;ksx flapkbZ] is;ty vkiwfrZ] ty fo|qr mRiknu
vkSj ck<+ fu;a=k.k lfgr fofHkUu mís';ksa osQ fy, fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
z cSjkt% ufn;ksa esa ty osQ çokg dks fu;af=kr djus osQ
fy, cSjkt cuk, tkrs gSaA os Åijh ty Lrj dks fu;af=kr
djus vkSj flapkbZ osQ fy, ty dh fn'kk ifjofrZr djus
esa lgk;d gSaA
csrok ifj;kstuk
z jkt?kkV cka/% jkt?kkV ifj;kstuk ftls csrok unh ij jkuh osQu ifj;kstuk
y{eh ckbZ ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk
z osQu ugj çeq• flapkbZ ifj;kstuk esa cfj;kjiqj cSjkt] xaxÅ
gSA ;g 50&50 çfr'kr dh lk>snkjh okyk eè; çns'k&mÙkj cSjkt vkSj jaxoku cka/ 'kkfey gSaA bl ifj;kstuk esa yxHkx
çns'k dk la;qÙkQ ifj;kstuk gSA ;g eè; çns'k osQ v'kksduxj 2 yk• gsDVs;j dh flapkbZ {kerk gS ftlls iUuk ftys vkSj
ftys vkSj mÙkj çns'k osQ yfyriqj ftys dh lhek ij mÙkj çns'k osQ vU; fgLlksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA osQu&csrok
fLFkr gSA unh tksM+ks ifj;kstuk osQ pyrs osQu unh ij ,d u;s cka/
z ekrkVhyk cka/% ekrkVhyk cka/ mÙkj çns'k osQ yfyriqj nkS/u dk Hkh vuqca/ fd;k tk jgk gSA
ftys esa gSA ;g eè; çns'k vkSj mÙkj çns'k osQ chp ,d z mfeZy cka/% ;g eè; çns'k ,oa mÙkj çns'k dh varjjkT;h;
la;qÙkQ ifj;kstuk gSA bl ifj;kstuk ls Vhdex<+] Xokfy;j ifj;kstuk gSA ;g osQu unh dh lgk;d unh mfeZy ij
vkSj fHkaM ftys dks ykHk feyrk gSA csrok ugj ç.kkyh bl fLFkr gSA
ifj;kstuk esa lfEefyr gSA bldh flapkbZ {kerk yxHkx 2
fla/ ifj;kstuk
yk• gsDVs;j gSA blosQ lkFk gh bldh oqQy LFkkfir {kerk
33 esxkokV gSA z fla/ ifj;kstuk dks 1972 esa pquko vk;ksx }kjk eatwjh nh xbZ
FkhA ifj;kstuk osQ nks pj.k iwjs gks pqosQ gSaA bl ifj;kstuk
z lezkV v'kksd lkxj (gykyh) cka/% ;g fofn'kk ftys
esa yxHkx 2 yk• gsDVs;j flapkbZ {kerk gSA bldk ykHk
esa csrok unh dh lgk;d gykyh unh ij ,d tyk'k; gSA
Xokfy;j] f'koiqjh] nfr;k vkSj fHkaM ftyksa dks feyrk gSA
blosQ ty ls jk;lsu vkSj fofn'kk ftys ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA
ifj;kstuk esa fuEufyf•r cka/ 'kkfey gSa%
z dfy;klksr cka/% dfy;klksr cka/ csrok dh lgk;d unh
vVy lkxj (eM+h•sM+k) cka/% ;g eè; çns'k osQ
dfy;klksr ij gS] tks Hkksiky esa fLFkr gS vkSj Hkksiky osQ
f'koiqjh ftys esa fLFkr gSA ;g fla/ unh ij gSA ;g
çeq• euksje lqanj i;ZVu LFkyksa esa ls ,d gSA dfy;klksr
60 esxkokV dh LFkkfir {kerk okyh ,d tyfo|qr
cka/ dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls Hkksiky vkSj jk;lsu ftyksa esa ifj;kstuk gSA
jch iQlyksa dh flapkbZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vU; cka/% gjlh cka/] eksfguh cka/
z chuk ifj;kstuk% chuk flapkbZ vkSj tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk esa
lkxj ftys esa pkj cka/ efM;k cka/] /lku cka/] nsgjk cka/ lksu ifj;kstuk
vkSj pdjiqj cka/ dk fuekZ.k 'kkfey gSA ;g jkT; ljdkj z cgkj] eè; çns'k vkSj mÙkj çns'k osQ chp ck.klkxj
dh ,d egRokdka{kh ifj;kstuk gSA ifj;kstuk dk y{; nks le>kSrs (1973) osQ vuqlkj] lksu csflu esa oqQy okf"kZd
fctyh la;a=kksa }kjk iufctyh mRiUu djuk Hkh gS & efM;k ty miyC/rk 14-25 MAF gS] ftls rhu jkT;ksa osQ chp
cka/ ls 22 esxkokV vkSj nsgjk cka/ ls 10 esxkokVA fuEukuqlkj lk>k fd;k x;k gS%

fcgkj 7-75 MAF 6 dksykj ueZnk csflu 60900
mÙkj çns'k 1-25 MAF
7 egku (xqykc – 9100
eè; çns'k 5-25 MAF
lkxj)
z ck.klkxj cka/% lksu unh ij fLFkr] bl cgqmís'kh; 8 ekgh ekgh csflu 26430
ifj;kstuk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ flapkbZ ?kVd gS vkSj blesa 9 jkt?kkV fla/ csflu 164000
yxHkx 45 esxkokV dh {kerk okyk ,d tyfo|qr LVs'ku
10 juxoka /lku vkSj osQu 6478
Hkh 'kkfey gSA csflu dks
z fjgan ifj;kstuk% fjgan cka/ dks xksfoan cYyHk iar lkxj
11 lezkV v'kksd csrok csflu 25091
osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g eè; çns'k vkSj mÙkj lkxj (gykyh)
çns'k osQ chp ,d la;qÙkQ ifj;kstuk gSA ;g Hkkjr dh lcls
12 lat; ljksoj oSuxaxk csflu 69700
cM+h Ñf=ke >hy gS vkSj bafnjk lkxj cka/ osQ ckn vk;ru
(Åijh oSuxaxk)
(HkaMkj.k) osQ fglkc ls Hkkjr dk nwljk lcls cM+k cka/
gSA bldh oqQy LFkkfir {kerk 300MW gSA 13 fla/ ifj;kstuk fla/ csflu 40800
14 lqÙkQk (Hkxoar ueZnk csflu 6200
lkxj)
15 rok ueZnk csflu 165472
16 Fkuokj oSuxaxk csflu 11105
17 mfeZy osQu csflu dks 7692
eè; çns'k esa ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk,¡

uke ftyk ?kkVh unh
1 rok tyfo|qr ueZnkiqje ueZnk rok
ifj;kstuk
2 ljnkj ljksoj iapegy ueZnk ueZnk
tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk
3 jkuh voarh ckbZ tcyiqj ueZnk ueZnk
lkxj (cjxh)
tyfo|qr
çeq• iw.kZ ifj;kstukvksa dh lwph 4 vksadkjs'oj tyfo|qr •aMok ueZnk ueZnk
ifj;kstuk
Ø-la- ifj;kstuk dk ?kkVh flapkbZ {kerk
uke (gsDVs;j esa) 5 egs'oj ty fo|qr •jxksu o ueZnk ueZnk
ifj;kstuk •aMok
1 ck.klkxj xaxk csflu 193359
6 bafnjk lkxj •aMok ueZnk ueZnk
2 cfj;kjiqj /lku vkSj osQu 43800
tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk
csflu dks
7 isap tyfo|qr ukxiqj xksnkojh isap
3 cjuk ueZnk csflu 62000
ifj;kstuk
4 pacy ugj ;equk csflu 191380 8 fjgan ty fo|qr fetkZiqj (mÙkj xaxk fjgan
5 gjlh ;equk csflu 30223 ifj;kstuk çns'k)

9 jkt?kkV tyfo|qr v'kksduxj xaxk csrok 20 dksykj nsfo;ksa lhgksj
ifj;kstuk 21 cPps nsfo;ksa jk;lsu
10 ekrkVhyk tyfo|qr yfyriqj xaxk csrok 22 nsoxkao cka/ fNanokM+k
ifj;kstuk (mÙkj çns'k)
23 lat; ljksoj cka/ flouh
11 ef/osQjk tyfo|qr f'koiqjh xaxk fla/
ifj;kstuk 24 Fkkuokj ifj;kstuk cka/ eaMyk
12 pEcy tyfo|qr dksVk xaxk pacy 25 esgxkao VSad cka/ tcyiqj

ifj;kstuk 26 f'k{kk cka/ tcyiqj
13 fcjflagiqj tyfo|qr 'kgMksy xaxk tksfgyk@ 27 eaMbZ cka/ tcyiqj
ifj;kstuk lksu 28 lkxjunh cka/ flouh
14 ck.klkxj tyfo|qr 'kgMksy xaxk lksu 29 vjh cka/ flouh
ifj;kstuk
30 •jknh cka/ ckyk?kkV
fMªi osQ rgr çLrkfor cka/ksa dh lwph 31 lkjFkh cka/ ckyk?kkV
Ø-la- cka/ dk uke ftyk 32 ewje ukyk cka/ ckyk?kkV
1 lat; lkxj cka/ xquk 33 pkojty cka/ ckyk?kkV
2 xksih Ñ".k lkxj cka/ xquk 34 xkaxqyikjk cka/ ckyk?kkV
3 edjksM+k cka/ xquk
35 /qfrohj cka/ ckyk?kkV
4 oqQ¡oj pkSu lkxj ck¡/ jktx<+
36 ugysljk cka/ ckyk?kkV
5 fclksfu;k VSad cka/ jktx<+
37 cMsjk cka/ tcyiqj
6 uYykftjh VSad cka/ jktx<+
38 cEgksM+h cka/ flouh
7 ylwfM+;k dkaxsj cka/ lhgksj
39 gSjh MSe fNanokM+k
8 dadj•sM+k cka/ lhgksj
40 ekaMokf>jh cka/ ckyk?kkV
9 Hkxokuiqjk cka/ lhgksj
41 Mksaxj ckWMh cka/ ckyk?kkV
10 <kcyk ekrk VSad cka/ lhgksj
42 djgh cka/ j•uk
11 eka>h •sM+h cka/ lhgksj
43 lqj•h iksaMh cka/ dVuh
12 xqjkfM;k lwjnkl cka/ nsokl
13 y{eh •sM+k cka/ 'kktkiqj 44 'ksj cka/ lh/h
14 paæosQ'kj cka/ nsokl 45 fcjubZ cka/ lh/h

15 ftjHkkj cka/ •jxksu 46 e<+h cka/ lh/h
16 lqaæsy cka/ •jxksu 47 mej cka/ mefj;k
17 lkaiuk cka/ cSrwy 48 pkanikBk cka/ f'koiqjh
18 cqankyk cka/ cSrwy 49 cka/ oSQejk eqjSuk
19 rok cka/ gks'kaxkckn 50 chjiqj cka/ ';ksiqj dyk

unh ifj;kstuk,¡ (e-iz-)
eè; çns'k dh >hysa

z eè; çns'k esa vc pkj jkelj lkbVsa gSaA bankSj ftys esa fljiqj vkSj ;'koar lkxj vkSj f'koiqjh ftys esa lka[; lkxj >hy dks
13 vxLr 2022 dks jkelj LFky osQ :i esa ukfer fd;k x;k gS] tcfd Hkksiky esa cM+h >hy (cM+k rkykc@Hkkst rky) dks
igys ls gh ;g ntkZ çkIr FkkA

egRoiw.kZ fcanq 6- pacy ifj;kstuk ij ppkZ djsaA (2017)
z eè; çns'k esa 67-34» flapkbZ oqQvksa vkSj VÔwcosyksa osQ 7- eè; çns'k esa ugj flapkbZ dk ijh{k.k djsaA (2017)
ekè;e ls dh tkrh gSA 8- eè; çns'k esa ugj flapkbZ osQ fodkl osQ çfrdwy dkjd
z pacy ifj;kstuk 1954 esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA D;k gSa\ (2017)
z bafnjk lkxj cka/ dh ty laxzg.k {kerk lokZf/d gSA 9- ty çca/u dh n`f"V ls rok ?kkVh ifj;kstuk dk ewY;kadu
z eè; çns'k esa vc 4 jkelj lkbVsa gSaA 2022 esa lk[; lkxj] djsaA (2015)
fljiqj >hy vkSj ;'koUr lkxj dks tksM+k x;kA 10- ueZnk ?kkVh ifj;kstuk ij ppkZ djsaA (2014)
z fjgan cka/ dks xksfoan cYyHk iar lkxj osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA vH;kl ç'u
z lat; ljksoj çkstsDV ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k vkSj nqfu;k
1- eè; çns'k esa flapkbZ dk çeq• lzksr D;k gS\
dk nwljk lcls cM+k feêðh dk cka/ gSA ;g flouh ftys
esa fLFkr gSA (a) oqQ,a vkSj VÔwcosYl (b) ugjsa
(c) >hy vkSj rkykc (d) vU;
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) mÙkj (a)
1- pacy ugj flapkbZ ifj;kstuk ---------- ls lacaf/r gS (2020) 2- dkSu lk çkstsDV eè; çns'k] xqtjkr] jktLFkku vkSj egkjk"Vª
(a) fla/ csflu (b) xaxk csflu osQ la;qÙkQ flapkbZ çkstsDV gS\
(c) ;equk csflu (d) rkIrh csflu (a) pEcy ?kkVh çkstsDV (b) xka/h lkxj MSe
mÙkj (c) (c) dksVk cSjkt MSe (d) ueZnk ?kkVh çkstsDV
2- tokgj lkxj tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk fdl unh ij fLFkr gS mÙkj (d)
(2020)
3- dkSu lk çkstsDV jk;lsu ftys esa fLFkr gS\
(a) ueZnk (b) pacy
(a) pEcy ?kkVh çkstsDV (b) xka/h lkxj MSe
(c) rkIrh (d) ekgh
(c) cjuk çkstsDV (d) dksVk cSjkt MSe
mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (c)
3- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk tyk'k; pEcy unh ij cuk
gS\ (2016) 4- dkSu lk çkstsDV Hkxoar lkxj çkstsDV osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk
(a) ukxktZqu lkxj (b) jk.kk çrki lkxj tkrk gS\
(c) foaè;lkxj (d) fjgan (a) pEcy ?kkVh çkstsDV (b) xka/h lkxj MSe
mÙkj (b) (c) dksVk cSjkt MSe (d) lqdrk çkstsDV
mÙkj (d)
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) O;k[;k% lqdrk çkstsDV dks Hkxoar lkxj çkstsDV osQ :i esa Hkh
1- eè; çns'k esa ugj flapkbZ osQ fodkl osQ çfrowQy dkjd tkuk tkrk gSA ;g •aMok vkSj cqjgkuiqj ftyksa esa fLFkr gS] vkSj
D;k gSa\ (2019) blus 18]583 gsDVs;j {ks=k dk flapkbZ fd;k gSA
2- eè; çns'k esa ty laHkj çca/u ij ,d uksV fyf•,A 5- dkSu lk çkstsDV ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k vkSj nqfu;k dk
(2019) nwljk lcls cM+k feêðh dk cka/ gS\
3- eè; çns'k esa flapkbZ dh ubZ rduhdksa dk fooj.k nhft,A (a) pEcy ?kkVh çkstsDV (b) xka/h lkxj MSe
(2019) (c) dksVk cSjkt MSe (d) lat; ljksoj çkstsDV
4- eè; çns'k esa ty lalk/uksa dh leL;k dk o.kZu djsaA mÙkj (d)
(2018) O;k[;k% lat; ljksoj çkstsDV ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k vkSj nqfu;k
5- eè; çns'k esa is;ty osQ lzksrksa ,oa miyC/rk dk laf{kIr dk nwljk lcls cM+k feêðh dk cka/ gSA ;g flouh ftys esa
fooj.k nhft,A (2017) fLFkr gSA
v v v
7 eè; çns'k esa ou ,oa ouksit
ifjp; z ou vkoj.k% Hkwfe ij isM+ksa dh mifLFkfr okyk og {ks=k gS

tks ou ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk Hkkx gksrk gSA
z ou% ou ewyr% laLÑr Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS Hkkjr osQ ljdkjh
nLrkostksa esa bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx o`{k] >kfM+;ksa] yrkvksa] z o`{kksa dk forku ;k vkPNknu% o`{k N=k fo'ks"k :i
?kkl&iÙkksa bR;kfn vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj osQ ouLifr lewgksa ls ,d O;fÙkQxr isM+ osQ Hkhrj 'kk•kvksa] ifÙk;ksa vkSj
ls vkPNkfnr Hkwfe osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ijLij tqM+h ouLifr dh lcls Åijh ijr dks lanfHkZr
z ou {ks=k% ljdkjh fjdkWMZ osQ vuqlkj Hkwfe dh dkuwuh dks djrk gSA
n'kkZus okyk {ks=kA z •k| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (FAO) osQ vuqlkj] taxy 10»
z o`{k vkoj.k% o`{k vkoj.k ls rkRi;Z isM+ksa vkSj muosQ iw.kZ ls vf/d o`{k vkoj.k vkSj 0-5 gsDVs;j ls vf/d {ks=k
vkoj.k ls vkPNkfnr Hkwfe {ks=k dh lhek ls gSA okyh Hkwfe gSA
oxhZdj.k vk/kjksa ij ouksa dk oxhZdj.k
eè; izn's k osQ ouks dk oxhZdj.k
iz'kklfud vk/kj ij {ks=kh; vk/kj tyok;q ds vk/kj ij
vkjf{kr lajf{kr voxhZoQ` r m".kdfVca/h; m".kdfVca/h; m".kdfVca/h;

ou ou ou ue i.kZikrh 'kq"d i.kZikrh dVhys ou
foaè; oSQewj eqjuS k&f'koiqjh lriqMk+ pkSMh+

isVh isVh isVh
ç'kklfud vk/kj ij ouksa dk oxhZdj.k

vkjf{kr ou lajf{kr ou voxhZÑr ou
ouksa dh fuxjkuh lh/s ljdkj djrh gS ouksa dh ns•Hkky ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gS bl çdkj osQ ou voxhZÑr gSa
eos'kh pjkus osQ •qnjk mís'; osQ fy, yksxksa dks ou mit bdêòk djus vkSj eos'kh isM+ dkVus ;k eos'kh pjkus ij dksbZ çfrca/
lkoZtfud ços'k dh vuqefr ugha gS pjkus dh vuqefr gS ugha gS
oqQy ou {ks=k dk Hkkx 65-36» eç osQ oqQy ou {ks=k dk Hkkx 32-48» lajf{kr oqQy ou {ks=k dk 2» Hkkx voxhZÑr ou
vkjf{kr ou osQ varxZr gS ou osQ varxZr gS dh Js.kh vkrk gS
tyok;q osQ vk/kj ij ouksa dk oxhZdj.k o"kkZ% ;gk¡ çfr o"kZ 70 ls 100 lseh o"kkZ okys 'kq"d
z m".kdfVca/h; ue i.kZikrh ou i.kZikrh ou ik;s tkrs gSaA 'kq"d i.kZikrh ou ue i.kZikrh
forj.k% bUgsa ekulwuh ou Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s ou eq[; vkSj dkaVsnkj ouksa osQ chp laØe.k çdkj dk çfrfuf/
:i ls eè; çns'k osQ nf{k.k iwohZ Hkkx] fo'ks"kdj ckyk?kkV] Ro djrs gSaA
flouh] fNanokM+k] vuwiiqj vkSj cSryw esa ik, tkrs gSAa ouLifr% 'kq"d i.kZikrh ouksa esa ik, tkus okys eq[;
o"kkZ% lokZf/d i.kZikrh ou 100 ls 200 lseh çfro"kZ isM+ksa esa egqvk] ccwy] rsanw] ihiy] iyk'k vkfn 'kkfey gSa
o"kkZ okys {ks=k esa ik, tkrs gSaA
z m".kdfVca/h; dVhys ou
ouLifr% bu ouksa osQ çeq• o`{k lkxkSu] egqvk] lky]
forj.k% bl çdkj osQ ou eè; çns'k osQ mÙkj if'peh
vke] 'kh'ke] •Sj vkfn gSaA
Hkkx esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
z m".kdfVca/h; 'kq"d i.kZikrh ou
o"kkZ% bl çdkj osQ ou 75 lseh çfr o"kZ ls de o"kkZ
forj.k% ;s ou lh/h] flaxjkSyh] 'kgMksy] eaMyk] iUuk]
mefj;k] jk;lsu] ujflagiqj] ueZnkiqje vkfn esa {ks=k esa okys {ks=k esa ik, tkrs gSaA
foLr`r gSaA ouLifr% bu ouksa esa ik, tkus okys egRoiw.kZ o`{k •Sj]
ccwy] rkM+] osQrdh] iyk'k vkfn gSaA

ou dk {ks=kh; oxhZdj.k
z foaè;&oSQewj ou isVh
foaè;&oSQewj ou isVh foaè; ioZr vkSj mlosQ lgk;d
iBkjksa ij forfjr gSA

bl isVh esa eè;e forku ?kuRo gSA
eè; çns'k esa ou ,oa ouksit 45

z eqjSuk ,oa f'koiqjh iBkj isVh ou {ks=k dk 12-30» gSA 2021 jkT; ou fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj
bls eè; Hkkjr ou isVh osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA 77]493 oxZ fdeh- jkT; dk Hkkx oukPNkfnr gSA
;g isVh pEcy rFkk f'koiqjh {ks=k esa iQSyh gqbZ gSA z eè; çns'k dk ou {ks=k
eqjSuk&f'koiqjh iBkj isVh esa eç osQ lHkh ou isVhksa esa oxZ {ks=kiQy (oxZ fdeh) HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk»
lcls de forku ?kuRo gSA l?ku taxy 6664-95 2-16
z lriqM+k ou isVh
eè;e l?ku ou 34]209-02 11-10
;g ueZnk unh osQ nf{k.k esa foLr`r ou {ks=k gSA ;g isVh
•qys ou 36]618-68 11-88
lriqM+k&eSdky Js.kh vkSj c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa iQSyh gqbZ gSA
bl isVh esa mPp forku ?kuRo gSA oqQy 77]492-60 25-14
eç ou ç'kklu z çfr'kr osQ vuqlkj mPpre ou vkoj.k%

z ou {ks=kksa dk oSKkfud çca/u rFkk ou lalk/uksa dk laj{k.k ';ksiqj 52» > mekfj;k 49-6» > eaMyk 44-5»
,oa lao/Zu {ks=kh; Lrj ij xfBr ç'kklfud bdkb;ksa osQ z {ks=k osQ vuqlkj mPpre ou vkoj.k%
ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA {ks=kh; bdkb;ksa dk fooj.k rkfydk ckyk?kkV > fNanokM+k > cSrwy > ';ksiqj > flouh
esa fn•k;k x;k gSA z {ks=k osQ vuqlkj lcls de ou vkoj.k%
oxhZdj.k la[;k ç'kklfud çeq•
mTtSu > 'kktkiqj > jryke > jktx<+
eç ou foHkkx ç/ku eq[; ou laj{kd (PCCF)
o`Ùk 16 eq[; ou laj{kd (CCF) z ISFR 2019 dh rqyuk esa] 11 oxZ fdeh dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
foHkkx 63 ftyk ou vf/dkjh (DFO) eè; çns'k osQ oqQy ou {ks=k esa gkykafd] o`{k vkoj.k esa
mi&eaMy 135 mi&foHkkxh; ou vf/dkjh (SDFO) 285 oxZ fdeh dh deh gqbZ gSA
Js.kh 473 jsatj eè; çns'k dh ou mit
mi&Js.kh 1871 fMIVh jsatj
z ¶ou mit¸ dk rkRi;Z ouksa ls çkIr çkÑfrd lalk/uksa vkSj
ifj{ks=k 8286 iQksjsLVj
lkefxz;ksa dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk ls gSA ;s lalk/u LFkkuh;
fVIi.kh* •aMok o`Ùk eè; çns'k dk lcls cM+k ou o`Ùk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj oSf'od m|ksxksa nksuksa esa egRoiw.‌kZ
17oka ISFR 2021 Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
z eè; çns'k dk vfHkfyf•r ou {ks=k 94689 oxZ fdeh gSA z oqQy jkT; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ou mit dk ;ksxnku
;g jkT; osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk 30-72» vkSj Hkkjr osQ yxHkx 2» gSA
z ou mit dks fuEufyf•r esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

ouksit
bekjrh mit xSj bekjrh vkS"k/h; ikS/s

bekjrh ydM+h dk mRiknu
o`{k oSKkfud uke mi;[email protected] {ks=k
lkxkSu VsDVksuk xzSafMl buMksj vkSj vkmVMksj iQfuZpj
lky 'kksfj;k jkscLVk jsyos Lyhij ,oa fuekZ.k dk;Z
'kh'ke (jkstoqM) MkycfxZ;k flLlw Vªsu osQ fMCcksa] cSyxkfM+;ksa] vU; iQuhZpj esa
bldk mi;ksx T;knkrj LFkkuh; Lrj ij

vtZqu VfeZufy;k vtZqu Ñf"k midj.k vkSj lkekU; bekjrh mRikn
cukus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS
xSj&bekjrh mRikn z xksan vkSj jky

xSj bekjrh ouksit xksan% ¶xksan¸ dk rkRi;Z ,d fpifpis inkFkZ ls gS tks
oqQN isM+ksa ;k ikS/ksa ls fudyrk gSA xksan dk mi;ksx

vDlj •k|] iQkekZL;wfVdYl] diM+k vkSj vU; m|ksxksa
vdZ rsy@ xksna jat vU; esa fofHkUu mís';ksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa tksM+us]
frygu cht xk<+k djus] fLFkj djus vkSj fpidus okys xq.k gksrs gSaA
xksan mRiknd çtkfr;k¡% ccwy (ccwy xksan)] iyk'k
(caxky fduks xksan)] chtklky (dhuks xksan)] lsey

Nky 'kgn@ jky dRFkk yk[k (drhjk xksan)] ,DlyoqM (/koM+k xksan) vkfnA
ekse
jky% jky ,d fpifpik] ikjHkklh ;k ikjn'khZ inkFkZ gS
z vdZ rsy vkSj o`{k tfur rsy cht tks fofHkUu ikS/ksa vkSj isM+ksa }kjk ,d lqj{kkRed lzko osQ
:i esa mRikfnr gksrk gSA
o`{k okuLifrd uke mi;ksx
mRiknd çtkfr;k¡% lky] lykbZ vkfnA
egqvk e/qdk bafMdk lkcqu m|ksx] nok]
z jax% jax ,sls inkFkZ gSa ftudk mi;ksx fofHkUu lkefxz;ksa] tSls
•kn esa mi;ksx diM+k] dkxt] peM+k] IykfLVd vkSj vU; dks jax nsus osQ
uhe vktknhjkNk bafMdk lkcqu m|ksx] fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
dhVuk'kd] dhVuk'kd bekjrh ydM+h%
esa rsy dk mi;ksx •Sj (ccwy dRFkk)&
P;wjk o`{k cSfl;k C;wfVjkfl;k nok] pkWdysV fuekZ.k] Hkwjk jax (oSQuokl isafVax)A
(bafM;u cVj •kn esa mi;ksx •Sj dk mi;ksx dRFkk
mRiknu esa Hkh fd;k
Vªh)
tkrk gSA dRFkk cukus dh
phu&csjh esfy;k ,tsMjkp ckyksa dk rsy iQSfDVª;ka f'koiqjh vkSj
jksfg.kh eyksVl fiQfyisafll rsy isaV] okfuZ'k ckueksj esa gSaA

dVgy% ihyk jax (ckS¼ fHk{kq vius diM+ksa esa bl c<+kus osQ y{; osQ lkFk] jkT; ou vuqla/ku laLFkku]
jax dk mi;ksx djrs gSa) tcyiqj (SFRI) dh LFkkiuk 27 twu] 1963 dks
iQwy vkSj iQy% jksfg.kh iQy (flanwjh jax)] iyk'k iQwy dh xbZ FkhA
(ukjaxh jax) vU; dbZ çtkfr;k¡A bls 29 vDVwcj] 1994 dks Lok;Ùkrk çkIr gqbZ vkSj
z yk•% yk• ,d çkÑfrd jky ;qÙkQ inkFkZ gS tks eknk 2 vxLr] 1995 dks bls vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij e- ç-
yk• dhV (ySfliQj ySdk) }kjk vius vaMksa osQ fy, lkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/fu;e 1973 osQ rgr ,d
lqj{kk dop osQ :i esa lzkfor gksrk gSA vuqç;ksx% 'kSySd] lkslkbVh osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
iQkekZL;wfVdYl] lkSan;Z çlk/u vkSj ikWfy'k] f•ykSus vkSj ôkfudh lans'k* vkSj ôu&/u O;kikj* uked nks
vkHkw"k.kA =kSekfld if=kdk çdkf'kr gksrh gSaA

mefj;k esa yk• dk dkj•kukA z e- ç- jkT; ou fodkl fuxe
z rsanw iÙkk% rsanw iÙkk] ftls rsanw iÙks ;k Mk;ksLik;jksl 24 tqykbZ 1975 dks LFkkfir
esykuksfDlyksu osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;s ifÙk;k¡ eq[;ky; & Hkksiky
vkfFkZd :i ls egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj buosQ fofHkUu ikjaifjd eè; çns'k esa ouksa vkSj oU;thoksa osQ çca/u vkSj laj{k.k
vkSj vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx gSaA rsanwiÙkk dk lcls egRoiw.kZ osQ fy, jkT; ou foHkkx ftEesnkj gSA ;g jkT; osQ ou
mi;ksx ¶chM+h¸ osQ mRiknu esa gksrk gS] tks ikjaifjd gkFk lalk/uksa dh lqj{kk vkSj o`f¼ osQ fy, fofHkUu uhfr;ksa]
ls cukbZ tkus okyh Hkkjrh; flxjsV gSaA ifÙk;ksa dk mi;ksx dk;ZØeksa vkSj igyksa dks ykxw djrk gSA
rEckdw Hkjus osQ fy, jSij osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ z Hkkjrh; ou çca/u laLFkku (IIFM)
vfrfjÙkQ] rsanw osQ iÙkksa dk mi;ksx ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; Fkkyh ;g Hkkjr esa ,d Lok;Ùk 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku gS tks eq[;
;kuh nksuk&iÙky cukus esa fd;k tkrk jgk gSA :i ls ou çca/u] laj{k.k vkSj i;kZoj.k ç'kklu osQ {ks=k
chM+h dkj•kus% tcyiqj] lkxj] 'kgMksy] lh/h] xquk esa f'k{kk] vuqla/ku] çf'k{k.k vkSj ijke'kZ ij osQafær gSA
vkfnA IIFM eè; çns'k jkT; dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa
uhfr vkSj vf/fu;e% eè; çns'k rsanw iÙkk (O;kikj fLFkr gSA
fofu;eu) vf/fu;e] 1964] rsanwiÙkk uhfr 1988 ,oa LFkkiuk% IIFM dh LFkkiuk 1982 esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ
2004A i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; osQ varxZr
y?kq ouksit vkSj tutkrh; leqnk; dh xbZ FkhA
y?kq ouksit dk laxzg.k ,oa foØ; nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa jgus okys mís';%
xzkeh.kksa dh vkthfodk dk eq[; lk/u gSA jkT; esa yxHkx 16 ou çca/u] laj{k.k vkSj lrr fodkl osQ {ks=k esa
yk• ifjokjksa osQ 41 yk• ls vf/d lnL; bl dk;Z ls tqM+s f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djukA
gSa] ftuesa ls 50» ls vf/d lnL; vkfnoklh leqnk; ls gSaA
laLFkk LFkku LFkkiuk
eè; çns'k osQ çeq• ou laLFkku jkT; ou vuqla/ku laLFkku (SFRI) tcyiqj 1963
z eè; çns'k vius le`¼ ou {ks=k vkSj tSo fofo/rk osQ fy, Hkkjrh; ou çca/u laLFkku (IIFM) Hkksiky 1982
tkuk tkrk gSA jkT; esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ ou laLFkku gSa tks ou çca/u osQaæ (ou jsatlZ dkWyst) ckyk?kkV 1979
blosQ ou lalk/uksa osQ laj{k.k] çca/u vkSj lrr mi;ksx esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA jkT; ou çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; cSrwy 1980
z oqQN egRoiw.kZ ou laLFkku% m".kdfVca/h; ou vuqla/ku laLFkku tcyiqj 1988
(TFRI)
jkT; okfudh vuqla/ku laLFkku (SFRI)
okfudh vuqla/ku vkSj ekuo lalk/u fNanokM+k 1995
1961 esa nsgjknwu esa vk;ksftr nlosa flYohdYpj
fodkl osQaæ (osQaæ ljdkj)
lEesyu dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k jkT;
esa okfudh m|ksx osQ oSKkfud fodkl dks vkxs eè; çns'k bdks&i;ZVu fodkl fuxe Hkksiky 2005

z •k| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (FAO) osQ vuqlkj] taxy 10»
ls vf/d o`{k vkoj.k vkSj 0-5 gsDVs;j ls vf/d {ks=k
okyh Hkwfe gSA
z eè; çns'k esa 3 ou isfV;ka gSA
z ou foHkkx dk çeq• ç/ku eq[; ou laj{kd gksrk gSA
z eè; çns'k dk vfHkfyf•r ou {ks=k 94689 oxZ fdeh gSA
;g jkT; osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk 30-72» vkSj Hkkjr osQ ou
{ks=k dk 12-30» gSA
z 2021 jkT; ou fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj 77]493 oxZ fdeh- jkT;
dk Hkkx oukPNkfnr gSA
z oqQy jkT; ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ou mit dk ;ksxnku
laLFkk LFkku yxHkx 2» gSA
ou j{kd çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] xksfoUnx<+] jhok foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
ou j{kd çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] >kcqvk 1- Hkkjr esa fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl jkT; esa lkxkSu ou dk
ou j{kd çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] y•uknkSu] flouh vf/dre {ks=kiQy gS\ (2020)
ou j{kd çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] ipe<+h] ueZnkiqje (a) >kj•aM
ou j{kd çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] rkyk] mefj;k (b) vka/z çns'k

(c) mÙkjk•aM
ou çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;] ckyk?kkV
(d) eè; çns'k
ou çf'k{k.k fo|ky; vejdaVd]vuwiiqj
mÙkj (d)
ou çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] cSrwy
2- eè; çns'k osQ oqQy ou {ks=k osQ fdrus çfr'kr Hkkx esa
ou çf'k{k.k fo|ky;] f'koiqjh lkxkSu osQ isM+ ik, tkrs gSa\ (2020)
fo/ku vkSj ou uhfr;k¡ (a) yxHkx 15»
(b) yxHkx 20»
e- ç- ou uhfr
(c) yxHkx 25»
z eè; çns'k dh çFke ou uhfr 1952
(d) yxHkx 30»
z eè; çns'k dh uohu ou uhfr 2005
mÙkj (b)
vf/fu;e vkSj vU; çko/ku 3- eè; çns'k esa oqQy ou {ks=k osQ yxHkx fdrus çfr'kr
z e-ç- Hkw&jktLo lafgrk] 1956 esa çko/ku Hkkx ij lkxkSu osQ ou ik;s tkrs gSa\ (2014)
z eè; çns'k rsanwiÙkk (O;kikj fofu;eu) vf/fu;e] 1964 (a) 17-8» (b) 20-6»
z eè; çns'k ou mit (O;kikj dk fofu;eu) vf/fu;e] (c) 27-8» (d) 33-0»
1969 mÙkj (b)
z eè; çns'k d"V fuokj.k vf/fu;e 1984 4- Hkkjrh; ou vuqla/ku laLFkku dh {ks=kh; vuqla/ku 'kk•k
eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa fLFkr gS\ (2015)
egÙoiw.kZ fcanq (a) cSrwy (b) tcyiqj
z o`{k vkoj.k ls rkRi;Z isM+ksa vkSj muosQ iw.kZ vkoj.k ls (c) bankSj (d) eaMyk
vkPNkfnr Hkwfe {ks=k dh lhek ls gSA mÙkj (b)

foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) 3- eè; çns'k esa rsanw ifÙk;ksa dk çeq• mi;ksx D;k gS\
(a) fuekZ.k (b) iQuhZpj
1- eè; çns'k osQ ou lalk/uksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\
(2020) (c) chM+h m|ksx (d) dkxt mRiknu
mÙkj (c)
vH;kl ç'u
4- eè; çns'k esa lykbZ isM+ ls fudkys x, xe dk çeq•
1- lkxkSu osQ isM+ dk ouLifrd uke D;k gS] tks eè; çns'k mi;ksx D;k gS\
esa eq[; ou mRikn gS\
(a) •k| vkbVEl (b) dkWiQh mRiknu
(a) Vsdksuk xzSafMl
(c) lqxa/ vkSj isaV~l (d) dRFkk fuekZ.k
(b) 'kksfj;k jkscqLrk
mÙkj (c)
(c) fn;ksLisjksl esysuksfDlykWu
(d) ,osQfl;k osQVspw 5- eè; çns'k esa lkekftd ouLifr çksxzke dk mís'; D;k gS\
mÙkj (a) (a) oU;tho laj{k.k dks çksRlkfgr djuk
2- eè; çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k dks mlosQ ?kus lky ouksa osQ fy, (b) 'kgjh gfj;kyh dk fodkl djuk
çfl¼ gS\ (c) ikdZ ;k=kk dks çeksV djuk
(a) if'peh eè; çns'k (b) mÙkjh eè; çns'k (d) ukxfjdksa dks ou yxkus vkSj xkS'kkyk fodflr djus
(c) iwohZ eè; çns'k (d) nf{k.kh eè; çns'k dh çksRlkfgr djuk
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (d)
v v v

eè; çns'k esa oU;tho] jk"Vªh; m|ku
8 vkSj vHk;kj.;
ifjp; jk"Vªh; m|ku

m|ku dk uke LFkkiuk o"kZ {ks=kiQy (oxZ fd-eh-
z ¶Vkbxj LVsV¸ osQ uke ls çfl¼ eè; çns'k esa fofo/ dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku 1955 940
,oa le`¼ oU; thou fuokl djrk gSA l?ku ouksa ?kkl ek/o jk"Vªh; m|ku 1959 375-22
cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku 1968 448-85
osQ eSnkuksa] vkæZHkwfe;ksa vkSj ufn;ksa lfgr vius fofo/
isap jk"Vªh; m|ku 1975 292-85
ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa osQ dkj.k jkT; tkuojksa] if{k;ksa vkSj ou fogkj jk"Vªh; m|ku 1979 4-45
ljhlìksa dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk dk vkokl gSA lriqM+k jk"Vªh; m|ku 1981 585-17
lat; jk"Vªh; m|ku 1981 466-88
z ljdkj us fofHkUu laxBuksa vkSj leqnk;ksa osQ lkFk feydj
iUuk jk"Vªh; m|ku 1981 542-67
jkT; osQ oU;thoksa dh lqj{kk vkSj laj{k.k osQ fy, dbZ mik; thok'e jk"Vªh; m|ku 1983 0-27
fd, gSaA eè; çns'k esa rhu ck;ks&LiQh;j fjtoZ] 11 jk"Vªh; Mk;uklksj jk"Vªh; m|ku 2010 0-8974
m|ku vkSj 25 oU;tho vHk;kj.; gSaA oqQuks jk"Vªh; m|ku 2018 748
{ks=k
Ø-la- jk"Vªh; m|ku ftyk rF;
(oxZ fd-eh-
1 dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku 940 eaMyk] ckyk?kkV z ;g eè; çns'k dk lcls cM+k jk"Vªh; m|ku gSA
(1955) bfrgkl&
z 1933 esa bls oU;tho vHk;kj.; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k
z 1955 esa ;g ,d jk"Vªh; m|ku cu x;k]
z bls 1974 esa Vkbxj fjtoZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
z eç dh igyh ck?k ifj;kstuk
çtkfr;k¡&
z ck?k] ckjgflaxk (LVSx fgj.k)] xkSj] fpadkjk] ydM+cX?kk]
HksfM+;k] yaxwj] rsanqvk] ykseM+h] vkfn
'kqHkadj&
z Hkwjk flag& ckjk fla?kk
z ckjgflaxk ;k nyny fgj.k eè; çns'k dk jkT; i'kq
Hkh gSA
egRoiw.kZ LFky&
z jkLicsjh ?kkVh] catkj ?kkVh
tutkfr;k¡&
z xksaM vkSj cSxk
2 cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; 437 mefj;k z ;g 32 igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS
m|ku (1968) bfrgkl&
z bls 1968 esa jk"Vªh; m|ku osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k
x;k FkkA
z bls 1993 esa çkstsDV Vkbxj esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
z Hkkjr esa ck?kksa dk lokZf/d ?kuRo cka/ox<+ esa gSA
çtkfr;k¡&
z ck?k] rsanqvk] fpÙkhnkj fgj.k] lkaHkj] vkSj 250 ls vf/d
i{kh çtkfr;k¡
z 2016 esa eqoqQaniqj (lruk) esa OgkbV Vkbxj liQkjh 'kq:
dh xbZ gSA
3 ek/o jk"Vªh; m|ku 337 f'koiqjh z ;g Åijh foaè; igkfM+;ksa dk fgLlk gS
(1958) bfrgkl&
z tkWtZ oSQly iSysl blh m|ku esa fLFkr gSA
z efugkjh unh m|ku ls gksdj xqtjrh gS
z jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 46 blh jk"Vªh; m|ku ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA
çtkfr;k¡&
z rsanqvk] lkaHkj fpÙkhnkj fgj.k] vU;
4 isap (fç;n'kZuh) 293 flouh] fNanokM+k z bldh lhek egkjk"Vª ls yxrh gS
jk"Vªh; m|ku (1975) z bls fç;nf'kZuh jk"Vªh; m|ku vkSj eksxyh ySaM osQ uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z 2004 ls ;gka eksxyh mRlo euk;k tk jgk gSA
z isap unh m|ku ls gksdj xqtjrh gS vkSj bls yxHkx cjkcj
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrh gS
z isap jk"Vªh; m|ku fo'o cSad dh vHk;kj.; laj{k.k
ifj;kstuk osQ varxZr vkrk gSA
çtkfr;k¡&
z ck?k] rsanqvk] lkaHkj] fpÙkhnkj fgj.k]
5 lriqM+k jk"Vªh; m|ku 525 ueZnkiqje z bls 1999 esa Vkbxj fjtoZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
(1981) z blesa ipe<+h vHk;kj.; vkSj cksjh oU;tho vHk;kj.;
'kkfey gSaA
z rok vkSj nsuok ufn;k¡ m|ku ls gksdj cgrh gSaA
z ;g 1999 esa ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ cu x;kA
z bls 2009 esa ;wusLdks dh lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
z jk"Vªh; m|ku us o"kZ 2010 esa TOFT oU;tho i;ZVu
iqjLdkj thrkA

6 iUuk jk"Vªh; m|ku 543 iUuk] Nrjiqj z bls 1994 esa ck?k vHk;kj.; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
(1981) z bls 2011 esa ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ osQ :i esa ukfer fd;k
x;k FkkA
z bls 2020 esa ;wusLdks dh lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g jkT; dk ,dek=k jsIVkby ikdZ gSA
z blesa ,d fx¼ laj{k.k osQaæ Hkh gSA
çtkfr;k¡&
z ck?k] rsanqvk] uhyxk;] lkaHkj] phry
z gky gh esa ;g osQu&csrok unh tksM+ks ifj;kstuk osQ
fuekZ.k osQ dkj.k ppkZ esa jgk gSA
7 lat; xka/h& /qcjh 467 lh/h] flaxjkSyh z jk"Vªh; m|ku dk ,d cM+k Hkkx NÙkhlx<+ gSA
jk"Vªh; m|ku (1981) z bls 2008 esa ck?k ifj;kstuk esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk
z ekjk xqiQk,a m|ku osQ Hkhrj fLFkr gSaA
çtkfr;k¡&
z ck?k] rsanqvk] fpÙkhnkj fgj.k] lkaHkj] fpadkjk] uhyxk;]
flosV] vkSj if{k;ksa dh fofHkUu çtkfr;k¡A
8 ou fogkj jk"Vªh; 4-45 Hkksiky z ;g ,d iwoZ&fLFkfr laj{k.k osQaæ gS
m|ku (1979) z ;g ,d vk/qfud çk.kh m|ku osQ :i esa LFkkfir gSA
z LFkkiuk & 1979
z jk"Vªh; m|ku&1983
z osQaæh; fpfM+;k?kj çkf/dj.k }kjk ,d fpfM+;k?kj osQ :i
esa LFkkfir & 1993
z bls ,d fpfM+;k?kj] ,d jk"Vªh; m|ku] taxyh tkuojksa
osQ fy, ,d cpko osQaæ vkSj p;fur egRoiw.kZ çtkfr;ksa
osQ fy, ,d laj{k.k çtuu osQaæ dk la;kstu gksus dk
vuwBk xkSjo çkIr gSA
z ;g eè; çns'k dk nwljk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; m|ku gSA
z 'kgjh {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA
z jkT; dk ,dek=k Lusd ikdZ ;gha fLFkr gSA
9 thok'e jk"Vªh; m|ku 0-27 fMaMksjh z ;g eç dk igyk thok'e jk"Vªh; m|ku gSA
(1983) z eç dk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; m|kuA
z ;g Hkkjr osQ pkj thok'e jk"Vªh; m|kuksa esa ls ,d gSA
z blesa nDdu VªSi ;k nDdu mn~Hksnu osQ lcls iqjkus
ouLifr thok'e ekStwn gSaA
z ?kq?kok ls gkbiQusV thok'e çkIr gqvkA
eè; çns'k esa oU;tho] jk"Vªh; m|ku vkSj vHk;kj.; 53

10 Mk;uklksj thok'e 108 /kj z ;g m|ku tkscV unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA
jk"Vªh; m|ku (2010) z blesa ,d vuqla/ku osQaæ vkSj ,d laxzgky; Hkh gSA
z ;gka yxHkx 125 Mk;uklksj osQ vaMksa osQ thok'e ik,
x, gSaA
z blesa 70 fefy;u o"kZ iqjkus ikS/ksa osQ thok'e] Nky vkSj
ykok pêðku Hkh gSaA
11 ikyiqj& dwuks jk"Vªh; 748 ';ksiqj] eqjSuk z owQuks unh blls gksdj cgrh gSA
m|ku (2018) z ;g m|ku vÚhdh phrk dh iquLFkkZiuk osQ dkj.k ppkZ
esa gSA 8 phrs ukehfc;k ls vkSj 12 phrs nf{k.k vÚhdk
ls yk, x, FksA
z 'kqHkadj& fpaVw phrkA
z bls ,f'k;kbZ fxj 'ksj iquokZl LFky osQ :i esa Hkh pquk
x;k gSA
z lgfj;k tutkfr dk fuokl LFkkuA

Vkbxj fjtoZ çca/u çHkko'khyrk ewY;kadu (MEE)
z eè; çns'k esa 6 Vkbxj fjtoZ gSa] tks yqIrçk; caxky ck?k
z çca/u çHkko'khyrk ewY;kadu (MEE) Vkbxj fjtoZ osQ
osQ laj{k.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA ;s fjtoZ lajf{kr
vkokl vkSj çca/u j.kuhfr;k¡ çnku djrs gSa tks ck?kksa dh çca/u ifjçs{; esa lgk;rk vkSj lq/kj djus osQ fy,
vkcknh vkSj muosQ ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k dks lajf{kr djus ij lcls egRoiw.kZ midj.k osQ :i esa mHkjk gSA
è;ku osQafær djrs gSaA z çca/u çHkko'khyrk ewY;kadu (MEE) lkjka'k fjiksVZ osQ
e- ç- osQ Vkbxj fjtoZ ikaposa nkSj dks ç/ku ea=kh ujsaæ eksnh }kjk 9 vçSy] 2023
uke LFkku dks lkoZtfud fd;k x;k FkkA
dkUgk Vkbxj fjtoZ eaMyk] ckyk?kkV z lriqM+k Vkbxj fjtoZ us 93-18» osQ ewY;kadu Ldksj osQ
lkFk nwljk LFkku gkfly fd;k] tcfd igyk LFkku osQjy
isap Vkbxj fjtoZ flouh] fNanokM+k
osQ isfj;kj Vkbxj fjtoZ us gkfly fd;kA
cka/ox<+ Vkbxj fjtoZ mefj;k
z dkUgk vkSj isap Vkbxj fjtoZ dks Øe'k% 5oka vkSj 8oka
iUuk Vkbxj fjtoZ iUuk
LFkku feykA
lriqM+k Vkbxj fjtoZ ueZnkiqje
lat;&Mqcjh Vkbxj fjtoZ lh/h] flaxjksyh çkstsDV phrk
ck?k tux.kuk 2023 z phrk Hkkjr esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa ik, tkrs Fks ysfdu xaHkhj
z jk"Vªh; ck?k laj{k.k çkf/dj.k (NTCA)] jkT; ou f'kdkj osQ dkj.k 1952 esa ;s foyqIr gks x,A
foHkkxksa] laj{k.k gsrq xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSj Hkkjrh; z phrk dks iqu% çLrqr fd;k x;k& Hkkjr esa
oU;tho laLFkku (WII) osQ lg;ksx ls] gj pkj lky esa phrk dks fiQj ls ykus osQ fy, ,d varj ljdkjh
ns'k dh ck?k tux.kuk vk;ksftr djrk gSA ifj;kst uk 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij 8 phrs
z 2018 vkSj 2022 osQ chp tula[;k esa 200 dh o`f¼ ukehfc;k ls vkSj 12 phrs nf{k.k vÚhdk ls Hkkjr
gqbZA Hkkjr esa] orZeku esa ck?kksa dh la[;k 3167 gSa] tcfd
yk, x, FksA 17 flracj 2022 dks ih,e eksnh us
2018 esa ;g la[;k 2]967 Fkh
vius tUefnu ij ukehfc;k ls phrk osQ igys cSp
z 2022 esa eè; çns'k jkT; esa ck?kksa dh la[;k lcls
vf/d (785) gksus dk vuqeku gS] blosQ ckn dukZVd dks jokuk fd;kA
(563)] mÙkjk•aM (560)] vkSj egkjk"Vª (444) gSaA z LFkku& eè; çns'k dk oqQuks jk"Vªh; m|kuA
z ck?kksa dh lokZf/d vkcknh (260) mÙkjk•aM osQ dkWcZsV z çkf/dkjh& jk"Vªh; ck?k laj{k.k çkf/dj.k (,uVhlh,)
us'kuy ikdZ esa gS]blosQ ckn dukZVd dk ckanhiqj (150) z Hkkjr esa phrksa dks fiQj ls ykus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj
vkSj ukxjgksy (141) gSA
phrk laj{k.k dks"k (lhlh,iQ) ls lgk;rk çkIr dj
ih,e }kjk tkjh vkadM+ksa osQ eqrkfcd]
jgh gSA
fiNys pkj lkyksa esa Hkkjr esa ck?kksa dh
la[;k 200 c<+ xbZ gSA ck?kksa dh vkcknh iquLFkkZiuk D;ksa vko';d gS
ij ,d utj
z phrk ?kkl osQ eSnku dh •k| Jà•yk osQ 'kh"kZ ij gSA
;g Hkkjr esa çkÑfrd :i ls ik;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu
muosQ foyqIr gksus osQ ckn laiw.kZ pjkxkg •k| Jà•yk
•rjs esa gSA
fpark
z Ng vk;kfrr phrs vkSj rhu uotkr f'k'kqvksa dh ekSr
ck?kksa dh vkcknh gks xbZ gSA

Rofjr rF;
phrk
oSKkfud uke% ,fluksfuDl tqcsVl
phrk lcls rst LFkyh; izk.kh gSA
phrk ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh iztkfr gSA
IUCN Status: Vunerable ladVxzLr
CITES: Appendix I
e- ç- osQ oU; tho vHk;kj.;

{ks=kiQy
uke o"kZ LFkku i'kqoxZ ouLifr
(oxZ fd-eh-)
ukSjknsgh 1975 1197 oxZ lkxj rsanqvk] ck?k] phry] HksfM+;k] lky] /koM+k] fHkjkZ] lktk
oU;tho fd-eh- taxyh oqQÙkk] lkaHkj] ykseM+h] vkfnA
vHk;kj.; uhyk cSy] exjePN] Hkkyw]
fpadkjk vkfnA
cxnjk 1978 478 oxZ lh/h iSaFkj] ck?k] phry] fpadkjk] rsanw] /koM+k] •tSj] iyk'k]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- lkaHkj] dkyk fgj.k] taxyh ysafM;k vkfnA
lwvj vkfnA
iQsu vHk;kj.; 1983 111 oxZ eaMyk rsanqvk] ck?k] taxyh lwvj] lkxkSu] lky] rsanw] tkequ] ckal
fd-eh- phry] lkaHkj vkfnA vkfnA
?kkVhxkao 1981 511 oxZ Xokfy;j xzsV bafM;u cLVMZ] dkyk fgj.k] eqjtu] •Sj] iyk'k] lstk]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- phry] HksfM+;k] taxyh lwvj] dryh] /oM+k] ghal] lykbZ
ydM+cX?kk] ykseM+h vkfnA vkfnA
cksjh oU;tho 1975 646 oxZ ueZnkiqje iSaFkj] ck?k] lkaHkj] phry] lkxkSu]lky] chtk] ckal] rsanw
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- HkkSadus okyk fgj.k] pkj vkfnA
lhax okyk e`x] Hkkyw
fpadkjk] ckblu] okbYM cksj]
ydM+cX?kk] HksfM+;k] exjePN
vkfnA
xka/h lkxj 1974 369 oxZ eanlkSj rsanqvk] taxyh lwvj] fpadkjk] •Sj] eks;u] iykl] •j/bZ] rsanw]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- taxyh oqQÙkk] ykseM+h] Hkkyw] lktk] csj] egqvk] /oM+k vkfnA
fl;kj vkfnA
oqQuks oU;tho 1981 345 oxZ eqjSuk phrk]rsanqvk] ck?k] phry] uhyk xtZu] csj] iyk'k] dj/bZ] •Sj]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- cSy] lkaHkj] fpadkjk] Hkkyw lykbZ] /oM+k] egqvk] rsanw]
vkfnA dlkbZ vkfnA
osQu ?kfM+;ky 1981 45 oxZ Nrjiqj] iUuk fpadkjk] taxyh lwvj uhyk •Sj] lkxkSu] /koM+k] lstk]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- cSy] eksj] phry] canj vkfnA tkequ (lkbtsft;e)] ikdj
vkfnA

•svksuh 1955 123 oxZ nsokl] lhgksj lkaHkj] phry] uhyk cSy] pkj lkxkSu vkSj ckal osQ isM+ksa ls
vH;kj.; fd-eh- lhax okyk e`x] taxyh lwvj] Hkjh ,d i.kZikrh ydM+hA
HkkSadus okyk fgj.k] HksfM+;k
vkfnA
ujflagx<+ 1974 57 oxZ jktx<+ lkaHkj] phry] uhyxk;] rsanqvk] lky] /koM+k] •Sj] djksank]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- taxyh lwvj] HksM+dh] exjePN dj?kbZ] ysafM;k] vtZqu] panu
vkfnA vkfnA
jk"Vªh; pEcy 1978 435 oxZ eqjSuk exjePN] Ånfcyko] dNqvk] •Sj] •l] ewat] ckal vkfn-
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- fo'kky MkWfYiQu] •jxks'k]
vkfnA
djsjk vHk;kj.; 1981 202 oxZ f'koiqjh xzsV bafM;u cLVMZ] iM+dh] fefJr i.kZikrh ouksa osQ Hkhrj
fd-eh- c;k] fVVgjh] phry] dkyk ccwy] csj dh >kfM+;k¡A
fgj.k vkfnA
ipe<+h 1977 417 oxZ ueZnkiqje fo'kky fxygjh]jhll edkd] lkxkSu]lktk] chtk] frUlk] /
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- ck?k] taxyh lwvj] Ånfcyko] kSjk] lky] gYnw] iyk'k] dlkbZ]
ckfdZax fgj.k] iSaFkj] phry] ckal vkfnA
mM+us okyh fxygjh] guh ctMZ]
ØsLVsM liZsaV bZxy] ekykckj
ikbM gkWuZfcy vkSj fOglfyax
Fkz'kA
iuiFkk 1983 249 oxZ 'kgMksy iSaFkj] ck?k] fl;kj] taxyh lky] lktk] chtk] /koM+k] •Sj]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- oqQÙkk] phry] lkaHkj] uhyk cSy] rsanw] ccwy] egqvk] ckal vkfnA
lkgh] pkSflaxk] Hkkyw vkfnA
isap vHk;kj.; 1983 757-85 oxZ flouh iSaFkj] ck?k] taxyh oqQÙkk] lkt] tkequ] /kSjk] egqvk]
fd-eh- phry] lkaHkj] pkSflaxk] ckblu] lsey] ysafM;k] vkaoyk] rsanw] /
taxyh lwvj] vkSj blosQ keu] iykl] oqQlqe] cgsM+k]
vykok Lru/kfj;ksa vkSj ljhlìksa lkxkSu vkSj ckal
dh dbZ vU; çtkfr;k¡A
jkrkikuh 1976 435 oxZ jk;lsu rsanqvk] phry] lkaHkj] ck?k] lkxkSu] 'kh'ke] lktk] rsanw] •Sj
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- taxyh lwvj] Hkkyw] uhyk cSy] vkfnA
taxyh oqQÙkk] vkfnA
lat;&Mqcjh 1975 365 oxZ lh/h iSaFkj] ck?k] phry] lkaHkj] lky] rsanw] gjkZ] chtk]/koM+k]
oU;tho fd-eh- uhyxk;] ckfdZax fgj.k] fpadkjk] ls<+k] cgsM+k] lktk] lykbZ]
vHk;kj.; taxyh oqQÙkk] Hkkyw] HksfM+;k] egqvk] lsey] 'kh'ke] vkaoyk
vkfnA vkfnA
lksu ?kfM+;ky 1981 209 oxZ lh/h exjePN] exjePN] dNq, lky] lkxkSu] tLV
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- vkfnA
ljnkjiqj 1983 348 oxZ /kj •jekSj ,oa vU; i{khA iyk'k] •tM+k] lkxkSu] xujkMh
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- vkSj ?kkl vkfnA

lSykuk 1983 13 oxZ jk;lsu i{kh ^•jekSj* vHk;kj.; dh bl {ks=k esa eq[;r% ?kkl ikbZ
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- çeq• çtkfr gSA tkrh gSA
fla?kksjh 1976 288 oxZ jk;lsu jkW;y caxky Vkbxj] lkaHkj] ckal] lkxkSu] psj]lkt] nvksjk]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- rsanqvk] phry] uhyxk;] taxyh rsanw vkSj lykbZ m".kdfVca/h;
lwvj vkSj ykseM+hA i.kZikrh ouA
jkykeaMy 1989 5 oxZ bankSj fgj.k] •jxks'k] Å¡V] lkaHkj] lktk] lkxkSu] panu] uhyfxjh]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- uhyk cSy vkSj rsanqvkA ckal vkfnA
vksjNk 1994 46 oxZ Vhdex< uhyk cSy] eksj] taxyh lqvj] lkxkSu] iyk'k] •Sj vkfnA
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- canj] fl;kj vkfnA
xaxÅ vHk;kj.; 1975 69 oxZ Nrjiqj lqLr Hkkyw] taxyh lwvj] taxyh VsDVksuk xzSafMl] ,uksthll
fd-eh- oqQÙkk] ydM+cX?kk] rsanqvk] ySfViQksfy;k] ,uksthll isaMqyk]
fpadkjk] phry] fgj.k] uhyxk; ykfu;k dksjkseaMsfydk] e/qdk
vkSj lkaHkjA i{kh tSls liQsn bafMdkA ySaVkuk oSQejk] xzsfo;k
xnZu okyk lkjl] iSjkMkbt ,lih vkfn tSls ikS/sA
ÝykbZoSQpj] fdax oYpj] guh
ctMZ] CykWle&gsMsM isjkdhV
ohjkaxuk nqxkZorh 1997 24 oxZ neksg fpÙkhnkj fgj.k] ck?k] iSaFkj] rsanw] cgsM+k] lkxkSu] /koM+k]
vHk;kj.; fd-eh- lkaHkj] pkj lhax okyk e`x] iykl] tkequ vkfnA
taxyh lwvj] uhyk cSy] vkfnA
egRoiw.kZ fcanq z {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k dk lcls cM+k oU; tho
vH;kj.; ukSjknsgh gSA
z eè; çns'k esa 11 jk"Vªh; m|ku gSaA ;gka jk"Vªh; m|kuksa dh
la[;k lcls vf/d gSA foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
z eè; çns'k esa oqQy 7 Vkbxj fjtoZ gSaA 1- eè; çns'k dk dkSu lk {ks=k liQsn ck?kksa osQ fy, tkuk
z dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku dh LFkkiuk 1933 esa ,d oU;tho tkrk gS\ (2014)
vHk;kj.; osQ :i esa dh xbZ FkhA ;g 1955 esa jk"Vªh; m|ku (a) jksfgy•aM
cuk;k x;kA ;g eè; çns'k dk igyk jk"Vªh; m|ku gSA (b) c?ksy•.M
z eè; çns'k esa 3 ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ gSaA ;s lHkh ;wusLdks osQ (c) ekyok
MAB dk;ZØe dk fgLlk gSaA (d) fuekM+
z çns'k dk ,dek=k Lusd ikdZ ou fogkj esa fLFkr gSA mÙkj (b)
z 2022 esa eè; çns'k jkT; esa ck?kksa dh lcls vf/d la[;k
(785) gSA vH;kl ç'u
z lriqM+k Vkbxj fjtoZ us MEE osQ ewY;kadu esa nwljk LFkku 1- eè; çns'k esa ipe<+h ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ fdl ftys esa
gkfly fd;k] tcfd igyk LFkku osQjy osQ isfj;kj Vkbxj fLFkr gS\
fjtoZ us gkfly fd;kA (a) ueZnkiqje
z Hkkjr esa phrk dks fiQj ls ykus osQ fy, ,d varj ljdkjh (b) ckyk?kkV
ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ gSA 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij 8 phrs ukehfc;k (c) csrwy
ls vkSj 12 phrs nf{k.k vÚhdk ls dwuks jk"Vªh; m|ku esa (d) fNanokM+k
yk, x, gSA mÙkj (a)

2- eè; çns'k osQ fdl jk"Vªh; ikdZ dks {ks=k osQ vk/kj ij 4- eè; çns'k dk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; ikdZ D;k gS\
lcls cM+k ekuk tkrk gS\ (a) cka/ox<+ us'kuy ikdZ (b) iQkWfly us'kuy ikdZ
(a) lriqM+k us'kuy ikdZ (b) iUuk us'kuy ikdZ (c) lriqM+k us'kuy ikdZ (d) iUuk us'kuy ikdZ
(c) dkUgk us'kuy ikdZ (d) isap us'kuy ikdZ mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (c) 5- eè; çns'k esa fdl ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ dks 2009 esa ?kksf"kr
3- eè; çns'k osQ fdl ck?k vHk;kj.; dks eaMyk vkSj fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa ueZnkiqje] csrwy] vkSj fNanokM+k
ckyk?kkV ftyksa esa fLFkr gS\ ftys 'kkfey gSa\
(a) isap ck?k vHk;kj.; (a) lriqM+k ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ
(b) cka/ox<+ ck?k vHk;kj.; (b) iUuk ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ
(c) iUuk ck?k vHk;kj.; (c) isap ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ
(d) dkUgk ck?k vHk;kj.; (d) ipe<+h ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (d)
v v v

eè; çns'k dh feêðh ,oa
9 lacaf/r leL;k,¡
z eè; çns'k dh LFkykÑfr] tyok;q vkSj ewy inkFkks±@'kSyksa esa
fHkUurk osQ dkj.k e`nk osQ çdkj fofo/ gSaA fofHkUu çdkj
osQ Hkwfe mi;ksxksa osQ fy, mi;qÙkQrk rFkk çR;sd dh viuh
fof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vk/kj ij jkT; dh e`nk dks vke
rkSj ij dbZ Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ewy inkFkZ@'kSy% ewy 'kSy ls rkRi;Z ml •fut vkSj

dkcZfud inkFkZ ls gS ftlls e`nk curh gSA ;g vk/kjf'kyk]
ryNV] ;k ufn;ksa ;k gok }kjk NksM+k x;k fu{ksi gks ldrk
gSA ewy 'kSy dh fo'ks"krk,a fodkl'khy e`nk osQ çkjafHkd
xq.kksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
z vi{k;% vi{k; HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vkSj tSfod çfØ;kvksa
osQ dkj.k pêðkuksa vkSj •futksa dk NksVs d.kksa esa VwVuk gSA
;g çfØ;k e`nk osQ •fut ?kVdksa dk fuekZ.k djosQ e`nk osQ
fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
z e`nk ,d tfVy vkSj xfr'khy çkÑfrd lalk/u gS ;g
z tyok;q% e`nk fuekZ.k esa tyok;q egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh
ikS/‌ksa osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gS] ty çokg dks fu;af=kr
gSA rkieku] o"kkZ vkSj vkæZrk tSls dkjd ekSle] dVko vkSj
djosQ ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA blesa
dkcZfud inkFkZ osQ vi?kVu dh nj dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA
HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vkSj tSfod xq.k gksrs gSa tks lkewfgd mPp rkieku vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ okyh m".kdfVca/h; tyok;q
:i ls bldh çtuu {kerk] lajpuk vkSj lexz LokLF; dks osQ dkj.k e`nk dk fuekZ.k rsth ls gksrk gS] tcfd 'kq"d
çHkkfor djrs gSaA tyok;q osQ dkj.k e`nk dk fodkl ean gksrk gSA
e`nk fuekZ.k çfØ;k z LFkykÑfr% Hkwn`'; dk vkdkj] mPpkop vkSj viokg
çfr:i e`nk osQ fuekZ.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA mPpkop ty
z e`nk fuekZ.k] ftls isMkstsusfll ;k e`nktuu osQ :i esa Hkh
vkSj e`nk osQ d.kksa dh xfr dks çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa] ftlls
tkuk tkrk gS] ,d tfVy vkSj Øfed çfØ;k gS ftlesa
fHkUu e`nk laLrj dk fodkl gks ldrk gSA
le; osQ lkFk fofHkUu dkjdksa dh ijLij fØ;k 'kkfey
z tSfod fØ;k,¡% ikS/ksa] lw{ethoksa] dhM+ksa vkSj tkuojksa lfgr
gksrh gSA ;g lfn;ksa ls lglzkfCn;ksa rd pyus okyh çfØ;k feêðh osQ tho feêðh osQ fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA ikS/ksa dh
gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu f{kfrtksa (ijrksa) osQ lkFk tM+sa pêðkuksa dks rksM+rh gSa] lw{e tho dkcZfud inkFkks± dks
fof'k"V e`nk ifjPNsfndkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA e`nk osQ fo?kfVr djrs gSa] vkSj feêðh osQ tkuoj feêðh dks feydj
fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys çkFkfed dkjd tyok;q] ewy gok nsrs gSaA
inkFkZ] LFkykÑfr] tSfod fØ;k,¡ vkSj dkykof/ gSaA ;gka z dkykof/% e`nk osQ fuekZ.k esa le; ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd
e`nk fuekZ.k çfØ;k dk ,d voyksdu fd;k x;k gS% gSA e`nk dks iw.kZ :i ls fodflr gksus esa lfn;k¡ ls
lglzkfCn;k¡ yx tkrh gSaA ;g çfØ;k ftruh yach pyrh fu{kkfyr gks tkrs gSa vkSj fupyh ijrksa esa tek gks tkrs
gS] e`nk dk laLrj mruk gh vf/d Li"V gksrk tkrk gSA gSaA blls gYosQ jax dk laLrj curk gSA
z e`nk fuekZ.k çfØ;k lkekU;r% bu pj.kksa dk ikyu 4- e`nk vkSj •fut lap; (laLrj ch)% Åij ls e`nk]
djrh gS% •fut vkSj iks"kd rRoksa osQ lap; ls e`nk&le`¼ ijr
1- ewy 'kSyksa dk lap;% çkjafHkd vi{k; vkSj ewy 'kSyksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl laLrj dks vDlj mie`nk osQ
dk teko gksrk gS] ftlls vlaxfBr inkFkZ dh ,d :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
ijr dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
5- ifjorZu vkSj vi{k; (laLrj lh)% bl ijr esa
2- çkjafHkd e`nk fodkl (laLrj ,)% ikni inkFkZ osQ
vi?kVu osQ dkj.k Åijh ijr esa dkcZfud inkFkZ tek vkaf'kd :i ls vi{kf;r ewy inkFkZ gksrs gSa vkSj blesa
gksus yxrs gSaA ;g ijr vDlj vf/d xgjh vkSj iks"kd e`nk osQ fodkl osQ Li"V laosQrksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA
rRoksa ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSA 6- vk/kj 'kSy (laLrj vkj)% lcls fupyh ijr
3- vi{k; vkSj fu{kkyu (laLrj bZ)% Li"V fu{kkyu vk/kjf'kyk ;k vi{kf;r ewy 'kSy gS] tks e`nk vkSj
okys {ks=kksa esa] •fut vkSj iks"kd rRo Åijh ijrksa ls pêðku osQ chp dh lhek dks fpfÉr djrh gSA
e`nk osQ HkkSfrd xq.k tcfd fpduh e`nk muosQ eghu d.kkdkj osQ dkj.k de
z e`nk xBu (Texture)% e`nk osQ xBu ls rkRi;Z e`nk esa ikjxE; gksrh gSA
mifLFkr jsr] xkn vkSj e`nk osQ d.kksa osQ vuqikr ls gSA bu z jax (Colour)% e`nk dk jax mldh •fut lkexzh] viokg
d.kksa osQ fofHkUu la;kstuksa osQ ifj.kke Lo:i fofHkUu çdkj vkSj dkcZfud inkFkZ lkexzh dk laosQr nsrk gSA xgjs jax
dh e`nk curh gS] tSls jsrhyh] nkseV vkSj fpduh e`nkA dh e`nk vkerkSj ij dkcZfud inkFkks± vkSj iks"kd rRoksa ls
z lja/zrk (Porosity)% lja/zrk ls rkRi;Z feêðh osQ Hkhrj fNæksa Hkjiwj gksrh gSA
osQ çfr'kr ls gSA i;kZIr lja/zrk ty çfr/kj.k vkSj viokg
osQ lkFk&lkFk ikS/ksa dh tM+ksa osQ fy, vko';d xSlksa osQ e`nk osQ jklk;fud xq.k
lapkyu dh vuqefr nsrh gSA z PH% e`nk dk PH 0 ls 14 osQ iSekus ij mldh vEyh;rk
z ikjxE;rk (Permeability)% ikjxE;rk bafxr djrh gS fd ;k {kkjh;rk dks ekirk gSA ;g iks"kd rRoksa dh miyC/
ty fdruh vklkuh ls e`nk osQ ekè;e ls vkxs c<+ ldrk rk] lw{e tSfod xfrfof/ vkSj ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ dks çHkkfor
gSA jsrhyh e`nk esa vke rkSj ij mPp ikjxE;rk gksrh gS] djrk gSA
eè; çns'k dh feêðh ,oa lacaf/r leL;k,¡ 61

z /uk;u fofue; {kerk (CEC)% CEC e`nk dh oSQfY'k;e] e`nk osQ tSfod xq.k
eSXuhf'k;e vkSj iksVsf'k;e tSls ldkjkRed :i ls vkosf'kr z lw{etho% e`nk] thok.kq dod vkSj çksVkstksvk tSls lw{ethoksa
fd, x, vk;uksa (/uk;u) dks /kj.k djus vkSj fofue; ls Hkjh gqbZ gSA ;s lw{e tho iks"kd pØ] dkcZfud inkFkZ
djus dh {kerk dks bafxr djrk gSA mPp CEC vke rkSj osQ vi?kVu vkSj jksx neu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
ij csgrj iks"kd rRo vo/kj.k vkSj miyC/rk dh vksj z LFkwy tho% osQapqvk] dhM+s vkSj NksVs Lru/kjh tSls cM+s tho
ys tkrh gSA e`nk osQ okru] iks"kd rRo feJ.k vkSj dkcZfud inkFkZ osQ
z iks"kd rRo% e`nk esa ukbVªkstu] iQkLiQksjl vkSj iksVsf'k;e VwVus esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
tSls vko';d iks"kd rRo gksrs gSa] tks ikS/ksa osQ fodkl z tM+sa% ikS/ksa dh tM+sa e`nk osQ lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrh gSa]
osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA bu iks"kd rRoksa dh miyC/rk lw{ethoksa osQ lkFk lgthoh laca/ cukrh gSa vkSj iks"kd rRoksa
PH] CEC vkSj dkcZfud inkFkZ tSls dkjdksa ij fuHkZj o ty dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA
djrh gSA z e`nk tho vkSj ouLifr% e`nk ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa osQ ,d
ikS/ksa esa çeq• fØ;k,a fofo/ leqnk; dh estckuh djrh gS] ftlesa ykHkdkjh
•fut iks"kd rRo vkSj gkfudkjd çtkfr;ka 'kkfey gSa tks iks"kd rRoksa dh
(mRikndrk)
miyC/‌rk] e`nk dh lajpuk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k larqyu
eSØksU;wfVª,aV~l dkcZu (45») ikS/s dh lajpuk
dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA
(çkFkfed) vkWDlhtu 'olu] ÅtkZ ,oa
(ty vkSj ok;q (45») mRiknu
ls) gkbMªkstu (6») PH fofu;eu] ty
çfr/kj.k] dkckZsgkbMªsV
dk la'ys"k.kA
eSØksU;wfVª,aV~l ukbVªkstu (N) çksVhu@vehuks ,flM]
(çkFkfed) DyksjksfiQy vkSj
(e`nk ls) dksf'kdk fuekZ.k
iQkLiQksjl (P) dksf'kdk] olk vkSj
dkckZsgkbMªsV fuekZ.k]
mikip;
iksVsf'k;e (K) ty çfr/kj.k] ,atkbe eè;çns'k dh feêðh
xfrfof/A
eSØksU;wfVª,aV~l oSQfY'k;e (Ca) tM+ ikjxE;rk] ,atkbe
dkyh feêðh
(f}rh;d) xfrfof/ z vU; uke% jsxqj] dikl e`nk] psukZstse] dUgkj
eSXuhf'k;e DyksjksfiQy] p;kip;] z forj.k% blesa eè; çns'k dk yxHkx 61» {ks=k 'kkfey gSA
(Mg) olk fuekZ.kA lkekU; dkyh feêðh (53») & ekyok {ks=k
lYiQj (S) çksVhu] vehuks ,flM] mFkyk dkyh feêðh (7-5») & lriqM+k {ks=k
rsy fuekZ.k xgjk dkyh feêðh (0-5»)& ueZnk ?kkVh {ks=k
lw{e iks"kd cksjksu (B)] ,atkbe xfrfof/] z HkkSfrd xq.k%

rRoksa Dyksjhu (Cl)] jatdrk cukoV& dkyh e`nk dk xBu lkekU;r;k fpduk gksrk
vk;ju (Fe)] gS] tks eghu d.kksa ls cuh gksrh gSA ;g cf<+;k cukoV
fufdy (Ni)] e`nk dks ueh vkSj iks"kd rRo cuk, j•us dh {kerk
ftad (Zn)] nsrh gSA
eksfyCMse (Mo) jax& tSlk fd uke ls irk pyrk gS] dkyh feêðh vius
vkfnA xgjs jax osQ fy, tkuh tkrh gS] ftldk Js; VkbVSfuiQsjl

eSXusVkbV dh mifLFkfr dks fn;k tkrk gSA xgjk jax feêðh yky&ihyh feêðh
dks lkSj ÅtkZ vo'kksf"kr djus vkSj mls cuk, j•us esa z vU; uke% vksfEucl] MkslkZ] pkYdk]eVklh
enn djrk gS] ftlls ;g BaM osQ eghuksa esa xeZ gks tkrh z forj.k% iwohZ Hkkx eè; çns'k
gS vkSj iQlyksa dks xehZ çnku djrh gSA
z HkkSfrd xq.k%
ty jksdus dh {kerk& viuh fpduh cukoV osQ
cukoV& yky&ihyh
dkj.k dkyh e`nk esa ty /kj.k {kerk vf/d gksrh gSA feêðh dh cukoV jsrhyh ls
lja/zrk& dkyh feêðh dh eghu cukoV osQ dkj.k oqQN fpduh e`nk rd fHkUu gks
vU; çdkj dh e`nkvksa dh rqyuk esa blesa vis{kkÑr ldrh gSA jsrhyh cukoV
de lja/zrk gksrh gSA esa viokg csgrj gksrh gS
la?kuu& dkyh feêðh esa la?kuu dk •rjk gks ldrk gS] ysfdu iks"kd rRoksa dk lap; de gksrk gS] tcfd e`nk
•kldj xhyh gksus ijA la?kuu tM+ ços'k] ty ?kqliSB okyh cukoV esa ty vkSj iks"kd rRo vf/d gksrs gSa
(var% L;anu) vkSj okru dks de djrk gSA ysfdu viokg /heh gks ldrh gSA
jax& yky&ihyh e`nk dh lcls çeq• fo'ks"krk mldk
dVko& dkyh feêðh osQ ckjhd d.k Hkkjh o"kkZ vkSj gok
osQ laidZ esa vkus ij mls dVko osQ çfr laosnu'khy jax gSA ykSg vkWDlkbM] fo'ks"k :i ls gsesVkbV vkSj
xks,FkkbV dh mifLFkfr] bu e`nk dks yky ;k ihys jax
cukrs gSaA dVko fu;a=k.k çFkk,a] tSls ouLifr vkoj.k
çnku djrh gSaA
cuk, j•uk vkSj leksPp •srh dks ykxw djuk] e`nk osQ
lja/zrk& yky&ihyh e`nk esa vPNh lja/zrk gksrh gSAs
uqdlku dks jksdus esa enn dj ldrk gSA
dVko& yky&ihyh e`nk viuh <hyh lajpuk vkSj Hkkjh
njkj& dkyh feêðh lw•us
o"kkZ osQ dkj.k dVko osQ çfr laosnu'khy gksrh gSA
ij xgjh njkjsa fodflr
ty jksdus dh {kerk&,yky&ihyh e`nk dh ty /kj.k
djus osQ fy, tkuh tkrh
{kerk cukoV osQ lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA jsrhys çdkjksa
gSA ;s njkjsa flapkbZ ;k o"kkZ esa ty /kj.k {kerk de gksrh gS] tcfd fpduh e`nk
osQ nkSjku ty osQ ços'k esa okys çdkj vf/d ty /kj.k dj ldrs gSaA
lq/kj dj ldrh gSa] ysfdu vR;f/d njkj ls ueh dh
z jklk;fud xq.k%
gkfu gks ldrh gSA
PH& dbZ yky&ihyh feêðh çÑfr esa vEyh; gksrh gSa]
z jklk;fud xq.k% ftuesa PH eku vDlj FkksM+k vEyh; ls ysdj eè;e
PH& dkyh e`nk dk PH eku vke rkSj ij FkksM+k {kkjh; vEyh; rd gksrk gSA
ls ysdj rVLFk yxHkx 7 ls 8-5 rd gksrh gSA vk;ju vkSj ,Y;qfefu;e vkWDlkbM& vk;ju vkSj
iks"kd rRo& dkyh feêðh oSQfY'k;e] eSXuhf'k;e] ,Y;wehfu;e vkWDlkbM e`nk dh iks"kd rRo /kj.k {kerk
iksVsf'k;e vkSj Vªsl rRoksa tSls iks"kd rRoksa ls le`¼ vkSj /uk;u fofue; {kerk (CEC) esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
gksrh gSA dkyh feêðh esa vkerkSj ij mPp /uk;u fu{kkyu& m".kdfVca/h; {ks=kksa esa Hkkjh o"kkZ ls fu{kkyu
fofue; {kerk gksrh gSA blesa ukbVªkstu] iQkLiQksjl dh gks ldrk gS] tgka ikuh feêðh dh Åijh ijrksa ls
deh gksrh gSA ?kqyu'khy iks"kd rRoksa dks cgk ys tkrk gSA
z tSfod xq.k% iks"kd rRoksa dh deh& fu{kkyu osQ dkj.k] yky&ihyh
dkyh feêðh thok.kq] dod] vk£d;k vkSj vU; e`nk osQ

e`nk vDlj iks"kd rRoksa dh deh ls ihfM+r gksrh gS]
•kldj ukbVªkstu] iksVsf'k;e vkSj oSQfY'k;e esaA
jksxk.kqvksa lfgr lw{ethoksa osQ ,d fofo/ leqnk; dh
estckuh djrh gSA ;g lw{etho fofo/rk fofHkUu e`nk z iQly% /ku (pkoy)] ewaxiQyh] eDdk] vkyw] pkoy]
vke] larjk tSls iQy] lfCt;k¡A
çfØ;kvksa esa ;ksxnku nsrh gS] ftlesa iks"kd rRo pØ]
dkcZfud inkFkZ dk vi?kVu vkSj jksx neu 'kkfey gSA tyks<+ feêðh
z iQly% dikl] Tokj (Tokj)] ewaxiQyh (ewaxiQyh)] z vU; uke% unh; e`nk] dNkjh feêðh] nkseV e`nkA
lks;kchu] gjk puk (ewax)] puk] xUuk] xsgwa] nkysa vkfnA z forj.k% pEcy {ks=k vkSj unh osQ fdukjsA

z HkkSfrd xq.k% lja/zrk& ysVjkbV e`nk dh lja/zrk vf/d gksrh gSA
cukoV& tek ryNV osQ vkdkj osQ vk/kj ij] tyks<+ dVko& viuh <hyh lajpuk vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ osQ laidZ
e`nk esa jsrhyh ls ysdj fpduh e`nk rd dbZ çdkj dh osQ dkj.k] ysVjkbV e`nk dVko osQ çfr laosnu'khy
cukoV gks ldrh gSA gksrh gSA
jax& ;g gYosQ Hkwjs ls ysdj xgjs Hkwjs jax rd gks
z jklk;fud xq.k%
ldrk gSA
PH& oSQfY'k;e] eSXuhf'k;e vkSj lksfM;e tSls cqfu;knh
lja/zrk& tyks<+ e`nk esa vkerkSj ij mudh nkusnkj
rRoksa osQ fu{kkyu osQ dkj.k ysVjkbV e`nk vEyh; gks
lajpuk vkSj vis{kkÑr cM+s d.k vkdkj osQ dkj.k vPNh
lja/zrk gksrh gSA tkrh gSA
vk;ju vkSj ,Y;qfefu;e vkWDlkbM& ySVsjkbV e`nk
dVko& tcfd tyks<+ e`nk ryNV teko ls curh gS]
fiQj Hkh os dVko osQ çfr laosnu'khy gks ldrh gSa] ykSg vkSj ,Y;wehfu;e vkWDlkbM ls le`¼ gksrh gS] tks
•kldj vxj ouLifr vkoj.k gVk fn;k tk,A e`nk muosQ yky ;k ihys jax osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksrh gSA
dh v•aMrk cuk, j•us osQ fy, mfpr dVko fu;a=k.k iks"kd rRoksa dh deh& fu{kkyu osQ dkj.k] ysVjkbV
mik; egRoiw.kZ gSaA e`nk esa ukbVªkstu] iQkLiQksjl vkSj iksVsf'k;e dh deh
ty jksdus dh {kerk% tyks<+ e`nk esa xkn vkSj e`nk gksrh gSA
dh ek=kk osQ dkj.k vkerkSj ij vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk z tSfod xq.k%
gksrh gSA
dkcZfud inkFkZ& ySVsjkbV e`nk esa vke rkSj ij oqQN
z jklk;fud xq.k%
vU; çdkj dh fefêð;ksa dh rqyuk esa dkcZfud inkFkZ
PH& tyks<+ e`nk esa vkerkSj ij yxHkx rVLFk ls FkksM+k
dh ek=kk de gksrh gSA xeZ vkSj vkæZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
{kkjh; PH jsat 7 ls 8 osQ vklikl gksrh gSA
dkcZfud inkFkks± dk vi?kVu rsth ls gksrk gSA
iks"kd rRo& ukbVªkstu] iQkLiQksjl vkSj iksVsf'k;e tSls
ryNV osQ teko osQ dkj.k tyks<+ e`nk çkÑfrd :i z iQlysa% eksrh cktjk (cktjk) vkSj fiQaxj cktjk (jkxh)
ls iks"kd rRoksa ls le`¼ gksrh gSA tSlh iQlysa iks"kd rRoksa dh deh okyh e`nk osQ fy, vPNh
ukbVªkstu miyC/rk& tyks<+ e`nk esa vDlj miyC/
rjg ls vuqdwfyr gksrh gSa vkSj ysVjkbV {ks=kksa esa mxkbZ tk
iksVsf'k;e dk mfpr Lrj gksrk gS] tks fodkl lfgr ldrh gSaA
fofHkUu ikS/ksa osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, vko';d gSA iQy& oqQN iQyksa osQ isM+ tSls vke] •êðs iQy vkSj
yo.krk& •kjs ty lzksrksa osQ LFkku vkSj fudVrk osQ dVgyA

vk/kj ij] oqQN tyks<+ e`nk esa yo.krk dh leL;k gks elkys vkSj tM+h&cwfV;k¡& gYnh vkSj vnjd tSls oqQN
ldrh gSA mPp yo.krk dk Lrj ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ vkSj elkys] lkFk gh fofHkUu ikd tM+h&cwfV;k¡] ysVjkbV e`nk
e`nk dh moZjrk dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
esa mxkbZ tk ldrh gSaA
z tSfod xq.k% e`nk esa çkÑfrd :i ls áwel gksrk gSA
z iQly% xsgwa] cktjk] puk] fry] ljlksa] ewaxiQyh] vkSj vU; fefJr feêðh
fryguA z fefJr e`nk ls rkRi;Z ml e`nk ls gS ftlesa fofHkUu d.k
ysVjkbV e`nk vkdkjksa dk la;kstu gksrk gS] vkerkSj ij jsr] xkn vkSj e`nk
dk feJ.kA bu fefJr e`nk dks nkseV e`nk osQ :i esa Hkh
z forj.k% lriqM+k osQ nf{k.kh Hkkx (fNanokM+k] cSrwy] flouh)
esa ik;k tkrk gS tkuk tkrk gS vkSj ;s vius larqfyr xq.kksa osQ dkj.k Ñf"k
osQ fy, vR;f/d okaNuh; gSaA
z HkkSfrd xq.k%
jax& ysVjkbV e`nk dh lcls çeq• fo'ks"krk mudk yky
z forj.k&;g eq[;r% cqansy•aM vkSj foaè; {ks=k esa ik;h
;k ihyk jax gS] tks yksgs vkSj ,Y;qehfu;e vkWDlkbM tkrh gS
dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA z iQly& xsgw¡] pkoy] cktjk vkfnA

feêðh osQ çdkj xq.k@fo'ks"krk,¡ iQlysa :ikarfjr pêðkuksa osQ pkoy] xsgwa] xUuk]
vi{k; osQ dkj.k eDdk] ewaxiQyh]
tek ryNV osQ xsgwa] cktjk] Tokj]
fufeZrA nkysa] jkxh] vkyw]
vkdkj osQ vk/‌kj eVj] vjgj] puk]
ij] tyks<+ e`nk dkyk puk] vk;ju vkWDlkbM frygu] cktjk]
esa jsrhyh ls ysdj dh mifLFkfr osQ •êðs iQy (vke]
gjk puk] lks;k]
fpduh e`nk rd dkj.k bldk jax larjk)] vkSj
ewaxiQyh] ljlksa] yky gksrk gSA
dbZ çdkj dh yky feêðh lfCt;kaA
tkS] twV] eDdk] feêðh jsrhyh] gYdh
cukoV gks ldrh frygu] lfCt;k¡ vEyh; vkSj iksVk'k
tyks<+ feêðh gSA vkSj iQyA ls Hkjiwj gSA
iQkWLiQksfjd ,flM pwuk] iQkLiQksjl]
vkSj tSls iks"kd eSXuhf'k;e vkSj
rRoksa ls Hkjiwj ek=kk dkcZfud inkFkZ
esa ik, tkrs gS deA
áwel ikbZ tkrh gS e`nk vijnu ,oa e`nk {kj.k dh leL;k,¡
iksVk'k dh ek=kk z e`nk vijnu og çfØ;k gS ftlosQ }kjk e`nk dh Åijh
deA ijr] ftls Åijh e`nk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] foLFkkfir
ykok pêðkuksa ls dikl] lks;kchu] dj fn;k tkrk gS vFkkZr ,d LFkku ls gVk fn;k tkrk
fufeZr xUuk] xsgwa] Tokj] gSA rRi'pkr fofHkUu çkÑfrd 'kfÙkQ;ksa dh dkjZokbZ osQ
ekè;e ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tk;k tkrk gSA dVko çkÑfrd
bls cSd ykok e`nk lwjteq•h] vukt çfØ;kvksa vkSj ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa nksuksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk dh iQlysa] vylh] gks ldrk gS] vkSj blosQ egRoiw.kZ i;kZoj.kh;] Ñf"k vkSj
tkrk gS vkSj ;g rackdw] VekVj] vkfFkZd ifj.‌kke gks ldrs gSaA e`nk vijnu osQ dbZ çdkj
fpduh feêðh ls ewaxiQyh] vkSj vkSj dkj.k gSaA
le`¼ gSA frygu-
dkyh feêðh e`nk vijnu osQ çdkj
,Y;qehfu;e] z ty }kjk vijnu% ;g dVko dk lcls vke çdkj gS
yksgk] pwuk vkSj vkSj rc gksrk gS tc o"kkZ ;k flapkbZ dk ty e`nk osQ d.kksa
eSXuhf'k;e ls dks m•kM+ nsrk gS] ftlls viokg curk gS tks e`nk dks cgk
HkjiwjA ys tkrk gSA ty vijnu esa 'khV vijnu (e`nk dh iryh
iQkLiQksjl] ijrksa dks leku :i ls gVk;k tkuk)] jhy vijnu (e`nk
ukbVªkstu vkSj dh lrg ij cuus okyh NksVh&NksVh ukfy;k¡)] vkSj ukyh
áwel dh dehA vijnu (laosQafær ty çokg osQ dkj.k cuus okyh cM+h
ukfy;k¡) 'kkfey gSaA bafM;u baLVhVÔw'ku vkWiQ fjeksV lsaflax
;g feêðh vEyh; dikl] pkoy] osQ vuqlkj] ty dVko osQ dkj.k 93 fefy;u gsDVs;j e`nk
gksrh gSA jcj] ukfj;y] xsgwa] ßkl (•jkc) gks xbZ gSA
áwel] iQkLiQksjl] nkysa] pk;] •êðs z ok;q }kjk vijnu% gok ls dVko 'kq"d vkSj v/Z&'kq"d
ukbVªkstu vkSj iQy] dktw vkSj {ks=kksa esa gksrk gS tgka rst gok,a <hyh e`nk osQ d.kksa dks mBkrh
ysVjkbV feêðh dkWiQhA gSa vkSj ys tkrh gSa] ftlls jsr osQ Vhyksa tSlh fo'ks"krk,a curh
oSQfY'k;e dh
dehA gSaA •qyh e`nk dh lrg vkSj lhfer ouLifr vkoj.k okys
{ks=kksa esa gok dk dVko fo'ks"k :i ls fouk'kdkjh gks ldrk
vk;ju ls Hkjiwj
gSA bafM;u baLVhVÔw'ku vkWiQ fjeksV lsaflax osQ vuqlkj] ok;q
gksrs gSaA
dVko osQ dkj.k 9 fefy;u gsDVs;j feêðh •jkc gks xbZ gSA

Hkkjr esa pacy unh æks.kh dks e`nk ls lacaf/r dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dk 8- e`nk LokLF; esa fxjkoV% vlarqfyr iQly ç.kkyh]
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS tks Ñf"k mRikndrk] i;kZoj.kh; LokLF; vR;f/d tqrkbZ vkSj jklk;fud inkFkks± ij fuHkZjrk le; osQ
vkSj LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA pacy {ks=k esa e`nk lkFk e`nk osQ LokLF; dks •jkc dj ldrh gS] ftlls feêðh
dh oqQN çeq• leL;k,a 'kkfey gSa% dh ikS/ksa dh o`f¼ dk leFkZu djus vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
1- e`nk dk dVko% vuqfpr Hkwfe çca/u çFkkvksa] ouksa dh lsok,a çnku djus dh {kerk çHkkfor gks jgh gSA
dVkbZ vkSj Hkwfe mi;ksx çfr:iksa esa cnyko tSls dkjdksa osQ e`nk vijnu osQ dkj.k
dkj.k pacy unh æks.kh esa egRoiw.kZ e`nk dk {kj.k gksrk gSA z ouksa dh dVkbZ% Ñf"k] dVkbZ ;k fodkl osQ fy, taxyksa
dVko osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mitkÅ Åijh e`nk dk uqdlku dks lkiQ djus ls e`nk ij o"kkZ dk lh/k çHkko iM+rk gS]
gksrk gS] Ñf"k mRikndrk esa deh vkrh gS vkSj ty fudk;ksa ftlls vijnu c<+ tkrk gSA
esa volknu gksrk gS] ftlls ty dh xq.koÙkk vkSj tyh; z vR;f/d pjkbZ% i'kqvksa }kjk vR;f/d pjkbZ ls ouLifr
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k çHkkfor gksrs gSaA vkoj.k lekIr gks ldrk gS] e`nk mFkyh gks ldrh gS ;k
2- tyHkjko vkSj yo.krk% pacy {ks=k osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa] dVko osQ çfr laosnu'khy gks ldrh gSA
vuqfpr flapkbZ i¼fr;ksa vkSj •jkc viokg ç.kkfy;ksa osQ z vfLFkj Ñf"k i¼fr;k¡% vuqfpr tqrkbZ] ,d Ñf"k] vR;f/d
dkj.k tyHkjko vkSj e`nk esa yo.krk dh leL;k iSnk gks tqrkbZ vkSj vi;kZIr vkoj.k iQly tSlh •jkc Hkwfe çca/u
xbZ gSA flapkbZ dk vfrfjÙkQ ty e`nk esa tek gks ldrk gS] çFkk,a e`nk dh lajpuk dks ckf/r dj ldrh gSa lkFk gh
ftlls tyHkjko gks ldrk gS vkSj ckn esa e`nk dk {kj.k vijnu osQ tksf•e dks c<+k ldrh gSaA
gks ldrk gSA bl ty osQ ok"ihdj.k ls ued fudy tkrk z fuekZ.k xfrfof/;k¡% 'kgjhdj.k vkSj fuekZ.k xfrfof/;k¡ tks
gS tks tek gks tkrk gS vkSj e`nk dh moZjrk dks de dj çkÑfrd ifjn`'; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSa] fuekZ.k xfrfof/;k¡
nsrk gSA osQ ifj.kkeLo:i viokg vkSj dVko esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA
3- ouksa dh dVkbZ vkSj fxjkoV% ouksa dh dVkbZ vkSj vfLFkj z ouLifr dk vHkko% ouLifr vkoj.k dh vuqifLFkfr] tSls
Hkwfe mi;ksx çFkk,a pacy {ks=k esa e`nk osQ {kj.k esa ;ksxnku fd taxy dh vkx ls {kfr okys {ks=kksa esa] e`nk mFkyh gksus
djrh gSaA ouLifr vkoj.k dks gVkus ls e`nk dk {kj.k gksrk osQ lkFk vijnu osQ çfr laosnu'khy gks tkrh gSA
gS] dkcZfud inkFkZ dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gS vkSj iks"kd z tyok;q dkjd% Hkkjh o"kkZ] rst gok,¡ vkSj rhoz rwiQku
rRoksa dk pØ ckf/r gks tkrk gSA dVko çfØ;kvksa dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
4- dkcZfud inkFkZ dh de ek=kk% pacy æks.kh osQ dbZ {ks=k z e`nk osQ çdkj% e`nk dh cukoV] lajpuk vkSj ikjxE;rk
e`nk esa dkcZfud inkFkZ dh de ek=kk ikbZ tkrh gSA blls tSlh fo'ks"krk,a bldh vijnu dh laosnu'khyrk dks çHkkfor
e`nk dh lajpuk] ty&/kj.k {kerk vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dh djrh gSaA
miyC/rk çHkkfor gksrh gS] ftlls Ñf"k mRikndrk de gks
vijnu ;k dVko osQ dbZ udkjkRed çHkko gks ldrs gSa%
tkrh gSA
z mitkÅ Åijh e`nk dh gkfu] Ñf"k mRikndrk esa dehA
5- •jkc iks"kd rRo çca/u% vi;kZIr iks"kd rRo çca/u
z ryNV vkSj viokg }kjk yk, x, çnw"kdksa osQ dkj.k ty
çFkkvksa] tSls vlarqfyr moZjd mi;ksx vkSj vuqfpr e`nk
çnw"k.kA
ijh{k.k osQ ifj.kkeLo:i e`nk esa iks"kd rRoksa dh deh
;k vf/drk gks ldrh gS] ftlls iQly dh o`f¼ vkSj z ufn;ksa] >hyksa vkSj tyk'k;ksa esa ty dh xq.koÙkk esa dehA
i;kZoj.‌kh; LokLF; çHkkfor gks ldrk gSA z çHkkfor bykdksa esa ck<+ vkSj HkwL•yu dk •rjk c<+ tkukA
6- e`nk çnw"k.k% dhVuk'kdksa vkSj moZjdksa lfgr Ñf"k jlk;uksa z e#LFkyhdj.k vkSj Hkwfe mRikndrk esa fxjkoVA
dk ;fn vuqfpr rjhosQ ls mi;ksx fd;k tk, rks os e`nk dks z tyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k vkSj tyh; thou ij çHkkoA
çnwf"kr dj ldrs gSaA ;g e`nk osQ thoksa] tyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh leL;kxzLr e`nk vkSj mlosQ lq/kj osQ rjhosQ
ra=k vkSj ekuo LokLF; dks uqdlku igqapk ldrk gSA z leL;kxzLr e`nk fof'k"V lhekvksa okyh e`nk gksrh gS ;s
7- Hkwfe voØe.k% vfLFkj Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa] vR;f/d pjkbZ lhek;sa Ñf"k ;k vU; mís';ksa osQ fy, muosQ mRiknd mi;ksx
vkSj ouksa dh dVkbZ tSls dkjdksa ls çsfjr Hkwfe {kj.k ls Hkwfe esa ck/k Mkyrh gSA bu lhekvksa esa mPp yo.krk] {kkjh;rk]
mRikndrk esa deh vkrh gS vkSj e`nk osQ dVko vkSj iks"kd vEyrk] •jkc viokg] la?kuu vkSj iks"kd vlarqyu 'kkfey
rRoksa dh deh esa vkrh gSA gSaA leL;kxzLr e`nk dks iqu% çkIr djus esa muosQ HkkSfrd]

jklk;fud vkSj tSfod xq.kksa esa lq/kj djus osQ fy, fofHkUu ijrksa dks rksM+us osQ fy, xgjh tM+ okys ikS/ksa dk
çca/u çFkkvksa dks ykxw djuk pkfg,] ftlls mUgsa mRiknd mi;ksx djukA
mi;ksx osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ cuk;k tk losQA ;gka oqQN lkekU; 5- •jkc ty fudkl okyh e`nk%
çdkj dh leL;kxzLr e`nk vkSj muosQ lq/kj osQ rjhosQ fn, ladV% •jkc viokg okyh e`nk esa tyHkjko vkSj
x, gSa% tM+ 'oklkojks/ dh leL;k gks ldrh gSA
1- yo.kh; vkSj {kkjh; e`nk% iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% viokg ç.kkfy;k¡ LFkkfir djuk]
ladV% yo.kh; e`nk esa ?kqyu'khy yo.kksa dh mPp leksPp •kb;k¡ ;k esM+ cukuk] tyHkjko osQ çfr
lkaærk gksrh gS] tcfd {kkjh; e`nk esa lksfM;e vk;uksa lgu'khy iQlyksa dk p;u djuk vkSj dkcZfud
dh vf/drk gksrh gS] tks e`nk dh lajpuk dks ckf/r inkFkks± osQ lkFk e`nk dh lajpuk esa lq/kj djukA
dj ldrh gS vkSj ty dh vkoktkgh vkSj ikS/ksa osQ 6- iks"kd rRoksa dh deh okyh e`nk%
fodkl esa ck/k Mky ldrh gSA ladV% iks"kd rRoksa dh deh okyh e`nk esa ikS/ksa
iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% vPNh xq.koÙkk okys ty ls dh o`f¼ osQ fy, vko';d iks"kd rRoksa dh deh
fu{kkyu djuk] lksfM;e vk;uksa dks oSQfY'k;e vk;uksa gksrh gSA
ls cnyus osQ fy, ftIle feykuk vkSj viokg esa iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% ukbVªkstu dh ek=kk dks Bhd djus
lq/kj djuk lkekU; rjhosQ gSaA yo.k&lfg".kq iQly vkSj e`nk dh moZjrk esa lq/kj osQ fy, dkcZfud
yxkus vkSj dkcZfud inkFkZ ek=kk esa lq/kj djus ls inkFkZ dk mi;ksx] larqfyr moZjd yxkuk] iQly
Hkh enn fey ldrh gSA pØ viukuk vkSj vkoj.k iQlysa 'kkfey djukA
2- vEyh; e`nk% 7- vijfnr e`nk%
ladV% vijfnr e`nk dh Åijh ijr u"V gks tkrh
ladV% vEyh; e`nk esa PH Lrj de gksrk gS] tks
iks"kd rRoksa dh miyC/rk dks çHkkfor djrk gS vkSj gS] ftlls moZjrk vkSj mRikndrk çHkkfor gksrs gSA
ikS/ksa osQ b"Vre fodkl esa ck/k Mkyrk gSA iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% e`nk laj{k.k çFkkvksa dks ykxw
iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% e`nk dk PH c<+kus osQ fy, pwuk

djuk tSls fd leksPp tqrkbZ] lh<+h cukuk] vkoj.k
iQlyksa dk mi;ksx djuk] vkSj vkxs osQ dVko dks
;k vU; lkexzh feykuk] e`nk dh lajpuk vkSj iks"kd
jksdus vkSj e`nk dh iquçkZfIr dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,
rRo /kj.k {kerk esa lq/kj osQ fy, dkcZfud inkFkZ
iou jks/ LFkkfir djukA
dks 'kkfey djuk vkSj mfpr iks"kd rRo çca/u dk
8- fuEuhÑr e`nk%
vH;kl djukA
ladV% ;g e`nk us viuh çkÑfrd lajpuk] dkcZfud
3- {kkjh; e`nk%
inkFkZ lkexzh vkSj iks"kd rRo /kj.k djus dh {kerk
ladV% {kkjh; e`nk esa PH Lrj mPp gksrk gS vkSj
•ks nsrh gSA
blesa vDlj lksfM;e gksrk gS] ftlls iks"kd rRoksa iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% vkoj.k iQlysa (vkoj.k ØkWfiax)
dh •jkc miyC/rk vkSj tyHkjko gksrk gSA vkSj tSfod •kn osQ ekè;e ls dkcZfud inkFkZ dh
iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% vfrfjÙkQ yo.krk dks gVkus osQ ek=kk esa lq/kj djuk] iQly pØ dk vH;kl djuk]
fy, fu{kkyu] e`nk dh lajpuk esa lq/kj osQ fy, jklk;fud fuos'k dks de djuk vkSj LFkk;h Hkwfe
dkcZfud inkFkZ tksM+uk] vkSj yo.k&lfg".kq vkSj çca/u çFkkvksa dks ykxw djukA
{kkj&lfg".kq iQlysa yxkukA
4- l?ku e`nk% egRoiw.kZ fcanq
ladV% l?ku e`nk esa fNæksa dh txg de gks xbZ gS] z feêðh osQ fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys çkFkfed dkjd
ftlls ty dk ?kqliSB] okru vkSj tM+ ços'k •jkc tyok;q] ewy pêðku] LFkykÑfr] tho vkSj le; gSaA
gks x;k gSA z eè; çns'k osQ yxHkx 61» {ks=k esa dkyh feêðh ikbZ tkrh gSA
iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% ;kaf=kd rjhdksa ;k vkoj.k iQlyksa z dkyh feêðh dk dkyk jax VkbVSfuiQsjl eSXusVkbV osQ dkj.k
dk mi;ksx djosQ e`nk dks gok nsuk] de tqrkbZ ;k gksrk gSA
fcuk tqrkbZ okyh •srh dk vH;kl djuk] vkSj l?ku z dkWiQh dh •srh osQ fy, ysVjkbV feêðh vPNh gksrh gSA

foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) vH;kl ç'u
1- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2021) 1- eè; çns'k dh dkyh feêðh osQ dkys jax dk çeq• dkj.k
1- eè; çns'k osQ ekyok iBkj esa lwrh diM+k feysa LFkkfir D;k gS\
dh xbZ gSa (a) ykSg rRo dk gksuk (b) tes gq, áwel
2- ekyok dk iBkj dkyh feêðh ls <dk gqvk gS (c) pwus dh mifLFkfr (d) ,Y;qfefu;e lkexzh
uhps fn, x, dwVksa osQ ekè;e ls lgh mÙkj pqusa% mÙkj (a)
(a) osQoy 1 lgh gS (b) osQoy 2 lgh gSa 2- eè; çns'k esa fdl çdkj dh feêðh dikl mRiknu lcls
(c) nksuksa xyr gSa (d) nksuksa lgh gSa osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ ekuh tkrh gS\
mÙkj (d) (a) yky vkSj ihyh feêðh (b) lokZf/d fldj
2- eè; çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k esa dkyh feêðh ugha ikbZ tkrh gS\ (c) dkyh feêðh (d) fefJr feêðh
(2021) mÙkj (c)
(a) ekyok dk iBkj (b) ueZnk ?kkVh 3- eè; çns'k osQ dkSuls {ks=k esa yky&ihyh feêðh çeq• :i
(c) c?ksy•.M (d) lriqM+k ls ikbZ tkrh gS\
mÙkj (c) (a) ekyok iBkj (b) ueZnk&lksus ?kkVh
(c) c?ksy•aM (d) lriqM+k&eSdy jsat
3- eè; çns'k dh mR•kr Hkwfe (cSMySaM) ifj.kke gS (2018)
mÙkj (c)
(a) voukfydk vijnu dk
(b) ijr vijnu dk 4- eè; çns'k osQ fdl çdkj dh feêðh çeq•r% CthaM] eksjsuk]
(c) vfrpkj.k dk 'ksvksiqj] Xokfy;j] vkSj f'koiqjh ftyksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS\
(d) ok;q vijnu dk (a) vYyqfo;y feêðh
mÙkj (a) (b) fefJr feêðh

(c) yky vkSj ihyh feêðh
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) (d) dkpjh feêðh
1- eè; çns'k esa e`nk vijnu ,oa e`nk fuEuhdj.k dh leL;k mÙkj (a)
ij ppkZ djsa rFkk muosQ fuokj.k osQ mik; crk,aA (2017) 5- eè; çns'k esa pacy unh osQ dkj.k gksus okys feêðh osQ
2- eè; çns'k dh fefêð;ksa dh çeq• fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dVko dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk
djsaA (2018) lkekU; 'kCn D;k gS\
3- eè; çns'k osQ fdu&fdu {ks=kksa esa e`nk vijnu gksrk gS (a) voukfydk vijnu
mldk fooj.k nhft, rFkk e`nk vijnu dks jksdus osQ (b) jsaxrh e`R;q
mik; crkb,A (2018) (c) feêðh dk {kj.k
4- eè; çns'k esa feêðh osQ çdkj] mudh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj (d) leqækarj.k
muosQ forj.k dk foLr`r fooj.k nhft,A (2016) mÙkj (a)
v v v

10 çkÑfrd vkSj •fut lalk/u
ifjp; :i ls LVhy vkSj vU; feJ /krqvksa osQ mRiknu esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
z eè; çns'k vius le`¼ vkSj fofo/ •fut lalk/uksa osQ z lhlk vkSj tLrk% jkT; vius lhlk vkSj tLrk HkaMkj osQ
fy, tkuk tkrk gSA jkT; dk Hkkjr osQ •fut mRiknu esa fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls jktx<+] f'koiqjh vkSj
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS vkSj ;g dbZ egRoiw.kZ •futksa vkSj Vhdex<+ osQ {ks=kksa esaA
v;Ldksa dk ?kj gSA
z lksuk% gkykafd lksuk mRiknd ugha gksus osQ ckotwn] eè;
z eè; çns'k esa ik, tkus okys •futksa dks bl çdkj oxhZÑr çns'k esa lh/h osQ ek>kSyh] flaxjkSyh osQ pdfj;k vkSj dVuh
fd;k tk ldrk gS% ftys osQ befy;k esa oqQN lksus osQ HkaMkj gSaA
[kfut
v/kfRod •fut
/kfRod v/kfRod z ghjk% Hkkjr esa eè; çns'k orZeku esa çkÑfrd ghjksa dk ,d
ek=k mRiknd jkT; gSA Nrjiqj] iUuk vkSj lruk esa iQSys ghjs
ykSg /krq,a vykSg /krq,a dkcZfud vdkcZfud ;qÙkQ fdEcjykbV ikbiksa dh mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k eè; çns'k
esa ghjk mRiknu dh egRoiw.kZ HkwoSKkfud {kerk gSA
/kfRod •fut egRoiw.kZ •nkusa& Nrjiqj esa oDl'kokg vkSj vaxksj] iUuk
z ckWDlkbV% eè; çns'k esa ckWDlkbV dk i;kZIr HkaMkj gS] esa fgukSrk vkSj e>xokaA jke•sfj;k (iUuk) esa Hkkxsu unh osQ
tks ,Y;wehfu;e mRiknu osQ fy, çkFkfed v;Ld gSA fdukjksa ij ghjk çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
eq[; ckWDlkbV •uu {ks=k vejdaVd iBkj {ks=k (vuwiiqj) z MksyksekbV% MksyksekbV fofHkUu m|ksxksa osQ fy, egRoiw.‌kZ
tcyiqj] eaMyk] jhok] 'kgMksy] lh/h vkSj dVuh ftys esa lalk/u gSa] ftlesa yksgk vkSj bLikr mRiknu] lhesaV fuekZ.k
fLFkr gSaA vkSj cgqr oqQN 'kkfey gSaA eè; çns'k esa >kcqvk] vyhjktiqj]
z ykSg v;Ld% ykSg v;Ld osQ HkaMkj jkT; osQ dbZ fgLlksa ckyk?kkV] ujflagiqj vkfn esa O;kid HkaMkj gSaA
esa ik, tkrs gSa] fo'ks"kdj tcyiqj vkSj dVuh ftyksa esaA bu z jkWd iQkWLiQsV% jkWd iQkWLiQsV dk mi;ksx moZjdksa osQ mRiknu
fu{ksiksa dk mi;ksx yksgk vkSj bLikr osQ mRiknu osQ fy, esa dPps eky osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g eè; çns'k
fd;k tkrk gSA osQ oqQN fgLlksa] tSls >kcqvk] •jxksu vkSj lkxj ftyksa esa
z rk¡ck% ckyk?kkV ftys esa rkacs osQ HkaMkj ekStwn gSa] eykt•aM ik;k tkrk gSA
dh •nkusa rkacs dk çeq• mR•uu {ks=k gSaA 1982 esa z pwuk iRFkj% lhesaV m|ksx esa vkSj fuekZ.k lkexzh osQ :i esa
Jherh bafnjk xka/h us bldk mn~?kkVu fd;kA fganqLrku dkWij mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA çeq• HkaMkj lruk] tcyiqj] dVuh]
fyfeVsM •qys xrZ •uu osQ ekè;e ls bl {ks=k esa rkacs dk neksg vkfn esa ik, tkrs gSaA
mR•uu dj jgk gSA blosQ vfrfjÙkQ rkack lyheukckn esa z cyqvk iRFkj% tcyiqj osQ fudV HksM+k?kkV esa mYys•uh;
Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA fu{ksiksa osQ lkFk] fuekZ.k vkSj okLrqf'kYi mís';ksa osQ fy,
z eSaxuht% çns'k esa ns'k osQ oqQy HkaMkj dk 50» eSaxuht mR•uu fd;k x;kA
eè; çns'k esa ik;k tkrk gSA eè; çns'k osQ ckyk?kkV ftys z xzsukbV% fuekZ.k] vkarfjd ltkoV vkSj ltkoVh iRFkj
esa yxHkx 500 yk• Vu eSaxuht v;Ld HkaMkj gSaA Hkkjosyh osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk teko f'koiqjh]
,f'k;k dh lcls xgjh •nku gSA eSaxuht dk mi;ksx eq[; Vhdex<+ vkSj vU; ftyksa esa gSA
z osQvksfyu (phuh feêðh)% fljsfed] dkxt vkSj z laxjkSyh dks;yk {ks=k% flaxjkSyh] ftls vDlj ¶Hkkjr dh
iQkekZL;wfVdYl esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Nrjiqj] dVuh ÅtkZ jkt/kuh¸ dgk tkrk gS] eè; çns'k esa ,d çeq•
vkSj vU; LFkkuksa ij ik;k tkrk gSA dks;yk •uu {ks=k gSA blesa 136 ehVj eksVh dks;ys dh ijr
z iQk;j Dys% fjÚSDVjht vkSj fljsfed esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA bl {ks=k esa dbZ dks;yk
gSA lkfypkSdk] tcyiqj vkSj dVuh esa ik;k tkrk gSA vk/kfjr fctyh la;a=k fLFkr gSa] tks flaxjkSyh dks;yk {ks=k
z eqYrkuh feêðh% lkSan;Z çlk/u] rsy 'kks/u esa mi;ksx fd;k ls fudkys x, dks;ys ij fuHkZj gSaA
tkrk gSA eaMyk ,oa vU; {ks=kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA z lriqM+k dks;yk {ks=k% lriqM+k dks;yk {ks=k eè; çns'k osQ
z cSjkbV~l (cSjkbV)% rsy vkSj xSl m|ksx esa fMªfyax rjy eè; Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA blesa cSrwy] fNanokM+k vkSj flouh
inkFkZ esa osfVax ,tsaV osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftyksa osQ {ks=k 'kkfey gSaA
dVuh] tcyiqj vkSj vU; ftyksa esa tekoA z lksgkxiqj dks;yk {ks=k% lksgkxiqj dks;yk {ks=k jkT; dk lcls
z ckWDlkbV feêðh% fjÚSDVjht vkSj fljsfed esa mi;ksx fd;k cM+k dks;yk {ks=k gSA
tkrk gSA dVuh ,oa ckyk?kkV esa ik;k tkrk gSA lelkef;d
z VkWYd (lksiLVksu)% dkxt] isaV] IykfLVd vkSj fljsfed
m|ksxksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Nrjiqj lfgr vU; ftyksa NBk jk"Vªh; •ku ,oa •fut lEesyu
esa ik;k tkrk gSA z eè; çns'k ljdkj osQ •fut lalk/u foHkkx us tqykbZ
z ftIle% fuekZ.k m|ksx esa] IykLVj cukus vkSj feêðh daMh'kuj 2022 esa ubZ fnYyh esa 6osa jk"Vªh; •ku vkSj •fut
osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lruk] tcyiqj vkSj vU; dkWUDyso esa nks vyx&vyx Jsf.k;ksa esa igyk vkSj nwljk
esa ik;k tkrk gSA LFkku gkfly fd;kA*eè;çns'k dk vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23
z iQsYMLikj% fljsfed vkSj dkap m|ksxksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk •fut mRiknu 2022&23
gSA iUuk] Nrjiqj vkSj vU; {ks=kksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA z o"kZ 2021&22 osQ nkSjku] 97-04» •fut mRiknu osQoy
z iQkLiQks jkbV% iQkWLiQksfjd ,flM vkSj moZjdksa osQ mRiknu 7 jkT;ksa ls gqvkA ftles eè; çns'k Hkh 'kkfey gSA
esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA >kcqvk ftys esa ik;k tkrk gSA z bl Øe esa 44-11» fgLlsnkjh osQ lkFk vksfM'kk] NÙkhlx<+
z oSQYlkbV% lhesaV m|ksx esa] /krqdeZ esa ÝyDl osQ :i esa (17-34»)] jktLFkku (14-10»)] dukZVd (13-24»)]
vkSj fofHkUu vU; m|ksxksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tcyiqj >kj•aM (4-36»)] eè; çns'k (2-44»)] vkSj egkjk"Vª
,oa vU; LFkkuksa ij ik;k tkrk gSA (1-45») FksA
z LysV% Nr vkSj iQ'kZ osQ ç;kstuksa osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA eanlkSj ftyksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
ÅtkZ lalk/u
dks;yk
dks;yk m|ksx jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ÅtkZ {ks=k esa egRoiw.k‌Z
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA eè; çns'k esa dks;ys dh 61 •nkusa gSA
eè; çns'k esa çeq• dks;yk {ks=k flaxjkSyh vkSj lriqM+k {ks=kksa esa
*Hkkjrh; •fut o"kZ iqfLrdk 2022&23
fLFkr gSaA
e- iz- osQ dks;yk {ks=k
•futksa ls lacaf/r fu;e ,oa fofu;e
lriqMk+ dks;yk csYV eè; Hkkjr dks;yk csYV z •ku ,oa •fut vf/fu;e 1957
dksdjrykbZ] eksgikuh] lksgkxiqj ('kgMksy)] z çFke •fut uhfr% eè; çns'k •fut uhfr 1995
ikFkk[ksMk+ ] isp
a ?kkVh] rok flaxjkSyh] dksjkj] mefj;k] z e- iz- xkS.k •fut fu;e 1996
?kkVh] 'kkgiqj] dkUgk ?kkVh tksfgyk ?kkVh z ubZ •fut uhfr% eè; çns'k •fut uhfr 2010

laLFkku egÙoiw.kZ fcanq
z e- ç- jkT; •fut fuxe & 1962
z vk£d;u ;qx dh pêðkuksa ls çns'k esa laxejej çkIr fd;k
•fut {ks=k
tkrk gSA
vuqiiqj] e.Myk] tcyiqj] jhok] lruk]
ckWDlkbM eè;çns'k dh çFke •fut uhfr 1995 esa ykxw dh xbZ FkhA
'kgMksy] lh/hA z
eykt•.M (ckyk?kkV)] lyheukckn z lksgkxiqj dks;yk {ks=k eè;çns'k dk lcls cM+k dks;yk
rk¡ck
(dVuh)] lkxjA {ks=k gSA
ykSg v;Ld tcyiqj] e.Myk] ckyk?kkVA z xzsiQkbV dks dkyk lhlk ;k IysEcxks Hkh dgrs gSaA
eSaxuht ckyk?kkV] fNanokM+k] >kcqvk] •jxkSu z e>kSyh (lh/h) ls lksus osQ Hk.Mkj feys gSaA
ghjk iUuk] gksuksrk (iUuk)] e>xok¡ (lruk)
z vejdaVd (vuwiiqj) ls mR•fur ckDlkbM dks jsuwdwV
pwuk iRFkj tcyiqj] eanlkSj] lruk] dVuh] eqM+okj
la;a=k] fetkZiqj (mÙkj çns'k) dks Hkstk tkrk gSA
VaxLVu vxjxk¡o (ueZnkiqje)A
ckyk?kkV] ujflagiqj] flouh] fNUnokMk] z çns'k esa eSaxuht eq[;r% ckyk?kkV ,oa fNUnokM+k ls fudyrk
MksyksekbV tcyiqj] eykt•.M (ckyk?kkV)] gSA ftldk fu;kZr fczVsu] teZuh] :l rFkk la;qÙkQ jkT;
gks'kaxkckn] lkxj] >kcqvk vesfjdk dks fd;k tkrk gSA
xzsiQkbV cSrwy z eè; çns'k osQ ykSg&v;Ld dk fu;kZr fo'kk•kiÙkue
lwjtiqj (Vhdex<+)] nsokl] /kj] >kcqvk] cUnjxkg }kjk tkiku ,oa teZuh dks fd;k tkrk gSA
ckbjkbV
f'koiqjh] lh/h] jhok] ihiydksVA
ckyk?kkV] fNanokM+k] gks'kaxkckn] >kcqvk] foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
vHkzd
eanlkSjA 1- eè; çns'k dk iUuk ftyk fdl •fut osQ fy, çfl¼
LysV eanlkSjA gS\ (2020)
lqjek tcyiqjA (a) eSaxuht (b) laxejej
dVkSyh (jhok)] vk¡rjh] uoxk¡o
phuh feêðh (c) vHkzd (d) ghjk
(Xokfy;j)A
ueZnkiqje] nfr;k] f'koiqjh] >kcqvk] mÙkj (d)
lhlk
tcyiqjA 2- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk •fut osQoy eè; çns'k esa
lksgkxiqj ('kgMksy)] fNanokM+k] flaxjkSyh] ik;k tkrk gS\ (2020)
dks;yk
cSrwyA (a) yksgk (b) vHkzd
?kh;k iRFkj HksM+k?kkV (tcyiqj)] >kcqvk] ujflagiqjA (c) ghjk (d) rk¡ck
(VsYd) mÙkj (c)
flfyesukbV jhok] lh/h
,LcsLVl >kcqvk 3- eè; çns'k dk dkSu lk ftyk xzsiQkbV mRiknu osQ fy,
dksj.Me ihijko] ijdksVk (lh/h)] eqjSukA tkuk tkrk gS\ (2014)
,.MsywlkbV pk¡nuxjA (a) f'koiqjh (b) lruk
tcyiqj (liQsn)] cSrwy] flouh] fNanokM+k (c) eqjSuk (d) cSrwy
laxejej
(jaxhu)] Xokfy;j (yky&gjk)A mÙkj (d)
Mk;Liksj Nrjiqj] Vhdex<+] f'koiqjhA
4- eè; çns'k esa eykt•aM fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlosQ fy,
ÝyksjkbV tcyiqjA
çfl¼ gS\ (2014)
iQsYlikj fNUnokM+k] tcyiqj] 'kgMksy
(a) eSaxuht (b) rk¡ck
xs: lruk] iUuk] Xokfy;j] tcyiqjA
jkWd iQkWLiQsV >kcqvk] Nrjiqj] lkxjA (c) yksgk (d) VaxLVu
*lzksr& eè;çns'k fganh xzaFk vdkneh mÙkj (b)
çkÑfrd vkSj •fut lalk/u 71

(a) dkap mRiknu (b) bLikr mRiknu
(c) lhesaV mRiknu (d) dkWij LesfYVax
1- eè; çns'k osQ eSaxuht mRiknd {ks=kksa ij ,d laf{kIr
mÙkj (b)
fVIi.‌kh fyf•,A (2019)
3- Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k vksiu&dkLV dkWij •nku dgk¡
2- eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa ghjksa dk lokZf/d HkaMkj gS\
fLFkr gS\
(2019 SE)
(a) tcyiqj (b) Hkksiky
3- eè; çns'k esa çeq• •futksa osQ forj.k ,oa mRiknu dk
(c) ckyk?kkV (d) jhok
o.kZu djsaA (2019 SE)
mÙkj (c)
vH;kl ç'u 4- eè; çns'k dh çFke •fut uhfr dc cukbZ xbZ\
1- 2022&23 •fut mRiknu osQ ifjçs{; esa] eè; çns'k dh (a) 1956 (b) 1982
Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa D;k jSad gS\ (c) 1995 (d) 2004
(a) 1 (b) 2 mÙkj (c)
(c) 4 (d) 6 5- eè; çns'k esa jkWd iQkWLiQsV dk çkFkfed mi;ksx D;k gS\
mÙkj (d) (a) bLikr mRiknu (b) moZjd mRiknu
2- eè; çns'k esa mPp xq.koÙkk okys MksyksekbV dk çkFkfed (c) dkap fuekZ.k (d) lhesaV mRiknu
vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx D;k gS\ mÙkj (b)
v v v

11 ÅtkZ lalk/u
ifjp;
z Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ rgr] fctyh ,d leorhZ fo"k; gSA
z eè; çns'k esa fctyh dh •ir fnu izfr fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA 2022 esa eè; çns'k esa fctyh dh ekax yxHkx 16 xhxkokWV
rd igqap xbZ FkhA ;g c<+rh ço`fÙk fctyh mRiknu dh vko';drk dks n'kkZrh gSA
z eè; çns'k ikjaifjd vkSj xSj&ikjaifjd lfgr fofHkUu lzksrksa ls fctyh dk mRiknu dj jgk gSA
eiz- osQ mQtkZ lalk/u
ijaijkxr xSj&ijaijkxr
rkih; mQtkZ ty mQtkZ lkSj mQtkZ ok;q mQtkZ ck;ksekl mQtkZ
rkih; ÅtkZ
z eè; çns'k osQ oqQy fo|qr mRiknu esa rkih; ÅtkZ dk çeq• ;ksxnku gSA jkT; esa dbZ rki fo|qr la;a=k gSa tks bldh fctyh
mRiknu {kerk esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA eè; çns'k osQ oqQN mYys•uh; rki fo|qr la;a=kksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
laLFkkfir {kerk
Ø-la- rki fo|qr osQaæ LFkkfir {kerk (esxkokV) LFkku deh'ku
1 vejdaVd 210 ppkbZ (vuwiiqj) 1965
2 lriqM+k 1330 lkj.kh(cSrwy) 1967
3 lat; xk¡/h 1340 fcjflagiqj(mefj;k) 1993
4 Jh flaxkth (TRS) 2520 Mksaxkfy;k (•aMok) 2014
5 foUè;kpy 4760 foUè;uxj&cS<+u] (flaxjkSyh) 1987
6 pk¡nuh (cqjgkuiqj) 177 1953
7 nknk /wuhokys 1600 xksjkfM;k(•aMok)
8 >kcqvk 600 flouh 2016
9 isap(vMkuh) 1320 fNanokM+k jí
10 cqansy•aM 2640 cjsBh (Nrjiqj)
7 isap tyfo|qr ukxiqj xksnkojh isap
ifj;kstuk
8 fjgan ty fo|qr fetkZiqj (mÙkj xaxk fjgan
ifj;kstuk çns'k)
9 jkt?kkV tyfo|qr v'kksduxj xaxk csrok
ifj;kstuk
10 ekrkVhyk tyfo|qr yfyriqj xaxk csrok
ifj;kstuk (mÙkj çns'k)
11 ef/osQjk tyfo|qr f'koiqjh xaxk fla/
ifj;kstuk
12 pEcy tyfo|qr dksVk xaxk pacy
ty fo|qr ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk
z iufctyh] ftls tyfo|qr ÅtkZ osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk 13 fcjflagiqj tyfo|qr 'kgMksy xaxk tksfgyk@
gS] cgrs ikuh dh ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx djosQ mRiUu fctyh ifj;kstuk lksu
dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA eè; çns'k] ufn;ksa vkSj ty lalk/uksa 14 ck.klkxj tyfo|qr 'kgMksy xaxk lksu
okyk jkT; gksus osQ ukrs] ty ÅtkZ dh •kst vkSj mi;ksx ifj;kstuk
dj jgk gSA ge fiNys vè;k; esa eè; çns'k dh tyfo|qr
ifj;kstukvksa dks ns• pqosQ gSaA xSj ijaijkxr ÅtkZ
lkSj ÅtkZ la;a=k
z jhok vYVªk esxk lksyj ikdZ% ;g ns'k osQ lcls cM+s
uke ftyk ?kkVh unh lksyj ikdks± esa ls ,d gS] tks eè; çns'k osQ jhok ftys esa
1 rok tyfo|qr ueZnkiqje ueZnk rok fLFkr gSA blesa yxHkx 750 esxkokV (esxkokV) dh oqQy
ifj;kstuk {kerk okyh rhu lkSj ÅtkZ mRiknu bdkb;ka 'kkfey gSaA
;g ikdZ Hkkjrh; lkSj ÅtkZ fuxe (SECI) vkSj eè; çns'k
2 ljnkj ljksoj iapegy ueZnk ueZnk ÅtkZ fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM (MPUVNL) osQ la;qÙkQ m|e
tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk jhok vYVªk esxk lksyj fyfeVsM (RUMSL) }kjk fodflr
3 jkuh voarh ckbZ tcyiqj ueZnk ueZnk fd;k x;k gSA
lkxj (cjxh) z uhep lkSj ÅtkZ la;a=k% uhep ftys esa fLFkr bl lkSj ÅtkZ
tyfo|qr la;a=k dh {kerk yxHkx 550 esxkokV gSA jkT; dh lkSj ÅtkZ
{kerk esa bldk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
4 vksadkjs'oj tyfo|qr •aMok ueZnk ueZnk z vkxj lkSj ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk% vkxj ftys esa fLFkr bl
ifj;kstuk ifj;kstuk dh {kerk yxHkx 550 esxkokV gSA ;g eè; çns'k
5 egs'oj ty fo|qr •jxksu o ueZnk ueZnk osQ lkSj ÅtkZ cqfu;knh <kaps esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ o`f¼ gSA
ifj;kstuk •aMok z vksadkjs'oj ÝyksfVax lksyj ikoj IykaV% nqfu;k dh lcls
cM+h ÝyksfVax 600 esxkokV dh lkSj ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk eè;
6 bafnjk lkxj •aMok ueZnk ueZnk
çns'k osQ •aMok ftys esa ueZnk unh ij vksadkjs'oj cka/
tyfo|qr ifj;kstuk ij gSA

lkSj ÅtkZ la;a=k eè; çns'k osQ •aMok ftys esa tYn gh ns'k esa O;kolkf;d
Lrj ij cuus okyh igyh ck;ksekl&vk/kfjr gkbMªkstu
esxkokV LFkku iQSDVªh LFkkfir dh tk,xhA
750 jhok okVkseks ,uthZt fyfeVsM vkSj chtsy xzhu ,uthZ osQ
550 uhep o eanlkSj chp ,d la;qÙkQ m|e 24 djksM+ osQ fuos'k osQ lkFk bl
lqfo/k dk fuekZ.k dj jgk gSA
550 550 (vkxj ekyok)] 450 ('kktkiqj)
eç ck;ksekl fo|qr uhfr 2011 cukbZ xbZA
500 Nrjiqj
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
500 eqjSuk
z eè; çns'k esa vf/dka'k fctyh rkih; ÅtkZ ls mRiUu
uohu vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ea=kky; gksrh gSA
iou ÅtkZ z pkanuh FkeZy ikoj IykaV eè; çns'k dk igyk FkeZy ikoj
z orZeku esa iou ÅtkZ ifj;kstuk dh LFkkfir {kerk 213-79 IykaV FkkA
esxkokV gSA z ty laxzg.k {kerk dh n`f"V ls bafnjk lkxj lcls cM+k
Ø-la- lkbV ftyk cka/ gSA
z lokZf/d iou pfDd;k¡ nsokl esa LFkkfir gSaA
1 tkexksnjkuh nsokl
z ty fo|qr ÅtkZ ,d uohdj.kh; vkSj ikjaifjd ÅtkZ
2 oqQdM+w cSrwy lzksr gSA
3 egfj;k 'kktkiqj z jhok lksyj IykaV ls mRikfnr fctyh fnYyh esVªks dks
4 ekeV•sM+k jryke gLrkarfjr dh tkrh gSA
5 ukxnk mTtSu
6 lsa/ok cM+okuh
1- eè; çns'k osQ rhu rki fo|qr LVs'kuksa osQ uke fyf•,A
7 cfj;kyikuh cM+okuh (2020)
ck;ksekl ÅtkZ 2- eè; çns'k esa dks;yk lalk/uksa dk HkkSxksfyd forj.k D;k
z dks;yk vkSj isVªksfy;e tSls thok'e bZa/u dh •kst ls igys] gS\ (2018)
ck;ksekl ÅtkZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr FkkA
vH;kl ç'u
z Hkys gh ;g orZeku esa vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa ,d NksVh Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gS] xjhc ns'kksa esa xzkeh.k vkcknh vHkh Hkh •kuk 1- fdl o"kZ esa panuh FkeZy ikoj IykaV dk lapkyu vkjaHk
idkus] FkksM+h ek=kk esa vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx osQ fy, o viuh gqvk Fkk\
ÅtkZ ekaxksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, cM+s iSekus ij bldk (a) 1953 (b) 1967
mi;ksx djrh gSA (c) 1977 (d) 1987
z ck;ksekl ,d çkÑfrd :i ls ik;k tkus okyk inkFkZ gS tks mÙkj (a)
lw;Z dh jks'kuh ekStwn gksus ij çdk'k la'ys"k.k dh çfØ;k
osQ ekè;e ls lkSj ÅtkZ dks laxzfgr djrk gSA 2- eè; çns'k osQ ¶eè; çns'k dh ÅtkZ jkt/kuh¸ osQ :i
esa çfl¼ dkSu&dkSu ls ftys gSa\
z C6H10O5 dh ,d fof'k"V lajpuk osQ lkFk] blesa T;knkrj
lsywykst] gsfeosQY;wykst vkSj fyfXuu gksrs gSa] ftuesa ck;ksekl (a) jryke
osQ çdkj osQ vk/kj ij ekewyh fHkUurk,a gksrh gSaA (b) bankSj
z eç esa ck;ksekl IykaV (c) Xokfy;j
eqjSuk & ljlksa osQ BwaB vk/kfjr ck;ksekl la;a=k (d) flaxjkSyh
Hkkjr dk igyk ck;ksekl xkao dlkbZxkao (cSrwy) mÙkj (d)
ÅtkZ lalk/u 75
3- eè; çns'k esa dkSu&dkSu ls FkeZy ikoj IykaV USSR dh 5- fdl ikWfylh dks c<+kok nsus vkSj cM+s oSQisflVh okys lksyj
lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd, x, Fks vkSj dbZ jkT;ksa dks fo|qr ikoj IykaV LFkkfir djus osQ fy, eè; çns'k esa ykWUp
nsrs gSa\
(a) panuh FkeZy ikoj IykaV
fd;k x;k Fkk\
(b) lriqM+k FkeZy ikoj IykaV (a) foaM ikWoj çkstsDV ikWfylh
(c) foaè;kapy FkeZy ikoj IykaV
(b) ck;ksekl ikWoj çkseks'ku ikWfylh
(d) tcyiqj FkeZy ikoj IykaV
(c) lksyj ikWoj çkseks'ku ikWfylh
mÙkj (c)
4- eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k ÝyksfVax (d) :iQVkWi lksyj ikWoj ikWfylh
lksyj ikoj IykaV] vksedkjs'oj ÝyksfVax lksyj ikoj IykaV] mÙkj (c)
fufeZr gS\
(a) jryke (b) •aMok z Li"Vhdj.k% eè; çns'k us lksyj ikoj çkseks'ku ikWfylh
(c) nsokl (d) fofn'kk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj cM+s oSQisflVh okys lksyj ikoj IykaV
mÙkj (b) LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ykWUp fd;k FkkA
v v v

Hkkx- 3
eè; çns'k dh
dyk ,oa laLÑfr
1 eè; çns'k dh cksfy;k¡
cqUnsyh cksyh
z ;g cksyh 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'k ls fodflr gqbZ gSA
z {ks=k & lkxj] neksg] Nrjiqj] fuokM+h] Vhdex<+ vkfn gSA
z cqUnsyh lkfgR;dkj ia txfud] bZlqjh] vkpk;Z osQ'konkl
vkfn gSA
z bl cksyh dk ukedj.k tktZ fx;lZu us fd;kA
z micksfy;k¡ & yks/kUrh] iaokjh] •Vksyk] cukiQjh gSA
c?ksyh cksyh
z ;g v/Zekx/h Hkk"kk dk viHkza'k gSA
z {ks=k & jhok] lruk] lh/h] 'kgMksy vkfn gSA
z Jh fuokl 'kqDy us c?ksyh cksyh dk 'kCndks"k ladfyr
z eè; çns'k osQ fofHkUu vapyksa esa vyx vyx LFkkuh; fd;k gSA
cksfy;k¡ çpfyr gS bues ls oqQN tutkrh; laLÑfr dh z micksfy;k¡ & frjgjh] xgksjk] iksokjh gSA
ifjpk;d gSA z egkjkt fo'oukFk flag }kjk jfpr fo'oukFk çdk'k c?ksyh
esa gSA
eè; çns'k dh çeq• cksfy;k¡
czt Hkk"kk
ekyoh cksyh z ;g cksyh 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'k ls fodflr gqbZ gSA
z ;g jktLFkkuh fgUnh osQ 'kkSjlsu viHkza'k ls fodflr gqbZ gSA z {ks=k & fHkaM] eqjSuk] Xokfy;j vkfn gSA
z {ks=k& bankSj] nsokl] mTtSu] 'kktkiqj] uhep] jryke z ewyr% ;g mÙkjçns'k osQ eFkqjk dh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk gSA
vkfnA z Ñ".k HkfÙkQ osQ lkfgR; cztHkk"kk esa feyrs gSA
z /hjsUæ oekZ us bls nf{k.kh jktLFkkuh cksyh dgk gSA xksaMh cksyh
z ekyoh 'kCndks"k osQ ladyudrkZ Jh çgyknpan tks'kh gSA z xksaM ,oa mldh mitkfr;ksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gSA
z MkW Ñ".k yky gal us bls if'peh fgUnh osQ T;knk lehi z {ks=k & eaMyk] fMaMksjh] gjnk vkfn gSA
ekuk gSA z yksdxhrksa esa bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
z micksfy;k¡& lksa/okM+h] jtokM+h] meBokM+h] Hkhyh
lelkef;dh
vkfn gSA
z xksaM Hkk"kk dks eè; çns'k osQ çkFkfed f'k{kk ikBÔØe
fuekM+h cksyh esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA
z ;g cksyh 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'k ls fodflr gqbZ gSA
z {ks=k & •aMok] •jxksu] cM+okuh] cqjgkuiqj vkfn gSA oqQN vU; cksfy;k¡
z MkW fxz;lZu bls nf{k.kh jktLFkkuh dgrs gSaA cksyh {ks=k fo'ks"k rF;
z çfro"kZ 19 flracj dks fuekM+h fnol osQ :i esa euk;k Hknkojh fHkaM] Xokfy;j] eqjSuk dgkorks dk vR;f/d
tkrk gSA mi;ksx
iapegyh Xokfy;j (Mcjk] ;g cqUnsyh ls lekurk vH;kl ç'u
Vsduiqj) j•rh gSA 1- fuEu esa ls dkSu lh e- ç- dh cksyh ugha gS\
fldjokjh eqjSuk {kf=k;ks dh cksyh gSA (a) c`tHkk"kk (b) dksjowQ
iokjh fNanokM+k (iokj tkfr xqtjkrh ls lekurk
(c) eSfFkyh (d) xkSaMh
}kjk) j•rh gSA
mÙkj (c)
dksjdw cSrwy] gks'kaxkckn] vkWLVªks&,f'k;kbZ Hkk"kk
fNanokM+k ifjokj dh eq.Mk O;k[;k% dksjowQ o xkSaMh e- ç- dh tutkfr;ksa osQ }kjk cksyh tkus
'kk•k dh ,d okyh cksyh gSA tcfd eSfFkyh fcgkj esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk gSA
Hkk"kk gSA 2- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lh Hkk"kk e- ç- dh ugha gS\
egRoiw.kZ fcanq (a) ekyoh (b) cqUnsyh
z ekyoh 'kCndks"k osQ ladyudrkZ Jh çgyknpan tks'kh gSA (c) fgUnh (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
z MkW- fxz;lZu fuekM+h cksyh dks nf{k.kh jktLFkkuh dgk gSA mÙkj (c)
z cqUnsyh cksyh dk ukedj.k tktZ fx;lZu us fd;kA O;k[;k% ekyoh o cqUnsyh e- ç- dh cksfy;ka gS tcfd fgUnh
e- ç- dh Hkk"kk gSA bls e- ç- esa cksyk tkrk gS ysfdu osQoy
z Jh fuokl 'kqDy us c?ksyh cksyh dk 'kCndks"k ladfyr
eè; çns'k dh Hkk"kk ugha dgk tk ldrkA
fd;k gSA
z Ñ".k HkfÙkQ osQ lkfgR; cztHkk"kk esa feyrs gSA 3- ekyoh eè; çns'k esa cksyh tkus okyh ,d vke Hkk"kk gSA
bl cksyh dk ewy gS\
z xksaM Hkk"kk dks eè; çns'k osQ çkFkfed f'k{kk ikBÔØe esa
(a) egkjk"Vª
'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA
(b) jktLFkku
z ekyoh cksyh dk ewy LFkku jktLFkku gSA ;g eè; çns'k
(c) NÙkhlx<+
osQ bankSj vkSj mTtSu laHkkx osQ varxZr vkus okys ftyksa esa
cksyh tkrh gSA (d) >kj•aM
z eè; çns'k dh cksfy;ksa esa lokZf/d O;kid {ks=k cqUnsyh mÙkj (b)
dk gSA O;k[;k% ekyoh cksyh dk ewy LFkku jktLFkku gSA ;g eè;
çns'k osQ bankSj vkSj mTtSu laHkkx osQ varxZr vkus okys ftyksa
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) esa cksyh tkrh gSA
1- buesa ls dkSu&lh e-ç- dh cksyh ugha gS\ (2013) 4- lruk esa vkerkSj ij cksyh tkus okyh cksyh dkSu&lh gS\
(a) Hkkstiqjh (b) c`tHkk"kk (a) mnZw (b) vksfM;k
(c) ekyoh (d) fuekM+h (c) c?ksyh (d) eSfFkyh
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (c)

O;k[;k% c?ksyh e- ç- osQ c?ksy•.M esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk
2- eè; çns'k esa fuEu esa ls dkSu lh cksyh ugha cksyh tkrh
gSA tks çeq•r% jhok] lruk] lh/h vkfn ftyksa esa cksyh tkrh gSA
gS\ (2010)
(a) ekyoh (b) xkSaMh
5- fuEufyf•r cksfy;ksa esa ls dkSu&lh eè; çns'k dh ewy
cksyh ugha gS\
(c) cqUnsy•.Mh (d) dkSjoh
(a) ekyoh (b) eSfFkyh
mÙkj (d)
(c) cqansyh (d) fuekM+h
3- fdl ftys esa c?ksyh Hkk"kk ugha cksyh tkrh gS\ (2003) mÙkj (b)
(a) Vhdex<+ (b) jhok O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa vusd cksfy;ka cksyh tkrh gS ftuesa
(c) lruk (d) lh/h ekyoh] cqansyh vkSj fuekM+h çeq• gSaA eSfFkyh e- ç- dh cksyh
mÙkj (a) ugha gSA

6- fuEu esa ls dkSu lh cksyh 'kkSjlsuh viHkza'k ls tUeha gS\ mÙkj (a)
1- cqansyh O;k[;k% c`tHkk"kk e- ç- osQ fHk.M {ks=k esa cksyh tkrh gSA
2- ekyoh 9- >kcqvk dh cksyh gS\
3- fuekM+h 1- cqansyh
4- c?ksyh 2- ekyoh
(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2 3- fuekM+h
(c) osQoy 1 o 2 (d) osQoy 1] 2 o 3 4- c?ksyh
mÙkj (d) (a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2
O;k[;k% cqansyh] ekyoh vkSj fuekMh cksyh dk tUe 'kkSjlsuh (c) osQoy 2 o 3 (d) osQoy 1] 2 o 3
viHkza'k ls gqvk gSA tcfd c?ksyh v/Z&ekx/h viHkza'k ls mÙkj (c)
tUeha gSA z O;k[;k% >kcqvk iwohZ eè; çns'k dk ftyk gSA ftldh
7- bZlqjh fdl cksyh osQ dfo ekus tkrs gS\ lhek bUnkSj laHkkx vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkx esa •.Mok] •jxkSu ls
(a) cqansyh (b) ekyoh
yxrh gSA vr% ;gka ekyoh vkSj fuekM+h nksuksa cksfy;ka lquus
dks feyrh gSA
(c) fuekM+h (d) c?ksyh
10- eè; çns'k dh vU; cksfy;ksa dh rqyuk esa fdl cksyh dk
mÙkj (a)
{ks=k lcls vf/d O;kid gS\
z O;k[;k% bZlqjh cqUnsy•.M osQ xkSjo dks c<+kus okys dfo (a) cqansyh (b) ekyoh
FksA buosQ }kjk jfpr iQkxksa us cqUnsy•.Mh yksd lkfgR; dks
(c) fuekM+h (d) c?ksyh
le`¼rk çnku dhA
mÙkj (a)
8- c`t Hkk"kk dgk cksyh tkrh gS\
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dh cksfy;ksa esa lokZf/d O;kid {ks=k cqUnsyh
(a) fHkaM (b) xquk dk gSA cqUnsyh cksyh çse] lkSUn;Z vkSj lgt vkè;kRe dh vkReh;
(c) jryke (d) lh/h vfHkO;fÙkQ ns•us dks feyrh gSA
v v v
eè; çns'k dh cksfy;k¡ 81

2 çeq• lkfgR;dkj ,oa mudh Ñfr;k¡
eè; izn's k osQ lkfgR;dkj z HkoHkwfr

dYg.k osQ vuqlkj ;s dUukSt osQ jktk ;'kksoeZu osQ
izkphu dkyhu eè;dkyhu vk/qfud dkyhu yksd lkfgR;dkj njckjh dfo vkSj ukVddkj FksA
jpuk,a& egkohj pfj=k] ekyrh ek/o] mÙkjjkepfjrA
A. çkphudkyhu lkfgR;dkj mÙkjjkepfjr dks laLÑr dk çFke nq•kar ukVd ekuk
z egkdfo dkfynkl tkrk gSA
dkfynkl laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ fo}ku Fks]
mikf/ & Hkkjrh; feYVu
;s jktk foØekfnR; osQ njckj osQ okLrfod uke& JhdaB
ukSjRu esa 'kkfey FksA
z ck.kHkêð
ukVd& z ;s o/Zu oa'k osQ 'kkld g"kZo/‌Zu
z vfHkKku 'kkoqQarye~& bl ukVd esa nq";Ur vkSj osQ njckjh dfo FksA
'koqQUryk dh çse dgkuh gSA
z jpuk,a & g"kZpfjr] dknacjh]
z ekyfodkfXufe=ke& bl ukVd esa vfXufe=k vkSj
paMh 'krd] ikoZrh ifj.k;]
ekyfodk dh çse dgkuh gSA
eqoqQV rfM+rd
z foØeksoZ'kh;e& bl ukVd esa foØe vFkkZr iq#jok vkSj
moZ'kh dh çsedFkk dk o.kZu gSA z x| 'kSyh osQ fy, bUgksus ikapkyh
jhfr dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA
egkdkO;&
z mikf/ & pØorhZ (g"kZo/Zu }kjk)
z j?kqoa'ke& blesa egkjkt j?kq osQ iwjs oa'k dh dFkk gS
ftles 19 lxZ gSA B. eè;dkyhu lkfgR;dkj
z oqQekjlaHkoe& blesa f'ko ikoZrh osQ fookg dk rFkk z vkpk;Z osQ'konkl
dkfrZosQ; osQ tUe dk lqUnj vkyadkfjd o.kZu çLrqr
fd;k gS] blesa 17 lxZ gSA z jhfrdky osQ çFke vkpk;Z vkSj egkdfo osQ'konkl vksjNk
'kkld baæthr flag osQ njckjh dfo] ea=kh vkSj xq# FksA
•aMdkO;&
z es?knwr& blesa ;{k vkSj ;f{k.kh dh fojg çse dFkk z bUgksus cqUnsyh fefJr c`tHkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA
dk o.kZu gSA z jpuk,¡& jkepafædk] jfldfç;k] dfofç;k] foKkuxhrk]
z ½rqlagkj& blesa 6 ½rqvksa dk lqUnj vykSfdd o.kZu jruckouh] ohjflagnso pfjr] tgkaxhj tlpafædk] u•&f'k•A
fd;k gSA osQ'konkl us fgUnh lkfgR; esa jhfrdkyhu vkpk;ZRo vkjaHk
z HkrZgfj fd;k vkSj dkO; osQ lHkh vaxksa dk ifjp; djkus osQ fy,
y{k.k xzaFkksa dh jpuk dh gS] bl dkj.k mudh jpukvksa
çca/ fparkef.k osQ vuqlkj HkrZgfj mTtSu ujs'k paæxqIr
esa Hkko i{k detksj vkSj dyk i{k etcwr gSAbuosQ dkO;
foØekfnR; osQ cM+s HkkbZ FksA
esa fDy"Vrk vkSj Nanksa dh vf/drk gS rFkk mudh 'kSyh
=k;'krd jpuk,a & J`x a kj 'krd] uhfr 'krd] oSjkX; 'krdA
oØrkiw.‌kZ gS ftl dkj.k mUgsa dfBr dkO; dk çsr vkSj
rhu O;kdjf.kd jpuk,a & egkHkk"; Vhdk] okd~
ân;ghu dfo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
inh; vkSj 'kCn /krq leh{kkA
Confusing Point& jpuk,¡
osQ'ko jhfr dky osQ çFke vkpk;Z Fks fdUrq jhfrdky dh z dkO;& iq"i dh vfHkyk"kk] fgefdjhVuh] fgerjafxuh]
vfojy ijaijk fparkef.k ls ekuh tkrh gS vr% jhfrdkO; ej.k Tokj] ;qxpj.k] leiZ.k
ijaijk osQ çorZd osQ'ko gSa ;k fparkef.k bls ysdj fookn gSA z fuca/& lkfgR; nsork] vehj bjkns xjhc bjkns
z dfo iÁkdj z ukVd& Ñ".kktZqu ;q¼
iÁkdj jhfrdky osQ loZJs"B vkSj çfrfuf/ dfo FksA
z dgkuh& dyk dk vuqokn] dgkl vkSj dgkor
jpuk,¡& çcks/ ipklk] jkejlk;u] z laLej.k& le; osQ ik¡o
xaxkygjh] ;equk ygjh] vyhtkg miyfC/
çdk'k] fgEercgknqj fo#nkoyh] z çHkk efld if=kdk o deZohj lekpkj i=k dk laiknu
çrkiflag fo#nkoyh] t;flag
fd;k
fo#nkoyh] txrfouksn] iÁkHkj.k
vkfnA iqjLdkj
bUgksaus Jaxkj osQ la;ksx vkSj fo;ksx nksuksa i{kksa dk ljy z fgefdjhVuh osQ fy, nso iqjLdkj feyk (1943)
fp=k.k fd;k gSA z fgerjafxuh osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feyk
iÁkdj dks t;iqj ujs'k egkjkt çrki flag us dfojkt (1954)
f'kjksef.k dh mikf/ çnku dhA
z dfo Hkw"k.k z lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku
tUe LFkku& fugkyiqj (ç;kxjkt)
Hkw"k.k jhfrdky osQ çeq• dfo;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
jpuk,¡& f'kojktHkw"k.k] f'kokcokuh] N=klky n'kd] e`R;q& 1948 (dkj nq?kZVuk
Hkw"k.k mYykl] Hkw"k.k gtkjk vkfnA ls)

;s cqansyk 'kkld N=klky osQ njckjh dfo FksA budk fookg •aMok osQ BkoqQj
bUgsa fganh osQ ohj jl dk loZJs"B dfo ekuk tkrk gSA y{e.k flag ls gqvk FkkA
z dfo fcgkjh ;s xka/h th osQ lkFk vlg;ksx
tUe LFkku& Xokfy;j vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus okyh

budh Hkk"kk 'kq¼ lkfgfR;d czt Hkk"kk gSA igyh efgyk FkhA
jpuk& fcgkjh lrlbZ (lIr'krh) jpuk,¡& >kalh dh jkuh] lHkk osQ •sy] jk•h dh
Jàxkj osQ la;ksx vkSj fo;ksx nksuksa gh i{kksa dk o.kZu pqukSrh] lh/s&lk/s fp=k (cky lkfgR;)] ohjksa dk oSQlk
fd;k gSA gks clar] eqoqQy (dkO; laxzg)] f=k/kjk] fc•jseksrh]
C. vk/qfud dkyhu lkfgR;dkj mUekfnuh (dgkuh)
>kalh dh jkuh uked jpuk osQ fy, 'ksDlfi;j
z iafMr ek•uyky prqoZsnh
tUe LFkku& ckcbZ uxj (gks'kaxkckn)
iqjLdkj çkIr gqvk FkkA
miuke& ^,d Hkkjrh; vkRek* z ckyÑ".k 'kekZ uohu
bUgksusa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] lfou; tUe& 1897] Hk;kuk xzke ('kktkiqj)
voKk vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr NksM+ks ;s lkaln o lafo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; jgs gSa l
vkUnksyu esa Hkkx fy;kA budh dforkvks esa Økafr dk vkÞoku] jk"Vªh;rk osQ fy,
îq"i dh vfHkyk"kk* fcykliqj tsy
leiZ.k rFkk vkè;kRe çkIr gksrk gSA
esa fy•h FkhA
jpuk,¡& oqQeoqQe] jf'e js•k] ge fo"kikbZ tUe osQ]
lelkef;dh mfeZyk] viydA
eè;çns'k ljdkj }kjk ckobZ uxj dk uke ek•uuxj ,oa z Hkokuh çlkn feJ
gks'kaxkckn dk uke ueZnkiqje dj fn;k x;k gSA tUe& 1914] xzke fVxjh;k (gks'kaxkckn)
çeq• lkfgR;dkj ,oa mudh Ñfr;k¡ 83

jpuk,¡& xhriQjks'k] pfdr gS nq•] xka/h iap'krh 'kjn tks'kh osQ ys•u dk fo"k; O;axkRed vkSj lekftd
(egkdkO;)] va/sjh dfork,a] •q'kcw osQ f'kykys•] cquh eqíksa ij vk/kfjr jgk gSA
gqbZ jLlh] O;fÙkQxr] ifjorZu osQ fy, vkfnA
1917 esa cquh gqbZ jLlh osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh
iqjLdkj feyk gSA

dYiuk if=kdk dk lEiknu Hkh fd;k gSA
z gfj'kadj ijlkbZ
tUe& 1924] tekuh xzke (gks'kaxkckn)
jpuk,¡&
dgkuh laxzg& galrs gSa jksrs gSa] Hkksykjke dk tho] jpuk,¡&
tSls muosQ fnu fiQjs O;aX; laxzg& fiQj fdlh cgkus] thi ij lokj
miU;kl& rV dh •kst] jkuh ukxiQuh dh dgkuh]
bfYy;ka] jgk fdukjs cSB] ifjØek] frfyLe]
Tokyk vkSj ty ;FkklaHko] nwljh lrgA
laLej.k& frjNh js•k,a
ukVd& ,d Fkk x/k] va/ksa dk gkFkhA
ys• laxzg& Hkwr osQ ikao ihNs] ekVh dgs oqQEgkj
nwjn'kZu /kjkokfgd& foØe csrky] flagklu cÙkhlhA
ls] viuh&viuh chekjh] csbZekuh dh ijr] çsepan
osQ iQVs twrs] rc dh ckr vkSj Fkh] ijlkbZ jpukoyh eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk mudh Le`fr esa 1992&93 ls
fuca/ laxzg& fBBqjrk gqvk x.kra=k] fodykax J¼k jk"Vªh; 'kjn tks'kh lEeku fn;k tkrk gSA
dk nkSj] oS".ko dh fiQlyu çFke 'kjn tks'kh iqjLdkj gfj'kadj ijlkbZ dks
feykA
tcyiqj esa olq/k uked ekfld if=kdk dk çdk'ku
fd;kA z eqYyk jewth
tUe& 1896] Hkksiky
budh jpuk,¡ O;aX;iw.kZ] lkekftd o lkfgfR;d eqíksa ij
fparu djkus okyh gSaA jpuk,¡& xqykch mnZw] fedykr xqykch mnZw]
bUgsa ^fodykax J¼k dk nkSj* jpuk osQ fy, lkfgR;
bfr•kc&,&xqykch mnZw] ykBh vkSj HkSal] xqykch 'kknh]
vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA vaxwjk] vkSjr tkr] f'kiQk•kuk
z xtkuu ek/o eqfÙkQcks/ z MkW f'koeaxy flag lqeu
jpuk,¡& fgYyksy] feêðh dh ckjkr] fo'okl c<+rk gh
tUe& 1917] ';ksiqj
x;k] çy; l`tu] ij vka•sa ugha Hkjh] ;qxksa dk eksy]
jpuk,¡& pkan dk eqag Vs<+k gS]
thou osQ xku] foaè; fgeky; vkfnA
dkek;uh% ,d iqufoZpkj] lrg
budh çkjafHkd f'k{kk jhok o Xokfy;j esa gqbZA
ls mBrk vkneh] fnudj dh
moZ'kh] Hkwjh Hkwjh •kd] ,d z MkW j?kqohj flag
lkfgfR;d Mk;jh] ubZ dfork tUe& 1908] ftyk eanlkSj
dk vkRela?k"kZ] lkfgR; dk jpuk,a& fc•js iQwy] thou d.k] lIrnhi] 'ks"k Le`fr;ka
lkSan;Z'kkL=k] pacy dh Nkrh] dkB dk liuk] rkj vkfnA

lIrd vkfnA yksx bUgsa I;kj ls egkjkt oqQekj iqdkjrs FksA
budh jpukvks esa thou dh dVq lPpkb;ksa] xjhch

;s fØosQV osQ cgqr vPNs f•ykM+h Hkh FksA
O;oLFkk ,oa folaxfr;ksa dk ekfeZd fp=k.k feyrk gSA o"kZ 1928 esa pkan uked if=kdk osQ iQkalh vad esa
z 'kjn tks'kh çdkf'kr Úkal dh jkT; ØkfUr osQ oqQN jÙkQ jaftr i`"B
tUe& 1931] mTtSu mudh jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk dks çnf'kZr djrs gSA

z ckydfo cSjkxh z vkYgk •aM dks turk us ßn; ls viuk;kA lkFk gh mÙkj
budk tUe 10 iQjojh 1931 dks eanlkSj ftys dh Hkkjr esa bldk vR;f/d çpkj gksus osQ ckctwn /hjs&/hjs
euklk rglhy osQ jkeiqj xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA ewy dkO; laHkor% yqIr gks x;kA
buosQ cpiu dk uke uanjke nkl cSjkxh FkkA z fofHkUu cksfy;ksa esa blosQ fHkUu&fHkUu Lo:i feyrs gSaA
jpuk,¡& eSa mifLFkr gw¡ ;gk¡] viuh xa/ ugha cspwaxk] z 1865 bZ- esa iQjZw•kckn osQ dysDVj lj pkYlZ bfy;V us
esjs ns'k osQ yky vkYg •.M uke ls bldk laxzg djk;k ftlesa dUukSth
z ve`ryky csxM+ Hkk"kk dh cgqyrk gSA
tUe& 3 vDVwcj 1928] tcyiqj
z vkYg •.M tu lewg dh fuf/ gSA
jpuk,¡ & rhjs&rhjs ueZnk] ueZnk rqe fdruh lqanj gks]
z jpuk dky ls ysdj vkt rd blus Hkkjrh;ksa osQ ân; esa
lkgl vkSj R;kx dk ea=k iQw¡dk gSA
lkSan;Z dh unh ueZnk
ve`ryky csxM+ th us ueZnk dh rqyuk xaxk ls djrs
vkYgk•aM
gq, dgk gS fd & ¶Js"B xaxk gS ysfdu T;s"B ueZnk¸ z vkYgk •aM esa 52 ;q¼ksa dk o.kZu gSA
z vkYgk •aM dh cksyh cukiQkjh gSA
z vkYgk xkus okys yksx vYgSr dgykrs gSaA
z ;g fo'o dh lcls yEch dfork gSA
2- bZlqjh
z cqansy•aM osQ yksd dfo gSA
lkfgR;dkjksa osQ miuke z miuke & cqansy•aM dk t;nso
z jpuk & bZlqjh dh iQkxsa
lkfgR;dkj miuke@mikf/@okLrfod uke
3- lar flaxkth
dkyhnkl Hkkjr osQ 'ksDlfi;j
z eè;çns'k osQ fuekM+ {ks=k ls lcaf/r gSaA
HkoHkwfr vEcsd] Jh daB] Hkkjr osQ feYVu
z ;s lar dchj osQ ledkyhu ekus tkrs gSaA
ck.kHkêð oukapy osQljh z jpuk,¡ & ckjgeklh] iaæg frfFk] lkr okj
vkpk;Z osQ'konkl dfBu dkO; dk çsr] jhfrdkyhu 4- ?kk?k nqcs
çFke dfo
z ?kk?k dh dgkorksa esa Ñf"k ,oa ekSle dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
ek•uyky prqoZsnh ,d Hkkjrh; vkRek z lezkV vdcj }kjk bUgsa pkS/jh dh mikf/ çnku dh xbZ FkhA
ve`ryky csxM+ ueZnk iq=k z vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us bUgsa lwfÙkQdkj dgk gSA
flaxkth fuekM+ dk dchj
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
dfo çnhi jkepaæ f}osnh
z ck.kHkêð] o/Zu oa'k osQ 'kkld g"kZo/Zu osQ njckjh dfo FksA
yksd lkfgR;dkj z eè; çns'k ljdkj us ckcbZ uxj dk uke ek•u uxj vkSj
gks'kaxkckn dk uke cnydj ueZnkiqje dj fn;k gSA
1- txfud z lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku xka/hth osQ lkFk vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa
z ;s dkfyatj osQ jktk ijeky pansy osQ njckjh dfo FksA Hkkx ysus okyh igyh efgyk FkhaA
z jpuk,¡ & vkYgk•aM] ijekyjklks z gfj 'kadj ijlkbZ us tcyiqj esa olq/k uke ls ,d ekfld
z bUgksus jktk ijeky osQ lkear vkSj lgk;d egksck osQ vkYgk if=kdk çdkf'kr dhA
vkSj Åny dks uk;d ekudj vkYgk •.M uked xzaFk z igyk 'kjn tks'kh iqjLdkj gfj'kadj ijlkbZ dks feyk FkkA
dh jpuk dhA z ?kk?k nqcs dks lezkV vdcj us pkS/jh dh mikf/ nh FkhA

z ve`ryky csxM+ th us ueZnk dh rqyuk xaxk ls djrs gq, vH;kl ç'u
dgk fd ¶xaxk lcls vPNh gS ysfdu ueZnk lcls cM+h gS¸
1- e- ç- osQ fdl dfo dks Hkkjr dk ^'ksDlih;j* dgk tkrk
z Hkokuh çlkn feJ dks 1917 esa cquh gqbZ jklh osQ fy, gS\
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA (a) HkoHkwfr (b) HkrZgfj
(c) ek•uyky prqoZsnh (d) dkfynkl
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
mÙkj (d)
1- fuEu esa ls dkSu lh iqLrd dkfynkl osQ }kjk fyf•r O;k[;k% egkdfo dkfynkl laLÑr osQ egkdfo FksA mUgsa Hkkjr
ugha gS\ (2017) dk 'ksDlih;j dgk tkrk gSA
(a) es?knwre~ 2- N=klky n'kd fdldh jpuk gS\
(b) oqQekjlaHkoe~ (a) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (b) HkoHkwfr
(c) mÙkjjkepfjre~ (c) Hkw"k.k (d) osQ'konkl
(d) ½rqlagkje~ mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% Hkw"k.k egkjktk N=klky osQ njckjh dfo FksA mUgksaus
N=klky n'kd dh jpuk dhA
2- jf'ejs•k iqLrd dk ys•d dkSu gS\ (2017)
3- g"kZ pfjr fdldh jpuk gS\
(a) xtkuu ek/o eqfÙkQcks/
(a) iÁkdj (b) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(b) ckyÑ".k 'kekZ uohu
(c) HkoHkwfr (d) ck.kHkêð
(c) gfj'kadj ijlkbZ
mÙkj (d)
(d) Hkokuh çlkn feJ O;k[;k% bl xzaFk esa g"kZ dh thouh dk o.kZu gSA ck.kHkêð dh
mÙkj (b) vU; çfl¼ jpuk,a & p.Mh'krd] dknEcjh] ikoZrh ifj.k; gSA
3- Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk tUe LFkku\ (2017) 4- osQ'konkl dk tUe dgka gqvk Fkk\
(a) lkxj (b) mTtSu (a) Vhdex<+ (b) vksjNk
(c) bankSj (d) gks'kaxkckn (c) lkxj (d) eqjSuk
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (b)

O;k[;k% bUgsa ^dfBu dkO; dk çsr* dgdj iqdkjk tkrk FkkA
4- vius dkO; laxzg ^fodykax J¼k dk nkSj* osQ fy, fdlus budk tUe vksjNk esa gqvk FkkA çfl¼ jhfrdkyhu dfo FksA
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj thrk\ (2017)
5- ,d Hkkjrh; vkRek osQ uke ls çfl¼ ys•d Fks &
(a) 'kjn tks'kh (b) gfj'kadj ijlkbZ
(a) xtkuu ek/o 'eqfÙkQcks/'
(c) Kku prqoZsnh (d) uan nqykjs oktis;h
(b) Hkokuhçlkn feJ
mÙkj (b) (c) ek•uyky prqoZsnh
(d) ckyÑ".k 'kekZ 'uohu'
mÙkj (c)
1- txfud osQ lkfgfR;d ;ksxnkuks ij çdk'k Mkfy,A (2018) O;k[;k% ek•uyky prqoZsnh dk tUe e-ç- osQ gks'kaxkckn osQ
2- HkoHkwfr (2017) ckcbZ esa gqvk FkkA jpuk,a & fgerajfxuh] fgefdjhfVuh] le;
osQ ikWao] leiZ.k vkfnA
3- lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku (2017)
6- ^jgk fdukjs cSB* iqLrd osQ ys•d dkSu gS\
4- MkW j?kqohj flag (2013)
(a) ek•uyky prqoZsnh (b) ckyÑ".k 'kekZ
5- dkfynkl (2014) (c) 'kjn tks'kh (d) Hkokuh çlkn feJ
6- ek•u yky prqoZsnh (2014) mÙkj (c)

O;k[;k% fgUnh txr osQ çeq• O;aX;dkj 'kjn tks'kh dk tUe O;k[;k% lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku fgUnh dh çfl¼ dfof;=kh FkhA
mTtSu esa gqvk FkkA budh vU; jpuk,a gS& fdlh cgkus] ifjØek] ¶>kWalh dh jkuh¸ budh çfl¼ jpuk FkhA ikihisV] fc•js eksrh]
frfyLe vkfnA ifjorZu] n`f"Vdks.k vkfn budh vU; çfl¼ jpuk,a FkhA
7- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh jpuk HkoHkwfr dh ugha gS\ 9- iÁkdj dk tUe eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa gqvk Fkk\
(a) mÙkjjkepfjr (b) uhfr'krd (a) Vhdex<+ (b) vksjNk
(c) ekyrh ek/o (d) egkohj pfj=k (c) lkxj (d) eqjSuk
mÙkj% (b) mÙkj% (c)
O;k[;k% uhfr'krd dh jpuk HkrZ`gfj osQ }kjk dh xbZ gSA tcfd O;k[;k% iÁkdj dk jhfrdky osQ loZJs"B dfo FksA mudk tUe
vU; jpuk,¡ HkoHkwfr dh gSA eè;çns'k osQ lkxj ftys esa gqvk FkkA
8- jk•h dh pqukSrh fdldh jpuk gS\ 10- lejkax.klw=k dh jpuk fdlus dh gS\
(a) lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku (a) dkfynkl (b) jktkHkkst
(b) ek•uyky prqoZsnh (c) iÁxqIr (d) Hkkuqçrki
(c) gfj'kadj ijlkbZ mÙkj% (b)
(d) xtkuu ek/o eqfÙkQcks/ O;k[;k% ijekj oa'k osQ çrkih jktk Hkkst us lejkax.klw=k dh
mÙkj% (a) jpuk dhA ;g iqLrd okLrqdyk ij vk/kfjr gSA
v v v

3 eè; çns'k esa lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡
z eè; çns'k lkfgR; ifj"kn] Hkksiky z eè; çns'k rqylh vdkneh

LFkkiuk& 1954 esa LFkkfir dh xbZA ekpZ 1987 esa Hkksiky esa LFkkfir gqbZA
mís';& lkfgR; dh mUufr vkSj fodkl dk dke djukA mís'; & rqylh lkfgR; dh •kst rFkk mldk çdk'ku
lkfgR;dkjksa dk lEeku djuk vkSj Js"B Ñfr;ksa dks vkSj O;kid çpkj&çlkj djukA
iqjLdkfjr djukA z eè;çns'k fla/h lkfgR; vdkneh
z eè; çns'k dyk ifj"kn] Hkksiky LFkkiuk & 1983] Hkksiky
LFkkiuk% 1952 esa LFkkfir dh xbZA

mís'; & fla/h Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk laj{k.k vkSj
çeq• dk;Z& lao/ZuA
laxhr] u`R;] yfyr dyk] jaxeap vkfn dks çksRlkfgr z mLrkn vykmíhu •ka laxhr vdkneh
djuk vkSj laj{k.k djukA LFkkiuk & vçSy 1979] eSgj (lruk)
•tqjkgks u`R; lekjksg] rkulsu lekjksg (Xokfy;j)
vdkneh }kjk ok| fouksn lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k
vkfn vk;ksftr djukA
tkrk gSA
z eè; çns'k vkfnoklh yksd dyk ifj"kn] Hkksiky
z eè; çns'k dh çeq• lkfgR; ,oa dyk vdkneh
LFkkiuk% 1980 esa LFkkfir dh xbZA
vdkneh LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky;
vkfnoklh yksd laxhr] yksd u`R;] vkfnoklh lkfgR;
eè; çns'k dyk ifj"kn 1952 Hkksiky
osQ laj{k.k] nLrkosthdj.k vkSj fodkl dk dk;Z djukA
eè; çns'k lkfgR; ifj"kn 1954 Hkksiky
z Hkkjr Hkou
iqjkrRo ,oa vfHkys•kxkj laxzgky; 1956 Hkksiky
Hkksiky fLFkr Hkkjr Hkou dk fuekZ.k 1982 esa çfl¼
johaæ Hkou 1962 Hkksiky
okLrqdkj pkYlZ dksfj;k }kjk cuk;k x;k FkkA
eè; çns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh 1969 Hkksiky
mn~?kkVu & Jhefr bafnjk xk¡/h }kjk
eè; çns'k mnZw vdkneh 1976 Hkksiky
blosQ 6 vax gS &
dkfynkl vdkneh 1978 mTtSu
:iadj (yfyr dyk dk laxzgky;)
mLrkn vykmíhu lxhr vdkneh 1979 Hkksiky
jaxeaMy (çn'kZuh ,oa jaxeap)
Hkkjr&Hkou 1982 Hkksiky
okxFkZ (dforkvksa dk osQUæ)
eè; çns'k fla/h vdkneh 1983 Hkksiky
vugn (;g 'kkL=kh; vkSj yksd laxhr dk osQUæ)
eè; çns'k laLÑr vdkneh 1985 Hkksiky
Nfo & (flusek ls lEcaf/r gS) eè; çns'k rqylh vdkneh 1987 Hkksiky
vkdkj Hkkstiqjh lkfgR; vdkneh 2013 Hkksiky
eè; çns'k osQ çeq• l`tuihB
çsepaæ l`tuihB foØe fo'ofo|ky; mTtSu
eqfÙkQcks/ l`tuihB gfjflag xkSj fo'ofo|ky; lkxj
lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;
l`tuihB tcyiqj
fujkyk l`tuihB cjdrmYyk fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 2- Hkkjr Hkou dh vkSipkfjd LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ esa dh xbZ
vkfn'kadjkpk;Z l`tuihB vksadkjs'oj •aMok Fkh\
ij'kqjke ihB tkukiko egw (a) 1980 (b) 1982
egknsoh oeZ ihB vVy fcgkjh fgUnh fo'ofo|ky; (c) 1981 (d) 1983
Hkksiky mÙkj (b)
xka/h 'kks/ ihB nsoh vfgY;k ckbZ fo'ofo|ky; O;k[;k% Hkksiky esa fLFkr Hkkjr Hkou lkaLÑfrd xfrfo/;ksa dk
bankSj osQUæ gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1982 esa dh xbZ FkhA
egRoiw.kZ fcanq 3- eè;çns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
z eè; çns'k lkfgR; ifj"kn] Hkksiky] 1954 esa LFkkfir gqvkA (a) 1969 (b) 1956
z Hkksiky esa Hkkjr Hkou dk fuekZ.k 1982 esa çfl¼ okLrqdkj (c) 1958 (d) 1962
pkYlZ dksfj;k us fd;k FkkA mÙkj (a)
z eè; çns'k dyk ifj"kn] Hkksiky] 1952 esa LFkkfir gqvkA O;k[;k% eè; çns'k fganh xzaFk vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 1969 esa dh
z eè; çns'k fganh xzaFk vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 1969 esa gqbZ FkhA xbZA ;g 'kklu osQ mPp f'k{kk foHkkx osQ varxZr dk;Z djrh gSA
;g ljdkj osQ mPp f'k{kk foHkkx osQ rgr dke djrk gSA 4- /zqin osQaæ dgk¡ LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk\
z èkzqin osQaæ dh LFkkiuk 1981 esa Hkksiky esa dh xbZ FkhA (a) mTtSu (b) Hkksiky
z mnZw lkfgR; dh mUufr osQ fy, 1976 esa mnZw vdkneh dh (c) bankSj (d) tcyiqj
LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA mÙkj (b)
z eè;çns'k dyk ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk 1952 esa eè;çns'k dyk O;k[;k% /zqin osQUæ dh LFkkiuk 1981 esa e-ç- 'kklu osQ }kjk
laLÑfr ls lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa osQ laj{k.k vkSj fodkl osQ Hkksiky esa dh xbZA
mís'; ls dh xbZ FkhA 5- eè;çns'k mnZw vdkneh dk xBu dc fd;k x;k Fkk\
(a) 1976 (b) 1977
(c) 1986 (d) 1987
1- Hkkjr Hkou dgk¡ fLFkr gS\ (2016) mÙkj (a)
(a) fnYyh (b) bankSj O;k[;k% mnZw lkfgR; dh mUufr osQ fy, o"kZ 1976 esa mnZw
(c) tcyiqj (d) Hkksiky vdkneh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
mÙkj (d) 6- eè; çns'k laLÑr vdkneh dh LFkkiuk dk o"kZ gS\
2- dkfynkl vdkneh dh LFkkiuk fdl o"kZ gqbZ Fkh\ (a) 1985 (b) 1988
(2012] 2010) (c) 1995 (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(a) 1975 (b) 1977 mÙkj (a)
(c) 1981 (d) 1979 O;k[;k% laLÑr osQ çpkj&çlkj] laLÑr lkfgR; ys•u esa o`f¼
mÙkj (b) vkSj laLÑr lkfgR;dkjksa dks çksRlkgu nsus osQ mís'; ls laLÑr
vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 1985 dh xbZ FkhA
vH;kl ç'u 7- e- ç- yfyr dyk osQ fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj dh laLFkk dgk¡
1- eè;çns'k esa dkfynkl vdkneh dgk¡ fLFkr gS\ fLFkr gS\
(a) mTtSu (b) Hkksiky (a) ekul Hkou (b) Hkkjr Hkou
(c) bankSj (d) tcyiqj (c) fgUnh Hkou (d) ekuo laxzgky;
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% dkfynkl vdkneh dh LFkkiuk e- ç- osQ mTtSu esa O;k[;k% Hkksiky esa fLFkr Hkkjr Hkou lkaLÑfrd xfrfo/;ksa dk
o"kZ 1977 esa dh xbZ FkhA osQUæ gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1982 esa dh xbZ FkhA
eè; çns'k esa lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡ 89

8- eè; çns'k dyk ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\ O;k[;k% fgUnh lkfgR; dks laj{k.k vkSj ys•u dks çksRlkgu nsus
(a) 1951 (b) 1952 osQ mís'; ls lkfgR; ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1954 esa dh xbZ FkhA
(c) 1953 (d) 1955 10- mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk ;qXe xyr gS\
mÙkj (b)
(a) e- ç- fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh & 1969
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dyk laLÑfr ls lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa dks
(b) e- ç- lkfgR; ifj"kn & 1954
laj{k.k] fodkl osQ mís'; ls 1952 esa eè; çns'k dyk ifj"kn
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA (c) e- ç- fla/h vdkneh & 1983
9- eè; çns'k lkfgR; ifj"kn dk LFkkiuk o"kZ\ (d) e- ç- laLÑr vdkneh & 1987
(a) 1956 (b) 1957 mÙkj (d)
(c) 1954 (d) 1955 O;k[;k% e- ç- laLÑr vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 1985 esa dh xbZ
mÙkj (c) FkhA vr% mijksDr ;qXe (d) xyr gSA
v v v

4 eè; çns'k osQ yksd u`R;@ukVd@xk;u
yksdu`R; z iQsiQfj;k u`R;

iQsiQfj;k ikjaifjd lewg u`R; gS blesa L=kh vkSj iq#"k
fuekM ekyok cqna y

s •aM c?ksyh tksM+h cukdj xksy ?ksjs esa ukprs gSa iQsiQfj;k ok| osQ
x.kxkSj eVdh c/kbZ u`R; fcjgk dkj.k bl ukp dk uke iQsiQfj;k u`R; iM+kA
dkBh u`R; jtokM+h lSjk u`R; dylk iQsiQfj;k u`R; eq[;r% fookg osQ volj ij fd;k
iQsiQfj;k eNyh jkbZ oSQekyh tkrk gSA

ekaMY;k Hkxksfj;k f<efj;kbZ nknj z ekaMY;k u`R;
vkM+k •kM+k dkuMk u`R; dgjok ekaMY;k ,d ikjaifjd lewg u`R; gSa blesa ,d iq#"k
MaMk ukp tkojk lqvk <ksy ctkrk gS lkFk esa dkals dh Fkkyh dk rhoz Loj
u`R; dks vf/d mÙkstd cukrk gSA
A. fuekM+ {ks=k osQ yksd u`R; ekaMY;k ukp osQoy efgyk ijd gS] efgyk,a <ksy dh
z x.kxkSj u`R; Fkki ij tYnh&tYnh xfr cnyrh gS rFkk gkFk vkSj iSjksa
dh fofHkUu eqækvksa dks çnf'kZr djrh gSaA
z vkM+k&•M+k u`R;
fuekM+ {ks=k esa tUe] eqaMu vkSj fookg osQ volj ij
vkM+k •M+k u`R; fd;k tkrk gSA

nks&pkj efgyk,a ?kwa?kV Mkys >qddj] gkFk vkSj ?kqVuksa
dks u`R; xfr;ksa osQ vuq:i y; osQ lkFk Åij]uhps vkSj

dej ij ys tkrh gSA
<ksy bl u`R; dk eq[; ok| gSA
z MaMk u`R;
pS=k oS'kk• ekg dh jkrksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls x.kxkSj ioZ
osQ volj ij fuekM+ osQ fdlku MaMk u`R; djrs gSaA

x.kxkSj] fuekM+h tuthou dk çeq• u`R; gS ;g u`R; MaMk u`R; lewg esa fd;k tkus okyk iq#"k ijd u`R; gSA
eq[; :i ls x.kxkSj R;kSgkj osQ 9 fnuksa osQ nkSjku MaMk u`R; osQ çeq• ok| <ksy vkSj Fkkyh gSaA
fd;k tkrk gSA

B. ekyok {ks=k osQ yksd u`R;
;g u`R; fuekM+ {ks=k esa x.kxkSj osQ volj ij muosQ
z eVdh u`R;
nsork jk.kqckbZ vkSj /fu;kj lw;Z nso osQ lEeku esa dh
eVdh] ekyok dk ,d leqnk; u`R; gS ftls efgyk
tkus okyh HkfÙkQ dk ,d :i gSA
fofHkUu voljksa fo'ks"kdj 'kknh &fookg ij u`R;
z dkBh u`R; djrh gSA
dkBh fuekM+ vapy dk ikjaifjd yksd u`R; gS ;g ekrk
<ksy ;k <ksyd dh ,d •kl y; tks eVdh osQ uke
ikoZrh dh riL;k ls lacaf/r u`R; gSA ls tkuh tkrh gSa] mldh Fkki ij efgyk,a u`R; djrh
dkBh dk çkjaHk nso çcksf/uh ,dkn'kh ls vkSj foJke gSa vr% eVdh rky osQ dkj.k bl u`R; dk uke eVdh
egkf'kojkf=k dks gksrk gSA u`R; iM+kA
z jtokM+h u`R; ukpus okyh csM+uh osQ lkFk e`nax ctkus okyk ukprk gS
jtokM+h u`R; dh ijaijk fdlh Hkh volj ij lewps vkSj ukprs gq;s csM+uh osQ lehi tkdj u`R; djrk gSA
ekyok esa ns•h tk ldrh gSaA jkbZ u`R; osQ lkFk ;gk¡ fo'ks"kr% lqçfl¼ yksd dfo bZlqjh
<ksy osQ ikjaifjd dgjok&nknjk vkfn rkyksa ij dh iQkxsa xkbZ tkrh gSaA
vkM+k&•M+k jtokM+h ukp fd;k tkrk gSA z dkuÄk u`R;
;g ,d efgyk ç/ku lkewfgd u`R; gSA cqansy•aM esa dkuÄk ;k duÄ;kbZ u`R; ewy :i ls /ksch
z Hkxksfj;k u`R; lekt osQ yksxksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

;g u`R;] fookg] tUe] R;kSgkj vkfn 'kqHk voljksa ij
ekyok ,oa if'peh fuekM+] >kcqvk] vkyhjktiqj]
cM+okuh esa Hkhy tutkfr }kjk Hkxksfj;k ioZ cM+h /we/ke fd;k tkrk gSA
ls euk;k tkrk gS] tks çfl¼ yksd laLÑfr dk çrhd gSA z lSjk u`R;
cqansy•aM esa Jko.k&Hkknks esa lSjk u`R; fd;k tkrk gS ;g
gksyh osQ lkr fnu igys ls euk;k tkrk gSA
bl ioZ esa vk;ksftr gkV osQ }kjk vfookfgr ;qok&;qofr;ksa

iq#"k ç/ku u`R; gSA
bl u`R; esa <ksyd] fVedh] eathjk] e`nax vkSj ckalqjh
dks viuk euilUn thou lkFkh p;u djus dk lqvolj
çkIr gksrk gSA ok| çeq• gksrs gSaA
z eNyh u`R; z f<efj;kbZ u`R;
cqansy•aM esa lkekU;r% <hej tkfr osQ yksx bl u`R; dks
;g ,d /kfeZd u`R; gS ftldk vk;kstu fo'ks"k :i ls
catkjk tutkfr }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA djrs gSa blfy, bls f<efj;kbZ u`R; dgrs gSaA
bl u`R; esa jsdM+h] •atM+h] e`nax] <ksyd vkfn ok|
C. cqansy•aM {ks=k osQ yksd u`R; ctk, tkrs gSaA
z c/kbZ u`R; z ukSjrk u`R;
cqansy•aM {ks=k esa tUe] fookg vkSj rht R;ksgkjksa osQ ukSjrk uojkf=k esa fd;k tkus okyk dU;kvksa dk u`R; gS]
voljksa ij c/kbZ u`R; yksdfç; gSaA ;g u`R; 'kfÙkQ iwtk dk u`R; gSA
bl u`R; esa L=kh iq#"kksa dh la;qÙkQ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
D. c?ksy•aM {ks=k osQ yksd u`R;
c/kbZ u`R; esa c/kbZ rky eqyr% <iys vkSj e`nax ij
z fcjgk vFkok vfgjkbZ u`R;
ctk, tkrs gSaA
fcjgk u`R; dk dksbZ le; fuf'pr ugha gksrk tc eu
z jkbZ u`R;
pkgs rc ekSt esa fcjgk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fo'ks"kdj lxkbZ] 'kkfn;ksa vkSj nhikoyh esa fcjgk
u`R; vo'; gksrk gSA

z dylk u`R;
jkbZ cqansy•aM dk ,d yksdfç; u`R; tUe] lxkbZ]

'kkfn;ksa] mRloksa osQ volj ij jkbZ u`R; dk vk;kstu
çfr"Bk çnku djrk gSA ckjkr dh vxokuh esa flj ij dy'k j•dj u`R; djus
jkbZ u`R; esa csM+fu;k¡ ukprh gSa vkSj csM+uh osQ vHkko esa dh ijaijk c?ksy•aM esa çpfyr gS }kj ij Lokxr dh
L=kh&os'k/kjh iq#"k ukprs gSaA jLe gksus osQ i'pkr u`R; 'kq: fd;k tkrk gSA

bl u`R; esa iq#"k ;k efgyk flj ij dy'k j•dj êkp* laLÑr osQ eap 'kCn ls cuk gSA oqQN yksxksa dk
'kjhj dk larqyu lk/rs gq, fofHkUu 'kkjhfjd eqækvksa dguk gS fd ekp jktLFkku osQ [;ky] dyxh rqjkZ dh
dk lapkyu djrs gSaA ekyoh larku gSA
z nknj u`R; mTtSu ekp dh mn~xe Hkwfe ekuh tkrh gSA
nknj c?ksy•aM dk çfl¼ u`R; gS ;g vf/drj iq#"kksa ekp osQ çorZd xq# ;k mLrkn dgykrs gS] mLrknksa osQ
}kjk •q'kh osQ volj ij fd;k tkrk gSA vius&vius v•kM+s gksrs gSaA
nknj osQ fy, dksy] dksVokj] dgkj fo'ks"k :i ls
ekp dks çfr"Bk fnykus okys xq#vksa esa loZ Jh xksiky
çfl¼ gSA th] ckyeqoqQan th] dkywjke th vkSj Hks#yky th dk
cqfu;knh vkSj mYys•uh; ;ksxnku gSA
blesa iq#"k ok| ctkrs gSa vkSj efgyk,a u`R; djrh gSaA
z osQgjok u`R; cqansy•aM {ks=k osQ yksdukVÔ

osQgjok u`R; esa L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa vyx&vyx 'kSyh z Lokax
esa ukprs gSa blesa eq[;r% dgjok rky ctk;k tkrk gSA Lokax cqansy•aM dk ikjaifjd yksd ukVÔ gS bls jkbZ u`R;
z jkbZ u`R; osQ chp esa gkL; vkSj O;aX; osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
jkbZ u`R; dk çpyu c?ksy•aM o cqUnsy•.M nksuksa esa gS] c?ksy•aM {ks=k osQ yksdukVÔ
gkykafd nksuksa osQ u`R; esa csgn varj gSA z Nkgqj
cqansy•aM esa u`rdh vkSj e`nax jkbZ u`R; dh tku gksrs gSa Nkgqj c?ksy•aM esa Ñ"kd tkfr;ksa dk yksdukVÔ gSA
ogha c?ksy•aM esa jkbZ u`R; <ksyd vkSj uxfM+;ksa ij fd, blesa fdlh eap dh Hkh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS xkao
tkrs gSa ysfdu iq#"k gh L=kh os'k /kj.k dj ukprs gSA osQ pkSjkgs vFkok pkSiky ij ;k ?kj osQ vkaxu esa Nkgqj
z osQekyh u`R; ukVÔ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
osQekyh u`R; dks lktu ltuh u`R; Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa iq#"k gh L=kh dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
osQekyh xhr esa L=kh&iq#"k nksuksa gh ç'u mÙkj 'kSyh esa Nkgqj eq[; :i ls ekSf•d 'kSyh dk yksdukVÔ gSA
xkrs gq, cgqr rsth osQ lkFk lewg esa u`R; djrs gSaA z eulq•k
eulq•k yksdukVÔ ,d yksd çglu gS ftls jkl dk
yksdukVÔ
c?ksyh :ikarj ekuk tkrk gSA
yksdukVÔ fdlh Hkh lekt dh ftthfo"kk] ladYiuk] Hkkouk]
blesa nks eap vkSj nks inksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA
laosnuk rFkk ,sfrgkfldrk dks vfHkO;ÙkQ djrk gS blesa laokn]
bls lHkh R;ksgkjksa ,oa mRlo ij fd;k tkrk gSA
dfork] vfHku;] laxhr vkfn ,d lkFk mifLFkr jgrs gSaA
z fgaxkyk
fuekM+ osQ yksdukVÔ fgaxkyk ,d eap jfgr ljy ukVÔ :i gSA
z xEer lHkh çeq• R;ksgkjksa vkSj mRloksa ij fgaxkyk fd;k
;g fuekM+ {ks=k dk çfl¼ ikjaifjd yksd u`R; gSA tkrk gSA

blesa gkL; ,oa dVk{k ls ;qÙkQ nks nyksa osQ chp esa
;g çk;% rhu voljksa uojkf=k] gksyh ,oa x.kxkSj ij
fd;k tkrk gSA xhrksa osQ ekè;e ls uksd&>ksad gksrh gSA

;g yksxksa osQ euksjatu dk lk/u gh ugha] cfYd lcosQ
z ftanck
;g ewyr% efgyk ukVÔ gSa ftldk vuq"Bku fookg osQ
lkeus vius eu dh ckr dgus dk Hkh cM+k ekè;e gSA
volj ij gksrk gSA
ekyok {ks=k osQ yksdukVÔ fL=k;ksa }kjk fofHkUu voljksa ij gkl ifjgkl osQ lkFk
z ekp vfHku; vkSj xk;u osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA

ekyok {ks=k osQ çfl¼ yksd ukVÔ ekp dks eè; çns'k iq#"kksa osQ ukVÔ ns•us ij mUgsa >kM+w ,oa ewlyks dh
ljdkj us çns'k dk jktdh; ukVÔ ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA ekj iM+rh gSA
eè; çns'k osQ yksd u`R;@ukVd@xk;u 93

z ydM+cX?kk fdlh O;fÙkQ dh e`R;q ij mldh vkRek dh vejrk dh
ydM+cX?kk] vkfnoklh ;qod ;qofr;ksa dk yksdukVÔ gSa] yksd ekU;rk osQ pyrs bldk xk;u gksrk gS blfy, bls
tks •qys eap ij vfHkuhr gksrk gSA elk.;k ;k dk;k•kst xhr dgrs gSaA
bu xhrksa esa vkRek dks nqYgu vkSj 'kjhj dks nwYgk osQ
;g fookg osQ volj ij •syk tkrk gSA
:i esa ekuk x;k gSA
blesa yM+dh dks ydM+cX?kk mBk ys tkrk gS] yM+dh
z ukxiaFkh xk;u
Øanu djrh gSA bl oU; ukVÔ esa i'kq vkSj euq"; osQ
{ks=k& fuekM+ vapy esa iq#"kksa }kjk xk;u
gkfnZd ;ksx dk vfHku; ekfeZdrk ls fd;k tkrk gSA
volj& vf/drj ioZ R;kSgkj osQ volj ij
yksd xk;u fo"k; oLrq& ewyr% Ñ".k dh jkl yhykvksa ls lacaf/r
fuekM+ ekyok cqna y

s •aM c?ksyh xk;u 'kSyh& e`nax ,oa <ksy ij ,dy ,oa lkewfgd
fujxqf.k;k HkjFkjh xk;u vkYgk xk;u fcjgk xk;u 'kSyh

xk;u ghM+ xk;u cacfq y;k@Hkksyk clnsok xk;u z xjck xhr
dyxh&rqjkZ latk xhr xhr fcnsfl;k {ks=k& fuekM+ vapy esa L=kh ijd yksd xk;u
elk.;k xhr cjlkrh ckjrk csjk;Vk xk;u iaMokuh xk;u volj& uojkf=k esa
ukFkiaFkh xk;u Hkksis xk;u nsokjh xk;u iQkx xk;u fo"k; oLrq& nsoh osQ HkfÙkQ xhr
xjck xhr txnEcs dk xk;u 'kSyh& u`R; lfgr æqr lkewfgd xk;u 'kSyh
xoyu xhr iqokjk
z xjch xhr
iQkx xk;u
{ks=k& fuekM+ vapy esa iq#"k ijd yksd xk;u
volj& uojkf=k osQ volj ij

fuekM+ osQ yksd xk;u
fo"k; oLrq& xjch dh fo"k; oLrq HkfÙkQ] Jàxkj vkSj
z fujxqf.k;k xk;u 'kSyh
gkL; ijd gksrh gSA
{ks=k& ;g yksdxhr laiw.kZ fuekM+ ,oa ekyok vapy esa
çfl¼ gSA ekyok {ks=k osQ yksdxhr

xk;u 'kSyh& ,dy ,oa lewg 'kSyh z HkjFkjh xk;u
{ks=k& ekyok {ks=k esa
voljµ fdlh Hkh le; ij lk/q ,oa fHk{kqdks osQ }kjk
volj& ;g çk;% lqcg osQ le; ukFkiaFkh yksxksa }kjk
xk;k tkrk gSA
xk;k tkrk gSA
fo"k; oLrq& dchj] ehjk] jSnkl] nknw vkfn larksa osQ
fo"k;oLrq& ekyok osQ ukFk laçnk; osQ yksx fpadkjk
HkfÙkQ inksa dk xk;uA
ij HkjFkjh dFkk xk;u djrs gSaA fpadkjk ukfj;y dh
z dyxh rqjkZ
uV~Vh] ckal vkSj ?kksM+s osQ ckyksa ls fufeZr ikjaifjd ok|
{ks=k& laiw.kZ fuekM+ vapy esa
gS ftlesa ls :¡:¡ dh e/qj èofu fudyrh gSA
xk;u 'kSyh& ;g ,d çfrLi/kZRed yksd xk;u 'kSyh z latk xhr
gSA {ks=k& ekyok vapy esa
volj& ;g 'kfÙkQ ,oa f'ko dh vkjk/uk esa jkr osQ volj& fir` i{k esa 'kke osQ le;
le; xk, tkus okys yksdxhr gSA xk;u 'kSyh& ok| jfgr lkewfgd xk;u 'kSyh
fo"k; oLrq& vk'kq dfork osQ lkFk&lkFk egkHkkjr dh fo"k; oLrq& xkscj ,oa iQwy&ifÙk;ksa ls nhokj ij latk
dFkkvksa] ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuvksa ls ysdj orZeku çlaxksa cukdj ckY;koLFkk dh dksey Hkkoukvksa osQ xhr
dk xk;uA z ghM+ xk;u
z elk.;k (dk;k•kst) xhr {ks=k& ekyok vapy esa
;g xhr fuekM+ vapy {ks=k esa xk;k tkrk gSA volj& Jko.k osQ eghus esa

fo"k; oLrq& X;kjl ekrk dh dFkk rFkk Ñf"k laLÑfr xk;u 'kSyh& æqr u`R; lfgr nksgk xk;u 'kSyh
dk lw{e o.kZu gksrk gSA z txnEcs dk iqjkok
xk;u 'kSyh& çfrLi/kZRed ykHk 'kSyh
{ks=k& cqansy•aM esa
z cjlkrh ckjrk ;g xhr cqansy•aM {ks=k esa pS=k vkSj oqQ¡okj eghuksa esa
{ks=k& ekyok vapy esa xk;k tkrk gSA
volj& o"kkZ ½rq esa jkr osQ le;
iqokjk ewyr% Hktu 'kSyh esa xk;k tkrk gSA
fo"k; oLrq& ½rq dFkk ,oa ckjgeklk xhr xk, tkrs gSaA
blesa 'kfÙkQ dh vkjk/uk ls lacaf/r Hktu gksrs gSa tks
xk;u 'kSyh& paiw dkO; dh lkewfgd xk;u 'kSyh gSA lkewfgd :i ls xk, tkrs gSaA
z Hkksis xk;u z iQkx xk;u
{ks=k& ekyok vapy esa
iQkx xk;u gksyh osQ volj ij gksrk gSA
volj& clar iapeh ij
iQkYxqu ekg ls jax iapeh rd cqansy•aM esa iQkx xk;u
fo"k; oLrq& ljLorh ekrk dh Lrqfr dh tkrh gSA
'kq: gksrk gSA
cqansy•aM {ks=k osQ yksdxhr c?ksy•aM osQ yksdxhr
z vkYgk xk;u z fcjgk xk;u
{ks=k& cqansy•aM vapy esa
{ks=k& c?ksy•aM esa
volj& çk;% o"kkZ ½rq esa
volj& fdlh Hkh le;] lqulku LFkkuksa esaA
fo"k; oLrq& egksck osQ vkYgk ,oa mny dh 52
fo"k; oLrq& Jàxkj ijd fojg xhr tks fd xksaM ,oa
yM+kb;ksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
cSxk }kjk fookg ,oa nhikoyh osQ volj ij xk;k
xk;u 'kSyh& ,dy ,oa lkewfgd xk;u 'kSyh mPp
tkrk gSA
Loj lfgr
xk;u 'kSyh& Åaph Loj esa ç'u mÙkj 'kSyh osQ :i esa
z Hkksyk ;k yeVsjk xhr ;k cEcqfy;k xhr
z fcnsfl;k xk;u
{ks=k& cqansy•aM esa
{ks=k& c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa
volj& f'kojkf=k] clar iapeh ,oa edj lØkafr osQ
volj& jkr osQ le; çk;% taxy ,oa lqulku LFkkuksa
le;
fo"k; oLrq& f'ko ,oa 'kfÙkQ dh vkjk/uk ls lEcaf/r
ij
xhr gSA fo"k; oLrq& uk;d ,oa ukf;dk osQ foNksg ,oa feyu
xk;u 'kSyh& fouk ok| ;a=k osQ L=kh&iq#"k dh ç'uksÙkj

dh vfHkyk"kk osQ xhr
'kSyh esa xk;u 'kSyh& yacs jkx lfgr xaHkhj ,dy rFkk lkewfgd
z csjk;rk xk;u xk;u 'kSyh

{ks=k& cqansy•aM {ks=k esa z clnsok xk;u
volj& /kfeZd R;ksgkjksa osQ volj ij jkr osQ le; clnsok c?ksy•aM dk ,d ikjaifjd xk;u leqnk; gSa]
xk;k tkrk gSA ftUgsa gjcksys dgk tkrk gSA

fo"k; oLrq& egkHkkjr dh dFkk,a] yksd uk;dksa dh Jo.k oqQekj dh dFkk xk;u djus dk dkj.k bUgsa ljeu
dFkk rFkk ,sfrgkfld pfj=k dk xk;uA xk;u Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
xk;u 'kSyh& laokn ;qÙkQ dFkk xk;u 'kSyh clnsok yksd xk;dksa }kjk jkek;.k dFkk] d.kZ dFkk]
z nsokjh xk;u eksjèot] xksihpan] HkjFkjh] Hkksys ckck vkfn dh dFkk
{ks=k& cqansy•aM {ks=k esa xk;u fd;k tkrk gSA
volj& nhikoyh osQ volj ij vghj Xokyks }kjk z iaMokuh xk;u
fo"k; oLrq& Ñ".k jk/k çse çlax] ohj jl ;qÙkQ nksgs {ks=k& 'kgMksy] vuwiiqj {ks=k esa

volj& vf/drj 'kke osQ le; vk;ksftr fd;k 4- ekyok vapy esa fcuk ok| ;a=k fd'kksfj;ksa }kjk xk;k tkus
tkrk gSA okyk yksdxhr gS\ (2014)
fo"k; oLrq& ikaMoksa dh dFkk dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA (a) Hkjrjh (b) i.Mokuh
xk;u 'kSyh& mPp Loj lfgr dFkk xk;u 'kSyh (c) iQkx (d) latk
mÙkj (d)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq 5- rhtu ckbZ çfl¼ gS\ (2014)
z dkBh] fuekM+ {ks=k dk ,d ikjaifjd yksd u`R; gSA ;g eka (a) Bqejh (b) i.Mokuh
ikoZrh dh riL;k ls lacaf/r u`R; gSA (c) nknjk (d) dksyngdk
z eVdh ekyok dk ,d lkeqnkf;d u`R; gS tks fofHkUu mÙkj (a)
voljksa ij efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls 6- jkbZ eè;çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k dk yksd u`R; gS\ (2014)
fookg esaA (a) cqansy•.M (b) fuekM+
z epkyh u`R; catkjk tutkfr }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls vk;ksftr (c) ekyok (d) pacy
,d /kfeZd u`R; gSA mÙkj (a)
z cqansy•aM {ks=k esa tUe] fookg vkSj rht R;ksgkjksa osQ voljksa
7- ^c/kbZ* gS& (2008)
ij c/kbZ u`R; yksdfç; gSaA
(a) cqansy•aM dk yksd u`R;
z jkbZ u`R; c?ksy•aM vkSj cqansy•aM nksuksa esa euk;k tkrk gSA
(b) ekyok dk yksd u`R;
z osQekyh u`R; dks lktu ltuh u`R; osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk
(c) nhikoyh osQ vxys fnu euk;k tkus okyk R;kSgkj
tkrk gSA
(d) cqansy•.M dk yksdlaxhr
z eè; çns'k ljdkj us ekyok {ks=k osQ çfl¼ yksd ukVd
mÙkj (a)
ekp dks jkT; dk jkT; ukVd ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
z mTtSu dks ekp dk mn~xe LFky ekuk tkrk gSA vH;kl ç'u
z clnsok c?ksy•aM dk ,d ikjaifjd xk;u leqnk; gS] ftls 1- êkp* fdl jkT; dh ukVÔ'kSyh gS\
gjcksys dgk tkrk gSA
(a) eè; çns'k (b) mÙkj çns'k
(c) fcgkj (d) osQjy
mÙkj (a)
1- pVdksjk u`R; eè;çns'k dh fdl tutkfr dk yksdu`R;
O;k[;k% êkp* eè; çns'k dk çeq• yksdukVÔ gSA tks ekyok
gS\ (2018)
{ks=k esa osQfUær gSA
(a) Hkhy (b) dksjdw
2- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk eè;çns'k osQ yksd&xk;u dk ,d
(c) xks.M (d) lgfj;k
çfrLi/kZRed :i gS\
mÙkj (b)
(a) latk (b) dyxhrqjkZ
2- eè; çns'k dh xkS.M tutkfr ls dkSu lk u`R; lacaf/r gS\ (c) xjck (d) fuxZq.kh
(2017) mÙkj (a)
(a) dekZ (b) tokjk
O;k[;k% latk ewyr% ekyok dh fd'kksfj;ksa osQ }kjk xk;k tkus
(c) xjck (d) Hkxksfj;k okyk xhfr ioZ gSA
mÙkj (a) 3- fuEu esa ls dkSu ls ioZ osQ nkSjku cjsnh yksd u`R; fd;k
3- ekyok dk yksdukVÔ gS\ (2014) tkrk gS\
(a) rqjkZ&dyaxh (b) ekp (a) nhikoyh (b) gksyh
(c) jklyhyk (d) xEer (c) jk•h (d) tUek"Veh
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (a)

O;k[;k% cqansy•.M esa nhikoyh osQ ckn xkso/Zu iwtk ls lkFk mÙkj (b)
gh cjsnh u`R; fd;k tkrk gSA O;k[;k% ukSjkrk ,d fHkfÙk fp=kdyk gS] tks cqansy•.M {ks=k esa
4- fcjgk yksd xhr dkSu&ls {ks=k esa xk;k tkrk gS\ çpfyr gSA vfookfgr efgyk,a bl fp=k dks cukdj blosQ
(a) ekyok (b) c?ksy•.M vklikl u`R; djrh gSA
(c) cqansy•.M (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 8- HkrZgfj yksddFkk dk ikB fuEu esa fdl {ks=k esa gksrk gS\
mÙkj (b) (a) fuekM+ (b) ekyok
O;k[;k% ;g ,d fojg xhr gS] tks c?ksy•.M dk çeq• (c) cqansy•.M (d) fp=kdwV
yksdxhr gSA mÙkj (b)
5- ij/kSuh dkSu ls leqnk; dk yksdfç; u`R; gS\ O;k[;k% HkrZgfj mTtSu 'kkld vkSj egku laLÑr dfo FksA buosQ
(a) xkSaM (b) cSxk }kjk jfpr dFkk,a mins'kkRed çÑfr dh gSA
(c) Hkhy (d) lgfj;k 9- ygaxh u`R; fdl tutkfr dk u`R; gS\
mÙkj (b) (a) Hkhy (b) lgfj;k
O;k[;k% cSxk vkfnoklh fookg osQ volj ij ij/kSuh u`R; (c) dksy (d) cSxk
djrs gSA mÙkj (a)
6- fuEu esa ls dkSu ls yksx xk;d esa flaxkth] dchj] ehjk O;k[;k% ;g u`R; lkou ekg esa fd;k tkrk gSA j{kkca/u osQ
bR;kfn tSls larksa }kjk jps x, xkus xk, tkrs gS\ vxys fnu Hkqtfj;ksa (dtfy;ka ioZ) osQ fnu tqywl fudkyrs gSa
(a) fujxq.kh (b) lka>k vkSj ygaxh u`R; fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) dyxhrqjkZ (d) jklyhyk 10- fuEu fyf•r esa ls dkSu lk u`R; çn'kZu nsoh jkuqckbZ vkSj
mÙkj (a) /uh;j lw;Znso dks lefiZr gS\
O;k[;k% fujxqf.k;ka xk;u esa flaxkth] dchj] ehjk vkfn larksa osQ (a) c/kbZ (b) x.kxkSj
}kjk jfpr xkus xk, tkrs gSA (c) cjsnh (d) eVdh
7- ukSjkrk eè;çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k esa vfookfgr yM+fd;ksa mÙkj (b)
}kjk fd;k tkus okyk u`R; gS\ O;k[;k% ;g fuekM+ esa çpfyr ,d yksdu`R; gSA pS=k ekg esa
(a) c?ksy•.M (b) cqansy•.M 9 fnuksa rd pyus okys x.kxkSj mRlo osQ lkFk x.kxkSj u`R; Hkh
(c) ekyok (d) fuekM+ fd;k tkrk gSA
v v v

5 eè; çns'k dh yksd fp=kdyk] fp=kdkj
ifjp; z Fkkik
;g fuekM+ {ks=k es lsyh lIreh ij gkFk dk Fkkik yxk;k
eè; çns'k dh yksdfp=kdyk tkrk gSA

xs: jax dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z ixY;k
fuekM+ {ks=k esa çFke f'k'kq osQ tUe ij 'kqHk lans'k gsrq
fp=k mosQjk tkrk gSA

z bZjr
fuekM+ {ks=k esa fookg osQ le; oqQy nsoh dk fHkfÙk fp=k
LFkkuh; Lrj ij ikjaifjd :i ls cuk, tkus okys fp=kksa dks cuk;k tkrk gSA
yksd fp=k dh laKk nh tkrh gSA yksx fp=kksa esa çk;% çkFkfed ekyok dh yksd fp=kdyk
jax yky] ihyk] uhyk] dkyk vkSj liQsn çpfyr gksrs gSaA
z ekaMuk
buosQ fo"k; /kfeZd] lkekftd vkSj vkè;kfRed gksrs gSaA
;g ekyok rFkk fuekM+ nksuksa {ks=kks esa fnokyh osQ le;
buosQ vyadj.k esa fcanq] js•k] f=kHkqt] prqHkZqt] ozÙk vkfn
dk ç;ksx cgqrk;r ls gksrk gSA cukbZ tkrh gSA
ekaMuk dks fofHkUu R;kSgkjksa] mRloksa ij ;gka dh efgyk,a
fuekM+ ekyok cqna y
s •aM c?ksyh
ftjksrh ekaMuk lqjkSrh dksgcj tehu vkSj nhokjksa ij cukrh gSaA
ukx fp=k fp=kko.k ukSjrk fryaxk z fp=kko.k
latkiQwyh latk iQwyh eksjrs NBh fp=k fp=kko.k ekyok {ks=k dk ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij fookg osQ
Fkkik ixY;k jaxksyh eksjbyk usÅjk ues le; cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gSA
bZjr z latkiQwyh
latk yksd fp=kdyk ekyok {ks=k esa Jk¼ i{k esa lksyg
fuekM+ dh yksd fp=kdyk fnuksa rd nhokjksa dks xkscj iQwy iÙkksa ls vyx&vyx
z ftjksrh ikjaifjd vkÑfr ls ltk;k tkrk gSA
fuekM+ {ks=k esa gfj;kyh vekoL;k dks fHkfÙk fp=k cuk;k z jaxksyh
tkrk gSA •q'kh osQ volj ij tehu esa fofHkUu jaxks dk mi;ksx
z ukx fHkfÙk fp=k dj cuk;k tkrk gSA
blesa nhokjksa ij ukxiapeh osQ le; xs: ls ukx&ukfxu
dk fp=k cuk;k tkrk gSA cqUnsy•.M dh yksd fp=kdyk

;g fHkfÙk fp=kdyk dk ,d çdkj gSA z lqjkSrh
z latkiQwyh ;g cqansy•aM {ks=k esa fnokyh osQ le; cuk;k tkus
;g oqQaokjh yM+fd;ksa osQ }kjk oqQaokj ekl esa cuk;k okyk fp=k gSA
tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gSA blesa lkekU;r% xs: jax dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
eè;çns'k dh yksdfp=kdyk dh fo'ks"krk,a
z budk jaxu fo'ks"k ioZ] mRlo] R;kSgkjksa ij fd;k tkrk
gS] tSls & ftjksrh] dksgcjA
z buosQ ekè;e ls lkekftd lUns'k çkIr gksrk gSA
z bues çk;% çkÑfrd jaxksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls
& vkVk] dks;yk] feêðh
z vkfnoklh fp=kdyk esa çÑfr osQ çfr çse çnf'kZr gksrk
z ukSjrk
gSA
cqansy•aM esa oqQaokjh dU;kvksa }kjk uojkf=k osQ le;
z yksd fp=kdyk {ks=k dh /kfeZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkk
feêðh] xs:] gYnh ls cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gSA
dh ifjpk;d gksrh gSA
z eksjrs
eè; çns'k osQ çeq• fp=kdkj
z edcwy fiQnk gqlSu
tUe & 17 flracj 1915 dks egkjk"Vª osQ ia<jiqj esaA
e`R;q & 2011 (yanu osQ vLirky esa)A
Hkkjr 'kklu }kjk bUgs 1966 esa iÁJh lEeku vkSj
1973 esa iÁ Hkw"k.k lEeku fn;k x;kA

Jh gqlSu xtxkfeuh uked fp=k Jà•yk ls fiQYe
fuekZrk osQ :i esa pfpZr gq,A

cqansy•aM {ks=k esa fookg osQ le; eq[; }kj ij iqrjh
dk fHkfÙk fp=k cuk;k tkrk gSA
blh LFkku ij nwYgk nqYgu osQ Fkkis yxk;s tkrs gSA
z eksjbyk
cqansy•aM rFkk c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa fofHkUu jaxksa ls nhokjksa
ij fHkfÙk fp=k cuk, tkrs gSaA

blesa eq[;r% eksj osQ fp=k mosQjs tkrs gSA
c?ksy•.M dh yksd fp=kdyk z lS;n gSnj jtk

z dksgcj
c?ksy•aM {ks=k dk fookg osQ le; cuk, tkus okyk
oSokfgd vkuq"Bkfud fHkfÙk fp=k gSA

z fryaxk
;g c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gS
ftlesa dks;ys esa fry osQ rsy dks feykdj cuk;k

tkrk gSA
z NBh fp=k
c?ksy•aM {ks=k dk cPps osQ tUe osQ NBosa fnu NBh tUe 1922 esa ujflagiqj ftys osQ ckofj;k xzke esa gqvk
ekrk dk xs: ls fHkfÙk fp=k cuk;k tkrk gSA FkkA
z usÅjk ues buosQ mYys•uh; fp=kksa esa vVy 'kwU;] vuUrrk] fcanq]
;g c?ksy•aM {ks=k dk lqgkxu efgykvksa osQ }kjk vulquh vkokt] ek¡] liQsn iQwy] ukx] vaoqQj.k] Lianu
Hkknks dh uoeh osQ fnu cuk;k tkrk gSA vkfn gSA
eè; çns'k dh yksd fp=kdyk] fp=kdkj 99

bUgsa 1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iÁJh rFkk eè; z nso;kuh Ñ".k
çns'k ljdkj }kjk 1996 esa dkfynkl lEeku ls tUe & bankSj esa
vyaÑr fd;k x;kA 1946 esa varjkZ"Vªh; fp=k çn'kZuh esa çFke iqjLdkj çkIr
z Mh- Mh- nsoykyhdj (nÙkk=ks; nkeksnj nsoykyhdj) fd;kA
budk lEcU/ gksYdj jktoa'k ls FkkA
eè;çns'k osQ vU; fp=kdkj

jes'k iVsfj;k] jktkjke] MkW- eatq"kk xkaxqyh] viQty] txnh'k
LokehukFku] clar vkxk'ks] lqjs'k pkS/jh] Jsf.kd tSu] jkWfcu
MsfoM] th- osQ- iafMr] ve`ryky csxM+] enu HkVukxjA
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
tUe 1883 esa /kj ftys esa gqvk FkkA z fp=kou ,d fHkfÙk fp=k gS tks fookg osQ le; ekyok {ks=k
Mh- Mh- nsoykyhdj dyk ohfFkdk fp=kdyk dk esa ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA
çf'k{k.k osQaæ gSA z fryaxk c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa cukbZ xbZ ,d fHkfÙk fp=k gS] ftlesa
budh 'kSyh dks ^Msdks fj;efyfLVd* 'kSyh dgk dks;ys dks fry osQ rsy osQ lkFk feyk;k tkrk gS vkSj jax
tkrk gSA osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
o"kZ 1978 esa fnYyh esa fu/u gqvkA z fo".kq fpapkydj us cPpksa osQ çkjafHkd v{kj Kku osQ mís';
z fo".kq fpapkydj ls n`'; fof/ dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA
fo".kq fpapkydj dk tUe 1917 esa nsokl osQ ikl z ekyok vkSj fuekM+ nksuksa {ks=kksa esa fnokyh osQ nkSjku eaMuk
vkyksV uked xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA cuk;k tkrk gSA
bUgsa eq[;r% çflf¼ ySaM vkWiQ vkVZ iksVªsV ls feyh FkhA z dksgcj fp=kdyk dyk oSokfgd vuq"Bkuksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gS
cPpksa osQ vkjfEHkd v{kj Kku osQ mí~ns'; ls pk{kq"k vkSj c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa fookg osQ le; dh tkrh gSA
fof/ dk vfo"dkj fd;kA z lS;n gSnj jtk dks 1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iÁ Jh
fu/u& o"kZ 2000 esa vkSj 1996 esa eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk dkfynkl lEeku ls
z ukjk;.k Jh/j csaæs lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
z fp=kou ,d fHkfÙk fp=k gS tks fookg osQ le; ekyok {ks=k
esa ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl ç'u
1- ekyok osQ yksdfp=kdyk gS\
(a) fryaxk (b) fp=kko.k
(c) lqjSrh (d) Fkkik
tUe & 1910] bankSj esa
mÙkj (b)
bUgksus viusa fp=kksa esa 'kkyhu ifjos'k esa ukjh dks egRoiw.kZ
LFkku fn;kA O;k[;k% fp=kko.kk ekyok dh çeq• yksdfp=k dyk gSA tks
d'ehj ljdkj osQ ^foftVlZ C;wjks* esa dykdkj i=kdkj
fookg osQ le; ?kj osQ eq[; }kj ij cukbZ tkrh gSA
osQ :i esa 1936 ls 1939 rd dk;Z fd;kA 2- fuekM+ dh yksdfp=k dyk gS\
z Mh-ts- tks'kh 1- Fkkik 2- ftjksrh 3- ekaMuk 4- ixY;k
tUe 1910] •jxksu osQ fudV egs'oj esa gqvkA (a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2
muosQ fp=k euq"; rFkk çÑfr osQ chp ltx laca/ (c) osQoy 3 (d) mijksÙkQ lHkh
•kstrs FksA mÙkj (d)

O;k[;k% mijksÙkQ lHkh fp=kdyk,a fuekM+ {ks=k esa fofHkUu voljksa 7- NBh fp=k fdl vapy esa cuk, tkrs gS\
ij cukbZ tkrh gSA (a) cqansy•aM (b) ekyok
3- cqansy•.M esa uojkf=k ij vfookfgr dU;kvksa osQ }kjk (c) fuekM+ (d) c?ksy•aM
cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gS\ mÙkj (d)
(a) lqjSrh (b) ekeqfy;k O;k[;k% NBh fp=k c?ksy•aM vapy esa cPps osQ tUe osQ NBs
(c) ukxfHkfÙk fp=k (d) eksjrs fnu] NBh ekrk dk xs: ls fHkfÙk fp=k cuk;k tkrk gSA
mÙkj (b)
8- gfj;kyh vekoL;k ij cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k dkSu
O;k[;k% ekeqfy;k fHkfÙk fp=k cqansy•.M dh oqQ¡okjh dU;kvksa lk gS\
osQ }kjk uojkf=k esa cuk;k tkrk gSA
(a) ukSjrk (b) ftjkSrh
4- lka>kiQqyh dc cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gS\ (c) fumjk (d) Fkkik
(a) dkfrZd ekl (b) lkou ekl
mÙkj (b)
(c) oqQ¡okj ekl (d) pS=k ekl
O;k[;k% ftjkSrh fHkfÙk fp=k fuekM+ {ks=k esa gfj;kyh vekoL;k
mÙkj (c)
ij cuk;k tkrk gSA
O;k[;k% lka>iQqyh laiw.kZ eè;çns'k esa oqQaokjh yM+fd;ksa }kjk
cuk;k tkus okyk fHkfÙk fp=k gSA 9- ixY;k D;k gS\
(a) yksdukVÔ (b) yksdu`R;
5- eksjkbyk D;k gS\
(c) fHkfÙk fp=k (d) yksdxhr
(a) ioZ (b) yksdu`R;
(c) yksdukVÔ (d) fHkfÙk fp=k mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (d) O;k[;k% ixY;k fHkfÙk fp=k gSA ;s fHkfÙk fp=k fuekM+ {ks=k esa
O;k[;k% eksjkbyk] cqansy•.M vkSj c?ksy•.M esa ?kj dh nhokjksa igys f'k'kq osQ tUe ij 'kqHk lans'k nsus osQ fy, cuk, tkrs gSA
ij cuk, tkus okys eksj osQ fHkfÙk fp=k gSA 10- Hkkæin dh uoeh fookfgr efgykvksa }kjk cuk;k tkus
6- eksjrs fHkfÙk fp=k dc cuk, tkrs gS\ okyk fHkfÙk fp=k dkSu lk gS\
(a) gksyh (b) fnokyh (a) ukSjrk (b) ftjkSrh
(c) j{kkca/u (d) fookg (c) fumjk (d) Fkkik
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% eksjrs fHkfÙk fp=k fookg osQ volj ij cuk, tkus okys O;k[;k% fumjk fHkfÙk fp=k Hkknksa dh uoeha dks fookfgr efgykvksa
fHkfÙk fp=k gSA tks cqansy•.M {ks=k esa çpfyr gSA osQ }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g c?ksy•aM esa çpfyr fHkfÙk fp=k gSA
v v v
eè; çns'k dh yksd fp=kdyk] fp=kdkj 101

6 eè; çns'k osQ laxhr ?kjkus ,oa laxhrdkj
ifjp; çeq• laxhrdkj

z rkulsu
Lora=krk osQ fy, j.kHksjh ls ysdj fodkl dh e/qj rku rd dh
;k=kk] eè;çns'k osQ xkSjo ,oa bfrgkl dh ;k=kk gSA
lk/uk] vkjk/uk] vkSj çkFkZuk us laxhr dks thoar cuk;k gSA
vrhr ls orZeku rd eè;çns'k vius bfrgkl esa laxhr osQ
dhfrZeku LFkkfir djrk pyk vk jgk gSA laxhr dh 'kfÙkQ ls
nhi tykuk vkSj o"kkZ djkuk laxhr dh lk/uk dh fot; gSA
çeq• laxhr ?kjkus
z Xokfy;j ?kjkuk
Xokfy;j ?kjkus dks /qin xk;u dh tUeLFkyh o
[;ky xk;u dh mRifÙk LFky ekuk tkrk gSA

eè;dky esa jktk ekuflag rksej osQ dk;Zdky esa laxhr
dks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyhA

?kjkus dh ,d fof'k"V fo'ks"krk bldh lknxh gS% vLi"V
tUe& 1506 bZ- csgV (Xokfy;j)
firk& edjan ik.Ms;
jkxksa osQ ctk; çfl¼ jkxksa (e/qj fo/kvksa dk p;u
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj likV (lh/s) rku (rhoz e/qj Øe) vU; uke& jkeruq ik.Ms;] rUuk •ka
ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA edcjk& Xokfy;j esaA
jkT; dk lcls iqjkuk laxhr fo|ky; ek/o laxhr laxhr xq:& Lokeh gfjnkl (oànkou)] e`xu;uh
fo|ky; ekuk tkrk gS bldh LFkkiuk 1918 esa iafMr laxhr fof'k"Vrk& èkzqin xk;u] nhid jkx] es?keYgkj]
fo".kq ukjk;.k osQ }kjk dh xbZ FkhA jkxeYgkjA

z bankSj ?kjkuk blosQ vfrfjÙkQ fe;ka dh eYgkj] fe;ka dh VksM+h] fe;k
lewps ekyok esa xk, tkus okys :ierh vkSj ckt cgknqj dh lkjax dh jpuk dhA
dh Lojksa dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;kA vkfo"dkj& jckc ,oa oh.kk ok|;a=k] èkzqin /ekj dh
iÁ foHkw"k.k ls lEekfur mLrkn vkfej •ku èkqzin xk;u

jpukA
'kSyh bankSj ?kjkus dks Hkkjrh; laxhr esa viuh ,d vyx rkulsu lEeku& 1980 ls (fgUnqLrkuh laxhr osQ fy;s)
igpku fnykbZA rkulsu lekjksg& çfro"kZ Xokfy;j esaA
bUnj lHkk dk vk;kstu bankSj ?kjkus osQ laxhr dks jhok osQ egkjkt jkepUæ us mUgsa vdcj dks migkj
le`¼ cukrk gSA Lo:i ns fn;kA

z eSgj ?kjkuk vdcj us bUgsa vius uojRuksa esa 'kkfey fd;k FkkA
jhok osQ egkjkt jkepaæ c?ksyk us rkulsu dks viuh z mLrkn vykmíhu •ka (ljksn oknd)
fj;klr esa LFkku fn;k FkkA bl 'kSyh osQ çeq• xk;d tUe& 1881 xzke&f'koiqjk (f=kiqjk] orZeku ckaXykns'k)
iafMr jfo 'kadj mLrkn vyh vdcj •ku FksA e`R;q& 1972 eSgj (lruk)A
iq=k vetn vyh •ka (ljksn oknd)
mikf/;k¡& vkiQrkc&,&ljksn] laxhr jRukdj lEeku]
iÁ Hkw"k.k (1960)] laxhr ukVd vdkneh dk lokZsPp

iqjLdkjA
budh Le`fr esa buosQ iq=k us Xokfy;j esa ljksn ?kj dh
LFkkiuk dh gSA
z iafMr 'kadjjko
tUe lu& 1863 (Xokfy;j esa)
firk& ia- fo".kq 'kkL=kh (flaf/;k 'kkld thokthjko osQ
larku& vyh vdcj •ka (iq=k] ljksn oknd)] vUuiw.kkZ vkxzg ij Xokfy;j vk,)
& (iq=kh) laxhr xq:& ckyÑ".k cqok] mLrkn fulkj gqlSu] nsoth
f'k";& ia- jfo'kadj (Hkkjr osQ flrkj oknd)

cqok (VIik 'kSyh)
;s VIik] [;ky 'kSyh rFkk ;eujkx esa fo'ks"k ikjaxr FksA
vkfo"dkj& lqjflrkj] paæ lkjax] uyrjaxA
laxhr f'k";& if.Mr Ñ".kjko (iq=k)] jktk HkS;k iwaN
laxhr xq:& mLrkn othj •ka] mLrkn vyh vgen •ka
,oa uhyw xksiky ls 'kgukbZ oknu lh•kA okysA

fo'ks"k& buosQ iq=k Ñ".kjko us Xokfy;j esa budh Le`fr
jkT;kJ;& jhok egkjkt c`tukFk flag osQ vkea=k.k ij
eSgj vk;sA esa 'kadj xa/oZ laxhr egkfo|ky; LFkkfir fd;kA

laxhr lk/uk& eSgj
z if.Mr Ñ".kjko
tUe& 1893] Xokfy;j
miyfC/& eSgj cS.M LFkkfir fd;kA
firk& ia- 'kadjjko
lEeku& iÁ Hkw"k.k] iÁ foHkw"k.k ^ckck* osQ lEcks/u
laxhr xq:& ia- 'kadjjko (firk)] mLrkn fulkj gqlSu
ls çfl¼A
•kA
z mLrkn gkfiQt vyh •ka (ljksn oknd)
jpuk;sa& laxhr ljxe&lkj] laxhr ços'k] laxhr vyki
lapkjh
fo'ks"k& [;ky xk;dh
thokth flaf/;k us ek/o laxhr egkfo|ky; dk lqij
okbtj cuk;kA
mikf/;k¡& xk;d f'kjksef.k (ljnkj iVsy }kjk)] laxhr
ekrZ.M] laxhr jRykyadkj (Xokfy;j }kjk)] rky lezkV

(ifV;kyk ?kjkuk)] laxhr euh"khAA
lEeku& iÁHkw"k.k (1973)] jk"Vªifr iqjLdkj
tUe& lu~ 1888 (Xokfy;j) 1914 esa Xokfy;j esa ^xa/oZ fo|ky;* uke ls ,d
e`R;q& lu~ 1972 laxhr laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA

laxhrxq:& mLrkn othj vyh •ka (jkeiqj) pqDdkyky z jktk HkS;k iwaN okys
(oànkou) xus'kh yky ls èkzqin rFkk xuir jko ls Bqejh tUe& 1882] Xokfy;j
dh f'k{kk yhA okLrfod uke& ckyÑ".k vkuan jko vkIVsdj
fo'ks"k& budk laxhr (vfHktkR; iw.kZ FkkA muosQ laxhr firk& vkuanjko (iwaN cqansy•.M tkxhj ls Xokfy;j
xk;u esa èkzqin] [;ky] Bqejh dk esy gksrk FkkA vk;s)

jkT;kJ;& Xokfy;j osQ egkjkt ek/ojko flaf/;k ,oa laxhr xq:& cynso th] yky cqvk] okeu cqvk (èkzqin
thokthjko flaf/;kA lh•k)] firk vkuanjko ls flrkj lh•k
eè; çns'k osQ laxhr ?kjkus ,oa laxhrdkj 103

jpuk;sa& rku] laxhrksikluk] Bqejh] rjafxuh] èkzqin /ekj z jktk pØ/jflag
xk;dhA tUe& 1905
fo'ks"k& Bqejh] VIik xk;u esa fuiq.k e`R;q& 1947
jktk HkS;k osQ vk'oklu ij Hkkr•.Ms us 10 tuojh] mikf/& laxhr lezkVA
1918 dks orZeku ek/o laxhr egkfo|ky;] Xokfy;j jk;x<+ fjlk;r osQ dRFkd ?kjkus ls lacaf/r
dh LFkkiuk dhA jpuk;sa& jkxjru eatw"kk (jkx jkfxuh dk oa'k o`{k)
ek/o laxhr fo|ky; osQ vè;kid o çkpk;Z osQ in
rkyrks;fuf/ urZuloZLo (u`R; laca/h) vydkiqj
ij jgsA ek;kpØ jRueatw"kk (laLÑr) dkO; dkuu (czt) tk'k
z mLrkn vehj •ka djr] fuxkgs iQgjr (mnZw esa)
tUe& 1912] e`R;q& 1974 ;ksxnku& laxhr] dRFkd u`R; esa ;ksxnku
bankSj ?kjkus ls lEcaf/r gSaA f'k";& iqa- dkfrZdjke] t;oky egkjkt] ia- lq•nso
laxhr f'k{kk& firk 'kkgehj •ka (bankSj ?kjkuk)] veku egkjkt]lhrkjke egkjkt
vyh •ka buosQ le; esa x.ks'k iwtk mRlo (jk;x<+) esa dykdkj
laxhr fof'k"Vrk& èkzqin] [;ky o rjkuk xk;dh osQ ,df=kr gksrs FksA
oqQ'ky xk;d orZeku esa jk;x<+ esa çfro"kZ pØ/j lekjksg vk;ksftr
fiQYesa& oStw ckcjk] >ud >ud ik;y ckts] xwat mBh gksrk gSA
'kgukbZ esa laxhr fn;kA z ia- dkfrZdjke
lEeku& iÁHkw"k.k] laxhr vdkneh lEekuA tUe& 1910 (Hk¡ojrky] fcykliqj)A
laxhr f'k";& vejukFk] ân;ukFk eaxs'kdj e`R;q& 1992
fo'ks"k& budh Le`fr esa bankSj esa çfro"kZ vehj •ka xEer osQ Js"B dykdkj (jk;x<+ ?kjkuk)A
lekjksg dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA xq:& y•uyky] ia- t;yky] yPNu egkjkt] lqanj
z oqQekj xa/oZ çlkn] 'kaHkw egkjkt] jktk pØ/j flagA

ia- dkfrZdjke) o dY;k.knkl dh tksM+h esa ns'k esa
[;kfr vftZr dhA

mikf/& u`R; lezkV
lEeku& f'k•j lEeku (e- ç-)] laxhr ukVd vdkneh
lEekuA
iQ'kZ ij xqyky fcNkdj tc vki xtiUu u`R; djrs
Fks rc ml ij gkFkh dk fp=k cu tkrk Fkk o fcNs gq,

crk'kksa ij u`R; djrs rks crk'ks VwVrs rd ugha FksA
tUe& 8 vçSy 1924
e`R;q& 12 tuojh 1992 egRoiw.kZ fcanq
tUe LFkku& lqysHkkoh xzke csyxkao (dukZVd) z Xokfy;j ?kjkus dks èkzqin xk;u dk tUeLFkku vkSj [;ky
iwjk uke& f'koiq=k fl¼kjeS;k dksedyhA xk;u dk ewy ekuk tkrk gSA
;s risfnd osQ mipkj gsrq nsokl vk;sA z ek/o laxhr fo|ky; jkT; dk lcls iqjkuk laxhr fo|ky;
laxhr jpuk;¡& vuwijkx foykl] f=kos.kh xk;u] xka/h ekuk tkrk gS] ftls 1918 esa iafMr fo".kq ukjk;.k }kjk
eYgkjA LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
miuke& laxhr dk dchj] Økafrdkjh laxhrdkjA z jhok osQ egkjktk jkepaæ c?ksyk us rkulsu dks viuh fj;klr
lEeku& iÁfoHkw"k.k] laxhr vdkneh lEeku] dkfynkl esa LFkku fn;k FkkA bl 'kSyh osQ çeq• xk;d iafMr jfo'kadj
lEekuA vkSj mLrkn vyh vdcj •ku FksA

z mLrkn gkfiQt vyh •ku ljksn oknd FksA (a) bankSj ?kjkuk (b) Xokfy;j ?kjkuk
z mLrkn vehj •ku bankSj ?kjkus ls rkYyqd j•rs gSaA (c) eSgj ?kjkuk (d) •Sjkx<+ ?kjkuk
z jktk pØ/j flag dh ;kn esa jk;x<+ esa çfro"kZ lekjksg mÙkj (b)
vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA O;k[;k% budk ewy uke ckyÑ".k vkuan jko vYVsdj FkkA ;s
z iafMr jfo'kadj (Hkkjr osQ flrkj oknd) mLrkn vykmíhu Xokfy;j ?kjkus ls ,d Hkkjrh; laxhrdkj FksA
•ku osQ f'k"; FksA
6- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu ^bankSj ?kjkuk* LFkkfir djus osQ
z rkulsu egksRlo çfro"kZ Xokfy;j esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA fy, tkuk tkrk gS\
(a) mLrkn vehj •ku (b) mLrkn cM+s eksgEen •ku
vH;kl ç'u
(c) vCnqy djhe •ku (d) jger vyh •ku
1- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk 'kkL=kh; ,oa yksd laxhr ?kjkuk
ugha gS\ mÙkj (a)
(a) eSgj (b) Xokfy;j O;k[;k% budk tUe bankSj osQ ,d laxhr ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA
(c) bankSj (d) Hkksiky buosQ firk gksYdj jkt?kjkus esa lkajxh ctk;k djrs FksA
mÙkj (d) 7- fuEu esa ls lcls iqjkuk [;ky ?kjkuk dkSu&lk gS\
O;k[;k% Hkksiky dk uke fdlh 'kkL=kh; ,oa yksd laxhr ?kjkus (a) bankSj ?kjkuk (b) Xokfy;j ?kjkuk
ls ugha tqM+k gSA 'ks"k lHkh laxhr ?kjkus mYys•uh; gSA (c) eSgj ?kjkuk (d) •Sjkx<+ ?kjkuk
2- çfl¼ 'kkL=kh; laxhr xk;d rkulsu dk laca/ fdl ?kjkus mÙkj (b)
ls Fkk\ O;k[;k% Xokfy;j ?kjkuk fganqLrkuh laxhr dk lcls çkphu ?kjkuk
(a) bankSj (b) vksjNk gSA uRFku ihjc['k dks bl ?kjkus dk tUenkrk ekuk tkrk gSA
(c) Xokfy;j (d) tcyiqj 8- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu eSgj ?kjkus ls tqM+k gqvk gS\
mÙkj (c) (a) Hkokuh çlkn feJk (b) mLrkn vykmíhu •ku
O;k[;k% vdcj osQ ukS jRuksa esa ls ,d rkulsu dk laca/ (c) vCnqy yrhiQ •ku (d) rkulsu
Xokfy;j ?kjkus ls FkkA Xokfy;j esa rkulsu dh lekf/ cukbZ
mÙkj (b)
xbZ gSA
O;k[;k% vykmíhu •ku çfl¼ ljksn oknd FksA bUgksusa Hkkjrh;
3- Ñ".k jko iafMr dk xk;u dkSu ls ?kjkus ls lacaf/r gS\ laxhr osQ eSgj ?kjkus dh uhao j•hA
(a) eSgj ?kjkuk (b) Xokfy;j ?kjkuk
9- Ñ".kjko 'kadj iafMr eè;çns'k ls çfl¼ ----------------- Fks\
(c) bankSj ?kjkuk (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(a) i=kdkj (b) ys•d
mÙkj (b)
(c) xk;d (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
O;k[;k% Ñ".kjko iafMr dk tUe Xokfy;j esa gqvk FkkA ;s 'kadj
jko if.Mr osQ iq=k FksA mÙkj (c)
4- fuEufyf•r ?kjkuksa esa ls dkSu lk eè;çns'k ls lacaf/r O;k[;k% ;s Hkkjr osQ ,d laxhrdkj Fks] tks Xokfy;j ?kjkus osQ
ugha gS\ çeq• xk;d FksA
(a) eSgj (b) Xokfy;j 10- ek/o laxhr fo|ky; ls lacaf/r gS\
(c) fdjkuk (d) lsfu;k (a) rkulsu (b) oqQekj xa/oZ
mÙkj (c) (c) jktk HkS;k iwaNokys (d) Ñ".kjko iafMr
O;k[;k% eSgj] Xokfy;j vkSj lsfu;k laxhr ?kjkus eè; çns'k ls mÙkj (c)
lacaf/r gSa tcfd fdjkuk ?kjkus dk laca/ eè; çns'k ls ugha gSA O;k[;k% budk ewy uke ckyÑ".k vkuan jko vIVsdj FkkA ;s
5- egku laxhrK jktk HkS;k iwaN okys fdl ?kjkus ls Xokfy;j ?kjkus ls ,d Hkkjrh; laxhrdkj FksA ;s oqQN le; ek/o
lac¼ gS\ laxhr fo|ky; esa vè;kid jgsA
v v v
eè; çns'k osQ laxhr ?kjkus ,oa laxhrdkj 105
7 eè; çns'k dh f'kYi dyk
ifjp;
eè;çns'k esa f'kYi dyk {ks=k cgqr iqjkuh ijaijkxr dyk gS tks
fd eq[;r% eè; çns'k osQ tutkfr leqnk; osQ yksxksa dk eq[;
O;olk; FkkA eè;çns'k esa dyk osQ fofHkUu :i tSls laxhr
dyk] u`R; dyk] dk"B f'kYi] /krq f'kYi] ewfrZ dyk ,oa
f'kYidyk dh le`f¼ osQ dkj.k bl çns'k dks dykvksa dk
?kj dgk tkrk gSA
z Nhik f'kYi
z feêðh f'kYi
jhok] 'kgMksy] >kcqvk] cSrwy] eaMyk {ks=kksa esa feêðh Nhik f'kYi gkFk ls diM+s ij cuk;k tkrk gSA
f'kYi dk fuekZ.k oqQEgkjksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls cuk;s mTtSu dk Nhik f'kYi Hks:x<+ osQ uke ls çfl¼ gSA
tkrs gSaA ;g eq[;r% Hkhy tutkfr ls lacaf/r gSA
feêðh ls lacaf/r çkphure f'kYidyk VsjkdksVk z yk• f'kYi

f'kYi dyk gSA eè;çns'k esa y•kj tutkfr }kjk yk• osQ pwM+h]
z dk"B f'kYi dykRed f•ykSus] isfV;ka] fMfCc;ka] 'kksHkk c<+kus okyh

dk"B f'kYi dyk osQ varxZr eq[; :i ls cSy xkM+h i'kq if{k;ksa dh dykRed oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k
osQ ifg,] njokts] Vscy vkfn cuk, tkrs gSaA tkrk gSA
dk"B f'kYidyk eq[; :i ls eaMyk] gks'kaxkckn] eè;çns'k esa mTtSu] jryke] eanlkSj] egs'oj esa
/kj] >kcqvk {ks=k osQ vkfnoklh leqnk; esa çpfyr gSA yk• f'kYi osQaæ gSaA
z xqfM+;k f'kYi o`{k osQ xksan ;k jl ls yk• cukbZ tkrh gSA
eè;çns'k dk >kcqvk ftyk Hkhyh xqfM+;k dk osQUæ ekuk z da?kh dyk

tkrk gSA da?kh fuekZ.k dk Js; ewyr% catkjk tkfr dks fn;k
cÙkks ckbZ eè;çns'k (Xokfy;j) dh çfl¼ xqfM+;k tkrk gSA

dykdkj gSaA eè; çns'k dh tutkfr;ksa esa daf?k;k lqanjrk ,oa çse dk
fpFkM+s] dkxt] feêðh] dikl] rkj] flYoj isaV] çrhd ekuh xbZ gSA
ckal vkSj pedhys ikjaifjd diM+ksa dk mi;ksx çns'k esa da?kh fuekZ.k dk osQaæ jryke] eanlkSj] uhep
fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mTtSu gSA

z •jkn f'kYi z jhok dk xksfoUnx<+ lqikjh f'kYi osQ fy;s fo'o fo[;kr gSA
ydM+h dks lqMkSy o vkdf"kZr :i nsus osQ fy;s •jkn z cSrwy dk Hkjsok f'kYi ls ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS (Hkjsok
ij dlk tkrk gSA ;g ,d vR;ar çkphu dyk gSA vFkkZr /krq dh <ykbZ)
•jkn dyk esa f•ykSuksa vkSj lksiQk lsV osQ ikvksa dks
vkdf"kZr :i fn;k tkrk gSA egRoiw.kZ fcanq

;g e[;r% ';ksiqj] eqjSuk o jhok esa vR;f/d
z feêðh ls lacaf/r lcls iqjkuh ewfrZdyk VsjkdksVk ewfrZdyk gSA
çpfyr gSA
z cÙkks ckbZ eè; çns'k (Xokfy;j) dh ,d çfl¼ xqfM+;k
gLr f'kYi dyk dykdkj gSaA
z pansjh lkM+h z eè; çns'k dk >kcqvk ftyk Hkhyh xqfM+;ksa dk osQaæ ekuk
gYosQ vksj xgjs jax dykRed pkSM+s ckWMZj rFkk lkM+h tkrk gSA
osQ chp esa cM+h vkdkj dh tjh] js'keh vkSj lwrh csy z mTtSu dk phik f'kYi Hks:x<+ osQ uke ls çfl¼ gSA
cqrs gksrs gSaA z çns'k esa da?kh fuekZ.k osQ osQUæ jryke] eanlkSj] uhep vkSj
pansjh lkfM+;ka dh cukoV çk;% lknh gksrh gS ysfdu
mTtSu gSaA
mlosQ iYyw ij dbZ çdkj osQ jaxhu /kxksa ls la;ksftr
z eanlkSj vius gkFkksa ls cqus gq, T;kferh; :ikaduksa osQ fy,
cM+s vkdkj osQ csy cwVs eksj cÙk• vkfn osQ vkÑfr;ksa
çfl¼ gSA
esa d<+h tkrh gSA
z egs'ojh lkM+h z jhok dk xksfoanx<+ lqikjh f'kYi osQ fy, fo'o çfl¼ gSA
egs'oj dh ikjaifjd cqudjksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ lwrh vkSj
z ujflagiqj dk Vhdex<+ vkSj phpyh xkao ihry f'kYi osQ
js'keh lkfM+;ka lqanj vkSj fVdkÅ o iDosQ jax dh fy, çfl¼ gSA
gksrh gSaA z eè; çns'k osQ lruk ftys dk mpsgjk xkao ihry vkSj iQwyksa
bu ij tjh vkSj osQy osQ /kxksa ls NksVs NksVs csy cwVs
dh IysV vkSj cVq, osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
d<+s tkrs gSaA
z Vlj foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
vtZqu] liQk vkSj lkbZ o`{kksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls ikys x, 1- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk eè;dkyhu'kgj ^NhaV* uked Nis
dks'k ls çkIr ^Vlj* dks xgjs ihys] lksus tSls] 'kgn gq, lwrh diM+s osQ fy, çfl¼ Fkk\ (2021)
tSls vkSj Øhe jaxksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA (a) ek.Mw (b) fljksat
ifo=krk] lqanjrk vkSj oSHko dk çrhd ekuh tkusokyh (c) /kj (d) jk;lsu
^Vlj* lkM+h mRlo osQ nkSjku efgykvksa osQ fy, lcls mÙkj (b)
ilanhnk fodYi cuh jgh gSA
z njh;ka vkSj dkyhu vH;kl ç'u
gkFk ls cquh T;kferh; vkÑfr;ksa okyh ekrgr jax dh
1- eè; çns'k osQ ,d çfl¼ O;fÙkQRo eksgEen fcyky •=kh
njh;ksa osQ fy, eanlkSj çfl¼ gSA
mudh ________ osQ fy, tkus tkrs gSaA
lruk dh phj ls cuh njh;ka] lh/h vkSj 'kgMksy dh
(a) f'kYidkfjrk (b) i=kdkfjrk
Åuh njh;ka rFkk tkscr es Hkhyksa }kjk cukbZ tkusokyh
iqatk njh;ka Hkh çfl¼ gSA (c) xk;u (d) dfork
Xokfy;j osQ lkFk eqjSuk Hkh] iQkjlh dkyhu ls ysdj
mÙkj (a)
lLrh fdLeksa osQ dkyhu cqukbZ dk ,d çeq• LFkku gSA O;k[;k% eksgEen fcyky •=kh ,d Hkkjrh; f'kYidkj gSA budk
tUe e- ç- osQ ckx xkao esa gqvkA
vU;
z Vhdex<+ vkSj ujflagiqj dk phpyh xkao ihry f'kYi 2- eè; çns'k gLrf'kYi fuxe dgk¡ gS\
osQ fy;s çfl¼ gSA (a) Hkksiky (b) Xokfy;j
z eè; çns'k osQ lruk ftys dk mpsgjk xkao dkalk o iQwy (c) bankSj (d) lkxj
dh Fkkfy;ksa vkSj cVqvk osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy;s çfl¼ gSA mÙkj (a)
eè; çns'k dh f'kYi dyk 107

O;k[;k% e- ç- gLrf'kYi fuxe dk eq[; dk;kZy; Hkksiky esa 7- Xokfy;j dh cÙkks ckbZ us fdl dke osQ {ks=k esa varjkZ"Vªh;
gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z dkjhxjksa vkSj mudh lfefr;ksa dks vkfFkZd [;kfr çkIr dh gS\
lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA (a) oL=kksa dh cqukbZ (b) yksd fp=kdkjh
3- eè; çns'k esa Hkhyh xqfM+;k f'kYi dk osQUæ dgk¡ gS\ (c) iRFkj ij uDdk'kh (d) xqfM+;k f'kYi
(a) /kj (b) >kcqvk mÙkj (d)
(c) bankSj (d) lkxj O;k[;k% diM+ksa ls xqfM+;k cukus osQ fy, Xokfy;j ftys dh
mÙkj (b) cÙkks ckbZ varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr çkIr dj pqdh gSaA e-ç- osQ Hkksiky]
>kcqvk vkSj Xokfy;j bl dyk osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
O;k[;k% >kcqvk Hkhyh xqfM+;k dk osQUæ cu x;k gSA >kcqvk ftys
osQ Jh jkosQ'k ijekj o Jhefr 'kkafr ijekj dks xqfM+;k f'kYi osQ 8- uk•wu isafVax osQ fy, tkuk tkus okyk dykdkj ftls ,-ih-
fy, o"kZ 2023 esa iÁ Jh iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA ts- vCnqy dyke }kjk rhu ckj lEekfur fd;k x;k\
(a) lqfe=kk egktu (b) vkfnR; tks'kh
4- eè;çns'k dk pansjh D;ksa çfl¼ gS\
(c) okftn •ku (d) ehjk oqQekj
(a) egy osQ fy, (b) eafnjksa osQ fy,
mÙkj (c)
(c) lkM+h osQ fy, (d) ugjksa osQ fy,
O;k[;k% e- ç- osQ okftn •ku ,d çfl¼ vk;ju usy vkfVZLV
mÙkj (c)
gSA ;s viuh bl dyk osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr çkIr dj
O;k[;k% e- ç- dk pansjh viuh lkfM+;ksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA pqosQ gSA
pansjh dh lkM+h dks v'kksduxj ftyk osQ fy, ^,d ftyk ,d
9- fdl çdkj dk f'kYi eè;çns'k esa fo[;kr gS\
mRikn* ;kstuk esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
(a) yky feêðh f'kYi (b) dkap dk m|ksx
5- eè; çns'k gLrf'kYi fuxe dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\ (c) VsjkdksVk (d) b vkSj c nksuksa
(a) 1971 (b) 1972
mÙkj (d)
(c) 1973 (d) 1974
O;k[;k% dyk dh fofo/rk] çlkj vkSj egkjr osQ dkj.k eè;
mÙkj (b) çns'k osQ dkjhxjksa }kjk gkFk ls fufeZr dkap osQ lkeku vkSj
O;k[;k% e- ç- gLrf'kYi fuxe dk eq[; dk;kZy; Hkksiky esa gSA VsjkdksVk feêðh ls cuh phtksa us viuh vyx igpku cukbZ gSA
bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1972 esa dh xbZA bldk eq[; dk;Z dkjhxjksa 10- eè; çns'k ^ckx fçaV* fuEu ls lacaf/r gS\
vkSj mudh lfefr;ksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA (a) dEI;wVj fçafVax
6- tjh osQ cVq, vkSj tjnksth osQ fy, çfl¼ gS\ (b) vkHkw"k.kksa dh fMtkbuksa dk fçafVax
(a) Hkksiky (b) Xokfy;j (c) vkWiQlsV fçafVax
(c) bankSj (d) lkxj (d) diM+k fçafVax
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% Hkksiky tjh osQ cVq, vkSj tjnksth osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA O;k[;k% e- ç- dk ckx fçaV oqQnjrh jaxksa ls dh tkus okyk ,d
Hkksiky ftys osQ bl f'kYi dks ^,d ftyk ,d mRikn* ;kstuk gkFk CykWd fçaV gSA tks /kj ftys osQ] ckx uked unh osQ fdukjs
esa pquk x;k gSA fLFkr ckx xkao osQ uke ls çfl¼ gSA
v v v

eè; çns'k osQ çeq• ioZ]
8 R;kSgkj ,oa egksRlo
eè; çns'k osQ çeq• ioZ] R;kSgkj ,oa egksRlo yksdjax ,d lkaLÑfrd R;kSgkj gS ftlesa lHkh urZd
viuk 'kh"kZ iSj vkxs dh vksj j•rs gSa vkSj yksd laxhr
eè; çns'k mRlo 'kgj osQ lkFk vius dne feykrs gSaA
yksdjax lekjksg Hkksiky Hkksiky esa çfro"kZ 26 tuojh vFkkZr x.kra=k fnol
Hkksiky mRlo Hkksiky ls ikap fnuksa rd pyusokyk yksdjax lekjksg 'kq:
fuekM+ mRlo egs'oj gksrk gSA
èkqzin lekjksg Xokfy;j (igys Hkksiky) z •tqjkgks egksRlo
ekyok mRlo bankSj] ekaMw] mTtSu ;g lekjksg lu 1976 ls çfro"kZ iQjojh&ekpZ ekg
vykmíhu •ka laxhr lekjksg eSgj esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
rkulsu lekjksg Xokfy;j fp=kxqIr vkSj fo'oukFk eafnj osQ Bhd lkeus ,d •qys
dkyhnkl lekjksg mTtSu gokbZ eap esa lHkh laxhr dk;ZØe gksrs gSaA
vehj •ka lekjksg bankSj lIrkg Hkj pyus okys bl lkaLÑfrd mRlo esa] fofHkUu
•tqjkgks lekjksg •tqjkgks çdkj osQ u`R;ksa dk çn'kZu fd;k tkrk gS] tks Hkkjr esa
rqylh mRlo fp=kdwV viuk oa'k gSA
ek•uyky prqoZsnh lekjksg •aMok z Hkxksfj;k gkV iQsfLVoy
inekdj Le`fr lekjksg lkxj
ckyÑ".k 'kekZ ûohu* Le`fr 'kktkiqj
lekjksg
lqHkæk oqQekjh pkSgku Le`fr lekjksg tcyiqj
Vsik lekjksg mTtSu
oqQekj xa/oZ lekjksg nsokl
cStw ckojk laxhr lekjksg pansjh
z yksdjax lekjksg
Hkxksfj;k gkV iQsfLVoy esa ;qok yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa dks
viuk thou lkFkh pquus osQ ckn Hkkxus dk vf/dkj gSA
;g eè; çns'k osQ vkfnoklh yksxksa }kjk cM+s HkO;rk vkSj
çn'kZu osQ lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA

gksyh osQ volj ij Hkhy tutkfr }kjk 7 fnolh;
mRlo euk;k tkrk gSA

z mTtSu oqQaHk esyk
;g mRlo Hkkjr osQ pkj 'kgjksa& bykgkckn] gfj}kj]
mTtSu ;k ukfld esa çR;sd ckjg o"kks± esa vk;ksftr

iwjs R;kSgkj osQ nkSjku] eap yksd u`R;ksa] laxhr vkSj tkrh; fd;k tkrk gSA
u`R;ksa osQ fofHkUu :iksa dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA ;g f{kçk unh osQ fdukjs vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ekyok mRlo
z èkzqin lekjksg
jk"Vªh; èkzqin lekjksg o"kZ 2021 ls Xokfy;j esa çfro"kZ
dyk] laxhr] u`R;] ukVd vkSj laLÑfr osQ bl vn~Hkqr
vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA
mRlo dk fgLlk cuus osQ fy, nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa
vk;kstd & laLÑfr ea=kky; Hkkjr ljdkj
ls dykdkj bankSj vkSj mTtSu vkrs gSaA
;g mRlo mTtSu vkSj bankSj esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
z ipe<+h mRlo
ipe<+h mRlo gj lky vk;ksftr gksus okyk Ng
ekyok mRlo esa lkaLÑfrd çn'kZu osQ vykok
mPp&dykÑfr;ksa dh f'kYidkjh esa oqQ'ky dkjhxj dh fnolh; mRlo gSA
gLrdyk dh oLrqvksa dks Hkh çnf'kZr djrs gSaA çn'kZuh osQ vanj] çn'kZu dh phtsa dkyhu] ckal] Mªsl
;g mRlo 2 bZlk iwoZ vkSj 2 bZLoh osQ chp Hkjr }kjk

lkexzh vkSj LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls fufeZr
fodflr ukVÔ 'kkL=k osQ lEeku esa euk;k tkrk gSA ewfrZ;ka gSaA
vk;kstu LFky & ipe<+h] eè; çns'k
bl mRlo dk vk;kstu eè; çns'k laLÑfr foHkkx
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA fuekM+ mRlo

o"kZ 2023 dk ekyok mRlo yky ckx iSysl bankSj
esa vk;ksftr gqvk gSA

z psfFk;kfxjh fogkj egksRlo
fuekM+ mRlo bl {ks=k dk rhu fnolh; R;ksgkj gSA

;g nsoh vfgY;k ckbZ fdyk ifjlj esa ueZnk unh osQ
rV ij gj lky fnlacj@tuojh osQ eghus esa euk;k
lkaph esa psfr;kfxjh fogkj egksRlo osQ nkSjku yksx tkrk gSA
ckS¼ fHk{kqvksa vkSj vuq;kf;;ksa osQ fo'kky iy dks ns• dbZ çfrf"Br jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; dykdkjksa }kjk
ldrs gSaA laxhr] u`R;] ukVd] ukSdk fogkj vkSj oSQuksbax dk
blesa lSdM+ksa rhFkZ;k=kh cq¼ osQ nks egku f'k";ksa lkfjiqÙk
iw.kZ mRlo gksrk gSA
vkSj egkeksxysuk osQ vo'ks"kksa osQ n'kZu osQ fy, ;gka
vkrs gSaA
z rkulsu lejksg
;g lekjksg çfl¼ laxhr mLrkn rkulsu dk
lEeku gSA
vk;kstu LFky& Xokfy;j
bl volj ij pkj fnuksa osQ fy, laxhr çn'kZu djrs gSaA

z Xokfy;j esa o"kZ 2021 ls çfro"kZ jk"Vªh; è#in egksRlo dk
gyek mRlo
vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gSA
z ouoklh lekt dh gyek ijaijk vf}rh; gSA ;g ladV
esa •M+s euq"; dh lgk;rk dk lans'k nsrh gSA z ukjk;.k nso osQ lEeku esa xksaM tutkfr }kjk yk: dkt
egksRlo euk;k tkrk gSA
z gyek us >kcqvk ftys osQ cM+s fgLls esa ty ladV dks
de djus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA z oqQaHk esys dk vk;kstu f{kçk unh osQ rV ij fd;k tkrk gSA
z gksyh ioZ osQ le; Hkxksfj;k ioZ osQ lkFk&lkFk fuekM+ vkSj
z eM+bZ egksRlo ekyok {ks=k esa Hkhy tutkfr }kjk xksy ?ksík egksRlo mRlo
eM+bZ egksRlo gj lky iQjojh eghus osQ rhljs ;k pkSFks
euk;k tkrk gSA
lIrkg esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS
eMbZ egksRlo dk vk;kstu eaMyk ls cLrj rd iQSys foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
fofHkUu xk¡oksa esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
1- tyfcgkjh dk esyk dgk¡ vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
bl mRlo esa eksj osQ ia• dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA
(2019)
z xksy x/sM+ks mRlo
(a) Nrjiqj (b) lh/h
;g mRlo fuekM+ vkSj ekyok {ks=k esa Hkhy tutkfr
osQ }kjk euk;k tkrk gS tks fd gksyh osQ le; Hkxksfj;k (c) gks'kaxkckn (d) flouh
mRlo osQ lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA mÙkj (a)
z es?kukFk mRlo 2- ek•uyky prqoZsnh lekjksg dgk¡ vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
bl mRlo dks xksaM ,oa dksjdw lekt }kjk nf{k.k eè; (2018)
çns'k esa euk;k tkrk gSA (a) Hkksiky (b) 'kktkiqj
le;& gksyh osQ 1 fnu ckn (c) gks'kaxkckn (d) •aMok
vU; uke& >aMk esyk ;k mRlo
mÙkj (d)
z yk#dkt mRlo
3- eè;çns'k esa dkUgk ckck dk esyk dgk¡ yxrk gS\(2016)
bl mRlo esa lwvj dh cfy nh tkrh gSA
(a) gks'kaxkckn (b) lksMyiqj
bls xksaM vkfnoklh ukjk;.k nso osQ lEeku esa eukrs gSaA
(c) cM+okuh (d) jhok
ioZ@mRlo eukus dh ioZ@mRlo eukus dh mÙkj (b)
vof/ vof/
4- eè; çns'k esa çfro"kZ fuekM+ mRlo dgk¡ vk;ksftr gksrk
x.kxkSj ioZ 9 fnu HkxkSfj;k mRlo 7 fnu
gS\ (2014)
yksdjax 5 fnu •tqjkgks u`R; 7 fnu
(a) •tqjkgks (b) egs'oj
mRlo lekjksg
(c) vksadkjs'oj (d) ek.Mw
ekyok bankSj (5 fnu)] fuekM+ mRlo 3 fnu
mÙkj (b)
mRlo mTtSu (2 fnu)
btfrek 3 fnu dkfynkl lekjksg 7 fnu
egRoiw.kZ fcanq 1- ekyok mRlo ij fVIi.kh fyf•,A (2019)
z gj lky x.kra=k fnol osQ ekSosQ ij ikap fnuksa rd pyus 2- dkfynkl] rkulsu lekjksgA (2013)
okyk yksdjax mRlo Hkksiky esa 'kq: gksrk gSA
vH;kl ç'u
z •tqjkgks esa o"kZ 1976 ls gj lky iQjojh&ekpZ osQ eghus esa
•tqjkgks egksRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA 1- mTtSu esa oqQaHk esys dk vk;kstu] çR;sd fdrus o"kZ ckn
z gksyh ioZ osQ volj ij Hkhy tutkfr }kjk Hkxksfj;k gkV gksrk gS\
egksRlo euk;k tkrk gSA (a) 5 (b) 8
z bankSj osQ yky ckx iSysl esa o"kZ 2023 dk ekyok egksRlo (c) 10 (d) 12
vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA mÙkj (d)
eè; çns'k osQ çeq• ioZ] R;kSgkj ,oa egksRlo 111

O;k[;k% çR;sd 12 o"kks± osQ ckn f{kçk unh osQ fdukjs oqQaHk O;k[;k% rstkth dk esyk] xquk ftys osQ HkkekoM esa vk;ksftr
esys dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 2016 esa bldk vk;kstu gksrk gSA
gqvk FkkA
7- ukxkth osQ esys dk vk;kstu dkSu&ls xkWao esa gksrk gS\
2- eè; çns'k esa vk;ksftr ^•tqjkgks egksRlo* fuEufyf•r
(a) Hkkekon] xquk (b) ?kks?kjk] flouh
{ks=kksa esa fdlls lacaf/r gS\
(a) fFk;sVj (b) 'kkL=kh; laxhr (c) laokjk] f'koiqjh (d) iksjlk] eqjSuk
(c) 'kkL=kh; u`R; (d) yksd u`R; mÙkj (d)

mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% ukxkth osQ esys dk vk;kstu eqjSuk ftys osQ iksjlk
O;k[;k% pansyksa }kjk fufeZr •tqjkgks osQ eafnjksa osQ chp •tqjkgks xkao esa gksrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
8- yksdjatu egksRlo fdrus varjky esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkr
3- •tqjkgks u`R; egksRlo osQ nkSjku fuEufy•r esa ls dkSu gS\
lk u`R; ugha fd;k tkrk\
(a) çfro"kZ
(a) dRFkd (b) eVdh
(b) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) vksfMlh (d) oqQfpiqM+h
mÙkj (b) (c) f}okf"kZd
O;k[;k% eVdh ekyok dk yksd u`R; gS] tks ekyok dh (d) çR;sd 5 o"kks± esa ,d ckj
efgykvksa osQ }kjk fofHkUu 'kqHk voljksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k mÙkj (a)
lHkh 'kkL=kh; u`R; gSA O;k[;k% yksdjatu mRlo dk vk;kstu çfro"kZ i;ZVu foHkkx
4- ty egksRlo dgk¡ euk;k tkrk gS\ }kjk •tqjkgks esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yksdu`R; dk jk"Vªh; egksRlo
(a) guqoafr;k (b) Hkksiky gSA
(c) Xokfy;j (d) e.Myk
9- çfl¼ lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe ^dkfynkl lekjksg* fdl LFkku
mÙkj (a)
ij vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
O;k[;k% •aMok ftys osQ bafnjk lkxj MSe esa fufeZr Vkiw ftldk
(a) mTtSu (b) bankSj
uke guqoafr;k gS] esa çfro"kZ ty egksRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k
tkrk gSA (c) Hkksiky (d) Xokfy;j
5- eè; çns'k osQ fuEufyf•r LFkkuksa esa ls ôqQekj xa/oZ mÙkj (a)
lekjksg* dk vk;kstu dkSu ls LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gS\ O;k[;k% eè; çns'k laLÑfr ea=kky; osQ }kjk çfro"kZ vDVwcj&uoacj
(a) nsokl (b) bankSj ekg esa dkfynkl lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) Xokfy;j (d) Hkksiky
10- rkulsu laxhr lekjksg dgk¡ vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
mÙkj (a)
(a) Hkksiky (b) bankSj
O;k[;k% bl lekjksg dk vk;kstu nsokl ftys esa fd;k tkrk gSA
oqQekj xa/oZ iqjLdkj dk çkjaHk o"kZ 1992&93 ls fd;k tkrk gSA (c) jkaph (d) Xokfy;j
6- rstkth dk esyk dgk¡ vk;ksftr gksrk gS\ mÙkj (d)

(a) Hkkekon] xquk (b) ?kks?kjk] flouh O;k[;k% bl lekjksg dk vk;kstu çfro"kZ fnlEcj ekg esa fd;k
(c) laokjk] f'koiqjh (d) iksjlk] eqjSuk tkrk gSA blh lekjksg esa rkulsu laxhr iqjLdkj dk forj.k
mÙkj (a) fd;k tkrk gSA
v v v

eè; çns'k esa i;ZVu (eafnj] efLtn]
9 xqiQk,¡] fdys] egy] edcjs)
,sfrgkfld ,oa iqjkrkfRod LFky
z lk¡ph
z eè; çns'k osQ i;ZVu LFkyksa dk fodkl djus gsrq o"kZ fLFkfr& jk;lsu ftys 45 fdeh nwj csrok unh osQ rV
1978 esa eè; çns'k jkT; i;ZVu fodkl fuxe dk
ij fLFkr gSA
xBu fd;k x;kA
vU; uke& dkd.kk;] dkd.kkncksV] cksV Jh ioZr
z o"kZ 2005 esa i;ZVu {ks=kksa osQ fodkl ,oa çca/u osQ fy,
eè; çns'k bdks i;ZVu fodkl cksMZ dk xBu fd;k x;kA LFky lEcaf/r tkudkjh
z i;ZVu uhfr & ;gk¡ fLFkr Lekjdksa dk fuekZ.k r`rh; 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ
ls ckjgoh 'krkCnh bZLoh- rd fujUrj tkjh jgkA
5 flracj 2012 dks eè; çns'k esa igyh i;ZVu
uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ ftlesa i;ZVu dks m|ksx dk lk¡ph osQ iqjkus Lekjdksa osQ fuekZ.k dk Js; ekS;Z lezkV
ntkZ fn;k x;kA v'kksd (rRdkyhu jkT;iky fofn'kk) dks gS ftUgksaus
viuh fofn'kk fuoklh jkuh dh bPNkuqlkj lk¡ph dh
16 flracj 2016 dks çns'k ljdkj }kjk uohu i;ZVu
igkM+h ij Lrwi fogkj ,oa ,dk'e LrEHk dk fuekZ.k
uhfr vkSj i;ZVu oSQfcusV dk xBu fd;k x;kA
djk;k FkkA
28 iQjojh 2017 dks çns'k esa ty i;ZVu dh
xfrfof/;ksa dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, ty i;ZVu 'kqax dky esa Lrwi 2 vkSj 3 rFkk eafnj dk fuekZ.k
uhfr ykxw dh xbZA gqvk FkkA
lkaph osQ Lrwi dh •kst lu 1818 esa tujy Vsyj
i;ZVu LFkyksa dk oxhZdj.k }kjk dh x;h FkhA
Lrwi dk vkdkj & 36-5 ehVj dh ifjf/ rFkk 16-4
,sfrgkfld ,oa /kfeZd LFky çkÑfrd LFky ehVj dh ÅapkbZ gSaA
iqjkrkfRod LFky lkaph osQ Lrwi esa pkj rksj.k }kj gSA
Lrwi osQ rksj.k }kj ij v'kksd ,oa mldh nks jkfu;ksa osQ
lk¡ph mTtSu HksM+k?kkV lkFk cksf/o`{k rhFkZ;k=kk dk vadu feyrk gSA
•tqjkgks vksadkjs'oj vejdaVd lkaph osQ egku Lrwi esa cq¼ osQ vo'ks"k j•s gq, gSa ,oa
HkhecSBdk egs'oj iape<+h blosQ ikl nks vU; NksVs Lrwi Hkh gSa ftuesa muosQ nks
ekaMw f'k";ks lkfjiq=k vkSj egkeksxyk;u osQ vo'ks"k j•s
eSgj OgkbV Vkbxj
vksjNk x, gSaA
fp=kdwV liQkjh
lkaph osQ Lrwi osQ f'kykys• czkEgh fyfi esa mRdhf.kZr gSA
n'kZuh; LFky
lelkef;dh
if'pe lewg osQ eafnj& danfj;k egknso] pkSalB
lkaph dks lksyj flVh cukus osQ fy, ukxkSjh esa 3 esxkokV
;ksfxuh] fp=kxqIr eafnj] y{e.k eafnj rFkk ekraxs'koj
vkSj xqyxkao esa 5 esxkokV dk lksyj IykaV yxk;k tk jgk gSA
eafnjA
lkaph osQ Lrwi dks 1989 esa fo'o /jksgj lwph esa iwohZ lewg& ik'oZukFk eafnj ?kaVkbZ eafnj] vkfnukFk
'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA eafnjA

z •tqjkgks nf{k.k lewg& nwYgknso eafnj rFkk prqHkZqt eafnj]
csuh lkxj cka/] jusg ty çikr Hkh n'kZuh; gSaA

•tqjkgks dks 1986 esa ;wusLdks dh fo'o fojklr lwph
esa 'kkfey fd;k Fkk] ;g ;wusLdks esa 'kkfey gksus okyk

çns'k dk igyk LFky FkkA
z HkhecsVdk
•tqjkgks eè; çns'k osQ Nrjiqj ftys esa fLFkr gS] ;g

pansy oa'k dh jkt/kuh jgh gSA
;gk¡ osQ fo'oçfl¼ eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k pUnsy jktkvksa
950&1050 bZLoh osQ eè; djok;k Fkk] bu eafnjksa dh
la[;k 85 Fkh ysfdu vc budh la[;k de gks xbZ gSaA
•tqjkgks ij vusd HkO; eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k ukxj 'kSyh foUè; ioZr Jà•ykvksa ij Hkksiky ls 40 fd-eh- nwj
rFkk iapk;ru 'kSyh esa gqvk gSA nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj jk;lsu ftys osQ vCnqYykxat osQ
•tqjkgks osQ vf/dka'k eafnj yky cyqvk iRFkj ls fudV HkhecsVdk dh fo'o çfl¼ xqiQk,a fLFkr gSaA
;gka 500 ls vf/d xqiQkvksa osQ fp=k feys gSa tks
fufeZr gSA
vkfnokfl;ksa osQ thou ls lcaf/r gSA
•tqjkgks osQ eafnj dh nhokjksa esa eSFkqu ,oa jfrØhM+kvksa
HkhecsVdk lewg ekuo bfrgkl dk ,d cgqewY; bfro`Ùk
dk ltho fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA
vkSj le`¼ iqjkrkfRod laoqQy ekuk tkrk gSA
HkhecsVdk osQ 'kSykJ; rFkk mlesa miyC/ 'kSyfp=kksa dh
•kst iqjkrRo 'kkL=kh MkW- fo".kq Jh/j okd.kdj us

o"kZ 1957 esa dh FkhA
bls o"kZ 2003 esa ;wusLdks us viuh fo'o fojklr
lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k FkkA

z ekaMw
eè; çns'k osQ /kj ftys esa ueZnk unh osQ rV ij
fLFkr çeq• i;ZVu LFky gSA

danfj;k Mahadev,
Kandariya egknso] Dulhadev
nwYgknsoTemple, ik'oZ ukFk eafnj]
Parshwanath leqæ ls 2000 iQqV dh ÅapkbZ ij foaè; ioZrekyk dh
Temple,
pkSalB ;ksfxuh]
Chausath Yogini, Chaturbhuj
eafnj] Temple
?kaVkbZ eafTemple,
Ghantai nj] xksn esa fLFkr bl lqjf{kr LFky dks ekyok osQ ijekj
Chitragupta Temple,
fp=kxq I r
Lakshman Temple,ea f nj] prq H kZ q t vkfnukFk]
Adinath, jktkvksa us viuh jkt/kuh cuk;k FkkA
y{e.k eafnj]Temple eafnj
Matangeshwar Shantinath
'kka frukFk eafnj ekaMw vius çkÑfrd lkSan;Z vkSj viQxku okLrqdyk ls
Temple
ekraxs'koj eafnjA fufeZr egyks ,oa edcjksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA

z Xokfy;j
tgkt egy
Xokfy;j nqxZ cyqvk iRFkj dh lh/h pêðkuksa ij •M+k gqvk
lewps 'kgj dh n`f"V ls Åaps vklu ij fojkteku gSA

bl fdys dk fuekZ.k 525 bZ- esa jktk lwjt lsu us
djok;k FkkA
:ierh egy n'kZuh; LFky
eku eafnj] lwjtoqQaM] rsyh dk eafnj] lkl&cgw dk
eafnj] t;foykl egy] jkuh y{ehckbZ dh v'okjksgh

ewfrZ] laxzgky;] rkulsu dh lek/h] xkSl eksgEen
dk edcjk] dyk ohfFkdk] uxj ikfydk laxzgky;]
fpfM+;k?kj] xq:}kjk] lw;Z eafnj vkfn n'kZuh; gSaA
n'kZuh; LFky
xwtjh egy] jktk ekuflag rksej us viuh jkuh
ekaMw dk ijdksVk& blesa 12 njokts gSa tks jkeiksy]
e`xu;uh osQ çse esa cuok;kA
rkjkiqj njoktk] tgkaxhj njoktk] fnYyh njoktk
vkfn ukeksa ls tkus tkrs gSaA /kfeZd LFky
tgkt egy] fgaMksyk egy] gks'kax'kkg dk edcjk] z mTtSu
tkeh efLtn v'kiQhZ egy] jspk oqQaM] :ierh egy]
uhydaB] uhydaB egy] gkFkh egy rFkk yksgkuh
xqiQk,a vkfn n'kZuh; gSA
z vksjNk
çkÑfrd] ,sfrgkfld] /kfeZd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa iqjkrkfRod

æf"V ;g eè; çns'k dk çeq• uxj gSA
iqjk.kksa esa mTtf;uh] vofUrdk] vejkorh] çfrdYik]
vksjNk eè; çns'k osQ fuokM+h ftys esa csrok unh osQ oqQeq¼rh vkfn ukeksa ls bldh efgek xk;h xbZ gSA
rV ij fLFkr çeq• uxj gSA n'kZuh; LFky
vksjNk jkT; cqansyk 'kkldksa dh jkt/kuh jgk gSA egkdky eafnj] eaxyukFk] dky HkkSjo] foØkUr HkSjo]
n'kZuh; LFky gjflf¼] pkSlB;ksfxuh] x<+dkfydk] uxj dksV dh

tgkaxhj egy] jktegy] jk; çoh.k egy] jkejktk jkuh] xksiky eafnj] vuar ukjk;.k eafnj] vadikr]
eafnj] prqHkZqt eafnj] y{ehukjk;.k eafnj] iQwy ckx] f=kos.kh laxe ij uoxzg eafnj fpUrke.k&x.ks'k]
nhoku gjnkSy egy] lqUnj egy] Nf=k;ka] 'kghn vofUr&ik'oZukFk eafnj] [oktk 'kosQc dh efLtn]
LekjdA cksgjksa dk jkstk] tkek efLtn] oS';k Vsdjh dk
;gk¡ ij Økafrohj paæ'ks•j vktkn us Hkh oqQN le; Lrwi&LFky] dkfy;kng egy] T;ksfrfyZax egkdkys'oj]
fcrk;k FkkA ihj&eRL;sUæ dh lekf/] t;flagiqjk] fnxEcj tSu
laxzgky;] okd.kdj Le`fr ftyk iqjkrRo laxzgky;]
lelkef;dh
Hkkjrh; dyk Hkou] nqxkZnkl jkBkSj dh N=kh vkfnA
eè; çns'k osQ vksjNk esa o"kZ 2020 esa ûeLrs vksjNk* egksRlo
lkr lkxj] ukS ukjk;.k ,oa 84 egknso dh ifjØek eè;
dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA
çns'k osQ mTtSu uxj esa lEiUu gksrh gSA
eè; çns'k esa i;ZVu (eafnj] efLtn] xqiQk,¡] fdys] egy] edcjs) 115
mTtSu osQ eaxyukFk ls Hkwxksy dh mRifÙk ekuh tkrh gSA z fp=kdwV
mTtSu esa egkdkys'oj dk çfl¼ f'ko eafnj gS ftles fp=kdwV eè; çns'k ,oa mÙkj çns'k dh lhek ij fLFkr
nf{k.k eq•h T;ksfrfyZax fLFkr gS] ;gka gj 12 o"kks± osQ gS tks eè;çns'k osQ lruk ftys esa eankfduh unh osQ
ckn oqQaHk dk esyk yxrk gSA fdukjs fLFkr gSA
z vksadkjs'oj nk'kZfud LFky
dkenfxfj ioZr] tkudhoqQaM] lrh vuqlqb;k vkJe]
guqeku /kjk] jke?kkV] tkudh oqQaM] Hkjrdwi vkfn

'kkfey gSaA
czãk] fo".kq] egs'k us fp=kdwV esa gh lrh vuqlqb;k osQ
?kj tUe fy;k FkkA

eè; çns'k ljdkj us bls 2009 esa ifo=k LFky ?kksf"kr
fd;k FkkA
z rkt my efLtn
;g eè; çns'k osQ •aMok ftys esa ueZnk unh osQ rV ij

fLFkr /kfeZd LFky gSA
;gka ueZnk&dkosjh osQ laxe ij vksadkj eka/krk osQ eafnj
esa LFkkfir T;ksfrfyZax }kn'k T;ksfrfyZaxksa esa ls ,d gSA

n'kZuh; LFky
vksadkj eka/krk] fl¼ukFk eafnj] pkSchl vorkj] eè; çns'k osQ Hkksiky 'kgj esa fLFkr lcls cM+h
'kadjkpk;Z dh xqiQk,a] lIr ekr`dk eafnj rFkk dkty efLtn gSA
jkuh xqiQk vkfn ;gka gSA rkt my efLtn dk vFkZ gS& êfLtnksa dk rkt*
z egs'oj ;gk¡ ij çfro"kZ rhu fnu dk bfTrek mlZ gksrk gSA
bfrgkl çfl¼ lezkV dkrZoh;Z lgL=kktZqu dh çkphu fuekZ.k & fldanj tgk¡ csxe
jkt/kuh efg"efr gh vk/qfud egs'oj gSA
tSu /eZ osQ LFky
;g •jxksu ftys esa ueZnk unh osQ rV ij fLFkr /kfeZd
z ikokfxjh& •jxkSu esa fLFkr bl LFky esa 99 tSu eafnj gSA
LFky gSA
z lksukfxjh& nfr;k ftys esa fLFkr 108 tSu eafnj gSA
bls gksYdj oa'k dh egkjkuh yksdekrk vfgY;kckbZ us
jkt/kuh osQ :i esa clk;k FkkA z iq"ifxjh& nsokl osQ fudV lksudPN esa fLFkr gSA
n'kZuh; LFky
z xksEeV fxjh& bUnkSj esa igkM+h ij egkohj Lokeh] vkfnukFk]
ik'oZukFk vkfn osQ HkO; eafnj vkSj fogkj fufeZr gSA
lgL=k/kjk tyçikr] vfgY;k laxzgky;] jktjkts'oj
,oa foêòys'oj ?kkV] is'kok ?kkV] egs'oj dk fdyk] z eqÙkQkfxjh& cSrwy ftys esa fLFkr tSu rhFkZ LFky esa 52 tSu
gksYdj ifjokj dh Nrfj;ka] lsok?kkV çeq• n'kZuh; eafnj gSA
LFky gSA oqQ.Myiqj
z eSgj
eè; çns'k osQ lruk ftys esa fLFkr çfl¼ fganw rhFkZ
LFky gSA
eSgj esa f=kdwV ioZr ij eka 'kkjnk dk eafnj fLFkr gSA
esgj dks laxhr uxjh osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ;gk¡
çfro"kZ vykmíhu •ka lekjksg euk;k tkrk gSA

z eè; çns'k osQ neksg ftys esa neksg 'kgj ls 35 eè; çns'k esa fo'o fojklr LFky
fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr oqQaMyfxjh tSu /eZ osQ fy, z •tqjkgks & 1986
,d ,sfrgkfld rhFkZ LFky gSA z lk¡ph & 1989
z oqQ.Myiqj esa cSBs (iÁklu) vklu esa cM+s ckck z HkhecSBdk & 2003
(vkfnukFk) dh ,d çfrek gSA
z 189 iQhV ÅapkbZ osQ lkFk nqfu;k dk lcls Åapk tSu çeq• efLtn
eafnj cu tk;sxkA
deky ekSyk efLtn /kj
eè; çns'k esa ckS¼ /eZ LFky ykV efLtn /kj
z lk¡ph] jk;lsu rkt&my&efLtn Hkksiky (çns'k dh lcls cM+h efLtn)
z Hkjgqr Lrwi] lruk <+kbZ lh<+h efLtn Hkksiky (çns'k dh lcls NksVh efLtn)
z ck?k dh xqiQk,a] /kj tkeh efLtn ekaMw
z lkjks ekjks dh xqiQk,a & lhgksj ftys esa fLFkr lkjks ekjks fnykoj •ka efLtn ekaMw
dh xqiQkvksa esa ckS¼ LFky o vo'ks"k çkIr gq, gSaA çkÑfrd LFky
z nsmj dksBkj
z HksM+k?kkV
eè; çns'k osQ jhok ftys osQ nsmj dksBkj esa ekS;Zdkyhu
ckS¼ Lrwi çkIr gq, gSaA

;gk¡ ij çkIr VsjkdksVk f•ykSus] eksrh] dku dh ckyh
vkSj flDdksa osQ vo'ks"k O;kikj osQ lfØ; osQaæ dk

laosQr nsrs gSaA
z lksukjh& eè; çns'k osQ lk¡ph ls yxHkx 10 fdeh nf{k.k
if'pe esa fLFkr ckS¼ LFky gSA
çeq• eafnj LFkku fo'ks"k

ihrkEcjk ihB nfr;k cxykeq•h ekrk dk eafnj gSA tcyiqj ls 21 fd-eh- nwj laxejej dh Å¡ph nwf/;k
i'kqifrukFk eafnj eanlkSj v"Veq•h f'kofyax gSA pêðkuksa osQ chp cgrh gqbZ ueZnk unh dk ty i;ZVdksa
X;kjliqj fofn'kk 10oha 'krkCnh osQ vfHkys• o dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
oS".ko /eZ osQ eafnj gSA ;g liQsn laxejej dh pêðkuksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA
64 ;ksfxuh eafnj ferkoyh laln Hkou dk LFkkiR; blh n'kZuh; LFky
(eqjSuk) ij vk/kfjr FkkA pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj] /q¡vk/kj tyçikr] canj dwnuh]
danfj;k egknso •tqjkgks bldk fuekZ.k pansy 'kkld
xkSjh 'kadj eafnjA
fo|k/j us djok;k FkkA
rsyh dk eafnj Xokfy;j mÙkj Hkkjr esa fLFkr ,dek=k z vejdaVd
fdys esa æfoM+ 'kSyh dk eafnj gSA
Hkkstiqj eafnj jk;lsu z fuekZ.k & jktk Hkkst] 18
iQhV Å¡ph f'kofyax gSa
z bls iwoZ dk lkseukFk Hkh
dgrs gSaA
lelkef;dh
eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt flag pkSgku us lyduiqj esa 211 djksM+ eè;çns'k osQ vuwiiqj ftys dh iq"ijktx<+ rglhy
#i;s dh ykxr ls cuus okys fot;klu ekrk osQ HkO; osQ nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkx esa eSdky ioZrekykvksa esa fLFkr
nsohyksd dk f'kyk&iwtu fd;kA vejd.Vd Hkkjr osQ ifo=k LFkyksa esa ls ,d gSA
ueZnk lksu vkSj tksfgyk ufn;ksa dk ;g mn~xe vkfndky eè; çns'k osQ gks'kaxkckn ftys esa lriqM+k ioZr Ja•yk
ls ½f"k&eqfu;ksa dh riksHkwfe jgk gSA dh egknso igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr ,d fgy LVs'ku gSaA
ueZnk dk mn~xe ;gka ,d oqQaM ls rFkk lksuHkæk dk ipe<+h dks 1999 esa çns'k dk igyk rFkk ns'k dk 10
ioZr f'k•j ls gSaA oka ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA

;gka ij foaè; vkSj lriqM+k dh igkfM+;ksa dk esy iape<+h dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ikap xqiQkvksa dh lwpd gSA
gksrk gSA oSQIVu iQksjls us fç;n'kZuh ikWbaV LFkku ls iape<+h dh
eè;çns'k 'kklu }kjk vejdaVd dks 2005 esa ifo=k •kst dh FkhA
uxjh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA çns'k dh lcls Åaph ioZr pksVh /wix<+ (1350m)
;gk¡ osQ çkphu eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k 10oha&11oha 'krkCnh lriqM+k Js.kh osQ egknso ioZr ij fLFkr gSA
esa dypqjh oa'k osQ 'kkldksa us djok;k FkkA n'kZuh; LFky
;gk¡ 2008 esa tutkrh; fo|ky; LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA /wix<+] pkSjkx<+] ikaMo xqiQk] tVk'kadj] ch iQkWy]
n'kZuh; LFky Mpsl iQky] jtr iQkWy] vIljk fcgkj] egknso

ueZnk ekbZ dk eafnj] ueZnk oqQaM] dfiy/kjk] nqX//kjk] igkM+h] jkseu oSQFkksfyd ppZ] fç;nf'kZuh ikWbaV] csxe
lksu eqM+k] ekbZ dh cfx;k] tys'oj egknso eafnj] iSysl] gkM+h•ksg] chuoknd dh xqiQk (gkiZj osQo)]
lw;Z ukjk;.k eafnj] dypqjh eafnj] dchj pkSjk] ukS ljnkj xqiQk vkfnA
xzg eafnj] tSu eafnj] vkfnukFk eafnj vkfnA z OgkbV Vkbxj liQkjh
/kfeZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd egRo
;gk¡ ueZnk dks nsoh dh rjg iwtk tkrk gSA
fgUnw eafnj] tSu eafnj] dYpqjhdkyhu eafnj /kfeZd
,drk dks n'kkZrs gSA

ueZnk] lksu ,oa tksfgyk unh dh dFkk] iqjk.kksa esa
Hkh feyrh gSA

ueZnk unh dh ifjØek vejdaVd ls gh çkjaHk dh 3 vçSy 2016 dks lruk ftys osQ eqoqQaniqj esa fo'o dh
tkrh gSA igyh OgkbV Vkbxj liQkjh dk yksdkiZ.k gqvkA
tutkfr;ksa }kjk cukbZ x;h dykRed oLrq,a LFkkuh; foUè;k ckf?ku vkSj j?kq ck?k ;gk¡ osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ osQaæ
cktkjksa esa feyrh gS tks mudh laLÑfr dh ifjpk;d gS] gky gh esa liQsn ckf?ku foaè;k dh ekSr gks xbZ gSA
gSA
eè; çns'k esa xqiQk,a
;g LFky çÑfr osQ çfr çse osQ Hkko dks çnf'kZr
djrk gSA xqiQk LFkku fo'ks"k

z ipe<+h Hkhe csVdk jk;lsu çkxSfrgkfld dkyhu xqiQk
fogkj ,oa 'kSykJ;] fo'o
/jksgj esa lfEefyr (2003)
e`xsUæukFk jk;lsu nqyZHk jkWd isafVaXl
HkrZ`gfj mTtSu oqQy 9 xqiQk,a gS ftues ls 6
dk vfLrRo gSA
eRL;sUæ mTtSu ukFk laçnk; osQ vkLFkk dk osQaæ
dfy;knsg mTtSu f{kçk rV ij fLFkr
mn;fxfj fofn'kk fgUnw ,oa tSu /eZ ls lacaf/r
xqiQk,a ,oa çfrek,a (pkSFkh
&ik¡poh 'krkCnh)
•.Mfxfj fofn'kk ckS¼ ,oa tSu /eZ ls lacaf/r

ck?k /kj 5oha ls 7oha 'krkCnh osQ ckS¼ eè; çns'k osQ /kj ftys ckf?kuh uked NksVh lh unh
/eZ ls osQ ck,a rV ij fLFkr gSA
yksgkuh /kj eqxydkyhu xqiQk,¡ ;s xqiQk,a foUè;kapy ioZr Ja•yk esa fLFkr gSA
vknex<+ gks'kaxkckn çkxSfrgkfld 'kSy fp=k] gfFk;kj ck?k dh xqiQkvksa dh •kst o"kZ 1818 esa MksaxjiQhYM
cukus osQ lk{; feysA us dh FkhA

ikaMo ipe<+h egkHkkjr dky ls lacaf/r budk fuekZ.k lEHkor% 5oha &6oha 'krkCnh bZ- esa gqvk
fcykSok Xokfy;j 12oha 'krkCnh osQ 'kSyfp=k gksxkA

ekjk flaxjkSyh 7oha ls 8oha 'krkCnh dh ckS¼ ;gka ij oqQy 9 xqiQk,a gSa ftues ls 5 vfLrRo esa gSaA
xqiQk,¡ igyh xqiQk & x`g xqiQk
'kadjkpk;Z vksadkjs'oj 'kadjkpk;Z dh riks Hkwfe nwljh xqiQk & ik.Mo xqiQk (;g lcls foLr`r xqiQk
fl¼jkt Vhdex<+ /kfeZd egRo dh çkÑfrd gS)
xqiQk,¡ r`rh; xqiQk & gkFkh•kuk (lcls vf/d lkt&lTtk
pUæ'ks•j Vhdex<+ lrkj unh osQ rV ij fLFkr vkSj nhokjksa ij fp=kdkjh)
vktkn ,sfrgkfld xqiQk
pkSFkh xqiQk & jax egy
lkjksekjksa lhgksj ekS;Zdkyhu xqiQk,¡
ikapoh xqiQk & ikB'kkyk (/kfeZd çopu vkSj lHkk
dktyjkuh •aMok /kfeZd egRo dh çkÑfrd
ls lacaf/r)
xqiQk,¡
z mn;fxfj dh xqiQk,a
/eZjkts'oj eanlkSj ckS¼ /eZ ls lacaf/r
/eukj eanlkSj 8oha&9oha lnh esa fufeZr ckS¼
/eZ ls lacaf/r xqiQk,¡
f>atjh dVuh çkxSfrgkld xqiQk,¡
jkWd 'ksYVj lkxj bu xqiQkvksa esa çfl¼ jkWd isafVax
fufeZr dh xbZ gSA
uosjh Hkksiky çkxSfrgkfld /kfeZd xqiQk,¡
eksikyh NksVk cSrwy /kfeZd xqiQk,¡
egknso
igkM+x<+ fNanokM+k /kfeZd egRo dh xqiQk,¡ gS
xqIrs'oj fNanokM+k çkÑfrd xqiQk,¡
txnh'k igkM+h lruk çkÑfrd xqiQk,¡
mn;fxfj dh xqiQk,a eè; çns'k osQ fofn'kk ftys esa
vkYgk&Åny eSgj 11oha&12oha 'krkCnh dh
fLFkr gSA
(lruk) ,sfrgkfld xqiQk,¡
budk fuekZ.k xqIr ujs'kksa }kjk 250 ls 410 bZ- iw osQ
z ck?k dh xqiQk,a chp djok;k x;k FkkA
;s xqiQk,a foUè;kapy ioZr Jà•yk ij fLFkr gSA
z xqiQk,a
;gka ij 20 xqiQk,a gSa tks fganw vkSj tSu /eZ ls
lacaf/r gSA
xqiQk Øekad 5 esa ojkg dh fo'kky çfrek LFkkfir gSA
xqiQk Ø- 8 osQ ikl ls 'kq: gksus okyk ekxZ mn;fxfj
dh ,d vkSj vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA

xqiQk Øekad 19 lcls cM+h gSA
eè; çns'k esa fdys@nqxZ eaMyk dk nqxZ jktk ujsaæ eaMyk osQ fdys esa jkt
fuekZ.k@ 'kkg jkts'ojh dh LFkkiuk futke
fdyk@nqxZ fo'ks"k 'kkg us djkbZ FkhA
LFky
Xokfy;j nqxZ jktk lwjt z blosQ 5 }kj gS& eanlkSj dk fdyk vykmíhu ;gka 500 o"kZ iqjkuk ris'oj
lsu gkFkhiwy] cknyx<+] f•yth egknso dk eafnj fLFkr
fgaMksyk] HkrZgjh] gSA bl fdys esa oqQy 12
vkyexhj njoktk njokts gSaA
z bls fdyksa dk jRu ujoj dk fdyk jktk uy f'koiqjh osQ ujoj rglhy
dgk tkrk gSA esa fLFkr gSA
/kj dk fdyk laHkor% jktk fdys esa •jcwtk egy vVsj dk fdyk jktk cnu blesa 12 •EHkk egy fLFkr
Hkkst fLFkr gSA (fHkaM) flag gSA
fxUuksjx<+ nqxZ jktk mn; xksaM 'kkldksa us ;gk¡ 'kklu edM+kbZ dk edjan 'kkg gjnk esa fLFkr gSA
(lhgksj) oeZu fd;k FkkA fdyk
vlhjx<+ dk cqjgkuiqj 1601 esa vdcj us vafre eè; çns'k esa lekf/ ,oa edcjs
fdyk fot; osQ :i esa thrk FkkA
egkjkuh lka[; jkts flaf/;k dh f'koiqjh
jk;lsu dk nqxZ jktk jkt z bl fdys esa jktk
lekf/
clarh jksfgr dk egy ckny
egy vkSj btgkj ihj cq/ku dk edcjk f'koiqjh
egy fLFkr gSA rkR;k Vksis dh lekf/ f'koiqjh
z bl fdys esa 4 rkykc ek/ojko flaf/;k dh lekf/ f'koiqjh
gS ftlesa ls 'ks"k xzgh rkulsu dk edcjk Xokfy;j
rkykc vR;f/d eksgEen xkSl dk edcjk Xokfy;j
çfl¼ gSA jkuh y{eh ckbZ dh lekf/ Xokfy;j
vtex<+ fdyk jktk bl fdys esa jktk veu dk >ydkjh ckbZ dh lekf/ Xokfy;j
(iUuk) vt;iky egy gSA vCnqYykg 'kkg paxst dk edcjk ekaMw (/kj)
vfgY;kckbZ dh lekf/ egs'oj
cka/ox<+ dk O;k?kznso 32 igkfM;ksa ls f?kjk ;g gks'kax'kkg dk edcjk ekaMw (/kj)
fdyk fdyk c?ksy oa'k dh
jkuh voarh ckbZ dh lekf/ eaMyk
jkt/kuh jgk gSA
jkuh fxj/kjh ckbZ dh lekf/ eaMyk
vksjNk nqxZ :æ çrki bl fdyk ifjlj esa prqHkZqt eqerkt egy dh dcz cqjgkuiqj (vlhjx<+)
(fuokM+h) cqansyk efUnj jk; çoh.k egy jke jkuh :ierh vkSj cktcgknqj dh lkjaxiqj (jktx<+)
jktk efUnj y{ehukjk;.k lekf/
efUnj ,oa tgk¡xhj egy]
nkSyr dk yksnh dk edcjk cqjgkuiqj
lqanj egy fLFkr gSA
uokc flíhdh glu •ka dk edcjk Hkksiky
ekaMw dk fdyk gq'kax'kkg bl fdys esa 12 njokts gSA eYgkj jko gksydj dh lekf/ vkyeiqj (fHkaM)
(fnYyh njoktk] vkyexhj jkuh nqxkZorh dh lekf/ tcyiqj (cjsyk xkao)
njoktk) is'kok ckthjko dh lekf/ jkoy •sM+h (•jxksu)
pansjh dk fdyk çfrgkj ujs'k blh fdys esa tkSgj oqQaM] cStw ckojk dh lekf/ pansjh
dhfrZiky gok egy] ukS•aMk rFkk dkUgk ckck dh lekf/ gks'kaxkckn
•wuh njoktk fLFkr gSA pSu flag dh Nrjh lhgksj

eè; çns'k osQ çeq• egy
eksrh egy Xokfy;j ;g flaf/;k jktoa'k dk egy jgk rFkk ;gk¡ ij e-ç- dk egkys•kxkj fLFkr FkkA
xwtjh egy Xokfy;j jktk eku flag us viuh jkuh e`xu;uh osQ fy, cukok;k FkkA
t;foykl iSysl Xokfy;j z ;g flaf/;k oa'k dk vkokl gS ftldk ,d fgLlk laxzgky; osQ :i esa
LFkkfir gks x;k gSA
z okLrqdkj ekbdy fiQyksls&1874
lr•aMk egy nfr;k bldk fuekZ.k jktk ohj flag twnso cqansyk djok;k x;kA
enuegy tcyiqj xksaM 'kkld enu 'kkg us cuok;k FkkA
c?ksfyu egy e.Myk ueZnk unh osQ fdukjs fLFkr gSA
eksrhegy e.Myk xksaM 'kkld ân;'kkg us djok;k FkkA
jktk jksfgr] ckny] b=knkj egy jk;lsu jk;lsu fdys esa fLFkr budk fuekZ.k jktk jkt clarh us djok;k Fkk
•jcwtk egy /kj ;g viuh th.kZ voLFkk esa gSA
jkuh :ierh egy ekaMw ekaMw esa jsok oqQaM osQ lehi fufeZr bl egy dk fuekZ.k cktcgknqj us viuh
jkuh :ierh osQ fy, cuok;k FkkA
gksydj egy bankSj z bl egy dks jktokM+k osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z bl egy dk fuekZ.k vfgY;kckbZ us djok;k gSA
z ;g egy iwjh rjg ls ydM+h vkSj iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k gSA
tgkt egy ekaMw z ;g egy •wclwjr fn•us okys nks rkykc osQ chp cuok;k x;k Fkk ftlls
fd ;g tgkt dh rjg fn•kbZ nsA
z bl egy dk fuekZ.k lqYrku x;klqíhu f•yth }kjk djok;k x;kA
nkbZ egy ekaMw ;g egy ekaMw flVh osQ chp esa fLFkr gS ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS lsok djus okyh
fgaMksyk egy ekaMw z bl egy dk fuekZ.k gks'kax 'kkg osQ 'kkludky esa fd;k x;kA
z bl egy dh ckgjh nhokj gS 77 fMxzh osQ dks.k ij >qdh gqbZ gSa ftlosQ
dkj.k bl egy dks fgaMksyk egy dgk tkrk gSA
v'kiQhZ egy ekaMw z bl egy dk fuekZ.k egewn f•yth us enjls osQ fy, djok;k FkkA
z ;g egy tkek efLtn osQ lkeus vofLFkr gSA
z •tqjkgks dks 1986 esa ;wusLdks dh fo'o /jksgj lwph esa
egRoiw.kZ fcanq 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ;g ;wusLdks esa 'kkfey gksus okyk
z eè; çns'k osQ i;ZVu {ks=k dks fodflr djus osQ fy, 1978 bl {ks=k dk igyk LFky FkkA
esa eè; çns'k jkT; i;ZVu fodkl fuxe dk xBu fd;k z HkhecsVdk dks o"kZ 2003 esa ;wusLdks dh fo'o /jksgj lwph
x;k FkkA esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA
z 16 flracj 2016 dks jkT; ljdkj }kjk ubZ i;ZVu uhfr vkSj z eè; çns'k osQ vksjNk esa o"kZ 2020 esa ûeLrs vksjNk* mRlo
i;ZVu oSQfcusV dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA
z mTtSu osQ eaxyukFk dks ,d vuq'kklu osQ :i esa Hkwxksy
z 28 iQjojh] 2017 dks jkT; esa ty i;ZVu xfrfof/;ksa osQ
dk ewy ekuk tkrk gSA
lapkyu osQ fy, ty i;ZVu uhfr ykxw dh xbZ FkhA
z eSgj dks laxhr osQ 'kgj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tgka
z lkaph osQ Lrwi dh •kst 1818 esa tujy Vsyj us dh FkhA çfro"kZ vykmíhu •ku egksRlo euk;k tkrk gSA
z lkaph osQ Lrwi osQ f'kykys• czkãh fyfi esa mRdh.kZ gSaA z eq[;ea=kh Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku us lyduiqj esa 211
z •tqjkgks esa eafnjksa dks ukxj 'kSyh vkSj iapk;ru 'kSyh esa djksM+ dh ykxr ls cuus okys fot;klu ekrk osQ HkO; nsoh
cuk;k x;k gSA yksd dk f'kykU;kl fd;kA
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
1- HkhecsVdk dks fdlus •kstk Fkk\ (2020) 1- vejdaVd osQ /kfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd egRo dk o.kZu
(a) MkW- ,p-Mh- lka•fy;k (b) MkW- ';ke lqanj fuxe dhft;s\ (2019)
(c) MkW- fo".kq/j okd.kdj (d) MkW- jktcyh ik.Ms; 2- eè; çns'k osQ fo'o /jksgj LFkyksa dk o.kZu dhft;sA
mÙkj (c) (2018)
2- lkr lkxj] ukS ukjk;.k ,oa 84 egknso dh ifjØek eè;çns'k 3- eè; çns'k esa i;ZVu osQ fodkl ij fuca/ fyf•,A
osQ fdl uxj esa lEiUu gksrh gS\ (2020) (2017)
(a) vejd.Vd (b) fp=kdwV 4- eè; çns'k osQ çeq• ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu LFkyksa dk o.kZu
(c) vksadkjs'oj (d) mTtSu dhft;sA (2014&2016)
mÙkj (d) 5- ekaMw osQ Hkouksa ij fVIi.kh fyf•,A (2016&2014)
3- fo'o çfl¼ i;ZVu LFky lkaph dk çkphu uke ;g Hkh 6- ck?k xqiQk,aA (2019)
Fkk\ (2020) 7- eè;çns'k esa fLFkr mn;fxjh dh xqiQkvksa dh çeq•
(a) dkd.kke (b) os=korh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft;s\ (2019)
(c) csluxjh (d) n'kiqj
vH;kl ç'u
mÙkj (a)
1- pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj dkSu&lh 'krkCnh ls lacaf/r gS\
4- fpÙkkSM+ osQ f=kHkqou ukjk;.k eafnj dks fdlus cuok;k\
(2019) (a) 11oha 'krkCnh (b) 9oha 'krkCnh
(a) jk.kçrki us (b) jktk /ax us (c) 10oh 'krkCnh (d) 8oha 'krkCnh
(c) ijekj jktk Hkkst us (d) i`Fohjkt pkSgku us mÙkj (c)

mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj •tqjkgks esa fLFkr ,d eafnj gS]
tks 10oh 'krkCnh ls lacaf/r gSA
5- o"kZ 2015 esa bankSj esa vk;ksftr rhljs varjkZ"Vªh; /Ee /
ekZ laxksf"B osQ fof'k"V vfrfFk Fks\ (2019) 2- lanhiuh vkJe vofLFkr gS\
(a) Jh jkfuy foØefla?ks] Jhyadk (a) fp=kdwV (b) vksjNk
(b) Jh Y;ksiks nkepksnksthZ] HkwVku (c) eanlkSj (d) mTtSu
(c) Jh osQ-ih- 'kekZ vksyh] usiky mÙkj (d)
(d) lqJh vkaxlku lw dh] E;kaekj O;k[;k% eè;çns'k dh /kfeZd uxjh mTtSu esa Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k]
mÙkj (b) cyjke vkSj lqnkek us f'k{kk çkIr dh FkhA
6- •tqjkgks eafnj ls pksjh gqbZ ml çfrek dk D;k uke Fkk] 3- eè;çns'k esa i'kqifr ukFk dk eafnj fdl ftys esa gS\
ftls dukMk osQ ç/kuea=kh us Hkkjr osQ ç/kuea=kh ujsUæ (a) eanlkSj (b) mTtSu
eksnh dks lkSaik\ (2017) (c) jryke (d) Nrjiqj
(a) xksYMu iSjV (b) flafxax iSjV mÙkj (a)
(c) VkWosQfVo iSjV (d) iSjV ysMh O;k[;k% i'kqifr ukFk dk eafnj eè;çns'k osQ eanlkSj ftys esa
mÙkj (d) fLFkr gSA
7- •tqjkgks osQ eafnj fdl ftys esa fLFkr gS\ (2013) 4- danfj;k egknso eafnj dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
(a) Nrjiqj (b) e.Myk (a) jhok (b) tcyiqj
(c) ckyk?kkV (d) jhok (c) mTtSu (d) •tqjkgks
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (d)

O;k[;k% fo'o /jksgj LFkyksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey çfl¼ •tqjkgks 8- fdlus vksjNk osQ prqHkZqt eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k\
osQ eafnjksa esa ls ,d danfj;k egknso dk eafnj gSA (a) lriqM+k jktk (b) cqansyk jktiwr
5- Hkksts'oj f'ko eafnj dgk¡ gS\ (c) jktk Hkkst (d) jktk foØekfnR;
(a) Hkksiky (b) tcyiqj mÙkj (b)
(c) Hkkstiqj (d) vuwiiqj O;k[;k% cqansyk jktiwr jktk e/qdj 'kkg us vksjNk osQ prZqHkqt
mÙkj (c) eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;kA vksjNk cqansyksa dh jkt/kuh Hkh jgkA
O;k[;k% bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k ijekj jktk Hkkst us (1010&1055 9- fons'kh i;ZVdksa osQ fy;s eè; çns'k dk dkSu&lk i;ZVu
bZ-) us djok;k FkkA LFky lokZf/d vkd"kZ.k dk osQUæ gS\
6- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu ls eafnj eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gS\ (a) lkaph (b) nfr;k
(a) •tqjkgks (b) lkseukFk (c) vksjNk (d) •tqjkgks
(c) JhukFk}kjk (d) =k;acosQ'oj mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% fo'o /jksgj LFkyksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey çfl¼ •tqjkgks
O;k[;k% fo'o /jksgj LFkyksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey çfl¼ •tqjkgks osQ eafnj viuh f'kYidyk osQ fy, ges'kk fons'kh i;ZVdksa osQ
osQ eafnj eè; çns'k osQ Nrjiqj ftys esa fLFkr gSA fy, vkd"kZ.k dk osQUæ jgs gSaA
7- buesa ls Hkxoku egknso dk dkSu lk ¶T;ksfrZfyax¸ mTtSu] 10- iqjkrRoh; egRo okyk LFkku enuegy fdyk fLFkr gS\
eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gS\
(a) jk;lsu (b) /kj
(a) =k;acosQ'oj (b) egkdkys'oj
(c) tcyiqj (d) e.Myk
(c) Hkhek'kadj (d) vksadkjs'oj
mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% Hkkjr osQ 12 T;ksfrZfyaxksa esa ls ,d egkdkys'oj eafnj O;k[;k% enuegy osQ fdys dk fuekZ.k xkSaM oa'kh; jktkvksa osQ
mTtSu esa fLFkr gSA ;gha ij çR;sd 12 o"kZ ckn oqQaHk dk esyk }kjk djk;k x;k FkkA bldk uke jktk enu 'kkg osQ uke ij
yxrk gSA j•k x;k gSA
v v v
10 eè; çns'k esa esys
ifjp; gSaA ekpZ] vçSy vkSj ebZ esa lcls T;knk esys yxrs gSa] bldk
dkj.k ;s gks ldrk gS fd bl le; fdlkuksa osQ ikl de dke
esyksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh >yd ikbZ tkrh gSA bu esyksa esa
lkekftdrk] laLÑfr vkfn dk vf}rh; lfEeyu gksrk gSA eè; gksrk gSA twu] tqykbZ] vxLr vksj flracj esa ugha osQ cjkcj esys
çns'k esa 1]400 LFkkuksa ij esys yxrs gSaA mTtSu ftys esa lokZf/d yxrs gSaA bl le; fdlku lcls vf/d O;Lr gksrs gSa vkSj
227 esys vkSj gks'kaxkckn ftys esa U;wure 13 esys vk;ksftr gksrs ckfj'k dk ekSle Hkh gksrk gSA
eè;izns'k ds eq[; esys

ghjk Hkwfe;k ihj cq/ku
(Xokfy;j) ukxkth (f'koiqjh)
(eqjSuk)
tksxs'ojh nsoh
rstkth /keksuh mlZ
(v'kksduxj)
(xquk) (lkxj)
'kgkcqíhu vkSfy;k
(eanlkSj) egke`R;qat;
(jhok)
flagLFk dqaHk esyk
(mTtSu) paMh nsoh
(lh/h)
dkywth flaxkth
(•jxksu)
cjeku
dkUgk ckck (ujflagiqj)
(gjnk)
xksVekj
(cSrwy)
eè; çns'k osQ esys

esyk LFkku esyk LFkku
oqaQHk esyk mTtSu cynkÅ th dk esyk iUuk
ckck 'kgkcqíhu vkSfy;k dk mlZ uhep ty fcgkjh dk esyk Nrjiqj
xjhc ukFk ckck dk esyk 'kktkiqj vejoaQVd dk f'kojkf=k esyk vejoaQVd] vuwiiqj
rstkth dk esyk Hkkekon xkao] xquk eB ?kks?kjk dk esyk flouh
esyk LFkku esyk LFkku
flaxkth dk esyk fiiY;k] if'peh fuekM+ eka/krk dk esyk eka/krk] iwohZ fuekM+
tksxs'ojh nsoh dk esyk pansjh] v'kksduxj dkfrZd dk esyk mTtSu
ghjk Hkwfe;k dk esyk Xokfy;j o xquk i'kqifr ukFk dk esyk eanlkSj
dkuk ckck dk esyk lksMyiqj (gks'kaxkckn) f=kos.kh esyk jryke
dkyw th egkjkt dk esyk fiiY;k •qnZ]if'peh fuekM+ 'kghn esyk lukon (•jxksu)
ihj cq/ku dk esyk f'koiqjh /eZjkts'oj esyk eanlkSj
/keksuh mlZ lkxj dkydk eafnj esyk /kj
paMh nsoh dk esyk lh/h fl¼s'oj eafnj esyk f'koiqjh
f'kojkf=k dk esyk iape<+h pkeqaMk ekrk esyk nsokl
cjeku dk esyk xkMjokjk] ujflagiqj uoxzg dk esyk •jxksu
eè;çns'k osQ eq[; esys dbZ lkS o"kks± iqjkuk ;g esyk vxLr vkSj flarcj esa
vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
z flagLFk oqaQHk
;g esyk f{kçk unh osQ rV ij cls mTtSu esa egkdky
z rstkth dk esyk
eafnj osQ ikl yxrk gSA xquk ftys osQ HkkekoM+ esa fiNys 70 o"kks± ls ;g esyk
eè;çns'k esa mTtSu ,dek=k LFkku gS tgka oqaQHk dk

yxrk pyk vk jgk gSA
esyk yxrk gS rstkth dh t;arh ij ;g esyk vk;ksftr gksrk gSA
c`gLifr osQ flag jkf'k ij vkus ij oqaQHk esyk yxrk gS] fuekM+ ftys esa Hkh bl esys dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA
;g xzg fLFkfr çR;sd 12 o"kZ esa vkrh gS blh dkj.k z tkxs'ojh nsoh dk esyk
mTtSu esa yxus okys oqaQHk dks flagLFk dgk tkrk gSA gtkjksa lkyksa ls v'kksd uxj ftys osQ pansjh uked LFkku
z jkeyhyk dk esyk esa ;g esyk yxrk pyk vk jgk gSA
Xokfy;j ftys dh HkkaMsj rglhy esa ;g esyk yxrk gSA
tkxs'ojh nsoh dh Ñik ls pansjh osQ jktk dk dks<+ Bhd
100 o"kks± ls vf/d le; ls pyk vk jgk ;g esyk
gks x;k vkSj mlh fnu ls ml LFkku ij esyk yxuk
tuojh&iQjojh ekg esa yxrk gSA 'kq: gks x;kA
z ihj cq/u dk esyk z egke`R;qat; dk esyk
f'koiqjh osQ lkaojk {ks=k esa ;g esyk 250 o"kks± ls yx
jhok ftys esa egke`R;qat; dk eafnj fLFkr gS tgk¡ clar
jgk gSA
iapeh vkSj f'kojkf=k dks esyk yxrk gSA
eqfLye lar ihj cq/u dk ;gk¡ edcjk gSA
z vejdaVd dk f'kojkf=k esyk
vxLr&flracj esa ;g esyk yxrk gSA
'kgMksy ftys osQ vejdaVd uked LFkku (ueZnk osQ
z ukxkth dk esyk
mn~xe LFky) esa ;g esyk yxrk gSA 80 o"kks± ls pyk
vdcj dkyhu lar ukxkth dh Le`fr esa ;g esyk
vk jgk ;g esyk f'kojkf=k dks yxrk gSA
yxrk gSA
z paMh nsoh dk esyk
eqjSuk ftys osQ iksjlk xkao esa ,d ekg esyk pyrk gSA
lh/h ftys osQ /h/jk uked LFkku ij paMh nsoh dks
igys ;gk¡ canj csps tkrs Fks] vc lHkh ikyrw tkuoj
cssps tkrs gSaA ljLorh dk vorkj ekuk tkrk gSA

;gk¡ ij ekpZ&vçSy esa esyk yxrk gSA
z ghjk Hkwfe;k esyk
ghjkeu ckck dk uke Xokfy;j vkSj blosQ vkl&ikl
z dkUgk ckck dk esyk
osQ {ks=kksa esa çfl¼ gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ghjkeu gjnk ftys osQ lks<yiqj uked xkao esa dkUgk ckck dh
ckck osQ vk'khokZn ls efgykvksa dk cka>iu nwj gksrk gSA lekf/ ij ;g esyk yxrk gSA
eè; çns'k esa esys 125

z dkywth egkjkt dk esyk z Xokfy;j ftys dh HkkaMsj rglhy esa jkeyhyk esys dk
if'peh fuekM+ osQ fiiY;k •qnZ esa ,d eghus rd ;g vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
esyk yxrk gSA z eè; çns'k osQ fNanokM+k ftys esa xksVekj esys dk vk;kstu
;g dgk tkrk gS fd 200 o"kks± iwoZ dkywth egkjkt ;gk¡ fd;k tkrk gSA
ij viuh 'kfÙkQ ls vknfe;ksa vkSj tkuojksa dh chekjh z Nrjiqj ftys osQ pj.k iknqdk esa edj laØkafr osQ volj
Bhd djrs FksA ij ty fcgkjh esys dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
z /eksuh mlZ z 'kgMksy ftys osQ vejdaVd (ueZnk dk mn~xe LFky) esa
lkxj ftys osQ /eksuh uked LFkku ij ckck eLrku f'kojkf=k esyk vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
vyh 'kkg dh etkj ij vçSy&ebZ esa ;g mlZ yxrk gSA z eqjSuk ftys osQ iksjlk xkao esa ukxkth osQ esys dk vk;kstu
z 'kgkcqíhu vkSfy;k dk mlZ fd;k tkrk gSA
eanlkSj ftys osQ uhep esa ckck 'kgkcqíhu dh etkj ij z •aMok ftys osQ bafnjk lkxj cka/ esa fufeZr guqoafr;k uked
iQjojh ekg esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA Vkiw ij çfro"kZ ty egksRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
;s osQoy pkj fnuksa rd pyrk gSA
z eB ?kks?kjk dk esyk
flouh ftys osQ ekSjaFku uked LFkku ij f'kojkf=k dks
1- tyfcgkjh dk esyk dgk¡ vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\ (2019)
15 fnolh; esyk yxrk gSA (a) Nrjiqj (b) lh/h
;gk¡ ij çkÑfrd >hy vkSj xqiQk Hkh gSA (c) gks'kaxkckn (d) flouh
z xksVekj dk esyk mÙkj (a)
xksVekj esys dk vk;kstu eè; çns'k osQ fNanokM+k ftys 2- ek•uyky prqoZsnh lekjksg dgk¡ vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
esa gksrk gSA (2018)
bl esys osQ nkSjku ika<qjuk vkSj lkojxkao osQ chp cgus (a) Hkksiky (b) 'kktkiqj
okyh unh osQ nksuksa vksj cM+h la[;k esa yksx ,d=k gksrs (c) gks'kaxkckn (d) •aMok
gSa vkSj lw;kZsn; ls lw;kZLr rd iRFkj ekjrs gSaA mÙkj (d)
z flaxkth dk esyk
3- eè;çns'k esa dkUgk ckck dk esyk dgk¡ yxrk gS\(2016)
if'peh fuekM+ osQ fiiY;k xkao esa vxLr&flracj esa
(a) gks'kaxkckn (b) lksMyiqj
,d lIrkg dks esyk yxrk gSA
(c) cM+okuh (d) jhok
flaxkth ,d egku lar FksA
mÙkj (b)
z cjeku dk esyk
cjeku dk esyk ujflagiqj ftys esa ueZnk unh osQ fdukjs
4- eè;çns'k esa çfro"kZ fuekM+ mRlo dgk¡ vk;ksftr gksrk
ij fLFkr lqçfl¼ czkã.k ?kkV ij edj laØkafr osQ gS\ (2014)
volj ij 13 fnolh; esyk gSA (a) •tqjkgks (b) egs'oj
z ty fcgkjh dk esyk (c) vksadkjs'oj (d) ek.Mw
;g esyk Nrjiqj ftys osQ pj.k iknqdk esa edj laØkafr mÙkj (b)
osQ volj ij vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
;g esyk vDVwcj ekg esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl ç'u
1- mTtSu esa oqQaHk esys dk vk;kstu] çR;sd fdrus o"kZ ckn
egRoiw.kZ fcanq gksrk gS\
z c`gLifr osQ flag jkf'k esa vkus ij oqaQHk esyk yxrk gSA ;g (a) 5 (b) 8
xzg fLFkfr gj 12 o"kZ esa vkrh gS] vkSj blhfy, mTtSu esa (c) 10 (d) 12
vk;ksftr gksus okys oqaQHk dks flagLFk dgk tkrk gSA mÙkj (d)

O;k[;k% çR;sd 12 o"kks± osQ ckn f{kçk unh osQ fdukjs oqaQHk O;k[;k% rstkth dk esyk] xquk ftys osQ HkkekoM esa vk;ksftr
esys dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 2016 esa bldk vk;kstu gksrk gSA
gqvk FkkA
7- ukxkth osQ esys dk vk;kstu dkSu&ls xk¡o esa gksrk gS\
2- eè;çns'k esa vk;ksftr ^•tqjkgks egksRlo* fuEufyf•r
(a) Hkkekon] xquk (b) ?kks?kjk] flouh
{ks=kksa esa fdlls lacaf/r gS\
(a) fFk;sVj (b) 'kkL=kh; laxhr (c) laokjk] f'koiqjh (d) iksjlk] eqjSuk
(c) 'kkL=kh; u`R; (d) yksd u`R; mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% ukxkth osQ esys dk vk;kstu eqjSuk ftys osQ iksjlk
O;k[;k% pansyksa }kjk fufeZr •tqjkgks osQ eafnjksa osQ chp •tqjkgks xkao esa gksrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkL=kh; u`R; lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
8- yksdjatu egksRlo fdrus varjky esa vk;ksftr fd;k
3- •tqjkgks u`R; egksRlo osQ nkSjku fuEufy•r esa ls dkSu
lk u`R; ugha fd;k tkrk\ tkr gS\
(a) dRFkd (b) eVdh (a) çfro"kZ
(c) vksfMlh (d) oqQfpiqM+h (b) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
mÙkj (b) (c) f}okf"kZd
O;k[;k% eVdh ekyok dk yksd u`R; gS] tks ekyok dh (d) çR;sd 5 o"kks± esa ,d ckj
efgykvksa osQ }kjk fofHkUu 'kqHk voljksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k
mÙkj (a)
lHkh 'kkL=kh; u`R; gSA
4- ty egksRlo dgk¡ euk;k tkrk gS\ O;k[;k% yksdjatu mRlo dk vk;kstu çfro"kZ i;ZVu foHkkx }kjk
(a) guqoafr;k (b) Hkksiky •tqjkgks esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yksdu`R; dk jk"Vªh; egksRlo gSA
(c) Xokfy;j (d) e.Myk 9- çfl¼ lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe ^dkfynkl lekjksg* fdl LFkku
mÙkj (a) ij vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
O;k[;k% •aMok ftys osQ bafnjk lkxj MSe esa fufeZr Vkiw ftldk (a) mTtSu (b) bankSj
uke guqoafr;k gS] esa çfro"kZ ty egksRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k
(c) Hkksiky (d) Xokfy;j
tkrk gSA
mÙkj (a)
5- eè;çns'k osQ fuEufyf•r LFkkuksa esa ls ôqQekj xa/oZ lekjksg*
dk vk;kstu dkSu ls LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gS\ O;k[;k% eè;çns'k laLÑfr ea=kky; osQ }kjk çfro"kZ vDVwcj&uoacj
(a) nsokl (b) bankSj ekg esa dkfynkl lekjksg dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) Xokfy;j (d) Hkksiky 10- rkulsu laxhr lekjksg dgk¡ vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS\
mÙkj (a)
(a) Hkksiky (b) bankSj
O;k[;k% bl lekjksg dk vk;kstu nsokl ftys esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) jkaph (d) Xokfy;j
oqQekj xa/oZ iqjLdkj dk çkjaHk o"kZ 1992&93 gSA
6- rstkth dk esyk dgk¡ vk;ksftr gksrk gS\ mÙkj (d)
(a) Hkkekon] xquk (b) ?kks?kjk] flouh O;k[;k% bl lekjksg dk vk;kstu çfro"kZ fnlEcj ekg esa fd;k
(c) laokjk] f'koiqjh (d) iksjlk] eqjSuk tkrk gSA blh lekjksg esa rkulsu laxhr iqjLdkj dk forj.k
mÙkj (a) fd;k tkrk gSA
v v v
eè; çns'k esa esys 127

11 eè; çns'k osQ iqjLdkj
z dkfynkl lEeku z oqQekj xa/oZ lEeku

LFkkiuk & 1980 LFkkiuk & 1992
{ks=k & oqQy 4 {ks=kks &'kkL=kh; laxhr] :iadj dyk] ;g ;qok 'kkL=kh; laxhrdkj dks fn;k tkrk gSA
jaxdeZ ,oa 'kkL=kh; u`R; osQ {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gSA iqjLdkj & 2-51 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA z 'kjn tks'kh lEeku
z egkRek xka/h lEeku LFkkiuk & 1992&93
LFkkiuk & 1995
{ks=k & fganh O;aX; ys•u gsrqA
{ks=k & lkekftd dk;Z djus gsrqA
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA
iqjLdkj & 20 yk• #i,
z nsoh vfgY;k ckbZ lEeku
z rkulsu lEeku
LFkkiuk & 1996&97
LFkkiuk & 1980
;g lEeku vkfnoklh yksd ,oa ijaijkxr dyk osQ {ks=k
{ks=k & 'kkL=kh; laxhr osQ {ks=k esaA
esa efgyk dks fn;k tkrk gSA
z rqylh lEeku
z fd'kksj oqQekj lEeku
LFkkiuk & 1983
LFkkiuk & 1997&98
;g vkfnoklh yksd dyk ,oa ikjaifjd dyk esa ;ksxnku
{ks=k & laxhr] fiQYe funZs'ku] vfHku;] laokn ys•u]
gsrq osQoy iq#"kksa dks fn;k tkus okyk lEeku gSA
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i,
xhr ys•u osQ {ks=k esaA
z yrk eaxs'kdj lEeku
LFkkiuk & 1984 z jk"Vªh; fgUnh Hkk"kk
{ks=k & lqxe laxhr osQ {ks=k esaA LFkkiuk & 2015
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA vfganh Hkk"kh ys[kdksa vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dks ys[ku&l`tu
z dchj lEeku ls fganh dh le`f¼ ds fy, ;ksxnkuA

LFkkiuk & 1986&87 iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=k
{ks=k & Hkkjrh; dfork osQ {ks=k esa z jk"Vªh; dfo çnhi lEeku
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=k LFkkiuk & 2012
z bdcky lEeku ;g lEeku jk"Vªh;rk dh dfork gsrq fn;k tkrk gSA
LFkkiuk & 1986&87 iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA
;g mnZw lkfgR; esa fof'k"V ;ksxnku gsrq fn;k tkrk gSA z jk"Vªh; ukukth ns'keq• lEeku
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA LFkkiuk & 2012
z eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr lEeku lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd lejlrk] mRFkku] ifj"dkj]

LFkkiuk & 1987&88 vkè;kRe] ijaijk] lekt ,oa fodkl rFkk laLÑfr gsrq
{ks=k & fganh dfork ,oa fganh lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esaA O;fÙkQ (iq#"k vFkok L=kh) ,oa laLFkk ds fy,
iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, ,oa ç'kfLr i=k iqjLdkj & 5 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA
z v#.kk 'kkuckx lEeku z rqylh lEeku dh LFkkiuk 1983 esa dh xbZ FkhA
LFkkiuk & 19 ebZ 2015 z ohjkaxuk y{ehckbZ lEeku vnE; lkgl] ohjrk] efgyk
;g iqjLdkj efgykvksa dks lkgfld dkeksa osQ fy, çnku mRFkku vkSj lkekftd tkx:drk osQ fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA z lar jfonkl eseksfj;y iqjLdkj 2004 esa LFkkfir fd;k
iqjLdkj jkf'k & 1 yk• #i,A x;k FkkA ;g lEeku lkekftd psruk tkx`r djus vkSj
nhu&nqf•;ksa osQ mRFkku esa mRÑ"V dk;Z djus osQ fy, fn;k
çeq• vkfnoklh lEeku
tkrk gSA
z BDdj ckik lEeku
z vkfnoklh yksd dyk vkSj ikjaifjd dyk osQ {ks=k esa efgyk
LFkkiuk & 2008
dykdkjksa dh jpukRed çfrHkk dks lEekfur djus osQ fy,
;g lEeku vkfnoklh leqnk; osQ fu/Zu ihfM+r o fiNM+s
o"kZ 1996&97 esa nsoh vfgY;k lEeku dh LFkkiuk dh
yksxksa osQ çfr çse o lerkiw.kZ lsok gsrq fn;k tkrk gSA xbZ FkhA
z 'kadj 'kkg ,oa j?kqukFk 'kkg lEeku foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
LFkkiuk & 2008 1- eè; çns'k 'kklu osQ çfrf"Br dkfynkl lEeku ls uoacj]
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa tutkrh; thou dh lkaLÑfrd ijaijk 2012 esa fuEufyf•r esa ls fdls lEekfur fd;k x;k Fkk\
vkSj fof'k"Vrkvksa ij ys•u osQ fy, rFkk vkfnoklh (2012)
ikjEifjd dykvksa osQ {ks=k esa mYys•uh; lk/uk osQ (a) yrk eaxs'kdj (b) vkfej •ku
fy, fn;k tkrk gSA (c) vuqie •sj (d) ia- jfo'kadj
iqjLdkj & 2 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA mÙkj (c)
z jkuh nqxkZorh lEeku 2- e- ç- us vf•y Hkkjrh; bafnjk xka/h iqjLdkj dh LFkkiuk
LFkkiuk & 2008 dh Fkh\ (2003)
;g lEeku efgyk jpukRedrk ,oa muosQ ç'kklfud (a) 2 vDVwcj 1983
usr`Ro dks çksRlkgu nsus gsrq çnku fd;k tkrk gSA (b) 3 vxLr 1986
iqjLdkj jkf'k & 2 yk• #i, rFkk ç'kfLr i=kA
(c) 19 uoacj 1985
z tuuk;d VaVÔk Hkhy iqjLdkj (d) 26 ebZ 1995
LFkkiuk & 2008
mÙkj (c)
;g lEeku fdlh ,d miyfC/ osQ fy, u gksdj f'k{kk
3- dkfynkl lEeku fdl {ks=k esa ;ksxnku gsrq fn;k tkrk gS\
vkSj •sy xfrfof/;ksa esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu osQ fy,] lqnh?kZ
(a) dyk (b) •sy
lk/uk ,oa miyfC/ osQ fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
(c) fpfdRlk (d) 'kkafr
iqjLdkj jkf'k & 1 yk• #i,A
mÙkj (a)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
vH;kl ç'u
z dchj lEeku Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk dfork osQ {ks=k esa mRÑ"Vrk 1- çFke VaVÔk Hkhy lEeku eè; çns'k esa fdls fn;k x;k Fkk\
osQ fy, eè; çns'k ljdkj osQ laLÑfr foHkkx }kjk fn;k (a) jktkjke ekS;Z (b) Hkhek uk;d
tkrk gSA (c) 'kadj'kkg (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
z vkfnoklh yksd dyk vkSj ikjaifjd dyk osQ {ks=k esa efgyk mÙkj (a)
dykdkjksa dh jpukRed çfrHkk dks lEekfur djus osQ fy, O;k[;k% vkfnoklh dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk ;g iqjLdkj f'k{kk]
o"kZ 1996&97 esa nsoh vfgY;k lEeku dh LFkkiuk dh •sy ,oa mRÑ"V çn'kZu osQ fy, vkfnoklh ;qokvksa dks fn,
xbZ FkhA tkrs gSA
eè; çns'k osQ iqjLdkj 129

2- fuEufyf•r esa ls eè; çns'k ljdkj dk dkSu&lk iqjLdkj O;k[;k% ;g iqjLdkj jkT; osQ laLÑfr foHkkx }kjk laxhr osQ
ugha gS\ {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gSA
(a) dkfynkl lEeku (b) rqylh lEeku
7- o"kZ 1986&87 esa dkSu lk iqjLdkj LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk\
(c) jktsUæ lEeku (d) rkulsu lEeku
(a) rkulsu iqjLdkj (b) dkfynkl iqjLdkj
mÙkj (c)
(c) rqylh iqjLdkj (d) dchj iqjLdkj
O;k[;k% jktsUæ lEeku osQ vykok vU; rhu iqjLdkj e-ç- 'kklu
}kjk çnku fd;s tkrs gSaA mÙkj (d)
3- ^dchj* lEeku esa iqjLdkj Lo:i fdruh uxn jkf'k çnku O;k[;k% eè; çns'k 'kklu osQ laLÑfr foHkkx }kjk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk
dh tkrh gS\ dh dfork osQ {ks=k esa mRÑ"V jpuk gsrq dchj lEeku fn;k tkrk
(a) 3 yk• (b) 2 yk• gSA blesa 3 yk• :i;s dh jkf'k iqjLdkj Lo:i nh tkrh gSA
(c) 10 yk• (d) 5 yk• 8- fdl o"kZ oSQyk'k lR;kFkhZ us ukscy 'kkafr iqjLdkj thrk Fkk\
mÙkj (d) (a) 2014 (b) 2012
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k 'kklu osQ laLÑfr foHkkx }kjk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk (c) 2015 (d) 2013
dh dfork osQ {ks=k esa mRÑ"V jpuk gsrq dchj lEeku fn;k tkrk
mÙkj (a)
gSA blesa 3 yk• :i;s dh jkf'k iqjLdkj Lo:i nh tkrh gSA
O;k[;k% fofn'kk e- ç- esa tUesa oSQyk'k lR;kFkhZ us 1980 esa
4- efgyk yksd dykdkjksa dks fn;s tkus okys ¶nsoh vfgY;k
lEeku¸ esa fdruh jkf'k çnku dh tkrh gS\ ^cpiu cpkvks vkanksyu* dh 'kq#vkr dh vkSj cky Je osQ
(a) 5 yk• (b) 3 yk• fo:¼ vkokt mBkbZA bUgha ç;klksa osQ dkj.k mUgsa o"kZ 2014 dk
(c) 1 yk• (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
'kkafr dk ukscy çnku fd;k x;kA
mÙkj (a) 9- eè; çns'k 'kklu }kjk vkfnoklh dyk] yksddyk] o
O;k[;k% vkfnoklh yksd dyk rFkk ikjEifjd dyk osQ {ks=k ikjaifjd dykvksa esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu osQ fy, fn;k tkus
esa efgyk dykdkjksa dh l`tukRed çfrHkk dks lEekfur djus okyk iqjLdkj gS\
osQ fy, o"kZ 1996&97 esa nsoh vfgY;k lEeku dh LFkkiuk dh (a) bdcky lEeku (b) dchj lEeku
xbZ FkhA
(c) rqylh lEeku (d) egkRek xkWa/h lEeku
5- eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk rqylh lEeku esa] fdl {ks=k osQ mÙkj (c)
m|eh dks xkSjokaafor fd;k tkrk gS\
O;k[;k% o"kZ 1983 esa rqylh lEeku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
(a) yksddyk (b) lkfgR;
;g iqjLdkj çfro"kZ çnku fd, tkrs gSA
(c) laxhr (d) dfork
mÙkj (a) 10- eè; çns'k 'kklu }kjk vkfnoklh dyk] yksddyk] o
O;k[;k% rqylh lEeku dh LFkkiuk 1983 esa dh xbZ FkhA ;g ikjaifjd dykvksa esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu osQ fy, fn;k tkus
lEeku vkfnoklh yksd ,oa ikjEifjd dyk esa Js"B miyfC/ okyk iqjLdkj gS\
osQ fy, çfro"kZ fn;k tkrk gSA (a) bdcky lEeku (b) dchj lEeku
6- oqQekj xa/oZ lEeku fdl o"kZ esa LFkkfir gqvk Fkk\ (c) rqylh lEeku (d) egkRek xkWa/h lEeku
(a) 1992&93 (b) 1993&94 mÙkj (c)
(c) 1994&95 (d) 1991&92 O;k[;k% o"kZ 1983 esa rqylh lEeku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
mÙkj (a) ;g iqjLdkj çfro"kZ çnku fd, tkrs gSaA
v v v

eè; çns'k esa dyk laLÑfr ls
12 tqM+s O;fDrRo
z rkulsu z 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ

Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr osQ ,d çfriknd FksA os Hkkjr osQ ukSosa jk"Vªifr] ,d fo}ku vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=khA
Xokfy;j ls Fks] rFkk jktk vdcj osQ njckj osQ uojRuksa z fot;k jkts flaf/;k
esa 'kkfey FksA Xokfy;j osQ flaf/;k jkt?kjkus dh egkjkuh] tkuhekuh
z jktk N=klky jktuhfrd usrk vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdrkZA

jktk N=klky us vk/h lnh ls vf/d le; rd fujarj z oqQ'kkHkkÅ Bkdjs
la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj var esa eqxy lÙkk ls cqansy•aM dks fl¼karksa ij pyusokys ,d mRlkgh lkekftd lq/kjoknh
eqÙkQ fd;kA vkSj eè;çns'k osQ jktuhfrd usrkvksa osQ chp ,d
z jkuh vfgY;k ckbZ jktuhfrK gLrhA
egs'oj dh egkjkuh] ,d lekt lq/kjd vkSj fo[;kr z mLrkn vykmíhu •ku
ç'kkld] tks lqanj ?kkVksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, çfl¼ gSA 'kkL=kh; laxhr osQ dykdkj vkSj gj le; osQ csgrjhu
z jkuh nqxkZorh dykdkj osQ :i esa çfrf"Br eSgj esa cls ,d ljksn
egksck dh pansy jktoqQekjh] ftudk fookg xksaMokuk osQ oknd vkSj egku xq#A
jktk nyir 'kkg osQ lkFk gqvkA z Ñ".k jko iafMr
cqf¼ vkSj nwjnf'kZrk osQ lkFk 16 o"kks± rd xksaMokuk ij xk;d] Xokfy;j ?kjkus dh xk;dh osQ çfrfuf/A
'kklu fd;kA z mLrkn vehj •ku

lqanjrk] lkgl vkSj cgknqjh osQ fy, mUgs J¼katfy bankSj dh ç[;kr •;ky xk;dh osQ xk;dA
vfiZr dh tkrh gSA z Hkokuh çlkn feJ
z jkuh y{eh ckbZ jk"Vªh; dfo vkSj gks'kaxkckn osQ xka/hoknh nk'kZfudA
1857 osQ Lora=krk laxzke osQ nkSjku >kalh dh jkuh us
z Mh- ts- tks'kh
vaxzstksa osQ f•ykiQ Xokfy;j esa egRoiw.kZ vkSj vafre
bankSj osQ egku vk/qfud fp=kdkjA
yM+kbZ yM+h FkhA Xokfy;j osQ fdys ij yM+rs gq, mudh
e`R;q 18 twu 1858 dks gks xbZ FkhA z cky Ñ".k 'kekZ ûohu*
'kktkiqj osQ Lora=krk lsukuh] vuqHkoh laiknd vkSj dfoA
z pUæ 'ks•j vktkn
>kcqvk esa tUes pUæ 'ks•j vktkn] fczfV'k ljdkj osQ
z MkW- f'ko eaxy flag lqeu
mTtSu osQ ç[;kr f'k{kkfon~] çxfr'khy dfoA
f•ykiQ Økafrdkjh xfrfof/;ksa dk ,d çrhd Fks rFkk
1926 vkSj 1931 osQ chp gqbZ gj Økafrdkjh xfrfof/;ksa z MkW- fo".kq Jh/j okd.kdj
esa lfØ; :i esa 'kkfey FksA mTtSu osQ çfl¼ iqjkrRofon~] dyk xq:A
z rkaR;k Hkhy z iafMr ek•uyky prqoZsnh

1857 dh egku Økafr osQ ckn] if'pe fuekM+ osQ •aMok osQ çeq• Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa esa ls ,d] jk"Vªh;
rkaR;k Hkhy] fczfV'k jkt ls vktknh osQ fy, yM+kbZ dk dfoA

çrhd cusA z oqQekj xa/oZ
z iafMr jfo 'kadj 'kqDyk nsokl osQ •;ky xk;dh osQ ç[;kr xk;d] 'kkL=kh;
vfoHkkftr eè;çns'k osQ çFke eq[;ea=khA laxhr osQ {ks=k esa uokpkjksa osQ fy, tkus tkrs gSA
z vCnqy yrhiQ •ku e`R;q & 8 twu 2009 (Hkksiky)
Hkksiky osQ lkjaxh okndA bUgs ukVdksa osQ funZs'ku osQ :i esa [;kfr çkIr gSA
bUgs eSXlsls iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA

eè; çns'k osQ jaxdehZ (dykdkj)
z ca'kh dkSy z ckck MhosQ
tUe & 1919] eè;çns'k osQ uhep ftys esaA
ckck MhosQ us 1942 osQ Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa fgLlk
fy;k FkkA
mUgksaus viuh çLrqfr dh 'kq#vkr vdkaM rkaMo uked
jpuk ls dh] ftlesa mUgksaus viuh dyk dk çn'kZu

fd;kA
mUgksaus vius laiw.kZ thou esa 75 ukVdksa osQ 2]000 ls
tUe & 23 vxLr 1949 esa vf/d çn'kZu fd,] ftlls os ,d çeq• ukVddkj
cu x,A
bUgs varjkZ"Vªh; vfHkusrk] funZs'kd rFkk ys•d osQ :i
o"kZ 1944 esa bankSj esa ukVÔ Hkkjrh uked laLFkku dh
esa [;kfr çkIr gSA
LFkkiuk dh] tks ukVdh; dyk dks c<+kok nsus dk dk;Z
Hkksiky esa jax fonw"kd fFk;sVj xzqi osQ laLFkkid FksA
djrh gSA
;s us'kuy Ldwy vkWiQ Mªkek osQ çksiQslj Hkh jgsA
z yrk eaxs'kdj
1992&93 esa eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk f'k•j lEeku
tUe & bankSj esaA
ls vyaÑr fd;k x;kA
bUgs Loj lkezkKh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fu/u& 6 iQjojh] 2021 esaA
bUgksaus iQwys csfprk uke ls lkfgR; jpuk dh gSA
z v'kksd oqQekj (nknk eqfu)
tUe osQ le; mudk uke gsek j•k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr jRu iq#Ldkj 2001 esa feykA
z ujgfj iVsy
ujgjh iVsy us ekyoh Hkk"kk dks viuk çeq• laokn
cuk;kA
mudk tUe eè; çns'k jkT; osQ jryke ftys osQ lSykuk
xkao esa o"kZ 1934 esa gqvk FkkA

ujgjh iVsy jaxdehZ osQ lkFk&lkFk ukVÔdkj] ys•d]
fuokl & •aMok esaA oÙkQk] dfo vkSj xk;d Hkh jgs gSaA
e`R;q & 10 fnlacj 2001 z tkosn v[rj
bUgksaus viuk vfHku; liQj uSÕ;k fiQYe ls 'kq: fd;kA tUe & Xokfy;j esa
bUgs laxhr ukVd vdkneh] fiQYe iQs;j iqjLdkj rFkk ;s çfl¼ dfo ,oa fiQYe ys•d gSA
nknk lkgc iQkYosQ iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA bUgs 9 ckj fiQYe iQs;j iqjLdkj çkIr fd;k gSA
z jktho oekZ bUgksaus tathj dh iVdFkk ls fiQYe txr esa ços'k fd;kA
tUe & 7 tqykbZ 1948 z vUuw diwj

;s fiQYe rFkk nwjn'kZu osQ dykdkj gSA tUe & 1956 (Hkksiky) esa gqvk FkkA
Hkksiky ls lEcU/ j•rs gSA bUgksaus vius oSQfj;j dh 'kq:vkr ¶#dk gqvk iSQlyk¸
z gchc ruohj ukVd ls dh FkhA

tUe & 1 flracj 1923 (jk;iqj) Hkkjrh; vfHkusrk o Vsyhfotu çLrqrdrkZ gSaA

z luh fganqtk 2- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk fp=kdkj 1922 esa eè;çns'k esa tUek]
fdUrq 1950 osQ ckn Úkal esa jgdj dk;Z fd;k rFkk
(2016) esa ubZ fnYyh esa nsgkolku gqvk\
(a) lSÕ;n gSnj jtk (b) ,e- ,iQ- gqlSu
(c) jktk jko d) ,u- ,l- csaæs
mÙkj (a)
3- buesa ls dkSu e-ç- ls lacaf/r ugha gS\ (2010)
tUe & 25 uoacj 1985] bankSj (a) eqfÙkQcks/ (b) lqeu
(c) fnudj (d) uohu
bUgksaus Vhoh,iQ osc lhjht ,fLijsaV~l esa lanhi HkS;k dk
,d egRoiw.kZ fdjnkj fuHkk;k gSA mÙkj (c)

z vk'kqrks"k jk.kk 4- dkfynkl osQ fdl xzaFk esa vejdaVd osQ lkSan;Z dk fp=k.k
fd;k x;k gS\ (2010)
(a) oqQekjlaHkoe~ (b) 'kkoqQaryE
(c) es?knwre~ (d) ½rqlagkjE
mÙkj (c)
5- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk ukVd dkfynkl us ugha fy•k
gS\ (2010)
(a) ekyfodkfXufe=k~ (b) oqQekjlaHko~
ujflagiqj (xkMjokM+k) ls lEcU/ j•rs gSA (c) vfHkKku 'kkoqQary~ (d) tkudhgj.k~
;s ,d vfHkusrk ,oa vkstLoh oÙkQk gSA mÙkj (d)
6- 'kkaoqQrye~ fdlus fy•k gS\ (2010)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq (a) ck.kHkêð (b) osnO;kl
z yrk eaxs'kdj dks Loj lkezkKh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (c) dkfynkl (d) HkoHkwfr
z tkosn v[rj dks 9 ckj fiQYeiQs;j vokWMZ fey pqdk gSA mÙkj (c)
z yrk eaxs'kdj us iQqys csfprk uke ls lkfgR; dh jpuk
vH;kl ç'u
dh gSA
1- çfl¼ fp=kdkj lSÕ;n gSnj jtk dk tUe eè; çns'k osQ
z ckck fnosQ us vius çn'kZu dh 'kq#vkr vkdaMk rkaMo uked
fdl LFkku ij gqvk Fkk\
jpuk ls dhA
(a) ckcfj;k (b) 'kktkiqj
z gchc ruohj dks eSXlsls iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA
(c) nsokl (d) >kcqvk
z v'kksd oqQekj dks laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj] fiQYeiQs;j mÙkj (a)
iqjLdkj vkSj nknk lkgsc iQkYosQ iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k
O;k[;k% lSÕ;n gSnj jtk dk tUe eè; çns'k osQ ujflagiqj
tk pqdk gSA ftys osQ ckofj;k esa gqvk FkkA 2016 esa budh e`R;q ubZ fnYyh
esa gks xbZA
2- egku xk;d rkulsu osQ xq: Fks\
1- jk"Vªh; dfo ckydfo cSjkxh dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\ (a) jkenkl (b) gfjnkl
(2020) (c) osQ'konkl (d) Hkxokunkl
(a) tqxynkl (b) ckyfd'ku nkl mÙkj (b)
(c) Vhde nkl (d) uanjke nkl O;k[;k% oànkou osQ Lokeh Jh gfjnkl osQ ikl rkulsu us 12
mÙkj (d) o"kZ rd laxhr dh f'k{kk ikbZA
eè; çns'k esa dyk laLÑfr ls tqM+s O;fDrRo 133

3- mLrkn gkfiQt vyh •k¡ dk laca/ fdl ok| ls gS\ 7- ukjk;.k Jh/j csaæs çfl¼ __________ Fks\
(a) ljksn (b) i•kot (a) fp=kdkj (b) vfHkusrk
(c) rcyk (d) lkjaxh (c) ukVddkj (d) ys•d
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% mLrkn gkfiQt vyh •ka Xokfy;j jkt njckj esa ljksn O;k[;k% Jh csaæs e- ç- osQ çfl¼ fp=kdkj FksA
oknd FksA
8- Hkksiky osQ vCnqy yrhiQ •ku ,d fo[;kr_______gS&
4- çfl¼ flrkj oknd ftUgksusa laxhr dh f'k{kk lruk osQ
eSgj ls çkIr dh Fkh\s (a) mnZw dfo (b) ys•d
(a) iafMr j?kqjke (b) iafMr tljkt (c) 'kkL=kh; xk;d (d) lkajxh oknd
(c) iafMr jfo'kadj (d) vetn vyh •ku mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% budk tUe Xokfy;j osQ laxhrdkj ifjokj esa gqvkA
O;k[;k% iafMr jfo'kadj ,d çfl¼ flrkjoknd vkSj laxhrK Hkksiky esa dbZ dk;ZØeksa esa çn'kZu fd;k o 2002 esa ineJh
Fks] mUgksaus eSgj esa laxhr dh f'k{kk çkIr dh FkhA lEeku fn;k x;kA
5- eè;çns'k osQ ,d çfl¼ O;fÙkQRo eksgEen fcyky •=kh 9- edcwy fiQnk gqlSu dkSu Fks&
mudh fdl dyk osQ fy, tkus tkrs gS\ (a) laxhrK (b) fp=kdkj
(a) f'kYidkfjrk (b) i=kdkfjrk (b) ys•d (d) i;kZoj.kfon
(c) xk;ku (d) dfork
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% Hkkjr osQ fidklks osQ uke ls çfl¼ edcwy fiQnk gqlSu
O;k[;k% ckx fçaV esa ikjaxr f'kYidkj eksgEen fcyky •=kh dk
dk tUe egkjk"Vª esa gqvk FkkA ;s çfl¼ fp=kdkj FksA
tUe e- ç- osQ ckx xk¡o esa gqvkA
10- èkzqin xk;d oqQekj xa/oZ dk tUe dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\
6- dyk ohfFkdk dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
(a) bankSj (b) Hkksiky (a) eè;çns'k (b) dukZVd
(c) Xokfy;j (d) tcyiqj (c) NÙkhlx<+ (d) buesa ls dksbZ lgh ugha
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% dyk ohfFkdk laxzgky; e- ç- osQ Xokfy;j ftys esa O;k[;k% budk tUe dukZVd osQ /kjokM+ esa gqvk FkkA Lora=krk
fLFkr gSA ;gka Hkkjr osQ çfl¼ laxhrdkjksa osQ ok| ;a=k lqjf{kr osQ le; ;s e- ç- vk x, FksA ;s Hkkjr osQ çfl¼ 'kkL=kh;
j•s x, gSA laxhr xk;d FksA
v v v

Hkkx- 4
eè; çns'k dh
laoS/kfud O;oLFkk
1 eè; çns'k esa fo/kueaMy
ifjp; z 15 oha fo/kulHkk esa efgykvksa dh la[;k 21 (9») gSA

z e-ç- fo/kulHkk esa dksbZ Hkh efgyk vè;{k ugha jgha gSaA
z ia Jh oqQathyky nqcs th eè;çns'k osQ igys fo/kulHkk z e-ç- fo/kulHkk dh igyh efgyk mikè;{k lqJh fguk
vè;{k FksA ftUgsa ¶fof/ iq:"k¸ dgk tkrk gSA fy•hjke dkaojs FkhA
z ;s lokZf/d le; rd vè;{k jgus okys ,dek=k fo/kulHkk z 1 uoEcj 1956 dks fo/kulHkk Hkou osQ fy, feaVks gkWy
vè;{k FksA (11o"kZ) dk p;u fd;k x;k FkkA
z Jh bZ'ojnkl jksgk.kh ,dek=k ,sls fo/kulHkk vè;{k jgs z orZeku fo/kulHkk Hkou dk uke bafnjk xka/h fo/ku Hkou gSA
ftudh dh in ij jgrs gq, e`R;q gqbZA
z blosQ okLrqdkj pkYlZ dksfj;k gSA
z 15oha fo/kulHkk osQ mipquko esa Jh jkes'oj 'kekZ] çksVse
Hkkjr Hkou dh 41oha o"kZxkaB 13 iQjojh dks eukbZ xbZA
Lihdj pqus x, FksA
(LFkkiuk fnol 13 iQjojh 1982)
z orZeku fo/kulHkk vè;{k Jh fxjh'k xkSre gS] tks uohu
eè; çns'k fo/kulHkk çsl foKfIr
ftys emxat (53oka) dh nsorkykc lhV ls fo/k;d gSA
eè; çns'k osQ fo/kulHkk vè;{k
Ø- uke dk;Zdky fo/ku lHkk (dky)
1 ia- oqQathyky nqcs 01@11@1956 ls 17@12@1956 igyh (1956&1957)
18@12@1956 ls 01@07@1957
2 ia- oqaQthyky nqcs 02@07@1957 ls 26@03@1962 nwljh (1957&1962)
3 ia- oqaQthyky nqcs 27@03@1962 ls 07@03@1967 rhljh (1962&1967)
4 Jh dk'khçlkn ik.Ms 24@03@1967 ls 24@03@1972 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
5 Jh rstyky VsaHkjs 25@03@1972 ls 10@08@1972 ikapoha (1972&1977)
6 Jh xqy'ksj vgen 14@08@1972 ls 14@07@1977 ikapoha (1972&1977)
7 Jh eqoqQUn l•kjke usokydj 15@07@1977 ls 02@07@1980 NVoha (1977&1980)
8 Jh ;KnÙk 'kekZ 03@07@1980 ls 19@07@1983 lkroha (1980&1985)
9 Jh jkefd'kksj 'kqDyk 05@03@1984 ls 13@03@1985 lkroha (1980&1985)
10 Jh jktsUæ çlkn 'kqDy 25@03@1985 ls 19@03@1990 vkBoha (1985&1990)
11 Jh c`teksgu feJk 20@03@1990 ls 22@12@1993 ukSoha (1990&1992)
12 Jh;qr Jhfuokl frokjh 24@12@1993 ls 01@02@1999 nloha (1993&1998)
13 Jh;qr Jhfuokl frokjh 02@02@1999 ls 11@12@2003 X;kjgoha (1998&2003)
14 Jh bZ'ojnkl jksgk.kh 16@12@2003 ls 04@01@2009 ckjgoha (2003 ls 2008)
15 Jh bZ'ojnkl jksgk.kh 07@01@2009 ls 05@11@2013 rsjgoha (2008 ls 2013)
16 MkW- lhrklj.k 'kekZ 09@01@2014 ls 01@01@2019 pkSngoha (2013 ls 2018)
17 Jh ueZnk çlkn çtkifr 08@01@2019 ls 23@03@2020 iUægoha (2018 ls 2020)
18 Jh fxjh'k xkSre (orZeku) 22@02@2021 ls fujarj iUægoha (2020 ls---)
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) O;k[;k% eè; çæs'k osQ x`gea=kh Jh ujksÙke feJk gSA
1- eè; çns'k dh fiNyh fo/kulHkk (2014&2018) osQ vè;{k 2- eè; çns'k dh 15oh fo/kulHkk dk dk;Zdky dc lekIr
dkSu Fks\ (2019)
gksuk gS\
(a) ia- oqQathyky nqcs (b) Jh bZ'ojnkl jksgk.kh (a) uoacj 2023
(C) MkW- lhrklj.k 'kekZ (d) Jh jktsUæ flag (b) tuojh 2024
mÙkj (c) (c) fnlacj 2023
2- jkT; fo/kulHkk dh lnL;rk osQ fy, U;wure vk;q D;k (d) iQjojh 2024
gS\ (2014) mÙkj (b)
(a) 21 o"kZ (b) 18 o"kZ O;k[;k% eè; çæs'k 15oh fo/kulHkk dk dk;Zdky 6 tuojh
(c) 25 o"kZ (d) 16 o"kZ 2024 dks lekIr gksuk gSA bl fo/kulHkk dh 'kq:vkr 7 tuojh
mÙkj (c) 2019 dks gqbZ FkhA
3- eè; çns'k esa fo/kulHkk lhVksa dh la[;k gS\ 3- eè; çns'k fo/kulHkk esa fdruh lhVsa gS\
(2010] 2013) (a) 230 (b) 231
(a) 225 (b) 230 (c) 232 (d) 234
(c) 216 (d) 232 mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (b) O;k[;k% eè; çæs'k esa 104oka lafo/ku la'kks/u ykxw gksus osQ
4- orZeku eè; çns'k fo/kulHkk vè;{k dkSu gS\ (2012) i'pkr orZeku esa 230 fo/kulHkk lhVsa gSA
(a) bZ'ojnkl jksgk.kh (b) th-,e- cky;ksxh 4- eè; çns'k fo/kulHkk osQ çeq• lfpo dkSu gS\
(c) Jhefr utek gsirqYyk (d) lkseukFk pVthZ (a) Jh bdcky flag cSl (b) Jh calr çrki flag
mÙkj (a) (c) Jh Hkxoku nso bZljkuk (d) Jh vo/s'k çrki flag
5- o"kZ 2017 esa eè; çns'k ls jkT;lHkk dh ,d lhV ij mÙkj (d)
gq, mipquko esa buesa ls dkSu&lh efgyk fuokZfpr gqbZ gS O;k[;k% eè; çæs'k esa fo/kulHkk osQ çeq• lfpo Jh vo/s'k
(2018) çrki flag gSA
(a) jk/k nsoh (b) laifr;k mbosQ
5- eè; çns'k osQ xBu osQ i'pkr fdl LFkku dk p;u
(c) dfork mbosQ (d) fueZyk ;kno
foèkku lHkk Hkou osQ fy, fd;k x;k Fkk\
mÙkj (b)
(a) jktsUæ Hkou (b) feaVks gkWy
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) (c) oqQ'kkHkkm Bkdjs gkWy (d) ekul Hkou
mÙkj (b)
1- jkT;ksa osQ fo/ku e.My dh fo/ku ifj"kn esa jkT;iky
dks oqQy fdrus lnL;ksa dks euksuhr djus dk vf/dkj gSA O;k[;k% jkT; osQ iquxZBu osQ oqQN igys flrEcj] 1956 esa
(2014) gh u;h ,dhÑr fo/kulHkk osQ Hkou osQ fy, Hkksiky dh ,d
2- fo/ku ifj"kn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blosQ laxBu vkSj •wclwjr bekjr feaVks gkWy dk pquko dj fy;k x;k FkkA
mi;ksfxrk dks Li"V dhft,A (2016) 6- eè; çns'k dh orZeku fo/kulHkk Hkou dk mn~?kkVu
3- eè; çns'k esa yksdlHkk gsrq vkjf{kr lhVsa o oqQy lhVksa fdlosQ }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk\
dh la[;k crkb;s\ (2019) (a) cyjke tk•M+
(b) vVyfcgkjh oktis;h
vH;kl ç'u (c) 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ
1- eè; çns'k osQ orZeku eaf=keaMy esa x`g ea=kh dkSu gSa\ (d) bafnjk xka/h
(a) HkwisUæ flag (b) txnh'k nsoM+k mÙkj (c)
(c) xksiky HkkxZo (d) ujksÙke feJk O;k[;k% u, Hkou dk mn~?kkVu fnukad 3 vxLr] 1996 dks
mÙkj (d) rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr MkW- 'kadjn;ky 'kekZ osQ dj deyksa ls gqvkA

7- eè; çns'k dh orZeku fo/kulHkk Hkou dk uke D;k gS\ 9- eè; çns'k dh ubZ fo/kulHkk Hkou osQ okLrqdkj dkSu Fks\
(a) lsB xksfoannkl Le`fr Hkou (a) pkYlZ feaVks (b) gsujh bjfou
(b) vVy Le`fr Hkou
(c) pkYlZ dksfj;k (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) usg: fo/ku Hkou
(d) bafnjk xka/h fo/ku Hkou mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (d) O;k[;k% fo/kulHkk Hkou dk fMtk;u fo[;kr okLrqfon~ pkYlZ
O;k[;k% u, fo/kulHkk Hkou dk mn~?kkVu rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr dksfj;k us rS;kj fd;k gSA
MkW- 'kadjn;ky 'kekZ osQ }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bl Hkou dk
uke ^^bafnjk xka/h fo/ku Hkou** j•k x;k gSA 10- eè; çns'k dh ubZ fo/kulHkk Hkou ços'k }kj fLFkr isafVax
8- eè; çns'k dh ubZ fo/kulHkk Hkou dk f'kykU;kl fdlosQ dk uke D;k gS\
}kjk fd;k x;k\ (a) liQyrk o`{k (b) fo/ku o`{k
(a) cyjke tk•M+ (b) vVyfcgkjh oktis;h (c) thou o`{k (d) Hkfo"; o`{k
(c) 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ (d) bafnjk xka/h
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% 14 ekpZ] 1981 dks rRdkyhu yksd lHkk vè;{k Jh O;k[;k% fo/kulHkk Hkou osQ ços'k }kj ij ¶thou o`{k¸ uked
cyjke tk•M+ }kjk u;s fo/kulHkk Hkou dk f'kykU;kl laiUu ,d fo'kky isafVax gS ftlesa çns'k osQ ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dks
gqvkA n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkk osQ usrk çfri{k
Ø- uke vof/ fo/kulHkk
1 Jh fo'oukFk ;kno jko rkeLdj 17-12-1956 ls 5-3-1957 igyh (1956&1957)
2 Jh pUæ çrki frokjh 1-7-1957 ls 7-3-1962 nwljh (1957&1962)
3 Jh ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk 28-3-1962 ls 1-3-1967 rhljh (1962&1967)
4 Jh ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk 1-3-1967 ls 18-7-1967 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
5 Jh ';kek pj.k 'kqDy 31-7-1967 ls 8-9-1968 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
6 ia- }kfjdk çlkn feJ 9-9-1968 ls 16-2-1969 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
7 Jh ';kekpj.k 'kqDy 17-2-1969 ls 12-3-1969 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
8 Jh ohjsUæ oqQekj l•yspk 20-3-1969 ls 6-1-1970 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
9 Jh olar lnkf'ko ç/ku 7-1-1970 ls 17-3-1972 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
10 Jh oSQyk'k tks'kh 28-3-1972 ls 30-4-1977 ikapoha (1972&1977)
11 Jh vtZqu flag 15-7-1977 ls 17-2-1980 NVoha (1977&1980)
12 Jh lqanjyky iVok 4-7-1980 ls 10-3-1985 lkroha (1980&1985)
13 Jh oSQyk'k tks'kh 23-3-1985 ls 3-3-1990 vkBoha (1985&1990)
14 Jh ';kekpj.k 'kqDy 20-3-1990 ls 15-12-1992 ukSoha (1990&1992)
15 Jh foØe oekZ 24-12-1993 ls 1-12-1998 nloha (1993&1998)
16 MkW- xkSjh'kadj 'kstokj 2-2-1999 ls 1-9-2002 X;kjgoha (1998&2003)
17 Jh ckcwyky xkSj 4-9-2002 ls 5-12-2003 X;kjgoha (1998&2003)
18 Jherh tequk nsoh 16-12-2003 ls 11-12-2008 ckjgoha (2003&2008)
19 Jherh tequk nsoh 7-1-2009 ls 24-9-2010 rsjgoha (2008&2013)
20 Jh vt; flag 15-4-2011 ls 10-12-2013 rsjgoha (2008&2013)
21 Jh lR;nso dVkjs 9-1-2014 ls 20-10-2016 pkSngoha (2013&2018)
22 Jh vt; flag 27-02-2017 ls 13-12-2018 pkSngoha (2013&2018)
23 Jh xksiky HkkxZo 8-1-2019 ls 23-3-2020 iUægoha (2018&2023)
24 Jh dey ukFk 19-8-2020 ls 29-4-2022 iUægoha (2018&2023)
25 MkW- xksfoUn flag 29-4-2022 ls fujUrj iUægoha (2018&2023)
eè; çns'k esa fo/kueaMy 139

Lej.kh;% O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dh rhljh fo/kulHkk esa fojks/h ny osQ
z çFke ls prqFkZ fo/ku lHkkvksa esa dksbZ ekU;rk çkIr fojks/h usrk Jh ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk FksA
ny ugha FkkA 5- eè; çns'k osQ foHkktu osQ le; usrk çfri{k dkSu Fks\
z r`rh; fo/ku lHkk ls gh fojks/h ny dh ekU;rk çkIr gqbZA (a) Jh xkSjh'kadj 'kstokj (b) vtZqu flag
z çFke fo/ku lHkk esa Jh fo'oukFk ;knojko rkeLdj ,oa (c) f'kojkt flag pkSgku (d) deyukFk
f}rh; fo/ku lHkk esa Jh pUæçrki frokjh] rRdkyhu fojks/h
nyksa esa lcls cM+s fojks/h ny osQ usrk FksA mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% jkT; osQ foHkktu osQ le; fojks/h ny osQ usrk Jh
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) xkSjh'kadj 'kstokj FksA
1- eè;çns'k fo/ku lHkk esa usrk çfri{k dkSu gS\ (2009) 6- Hkksiky xSl =kklnh osQ le; usrk çfri{k dkSu Fks\
(a) vkj- osQ- ipkSjh (b) ,u-osQ- flag (a) vtZqu flag (b) lqanjyky iVok
(c) ';kek nsoh (d) tequk nsoh (c) oSQyk'k tks'kh (d) ';kekpj.k 'kqDy
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% Hkksiky xSl =kklnh osQ le; fojks/h ny osQ usrk Jh
vH;kl ç'u lqanj yky iVok jgsA
1- eè; çns'k osQ orZeku usrk çfri{k dkSu gS\ 7- buesa ls dkSu eè;çns'k osQ usrk çfri{k ugha jgs gS\
(a) MkW- xksfoan flag (b) fnfXot; flag
(a) ';kekpj.k 'kqDy (b) eksrh yky oksjk
(c) xksiky HkkxZo (d) deyukFk
(c) vtZqu flag (d) ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% eè; çæs'k osQ orZeku usrk çfri{k MkW- Jh xksfoan
flag gSA O;k[;k% eksrhyky oksjk dHkh eè; çns'k osQ usrk çfri{k osQ in
ij ugha jgsA os eè;çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh jgs gSaA
2- eè; çns'k esa fo/kulHkk çFke usrk çfri{k dkSu jgs gS\
(a) fo'oukFk ;knojko rkeLdj
8- fuEufyf•r usrk çfri{k esa ls dkSu e-ç- osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ
in ij jg pqdk gS\
(b) pUæ çrki frokjh
(a) xkSjh 'kadj 'kstokj (b) vt; flag
(c) ia- oqQath yky nqcs
(c) ckcw yky xkSj (d) lR;nso dVkjs
(d) ia- jfo 'kadj 'kqDy
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% çFke fo/ku lHkk esa Jh fo'oukFk ;knojko rkeLdj O;k[;k% ckcwyky xkSj eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh jg pqosQ gSaA budk
esa lcls cM+s fojks/h ny osQ usrk FksA 2019 esa LoxZokl gks x;kA
3- eè;çns'k fo/kulHkk fojks/h ny dks ekU;rk dc çkIr 9- deyukFk dh ljdkj esa usrk çfri{k dkSu Fkk\
gqbZ\ (a) xksiky HkkxZo (b) mek Hkkjrh
(a) 1956 (b) 1957 (c) ckcw yky xkSj (d) f'kojkt flag pkSgku
(c) 1962 (d) 1967 mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% 15oh fo/kulHkk dh deyukFk ljdkj esa fojks/h ny
O;k[;k% 1962 esa r`rh; fo/ku lHkk ls gh fojks/h ny dh osQ usrk Jh xksiky HkkxZo FksA
ekU;rk çkIr gqbZA 10- 2020 osQ mipquko osQ ckn fojks/h ny dk usrk dkSu Fkk\
4- eè; çns'k esa r`rh; fo/ku lHkk esa fojks/h ny osQ usrk (a) xksiky HkkxZo (b) deyukFk
dkSu Fks\ (c) fnfXot; flag (d) xksfona flag
(a) fo'oukFk ;knojko rkeLdj mÙkj (b)
(b) pUæ çrki frokjh
O;k[;k% 2020 osQ mipquko osQ ckn f'kojkt flag dh ljdkj
(c) ia- oqQath yky nqcs fiQj cuh ftlesa usrk çfri{k Jh deyukFk dks pquk x;kA 2022
(d) ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk esa bUgksus usrk çfri{k dk in NksM+ fn;kA orZeku esa xksafoan flag
mÙkj (d) usrk çfr i{k gSA

eè; çns'k eaf=ke.My (iUægoha fo/kulHkk)
Ø- uke vkoafVr foHkkx
Ø- uke vkoafVr foHkkx 6 Jh txnh'k nsoM+k ea=kh okf.kfT;d dj]
1 Jh f'kojkt flag eq[;ea=kh lkekU; ç'kklu] foÙk] ;kstuk] vkfFkZd
pkSgku foekuu] efgyk ,oa ,oa lkaf[;dh
cky fodkl] yksd
ifjlaifÙk çca/u]
vkuan ,oa ,sls vU;
leLr foHkkx tks
fdlh ea=kh dks u 7 Jh folkgw yky ea=kh •k| ukxfjd vkiwfrZ
lkSais x, gksaA flag ,oa miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k
2 MkW- ujksÙke feJk ea=kh x`g] tsy] lalnh;
dk;Z] fof/ ,oa
fo/k;h dk;Z
8 Jhefr ;'kks/jk jkts ea=kh •sy ,oa ;qok

3 Jh xksiky HkkxZo ea=kh yksd fuekZ.k flaf/;k dY;k.k] rduhdh
f'k{kk dkS'ky fodkl
,oa jkstxkj
4 Jh rqylhjke ea=kh ty lalk/u] eNqvk

flykoV dY;k.k rFkk eRL; 9 Jh HkwisUæ flag ea=kh uxjh; fodkl ,oa
foHkkx vkokl
5 Jh MkW- oqQaoj fot; ea=kh ou 10 oqQekjh ehuk flag ea=kh vkfne tkfr dY;k.k
'kkg ekaMos ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr
dY;k.k

Ø- uke vkoafVr foHkkx Ø- uke vkoafVr foHkkx
11 Jh dey iVsy ea=kh fdlku dY;k.k ,oa 17 Jh ç|qEu flag ea=kh ÅtkZ
Ñf"k fodkl rksej
12 Jh xksfoan flag ea=kh jktLo] ifjogu

jktiwr 18 Jh çse flag iVsy ea=kh i'kqikyu] lkekftd
U;k; ,oa fnO;kaxtu
l'kfÙkQdj.k dY;k.k
13 Jh c`tsUæ çrki ea=kh •fut lalk/u] Je 19 Jh vkseçdk'k ea=kh lw{e] y?kq ,oa
flag ldyspk eè;e m|e] foKku
vkSj çkS|ksfxdh
14 Jh fo'okl lkjax ea=kh fpfdRlk f'k{kk]

Hkksiky xSl =kklnh 20 lqJh m"kk BkoqQj ea=kh i;ZVu] laLÑfr ,oa
jkgr ,oa iquZokl /kfeZd U;kl ,oa
/eZLo
15 Jh MkW- çHkqjke ea=kh yksd LokLF; ,oa

pkS/jh ifjokj dY;k.k 21 Jh vjfoan flag ea=kh lgdkfjrk] yksd
HknkSfj;k lsok çca/u
16 Jh egsUæ flag ea=kh iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k

fllksfn;k fodkl 22 Jh eksgu ;kno ea=kh mPp f'k{kk

Ø- uke vkoafVr foHkkx Ø- uke vkoafVr foHkkx
23 Jh gjnhi flag Max ea=kh uohu ,oa 29 Jh jke•sykou jkT;ea=kh fiNM+k oxZ ,oa
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ] iVsy vYila[;d dY;k.k
i;kZoj.k (Lora=k çHkkj)]
?kqeUr vkSj v/Z?kqeUrq
tutkfr (Lora=k
çHkkj)] iapk;r ,oa
xzkeh.k fodkl
24 Jh jkT;o/Zu flag ea=kh vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa
nÙkhxkao fuos'k çksRlkgu 30 Jh jkefd'kksj dkaojs jkT;ea=kh vk;q"k (Lora=k
çHkkj)] ty lalk/u
31 Jh c`tsUæ flag jkT;ea=kh yksd LokLF; ,oa

25 Jh xkSjh'kadj ea=kh ueZnk ?kkVh fodkl ;kno ;kaf=kdh
prqHkZqt fclsu
32 Jh lqjs'k /kdM+ jkT;ea=kh yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx

26 Jh jktsUæ 'kqDy ea=kh yksd LokLF;
;kaf=kdh] tulEidZ
33 Jh vks-ih-,l- jkT;ea=kh uxjh; fodkl ,oa

HknkSfj;k vkokl
27 Jh Hkkjr flag jkT;ea=kh m|kfudh •k| ,oa

oqQ'kokg çlaLdj.k (Lora=k
çHkkj) ueZnk ?kkVh
fodkl
34 Jh jkgqy flag jkT;ea=kh oqQVhj ,oa xzkeks|ksx
yks/h (Lora=k çHkkj)] ou
28 Jh banj flag ijekj jkT;ea=kh Ldwy f'k{kk (Lora=k

çHkkj)] lkekU;
ç'kklu
v|ru& lkekU; ç'kklu foHkkx] e- ç- 'kklu dh vf/lwpuk

fnukad 30@08@2023

eè; çns'k ls Hkkjr osQ osQUæh; ea=kh eè; çns'k ls efgyk lkaln
ujsUæ flag rksej

Ñf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=kh lkèoh çKk flag
yksdlHkk lnL; yksdlHkk lkaln
/eZsUæ ç/ku
f'k{kk ea=kh
dkS'ky fodkl vkSj m|ferk Jhefr jhfr ikBd
ea=kh yksdlHkk lkaln
jkT;lHkk lnL;
ohjsUæ oqQekj
lkekftd U;k; ,oa vf/dkfjrk Jhefr fgekæh flag
ea=kh yksdlHkk lkaln
yksdlHkk lnL;
T;ksfrjkfnR; flaf/;k
ukxfjd mîó;u ea=kh Jhefr lqfe=kk okfYedh
bLikr ea=kh jkT;lHkk lkaln
jkT;lHkk lnL;
Jh iQXxuflag oqQyLrs
1- bLikr ea=kky; esa jkT; ea=kh
2- xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky; esa lqJh dfork ikVhnkj
jkT; ea=kh
jkT;lHkk lkaln
yksdlHkk lnL;
Jh çgykn flag iVsy
ty 'kfÙkQ ea=kky; esa jkT; ea=kh
lelkef;dh
•k| çlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky;
eè; çns'k dh eanlkSj yksdlHkk lhV ls lkaln Jh lq/hj xqIrk
esa jkT; ea=kh
dks ik¡poha ckj lklan jRu iqjLdkj 2023 ls iqjLÑr fd;k
yksdlHkk lnL; x;k gSA
v v v

2 eè; çns'k esa dk;Zikfydk
z eè; çns'k dh 'kklu O;oLFkk 1936 esa vf•y Hkkjrh; ewyfuoklh jkT; ihiqYl
Hkkjrh; jkT; eè; çns'k dk xBu jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dkmafly osQ vè;{k pqus x;s
dh vuq'kalk ij 1 uoacj 1956 dks fd;k x;kA 1946 ls 1949 rd lafo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;
eè;çns'k dk orZeku Lo:i 1 uoacj 2000 ls gSA varfje laln osQ lnL; Hkh
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jkT;ksa esa lalnh; 'kklu 1948&50 esa t;iqj osQ jk"Vªh; lEesyu esa dkaxzsl
ç.kkyh ykxw gSA vè;{k pqus x;s
jkT; dk çeq• jkT;iky gS] tks dh vkSipkfjd çeq• gSA
çeq• iqLrosQa
tcfd okLrfod çeq• eq[;ea=kh gksrk gS vkSj dk;Zdkjh
'kfÙkQ;ka blh esa fufgr gksrh gSA z us'kuy ,tqosQ'ku

eè;çns'k dk fo/kue.My ,d lnukRed gS tks
z bafM;u us'kufyT+e&1933
jkT;iky o fo/kulHkk ls feydj cuk gSA z fjfMLVªhC;w'ku vkWiQ bafM;u çkWfoUlsl vkWu v ySaXost
csfll&1916
fo/ku lHkk dh lhVsa 230
z n bafM;u us'kuy dkaxzsl (tqcyh eseksjs'ku okWY;we&1935)
vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ fy, vkjf{kr 35
vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ fy, vkjf{kr 47 z bdksukWfed dUDosLV vkWiQ bafM;k
yksdlHkk 6 z dkafLVVÔw'kal vkWiQ n oYMZ
jkT;lHkk 4 z xka/h] xka/hLe ,aM lks'kfyTe
z fgUnw gkse fjfMLdoMZ & 1936&37
eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky z Ogk; oksV dkaxzsl\
z Jh Hkksxjktw iêðkfHk lhrkjeS;k z flfDlVh b;lZ vkWiQ dkaxzsl
z iQ.Mkes.VYl vkWiQ bafM;u ikWfyfVdy çkWCyEl
z iQsnj ,aM LVksUl
z fgLVªh vkWiQ n dkaxzsl% ikVZ I&1935] ikVZ II&1947
z djsaV fgLVªh bu Dos'ku ,aM vkalj
z Jh gfjfouk;d ikVLdj
tUe% 24 uoacj 1888] vkU/zçns'k

dk;Zdky% 01-11-1956 to 13-06-1957
ofj"B dkaxzsl usrk
1919 ls vaxzsth lkIrkfgd ¶tUeHkwfe¸ dk çdk'ku
çkjEHk fd;k
tUe% 15 ebZ 1892 (bankiqj] iq.ks) z Jh iq:"kksÙke fouk;d nhf{kr
dk;Zdky% 14-06-1957 ls 10-02-1965 rd tUe% 19 ekpZ] 1907
1926 esa cEcbZ dkmafly osQ lnL; dk;Zdky% 03-02-1966 ls 09-02-1966 rd
1937&39 vkSj 1945&52 esa cEcbZ fo/ku lHkk osQ lu~ 1941&42 esa Xokfy;j mPp U;k;ky; osQ
lnL; U;k;kèkh'kA
1947&50 esa lafo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; lu~ 1945&46 esa Xokfy;j mPp U;k;ky; osQ
1942 esa Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus osQ dkj.k tsy x;s U;k;kèkh'kA
1952 esa igys vke pquko esa yksdlHkk osQ fy, pqus x, lu~ 1944&48 esa Xokfy;j mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;
1955&57 rd dkuwu ea=kh vkSj ckn esa lkoZtfud

U;k;k/h'kA
mîó;u ea=kh jgs 1948&56 esa eè; Hkkjr mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k jgsA
mi- 1967 esa iq.ks fo'ofo|ky; osQ ohlh 1956&59 esa eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k jgsA
1963 esa iÁ foHkw"k.k fnukad 22-9-1959 ls eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; osQ
osQaæh; dkuwu ea=kh osQ :i esa fganw dksM fcy is'k fd;k
çèkku U;k;k/h'k dk dk;ZHkkj xzg.k fd;kA
lcls yacs le; rd lsok djus okys jkT;iky (7 o"kZ
z Jh lR;ukjk;.k flag
7 eghus)
z Jh D;klacyh psaxyjko jsîóh
tUe% 09 tqykbZ 1900 (njHkaxk] fcgkj)

dk;Zdky% 08-03-1971 ls 13-10-1977
1920 esa Lora=krk laxzke esa 'kkfey gq,
tUe% 04 ebZ 1902 1926&30 rd fcgkj fo/ku eaMy osQ lnL;
dk;Zdky% 11-02-1965 ls 07-03-1971 rd 1934 esa osQUæh; fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfpr
1935&37 rd eSlwj ihiqYl iQsMjs'ku osQ vè;{k 1945 esa osQUæh; fo/ku lHkk osQ iqu% lnL; fuokZfpr
¶tuok.kh¸ osQ laiknd jgs 1948&52 rd lalnh; dk;Z jkT; ea=kh
1937&38 vkSj 1946&47 osQ nkSjku eSlwj dkaxzsl osQ 1952&57] 57&62 vkSj 62&67 rd yksdlHkk lnL;
vè;{k 1952&62 rd lalnh; dk;Z ea=kh
eSlwj jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh 1963&64 rd lalnh; dk;Z vkSj lwpuk ,oa çlkj.k
1947&50 rd lafo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; ea=kh
1952&57 rd jkT; lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr 1964&67 rd lalnh; dk;Z ,oa lapkj ea=kh
1957&64 rd yksdlHkk lnL; fuokZfpr blosQ ckn LokLF;] ifjokj fu;kstu vkSj 'kgjh fodkl
Ldwy vkWiQ bdksukWfeDl osQ laLFkkid lnL; ea=kh
1957&61 rd vkokl ,oa vkiwfrZ ea=kh muosQ dk;Zdky esa gh jkT; esa igyh ckj jk"Vªifr
1961&62 rd okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=kh 'kklu ykxw gqvk FkkA

z Jh fujatu ukFk okapw 1956 esa uo fufeZr eSlwj jkT; esa m|ksx vkSj okf.kT;
ea=kh
1961 esa tkiku esa jkT; O;kikj ifj"kn çfrfuf/eaMy
osQ çeq•
1967&69 rd jsy ea=kh jgs
buosQ dk;Zdky esa gh nwljh ckj 1980 esa jk"Vªifr
'kklu yxk;k x;kA

z Jh Hkxor n;ky 'kekZ
tUe% 01 ebZ 1910] lruk] eè; çns'k

dk;Zdky% 14-10-1977 ls 16-08-1978 rd
1934 esa vkbZlh,l esa 'kkfey gq,
fcgkj esa lc&dysDVj osQ :i esa 'kq#vkr dh
1948 esa egkfuns'kd] vk;q/ fuekZ.kh
1948&57 rd j{kk ea=kky; esa la;qÙkQ lfpo vkSj j{kk
mRiknu esa eq[; fu;a=kd

vè;{k] cksdkjks LVhy 1965&70
vè;{k] ,uihlh 1968&72 tUe% 28 tuojh 1918 (jksgrd] gfj;k.kk)

vkS|ksfxd lhek 'kqYd vkSj ewY; C;wjks 1972 osQ dk;Zdky% 30-04-1980 ls 14-05-1984
vè;{k osQ :i esa lsokfuo`Ùk 1941&46 rd Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkkx fy;k
eè; çns'k dk jkT;iky fu;qÙkQ gksus ls igys osQjy osQ 1957 vkSj 1958 esa ILO (ftusok) esa Hkkjrh; etnwjksa
jkT;iky jgsA osQ çfrfuf/eaMy osQ lnL;A

z Jh psIiqfMjk eqFkkuk iqukpk 1959&61 esa vf•y Hkkjrh; VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl (iatkc
fgekpy çns'k] tEew&d'ehj) lfpo vkSj vè;{k

1962&66 rd iatkc fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; vkSj Je
vkSj lgdkfjrk jkT; ea=kh

1966&67 esa gfj;k.kk osQ eq[;ea=kh
1968&74 rd jkT; lHkk lnL;
1977 esa mM+hlk osQ jkT;iky fu;qÙkQ fd;s x;sA
z Jh xq:çlUu flag
z tUe% 3 tuojh 1922 (jhok)
z dk;Zdky% 26@05@1981 ls 09@07@1981
tUe% 16 twu 1910 (xzke mxwj] nf{k.k dwxZ) z 1978 ls 1984 rd eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;
dk;Zdky% 17-08-1978 ls 29-04-1980 rd U;k;k/h'k
1938 esa vf•y Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh osQ lnL; z 1981 vkSj 1983 esa nks ckj eè; çns'k osQ dk;Zokgd
1947&51 esa lafo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; jkT;iky
varfje laln osQ lnL; z 1990 ls 1992 rd eè; çns'k fof/ vk;ksx osQ vè;{k
1952&56 rd oqQxZ osQ eq[;ea=kh z 1992 ls 1997 rd eè; çns'k osQ yksdk;qÙkQA
eè; çns'k esa dk;Zikfydk 147

z çksiQslj osQ-,e- pkaMh
eè;çns'k dh igyh efgyk jkT;iky cuhaA

Hkkjr dh nwljh efgyk vkbZ,,l vf/dkjhA
z tUe% 6 vxLr 1921 (iykbZ uxj] dksêðk;e] osQjy) 1956 esa fMIVh dfe'uj (f'keyk)] ns'k Hkj esa bl in
z dk;Zdky% 15-05-1984 ls 30-03-1989 ij fu;qÙkQ gksus okyh igyh efgykA
z 26 o"kZ dh vk;q esa jkT; fo/ku lHkk osQ fy, fufoZjks/ og 1962 esa ns'k dh igyh efgyk f'k{kk funs'kd
fuokZfpr gq, cuha
z 1952 vkSj 1954 esa iqu% fuokZfpr gq, 1963 esa iatkc esa LokLF; lfpoA
z fo/kulHkk esa dkaxzsl osQ eq[; lpsrd LokLF; lfpo osQ :i esa muosQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku
z çFke jkT; ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ lnL; iatkc dks jk"Vªh; ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe osQ fy,
z futh vkSj ljdkjh dkWyst f'k{kdksa osQ chp osru vlekurk 4 iqjLdkj feys
dks nwj djus esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkA 1971&74 rd fodkl vk;qÙkQ
z 1972&78 rd jcj cksMZ osQ vè;{k 11 uoacj 1976 ls ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky; esa vfrfjÙkQ
z jcj osQ fy, fo'o cSad dh ;kstukvksa dh ;kstuk vkSj lfpo vkSj vk;qÙkQ
dk;kZUo;u dk Js; 25 flrEcj 1985 dks ç/kuea=kh osQ lfpo fu;qÙkQ
z 15 ebZ 1982 dks ikafMpsjh osQ mijkT;iky fu;qÙkQ fd;s fd;s x;sA
x;s z oqQaoj egewn vyh •ka
z 6 vxLr 1983 dks xqtjkr osQ jkT;iky fu;qÙkQ fd;s x;s
z tfLVl Jh ukjk;.k nÙk vks>k
tUe% 19 tuojh 1926
dk;Zdky% 01@12@1987 ls 29@12@1987
tuojh 1987 esa eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;
U;k;k/h'k FksA
fnlEcj 1987 esa eè; çns'k osQ dk;Zokgd jkT;iky
Hkh jgsA
vxLr ls flrEcj 1986 esa bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky;
osQ dk;Zokgd eq[; U;k;k/h'k jgsA

blosQ ckn esa oks tuojh 1988 esa Hkkjrh; mPpre z tUe% 16 twu 1920 (xzke tksxhiqjk] esjB)
U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/h'k Hkh cusA z dk;Zdky% 06-02-1990 ls 23-06-1993
z Jhefr ljyk xzsoky z xka/h@usg: ls çHkkfor gksdj 1938 esa dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gq,
tUe% 04 vDVwcj 1927 z 1968 ls 6 o"kks± rd ih,llh osQ lnL;
dk;Zdky% 31-03-1989 ls 05-02-1990 rd z 1974&77 esa tsih ukjk;.k osQ vkanksyu esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh

z 1977 esa turk ikVhZ osQ fVdV ij gkiqM&xkft;kckn ls
yksdlHkk osQ fy, pqus x,
z ,,e;w dksVZ osQ lnL;
z dkuwu] U;k; vkSj daiuh ekeyksa osQ ea=kky; dh lykgdkj
lfefr osQ lnL;
z jk"VªHkk"kk lfefr osQ lnL;
z Hkkjr&lksfo;r eS=kh lfefr esa :l esa Hkkjrh; çfrfuf/eaMy
osQ usrk
z turk ikVhZ osQUæh; lalnh; cksMZ osQ lnL;
z pUæ'ks•j osQ usr`Ro okyh turk ikVhZ osQ lnL;
z buosQ dk;Zdky esa rhljh ckj eè;çns'k esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu 1938 esa jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k (vkj,l,l) dk dke
yxkA 'kq: fd;k
z Jh eksgEen 'kiQh oqQjS'kh Hkkjrh; tula?k osQ laLFkkid lnL;
tula?k osQ çFke egklfpo
fnYyh çns'k tula?k osQ vè;{k 1968&69
Hkktik osQ xBu osQ ckn ls gh jk"Vªh; dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ
lnL;
1968&74 vkSj 1978&84 rd jkT;lHkk lnL;
1982&84 rd jkT;lHkk v/huLFk fo/ku lfefr osQ
vè;{k
1996 ls jkT;iky cuus rd Hkktik dh osQaæh; vuq'kklu
lfefr osQ vè;{k jgsA

z Jh jke çdk'k xqIr
tUe% 24 uoEcj 1929 (Jhuxj)

dk;Zdky% 24-06-1996 ls 21-04-1998 rd
tEew&d'ehj esa dkaxzsl osQ laLFkkid vè;{k
1965 esa tEew&d'ehj ls jkT;lHkk osQ fy, pqus x,
1966&69 rd osQaæh; okf.kT; mi ea=kh
1979 esa osQUæh; i;ZVu ,oa ukxfjd mîó;u ea=kh
1991 esa ekWjh'kl esa fo'o mnZw lEesyu esa Hkkjrh; tUe% 26 vDVwcj 1923 (>k¡lh] m-ç-)
çfrfuf/eaMy osQ usrk dk;Zdky% 07-05-2003 ls 01-05-2004 rd
1991 esa fcgkj osQ jkT;iky 1964 esa tula?k }kjk lalnh; dk;Z ea=kh fu;qÙkQ fd;s x;s
24 twu 1993 dks mUgsa eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky dk 1967 esa pj.k flag osQ usr`Ro esa ;wih esa igyh xSj&dkaxzslh
vfrfjÙkQ çHkkj lkSaik x;kA ljdkj esa fMIVh lh,e vkSj f'k{kk ea=kh
ckn esa 14 vxLr 1993 dks mUgsa eè; çns'k dk 1973 esa Hkkjrh; tula?k dh mÙkj çns'k bdkbZ osQ
iw.kZ çHkkj feykA vè;{k
z MkW Jh HkkbZ egkohj 1999 esa 11 eghus rd ;wih osQ eq[;ea=kh jgs
tUe% 30 vDVwcj 1922 (ykgkSj] ikfdLrku) eè;çns'k osQ igys jkT;iky ftudh e`R;q in ij jgrs
dk;Zdky% 22-04-1998 ls 06-05-2003 gq, gqbZA

z Jh Ñ".k eksgu lsB yksdlHkk vè;{k osQ :i esa lalnh; dk;ks± dk
dEI;wVjhdj.k vkSj Lopkyu 'kq: fd;k
laln lnL;ksa osQ Kku vkSj tkx:drk dks c<+kus osQ fy,
lalnh; iqLrdky;] lwpuk lsokvksa] nLrkosthdj.k vkSj

vuqla/ku osQ foLrkj dks çksRlkfgr fd;k
1984 esa jk"VªeaMy lalnh; eap osQ çeq• osQ :i
esa çFke ,f'k;kbZ

1991 esa osQUæh; Ñf"k ea=kh
r`rh; fo'o fgUnh lEesyu osQ vè;{k

tUe% 19 fnlacj 1939 (bykgkckn] m-ç-)
jktHkou] eè; çns'k osQ fy, osc lkbV osQ fuekZ.k dh
dk;Zdky% 2 ebZ 2004 ls 29 tqykbZ 2004 rd
igy dh xbZA
23 twu 2000 ls 31 ebZ 2003 rd f=kiqjk osQ jkT;iky
z Jh jkes'oj BkoqQj
jgsA
tUe% 28 tqykbZ 1927 (ftyk xksîók] >kj•.M)
2 twu 2003 vkSj 25 tuojh 2007 osQ chp NÙkhlx<+
dk;Zdky% 30-06-2009 ls 08-09-2011
osQ jkT;iky
1942 esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey
2 ebZ 2004 ls 29 twu 2004 osQ chp eè; çns'k osQ
dk;Zokgd jkT;iky jgs! gq,

uoacj 1998 ls uoacj 2001 rd vkSj fiQj uoacj 2004
z MkW Jh cyjke tk•M+
osQ ckn Hkkjrh; LdkmV~l vkSj xkbM osQ vè;{k
1987&91 rd ,lksfl,VsM tuZYl fyfeVsM osQ vè;{kA
(us'kuy gsjkYM xzqi vkWiQ isilZ)

iwoZ funs'kd] ;wfuV VªLV vkWiQ bafM;k
1978 ls 1982 rd iatkc us'kuy cSad osQ funs'kd
vè;{k] oYMZ dkaxzsl vkWiQ LdkmV~l ,aM xkbM~l
iQsyksf'ki (1999)
17 uoacj] 2004 dks mM+hlk osQ jkT;iky fu;qÙkQ
çeq• çdkf'kr iqLrosaQ fd;s x;s

29 tuojh 2006 ls 22 vxLr 2007 rd vka/z çns'k
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij ¶ihiqy] ikfyZ;kesaV ,aM
,MfefuLVªs'ku¸ osQ jkT;iky (vfrfjÙkQ çHkkj) laHkkyk
21 vxLr 2007 dks dukZVd osQ 15 osa jkT;iky
¶U;w gkWfjtUl bu ,xzhdYpj bu bafM;k¸
fu;qÙkQ fd;s x;sA
gky gh esa çdkf'kr iqLrd ¶mn~xkj¸ muosQ fopkjksa dk
z Jh jke ujs'k ;kno
ladyu gSA
tUe% 23 vxLr 1923 (fiQjkstiqj] iatkc)
dk;Zdky% 30-06-2004 ls 29-06-2009 rd
1972 esa iatkc fo/ku lHkk osQ fy, pqus x,
oqQ'ky ç'kkld] jktuhfrK vkSj yksdfç; fdlku usrk
iQyksa dh •srh esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy, 1975 esa
jk"Vªifr }kjk ¶m|ku iafMr¸ osQ :i esa lEekfur
22 iQjojh 1980 dks loZlEefr ls 7oha vkSj 8oha
yksdlHkk osQ vè;{k pqus x;s (nks dk;Zdky)

z tUe% 1 tqykbZ] 1928 (ftyk vktex<+] m-ç-) fnukad 29 tqykbZ] 2019 ls mÙkj çns'k dh jkT;iky
z dk;Zdky% 08-09-2011 ls 07-09-2016 fnukad 15 vxLr] 2018 ls 28 tqykbZ] 2019 rd
z 23 twu 1977 ls 15 iQjojh 1979 rd mÙkjçns'k osQ dk;Zokgd jkT;iky] NÙkhlx<+

eq[;ea=khA fnukad 01-07-2020 ls dk;Zokgd jkT;iky]
z 1977 esa NBh yksd lHkk ,oa 1988&1994 esa jkT; lHkk eè;çns'kA
osQ lnL; jgsA 24-07-2020 ls 08-07-2021 rd iqu% jkT;iky] eè;
z fofHkUu lalnh; ,oa foHkkxh; lfefr;ksa osQ lnL;A çns'kA

z Jh vkseçdk'k dksgyh z Jh yky th VaMu
tUe% 09 vxLr 1935 (fnYyh) tUe% 12 vçSy 1935 (ftyk y•uÅ] mÙkj çns'k)
dk;Zdky% 08-09-2016 ls 23&01&2018 rd dk;Zdky% 29 tqykbZ 2019 ls 21 tqykbZ] 2020 rd
rhu o"kZ rd vf•y Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ ifj"kn (,chohih) 1978&84 vkSj 1990&96 lnL;] mÙkj çns'k jkT;
osQ vf•y Hkkjrh; vè;{k fo/ku ifj"kn (nks dk;Zdky)

ehlk esa fxjÝrkj ,oa 19 ekg fnYyh] vkxjk vkSj 1996&2009 lnL;] mÙkj çns'k fo/ku lHkk (rhu ckj)
okjk.klh dh tsyksa esa fu:¼ jgsA 1997&2002 usrk lnu] mÙkj çns'k fo/ku ifj"kn
1994&2000 esa jkT; lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr 2003&07 usrk çfri{k] mÙkj çns'k fo/ku lHkk
16 tqykbZ] 2014 ls xqtjkr osQ jkT;iky 2009 15oha yksd lHkk osQ fy, fuokZfpr (y•uÅ yksd
16-05-2018 ls 02@06@2018 rd eè; çns'k osQ lHkk fuokZpu {ks=k ls)

dk;Zokgd jkT;iky 6 vxLr 2009 ls lnL;] çkDdyu lfefr
z Jhefr vkuanh csu iVsy 31 vxLr 2009 ls lnL;] jsyos lfefr
23-08-2018 ls 28-07-2019 rd fcgkj osQ jkT;iky
z Jh eaxwHkkbZ NxuHkkbZ iVsy
tUe% 21 uoEcj] 1941 (ftyk&esglk.kk] xqtjkr)

dk;Zdky% 08-09-2016 ls 23&01&2018 rd
2012 osQ pquko esa jkT; esa lokZf/d erksa ls fuokZfpr
gksus okyh çFke efgyk tUe% 1 twu] 1944 (ftyk uolkjh] xqtjkr)
22 ebZ] 2014 ls 07 vxLr] 2016 rd xqtjkr jkT; dk;Zdky% 08 tqykbZ 2021 ls fujarj
dh çFke efgyk eq[;ea=kh vè;{k] xqtjkr Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ vkfnoklh ekspkZ

o"kZ 1983 ls 1987 rd uolkjh uxj ikfydk osQ 26- Jh vkse çdk'k dksgyh NBs dk;Zokgd jkT;iky
lnL; jgsA 27- Jhefr vkuanh csu iVsy xqtjkr dh eq[;ea=kh jgha
lnL;] 8oha ls 13oha xqtjkr fo/ku lHkk (1990 ls 28- Jh yky th VaMu in ij jgrs gq, e`R;q
2017) 29- Jhefr vkuanh csu iVsy
yxkrkj 6 ckj fo/k;d pqus x;sA 30- Jh eaxwHkkbZ NxuHkkbZ iVsy orZeku jkT;iky
ea=kh] vkfnoklh dY;k.k] ou vkSj i;kZoj.k (2002&2012)
leLr tkudkjh eè;çns'k jktHkou vkSj fo/kulHkk dh osclkbV
(nks ckj)
ls lkHkkj
jkT;iky eè;çns'k osQ in ij 08 tqykbZ 2021 ls
fujarjA egRoiw.kZ fcanq
eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky z ^çfrfcac* vkSj ^ç;kl* iqLrosQa iwoZ jkT;iky Jherh
Ø- uke fo'ks"k ^vkuanhcsu iVsy }kjk fy•h xbZ gSaA
1- MkW- iêðkfHk lhrkjeS;k e- ç- osQ çFke jkT;iky z vudgk y•uÅ iwoZ jkT;iky LoxhZ; Jh yky th VaMu
2- Jh gfjfouk;d ikVLdj lcls yack dk;Zdky }kjk fy•h xbZ gSA
3- Jh osQ- lh- jsîóh z vc rd eè;çns'k esa 3 ckj jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxk;k tk
4- Jh ih-Ogh- nhf{kr igys dk;Zokgd jkT;iky pqdk gS%
5- Jh osQ- lh- jsîóh çFke jk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ le; jkT;iky Jh lR;ukj;.k
6- Jh lR;ukj;.k flag igyk jk"Vªifr 'kklu flag FksA

7- Jh fujatu ukFk okapw f}rh; jk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ le; jkT;iky Jh lh- ,e-
8- Jh lh- ,e- iqukpk nwljk jk"Vªifr 'kklu iqukpk FksA

r`rh; jk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ le; jkT;iky Jh oqQaoj egewn
9- Jh Hkxor n;ky 'kekZ gfj;k.kk jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh
Hkh jgs vyh •ka FksA
10- Jh xq:çlUu flag nwljs dk;Zokgd jkT;iky lelkef;dh
11- Jh Hkxor n;ky 'kekZ fu/u
12- Jh xq:çlUu flag rhljs dk;Zokgd jkT;iky z Jh vks-ih-dksgyh eè;çns'k osQ iwoZ jkT;iky dk
13- Jh Hkxor n;ky 'kekZ lokZf/d rhu ckj jkT;iky 20 iQjojh 2023 dks 87 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fu/u gks x;kA
14- Jh osQ-,e-pkaMh z Jh eksrhyky oksjk eè;çns'k osQ iwoZ eq[;ea=kh dk
15- tfLVl Jh ,u-Mh-vks>k pkSFks dk;Zokgd jkT;iky 21 fnlacj 2020 fu/u gks x;kA
16- Jhefr ljyk xzsoky e- ç- dh igyh efgyk
jkT;iky
17- oqQaoj egewn vyh •ka rhljk jk"Vªifr 'kklu
18- eksgEen 'kiQh oqQjS'kh 1- eè;çns'k osQ fuEukfdar jkT;ikyksa esa ls dkSu gfj;k.kk osQ
eq[;ea=kh jgs gSa% (2020)
19- MkW- HkkbZ egkohj
(a) jkeçdk'k xqIr (b) jkeujs'k ;kno
20- Jh jkeçdk'k xqIr dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku e`R;q
(c) MkW- cyjke tk•M+ (d) MkW- Hkxor n;ky 'kekZ
21- Jh Ñ".k eksgu lsB ikapos dk;Zokgd jkT;iky
22- Jh MkW- cyjke tk•M+ yksdlHkk osQ vè;{k jgs mÙkj& (d)
23- Jh jkes'oj BkoqQj mÙkjçns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh jgs 2- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu eè; çns'k osQ dk;Zokgd jkT;iky
ugha jgsa gSa% (2018)
24- Jh jkujs'k ;kno mÙkj çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh
(a) tfLVl ih-oh- nhf{kr (b) tfLVl ,u-Mh- vks>k
jgs
(c) tfLVl th-ih- flag (d) tfLVl th-Mh- nhf{kr
25- Jh vkse çdk'k dksgyh
mÙkj (d)

3- dkSu eè; çns'k dk jkT;iky ugha jgk gS% (2003) 5- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu eè;çns'k osQ jkT;iky jgs gS\
(a) xksfoan ukjk.k flag (b) Jh ,p-oh- ikVLdj (a) Jh 'kadjn;ky 'kekZ (b) Jh jktk ujs'kpaæ
(b) osQ-lh- jsîóh (d) ljyk xzsoky (c) Jh }kfjdk çlkn feJ (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ Hkh eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky ugha
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) jgs gSaA
1- jkT;iky 'kklu ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\ 6- eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky osQ :i esa çHkkj ysus ls iwoZ Jhefr
2- jkT;ikyksa dh Lofoosdh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,\ vkuanhcsu iVsy fdl Hkkjrh; jkT; dh eq[;ea=kh Fkh\
3- jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fo/k;h 'kfÙkQ;ka\ (a) jktLFkku (b) egkjk"Vª
(c) xqtjkr (d) NÙkhlx<+
4- Hkkjr esa jkT;iky&in osQ vkSfpR; o egRo dh leh{kk
dhft,A mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dh iwoZ efgyk jkT;iky Jhefr vkuanh csu
vH;kl ç'u iVsy xqtjkr jkT; dh eq[;ea=kh jg pqdh gSaA
1- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky jgha gSa\ 7- nwljs jk"Vªifr 'kklu dks eè;çns'k esa ykxw djus osQ le;
(a) iQkfrek chch (b) ljyk xzsoky jkT;iky jgs\
(c) ljksftuh uk;Mw (d) jek nsoh (a) ,l-,u- flag (b) lh-,e- iqukpk
mÙkj (b) (c) ch-Mh- 'kekZ (d) lqanjyky iVok
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dh çFke efgyk jkT;iky ljyk xzsoky Fkh mÙkj (b)
,oa Hkkjr dh nwljh efgyk vkbZ,,l vf/dkjh FkhA O;k[;k% lh-,e- iqukpk nwljs jk"Vªifr 'kklu dks ykxw djus okys
2- eè; çns'k osQ dkSu ls jkT;iky yksdlHkk osQ oÙkQk jg eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky jgs gSaA
pqosQ gS\ 8- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlus eè;çns'k osQ jkT;iky osQ :i
(a) vkj-ih-xqIrk (b) cyjke tk•M+ esa rhu dk;Zdky iwjs fd, gSa\
(c) ch-Mh- 'kekZ (d) osQ-lh- jsîóh (a) ,l-,u- flag (b) lh-,e- iqukpk
mÙkj (b) (c) ch-Mh- 'kekZ (d) lqanjyky iVok
O;k[;k% cyjke tk•M+ Hkkjr osQ iwoZ yksdlHkk vè;{k jgus osQ mÙkj (c)
lkFk gh eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky Hkh jgs gSA O;k[;k% Hkxor n;ky 'kekZ th us eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky osQ
3- eè; çns'k igys xoZuj ftUgksusa e-ç- esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu :i esa 3 dk;Zdky iwjs fd, gSaA
ykxw fd;k\ 9- fuEufyf•r esa ls eè; çns'k osQ orZeku jkT;iky dkSu gSa\
(a) ,l-,u- flag (b) vkj-ih- xqIrk (a) Jh vks-ih- dksgyh
(c) osQ-lh- jsîóh (d) ,u-,u- okapw (b) Jhefr vkuanh csu iVsy
mÙkj (a) (c) Jh eaxqHkkbZ NxuHkkbZ iVsy
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxkus okys igys jkT;iky (d) ch-Mh- 'kekZ
lR;ukjk;.k flag FksA mÙkj (c)
4- eè;çns'k iwoZ jkT;iky] jkeujs'k ;kno] fdl jkT; osQ iwoZ O;k[;k% orZeku jkT;iky Jh eaxqHkkbZ NxuHkkbZ iVsy th gSA
eq[;ea=kh Hkh Fks\ 10- vudgk y•uÅ iqLrd osQ ys•d dkSu gSa\
(a) NÙkhlx<+ (b) jktLFkku (a) Lo Jh eksrhyky oksjk (b) Lo Jh yky th VaMu
(c) egkjk"Vª (d) mÙkjçns'k (c) Lo Jh jkeujs'k ;kno (d) Lo Jh jkeçdk'k xqIr
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ iwoZ fnoaxr jkT;iky Lo- Jh jkeujs'k O;k[;k% ^vudgk y•uÅ* Lo- Jh ykyth VaMu th dh iqLrd
;kno mÙkjçns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh jg pqosQ gSA gSA ;s eè; çns'k osQ iwoZ jkT;iky Hkh jgs gSaA

eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh
Ø- uke dk;Zdky fo/ku lHkk
1- ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy 01@11@1956 ls 31@12@1956 igyh (1956&1957)
2- Jh Hkxoarjko e.MyksbZ 09@01@1957 ls 30@01@1957 igyh (1956&1957)
12@03@1962 ls 29@09@1963 rhljh (1962&1967)
3- Jh oSQyk'kukFk dkVtw 31@01@1957 ls 14@04@1957 igyh (1956&1957)
15@04@1957 ls 11@03@1962 nwljh (1957&1962)
4- ia- }kfjdk çlkn feJ 30@09@1963 ls 08@03@1967 rhljh (1962&1967)
08@03@1967 ls 29@07@1967 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
5- Jherh fot;kjkts flaf/;k* 30@07@1967 ls 25@03@1969 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
6- Jh xksfoUn ukjk;.k flag 30@07@1967 ls 12@03@1969 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
7- Jh jktk ujs'kpaæ flag 13@03@1969 ls 25@03@1969 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
8- Jh ';kekpj.k 'kqDy 26@03@1969 ls 28@01@1972 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
23@12@1975 ls 30@04@1977 ikapoha(1972&1977)
9- Jh çdk'k pUæ lsBh 29@01@1972 ls 22@03@1972 pkSFkh (1967&1972)
23@03@1972 ls 23@12@1975 ikapoha (1972&1977)
10- Jh oSQyk'k tks'kh 24@06@1977 ls 17@01@1978 NBh (1977&1980)
11- Jh ohjsUæ oqQekj l•yspk 18@01@1978 ls 19@01@1980 NBh (1977&1980)
12- Jh lqanjyky iVok 20@01@1980 ls 17@02@1980 NBh (1977&1980)
13- Jh vtZqu flag 09@06@1980 ls 10@03@1985 lkroha (1980&1985)
14- Jh vtZqu flag 11@03@1985 ls 12@03@1985 vkBoha (1985&1990)
15- Jh eksrhyky oksjk 13@03@1985 ls 13@02@1988 vkBoha (1985&1990)
16- Jh vtZqu flag 14@02@1988 ls 23@01@1989 vkBoha (1985&1990)
17- Jh eksrhyky oksjk 25@01@1989 ls 09@12@1989 vkBoha (1985&1990)
18- Jh ';kekpj.k 'kqDy 09@12@1989 ls 01@03@1990 vkBoha (1985&1990)
19- Jh lqanjyky iVok 05@03@1990 ls 15@12@1992 ukSoha (1990&1992)
20- Jh fnfXot; flag 07@12@1993 ls 01@12@1998 nloha (1993&1998)
21- Jh fnfXot; flag 01@12@1998 ls 07@12@2003 X;kjgoha (1998&2003)
22- lqJh mek Hkkjrh 08@12@2003 ls 23@08@2004 ckjgoha (2003&2008)
23- Jh ckcwyky xkSj 23@08@2004 ls 29@11@2005 ckjgoha (2003&2008)
24- Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku 29@11@2005 ls 11@12@2008 ckjgoha (2003&2008)
25- Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku 12@12@2008 ls 09@12@2013 rsjgoha (2008 ls 2013)
26- Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku (14@12@2013 ls 12@12@2018) pkSngoha (2013 ls 2018)
27- Jh deyukFk (17@12@2018 ls 20@03@2020) iUægoha (2018 &)
z lk/kj.kr% eq[;ea=kh gh lnu dk usrk gksrk gSA ysfdu pkSFkh fo/ku lHkk esa Jh xksfoUn ukjk;.k flag osQ dk;Zdky esa Jherh
fot;kjkts flaf/;k] lnu dh usrk jghaA

eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh
z iafMr Jh jfo'kadj 'kqDy
lu~ 1919 ls 1922 rd •.Mok uxjikfydk osQ lnL;]

mi&lHkkifr rFkk mldh yxkrkj rhu dk;kZof/ rd
lHkkifr
tUe% 02- vxLr] 1877 dks lkxj lu~ 1943 esa ukxiqj tsy esa cUnh jgrs gq, rhljh ckj
dk;Zdky% (fnukad 01-11-1956 ls 31-12-1956 rd)

lHkkifr fuokZfpr gq,A
lu~ 1940 osQ O;fÙkQxr lR;kxzgh jgs o lu~ 1942 osQ
lu~ 1906 esa jk;iqj esa odkyr çkjaHk dh
vkanksyu esa tsy;k=kk dhA
egkRek xka/h osQ usr`Ro esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu çkjaHk gksus
lu~ 1939 ls 1945 rd vf•y Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl
ij ;s viuh odkyr dks NksM+dj jktuhfr osQ {ks=k esa
fØ;kRed :i ls mrj vk;s vkSj fxjÝrkj dj fy;s x;sA desVh rFkk egkdkS'ky dkaxzsl desVh osQ lnL;A
lu~ 1923 esa ;s LojkT; ikVhZ dh vksj ls lHkk osQ lu~ 1939 osQ f=kiqjh dkaxzsl vf/os'ku dh çn'kZuh
lnL; pqus x;sA lfefr osQ çeq• lnL;A

lu~ 1936 esa çkUrh; /kjk lHkk osQ pquko esa cgqer ls lu~ 1935 osQ mi fuokZpu ls fo/ku ifj"kn~ osQ lnL;-
dkaxzsl dh fot; gqbZ vkSj MkWDVj ,u-ch- •js osQ usr`Ro lu~ 1937 ls fo/ku lHkk lnL;A
esa eaf=ke.My cuk] ;s mlesa f'k{kk ea=kh cusA lafo/ku lHkk ,oa laln lnL; jgs
f'k{kk ea=kh osQ in ij jgrs gq, bUgksausa fo|keafnj lu~ 1951&52 osQ çFke eaf=keaMy esa jktLo ea=kh
;kstuk dk lw=kikr fd;kA rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh iafMr jfo'kadj 'kqDy osQ fu/u osQ
MkW- •js osQ R;kxi=k nsus ij 'kqDy th eq[;ea=kh pqus
ckn ls dk;Zokgd osQ :i esa 31 tuojh] 1957 dks MkW-
x;s vkSj bUgksusa liQyrk osQ lkFk vxLr 1938 ls 10 dkVtw osQ inHkkj xzg.k djus rd jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh jgs
uoacj] 1939 rd eq[;ea=kh dk dk;Z fd;kA
lu~ 1957 osQ vke pquko esa iqu% fuokZfpr gksus ij
lu~ 1939 esa f}rh; egk;q¼ esa vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk u
jktLo ea=khA
djus dk fu.kZ; djus osQ dkj.k 1938 esa eè;çns'k
lu~ 1962 osQ r`rh; vke pquko esa iqu% fuokZfpr
eaf=ke.My ls R;kxi=k ns fn;k vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
gksus ij 30 flrEcj] 1963 rd jkT; osQ eq[;ea=khA
esa layXu gks x;sA
fnukad 3-11-1977 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA
lu~ 1952 esa çFke vke pqukoksa osQ ckn eè;çns'k esa
buosQ usr`Ro esa fiQj ljdkj LFkkfir gqbZ z Jh oSQyk'k ukFk dkVtw
jkT; iquZxBu osQ i'pkr~ ftl u;s eè;çns'k dk fuekZ.k
1 uoacj 1956 dks gqvk Fkk] mlosQ ;s loZlEefr ls

eq[;ea=kh cuk;s x;sA
fu/u & 31 fnlEcj 1956
z Jh Hkxoar jko eaMyksbZ

tUe% 15- fnlEcj] 1892 (•aMok)
dk;Zdky% fnukad 09-01-1957 ls 30-01-1957 ,oa fn-
12-3-1962 ls 29-09-1963 rdA (çFke fo/ku lHkk

(1956&57) ,oa rhljh fo/ku lHkk (1962&67))

tUe% 17- twu] 1887 dks tkojk] jryke 1920 esa xka/h th }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fn;s x;s vkÞoku
dk;Zdky% (fnukad 31-01-1957 ls 11-03-1962 rd) ij egkfo|ky; NksM+k vkSj ve`rcktkj if=kdk] dydÙkk
(yxkrkj nks dk;Zdky) esa dk;Z- 1921 esa çFke vlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ flyflys
1919 esa bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; }kjk MkWDVj vkWiQ ykW esa fxjÝrkjA
dh fMxzh ls foHkwf"krA 1922 esa tcyiqj ls çdkf'kr if=kdk ¶'kkjnk¸ osQ
lkr o"kZ rd dkuiqj esa odkyr djus ij 1914 esa lEikndA

bykgkckn E;qfufliy dkSafly osQ ps;jeSuA 1930 esa tcyiqj ls nSfud lekpkj i=k ^yksder* dk
1937 esa odkyr NksM+dj mÙkjçns'k eaf=keaMy esa U;k;] çkjaHkA

m|ksx ,oa fodkl ea=khA 1932 esa tsy esa jgrs gq, vkSj 1936 esa iqu% tcyiqj
1946 rd mÙkjçns'k çkUrh; dkaxzsl desVh dh dkSafly uxjikfydk osQ vè;{k fuokZfprA
rFkk vf•y Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh osQ lnL;A tsy esa ^Ñ".kk;u* egkdkO; dh jpukA
uocj] 1940 esa lR;kxzg vkUnksyu esa 18 ekg dk 1942 esa lkIrkfgd ¶lkjFkh¸ çkjaHk fd;k tks 'kklu osQ
dkjkoklA vkns'k ls 1942 esa cUn fd;k x;kA

1947 ls twu 1948 rd mM+hlk osQ xouZjA 1944 esa dkaxzsl eaf=k&e.My cuus ij HkwriwoZ eè;çns'k
twu 1948 ls 1951 rd if'pe caxky osQ xouZjA osQ x`g ea=khA
1951&52 esa osQUæh; eaf=keaMy esa x`g ,oa fof/ ea=khA 1948 esa lkxj fo'ofo|ky; }kjk Mh-fyV~- dh mikf/A
ebZ 1952 ls tuojh] 1955 rd jkT; ,oa x`g ea=kh o 1956 esa lkxj fo'ofo|ky; osQ mi&oqQyifr o 1962
tuojh 1957 rd j{kk ea=khA esa oqQyifrA

1 tuojh 1957 ls eè;çns'k osQ eq[;ea=khA 31-5-1988 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA
bykgkckn ykW tuZy osQ lEiknd jgsA z Jh xksfoan ukjk;.k flag

êkb isjs.V~l* vkSj ^jsfefulsalst ,.M ,Dlisjhes.V~l
bu ,MoksosQlh uked nks iqLrdksa osQ ys•dA

vU; çdk'ku&ykW fjysfVax Vq fØfeuy ,.M
,D'kuscy dkafLijslht ij çcU/ rFkk Mh-,l-lh-nkl
osQ lkFk dksM vkWiQ flfoy ,.M fØfeuy çkslhtj
ij VhdkA
z iafMr Jh }kfjdk çlkn feJ
tUe% 25 tqykbZ] 1920 dks jkeiqj c?ksyku

pkSFkh fo/ku lHkk (1967&1972)
1952 osQ lkekU; fuokZpu esa foUè;çns'k fo/ku lHkk
lnL; fuokZfprA
1953 ls 1957 rd foUè;çns'k dkaxzsl desVh osQ vè;{k
Hkh pkj o"kZ i;ZUr jgsA
eè;çns'k fo/ku lHkk dh lnL;rk esa 1957 ls 1959
tUe% 05- vxLr] 1901 dks lkxj rd yksd ys•k lfefr osQ lHkkifrA
dk;Zdky% (fnukad 30-09-1963 ls 29-07-1967 rd) 15 vxLr] 1960 ls mi ea=kh] rRi'pkr~ mi x`g ea=kh
(yxkrkj nks dk;Zdky) rFkk 27 ebZ] 1963 ls mi ea=kh yksd dk;Z (flapkbZ)A

30 flrEcj] 1963 ls LFkkuh; 'kklu ea=kh vkSj lafon z 1957 esa igyh ckj yxkrkj 1962] 1967 ,oa 1972 esa
'kklu dky esa eè;çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh fo/ku lHkk lnL; fuokZfprA
fnukad 10-5-2005 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA z 1967 esa flapkbZ ea=kh rFkk vçSy] 1969 ls tuojh] 1972
z Jh ujs'k paæ flag (jktk) rd eq[;ea=kh
z jk;iqj osQ fgUnh nSfud “egkdkS'ky¸ osQ laLFkkid laikndA
z 23 fnlEcj] 1975 ls 30 vçSy] 1977 rd ,oa 9 fnlEcj]
1989 ls 6 ekpZ] 1990 rd eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=khA
z 1990 osQ fo/ku lHkk pquko esa ikapoh ckj lnL; fuokZfpr
,oa 20 ekpZ 1990 ls usrk çfri{k] eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkkA
z fnukad 14 iQjojh] 2007 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA
tUe% 21 uoacj] 1908 z Jh çdk'k paæ lsBh
pkSFkh fo/ku lHkk (1967&1972)

29 vçSy] 1946 ls lkjax<+ dk 'kklu Hkkj laHkkykA
1948&49 esa uSuiqj esa vk;ksftr vkfnoklh lEesyu osQ
vè;{kA
1948 esa vius jkT; dks eè;çns'k esa foyhu fd;k
1950&51 esa jk;iqj esa gq, eè;çns'k vkfnoklh lEesyu
osQ vè;{k z tUe% 19 vDVwcj] 1920

1952 fo/ku lHkk lnL; rFkk eaf=keaMy osQ lnL;
z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 29-01-1972 ls 22-03-1972 ,oa fnukad
1957 ls vkfnoklh dY;k.k foHkkx osQ ea=kh
23-03-1972 ls 23-12-1975 rd) pkSFkh fo/ku lHkk
(1967&1972) ,oa ikapoh fo/ku lHkk (1972&1977)
vkfne tkfr dY;k.k ea=kh] eè;çns'k 'kklu jgs
z lu~ 1942 esa Lora=krk vkUnksyu esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysus
osQ fy;s egkfo|ky;hu f'k{kk dk cfg"dkj fd;kA
z Jh ';kek pj.k 'kqDy
z lu~ 1951 ls vf•y Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl lfefr osQ lnL;
z eè;Hkkjr deZpkjh la?k osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;Zjr jgsA
z eè;Hkkjr dyk ifj"kn~ osQ lnL; jgsA
z lu~ 1957 ls 1959 rd mTtSu ftyk lgdkjh cSad osQ
lapkydA
z iQjojh] 1961 rFkk vçSy] 1964 esa jkT;lHkk osQ fy;s
lnL; fuokZfpr gq,A
z iQjojh] 1967 esa yksd lHkk osQ fy;s fuokZfprA
z tUe% 27 iQjojh] 1925] jk;iqj z flrEcj] 1969 esa ckjckMksl (osLVbaMht) osQ jk"Vª eaMyh;
z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 26-03-1969 ls 28-01-1972] 23-12- foÙk ea=kh lEesyu esa Hkkjr ljdkj dk çfrfuf/RoA
1975 ls 30-04-1977 ,oa 09-12-1989 ls 01-03-1990 z ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad euhyk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k rFkk
rd) fodkl cSad esa Hkkjr osQ xouZj euksuhr gq,A
z pkSFkh fo/ku lHkk (1967&1972) ,oa ikapoha~ fo/ku lHkk z 27 twu] 1970 dks çfrj{kk mRiknu ea=kh cus- rnqijkar
(1972&1977) ,oa vkBoha fo/ku lHkk (1985&1990) isVªksfy;e rFkk jlk;u jkT; ea=kh jgsA
z 1942 osQ Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa i<+kbZ NksM+dj lfØ; z fnukad 29 tuojh] 1972 osQ vke pquko esa fo/ku lHkk
:i ls dk;ZA osQ fy;s fuokZfpr gksdj iqu% lnu osQ usrk fuokZfpr gq,A
z 1957 ls vf•y Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh osQ lnL;A z fnukad 21-2-1996 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA

z Jh ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk
lelkef;dh
z 30 vxLr dks ea=kky; }kjk tkjh vf/lwpuk osQ eqrkfcd
eè;çns'k jkT; uhfr ,oa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk uke cnydj
eè;çns'k jkT; uhfr vk;ksx dj fn;k x;k gS
z 24 vDVwcj 1972 dks cuk, x, jkT; ;kstuk eaMy
osQ igys vè;{k ih-lh- lsBh gh FksA
z vk;ksx osQ lfpo dks vc eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/dkjh
osQ uke ls tkuk tk,xkA e- ç- jkti=k esa çdkf'kr
z Jh oSQyk'k tks'kh
z tUe% 04 ekpZ] 1930

z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 18-01-1978 ls 19-01-1980) NBh
fo/ku lHkk (1977&1980)
z lu~ 1962 ls 1967 rd fo/ku lHkk esa fojks/h ny osQ
usrk jgsA
z 1962] 63 vkSj 64 rd yksd ys•k lfefr osQ lHkkifr jgs-
z 31 tqykbZ] 1967 dks Jh xksfoUn ukjk;.k flag osQ eaf=ke.My
esa çns'k osQ igys mi&eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa 'kiFk yhA
z tUe% 14-tqykbZ] 1929] gkVihiY;k] nsokl z lu~ 1972 esa jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfpr gq,A
z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 24-06-1977 ls 17-01-1978 rd) NBh z 26 twu] 1975 dks vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk osQ ckn fxjÝrkj
fo/ku lHkk (1977&1980) fd;s x;sA
z lu~ 1955 esa gkVihiY;k uxjikfydk osQ vè;{k z 1977 osQ vke pquko esa fo/ku lHkk esa fot;h] eaf=ke.My
z lu~ 1962 ls fujUrj ckxyh {ks=k ls fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; esa ea=kh in dh 'kiFk yhA
z lu~ 1951 esa Hkkjrh; tula?k dh LFkkiuk ls gh mlosQ z Jh oSQyk'k tks'kh }kjk R;kxi=k fn;s tkus osQ ckn 17 tuojh]
lnL; cusA 1978 dks turk fo/k;d ny osQ usrk pqus x;s vkSj 18
z lu~ 1972 ls v|ru Hkkjrh; tula?k] turk ikVhZ vkSj vc tuojh] 1978 dks eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa in rFkk xksiuh;rk
Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ çns'k dk;Z lfefr vkSj jk"Vªh; dk;Z dh 'kiFk yhA
lfefr osQ lnL;A z fnukad 31 ebZ] 1999 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA
z ekpZ 1972 ls 1977 rd ny osQ usrk rFkk usrk çfri{k- z Jh lqUnj yky iVok
z lu~ 1968&69 esa vk'oklu lfefr] lu~ 1972 ls 1975
rd yksd ys•k lfefr osQ lHkkifrA
z vkikrdky esa ,d ekg Hkwfexr jgus osQ i'pkr~ fnukad 28
tqykbZ] 1975 dks fo/ku lHkk osQ }kj ij fxjÝrkj gksdj
19 ekg rd ehlk esa utjcanA
z lu~ 1977 osQ fuokZpu osQ i'pkr~ xfBr fo/ku lHkk esa
fuokZfpr gksus ij turk ikVhZ ny osQ usrk vkSj eq[;ea=kh
pqus x;sA
z o"kZ 2000 ls 2004 rd jkT; lHkk rFkk o"kZ 2004 ls 2014
rd yksd lHkk osQ lnL; jgsA
z fnukad 24 uoEcj] 2019 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA

z tUe% 11 uoEcj] 1924 dks] oqQdM+s'oj] ftyk eanlkSj z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 9-6-1980 ls 10-3-1985] fnukad 11-3-
(e- ç-) 1985 ls 12-3-1985 ,oa fnukad 14-2-1988 ls 23-1-
z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 20-01-1980 ls 17-02-1980 ,oa 1989 rd) lkroha fo/ku lHkk (1980&1985) ,oa vkBoha
fnukad 05-03-1990 ls 15-12-1992 rd) NBh fo/kulHkk fo/kulHkk (1985&1990)
(1977&1980) ,oa ukSoha fo/kulHkk (1990&1992) z lu~ 1953 ls jktuhfrd thou çkjaHkA jhok njckj dkWyst
z 1941 ls bUnkSj jkT; çtk e.My ,oa 1942 ls jk"Vªh; ;wfu;u osQ vè;{kA
Lo;alsod la?k ls lEc¼A z fnukad 30 flrEcj] 1963 ls jkT; ea=kh Ñf"k] lkekU;
z 1947 ls 1951 rd la?k çpkjd ,oa 1948 ls la?k vkanksyu ç'kklu rFkk lwpuk çlkj.k foHkkxA
esa lkr ekg tsy ;k=kkA z lu~ 1965 esa la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa eè; çns'k Ñf"k
z 1957 ls 1967 rd fo/ku lHkk lnL; ,oa fojks/h ny fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gsrq ppkZ osQ fy, ;k=kkA
osQ eq[; lpsrdA z 15 vxLr] 1972 ls fnlEcj] 1975 rd f'k{kk ea=kh
z 1967 ls 1974 rd ftyk lgdkjh cSad osQ vè;{kA z 1977 osQ pquko esa iqu% fuokZfpr gksdj 15 tqykbZ] 1977
z lapkyd] jkT; lgdkjh cSad ,oa jkT; lgdkjh foi.ku la?k- ls eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkk esa çfri{k osQ usrk ,oa yksd
z çns'k tula?k osQ dks"kkè;{k ys•k lfefr osQ lHkkifrA
z 1977 esa fo/ku lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr gksdj 20 tuojh] z fnukad 9-6-1980 ls çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh] 1985 esa iqu%
1980 ls 17 iQjojh] 1980 rd çns'k osQ eq[;ea=khA eq[;ea=kh
z 1980 esa lhgksj ls fo/ku lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr gksdj Hkk- z rnuarj iatkc osQ jkT;iky fu;qÙkQ gksus osQ dkj.k lnL;rk
t-ik- osQ usrk ,oa lnu esa fojks/h ny osQ usrkA ls R;kxi=kA
z fo/ku lHkk dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa osQ lnL; rFkk yksd ys•k z ;s eè; çns'k osQ 1 fnu osQ eq[;ea=kh Hkh jgsA
lfefr osQ lHkkifrA z fnukad 4-3-2011 dks fu/u gks x;kA
z o"kZ 1989 esa gq, vf•y Hkkjrh; ihBklhu vf/dkjh lEesyu egRoiw.kZ rF;% buosQ dky esa Hkksiky xSl =kklnh dh
osQ volj ij ^fo/ku xkSjo* dh mikf/ ls lEekfurA ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZA

lelkef;dh z Jh eksrhyky oksjk
z lqYrkuiqj jk;lsu esa iwoZ eq[;ea=kh Lo- Jh lqanjyky
iVok dh ewfrZ yxkbZ xbZ gSA
z bUgha osQ dk;Zdky esa lokZf/d nks ckj jk"Vªifr 'kklu
yxk;k x;kA (e-ç- esa vc rd 3 ckj jk"Vªifr 'kklu)
ê- ç- tulaidZ foHkkx*
z Jh vtZqu flag
z tUe% 20 fnlEcj] 1928] ukxkSj (jktLFkku)

z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 13-03-1985 ls 13-02-1988 ,oa fnukad
25-01-1989 ls 09-12-1989 rd) vkBoha fo/ku lHkk
(1985&1990)
z lu~ 1957 esa xka/h Lekjd lfefr osQ xBudrkZ vkSj mlosQ
egkea=khA
z lu~ 1963 esa nqxZ esa jktsUæ Lekjd lfefr osQ xBudrkZ ,oa
z tUe% 05 uoEcj] 1930 dks] pqjgV] lh/h (e- ç-) mlosQ egkea=kh cusA

z nqxZ ftyk fgUnh lkfgR; lfefr osQ pkj lky vè;{kA z lqJh mek Hkkjrh
z lu~ 1968 esa uxjikfydk ifj"kn~ osQ lnL;
z nqxZ ftyk i=kdkj la?k osQ egkea=kh] nqxZ uxj dkaxzsl desVh
osQ euksuhr egkea=kh]
z nqxZ vk;qoZsfnd fpfdRlk egkfo|ky; osQ laLFkkid
z 1972 rFkk 1977 osQ vke pquko esa fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;
fuokZfpr
z 2008 esa rsjgoha fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfpr rFkk 2008
ls 2013 rd eq[;ea=kh jgsA
z fnukad 21 fnlEcj] 2020 dks fu/u gks x;kA
z tUe% 03 ebZ] 1959] xzke&MwaMk] ftyk Vhdex<+ (e-ç-)
z Jh fnfXot; flag
z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 08-12-2003 ls 23-08-2004 rd)
ckjgoha fo/ku lHkk (2003&2008)
z 1989 esa 9oha] 1991 esa 10oha] 1996 esa 11oha] 1998 esa
12oha ,oa 1999 esa 13oha yksd lHkk dh lnL; fuokZfpr-
z 1998&99 esa Hkkjr ljdkj esa jkT; ea=kh ekuo lalk/u
fodkl ,oa 13 vDVwcj] 1999 ls 2 iQjojh] 2000 rd
jkT; ea=kh (Lora=k çHkkj) i;ZVuA
z 1991&92 ,oa 1992&93 esa yksd ys•k lfefr (nks ckj)]
z tUe% 28 iQjojh] 1947] bUnkSj
1996 esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ,oa i;kZoj.k vkSj ou
z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 07-12-1993 ls 01-12-1998 ,oa 01-12- laca/h lfefr rFkk lafo/ku la'kks/u laca/h la;qÙkQ lfefr
1998 ls 07-12-2003 rd) dh lnL; jghaA
z nloha fo/ku lHkk (1993&1998) ,oa X;kjgoha fo/ku lHkk z 18 fnlEcj] 2003 dks rsjgoha yksdlHkk dh lnL;rk ls
(1998&2003)
R;kxi=kA
z 1969&71 esa jk?kkSx<+ uxj ikfydk osQ vè;{kA z lu~ 2003 esa igyh ckj fo/ku lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr-
z 1971 ls dkaxzsl osQ lnL;A z 8 fnlacj] 2003 ls 23 vxLr] 2004 rd eè;çns'k dh
z 1977 ls 6oha] 7oha(1980)] 8oha(1984)] fo/ku lHkk osQ eq[;ea=kh jghaA
lnL; fuokZfpr- z ebZ] 2006 dks fo/ku lHkk lnL;rk ls R;kxi=kA
z 1976&78 esa osQUæh; lgdkjh cSad] xquk osQ funs'kdA z Jh ckcw yky xkSj
z 1991 esa nloha yksd lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfpr lkFk gh çns'k
dkaxzsl osQ nks ckj vè;{kA
z fnukad 7 fnlEcj] 1993 dks eè;çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ
:i esa 'kiFk yhA
z yksd lHkk dh lnL;rk ls fnukad 21 iQjojh] 1993 dks
R;kxi=kA
z 1994 osQ mipquko esa nloha rFkk 1998 esa 11oha fo/ku
lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfprA
z 1998 esa X;kjgoha fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfpr ,oa z tUe% 02 twu] 1929] çrkix<+ (m-ç-)
1 fnlacj] 1998 ls 7 fnlacj] 2003 rd eè;çns'k osQ z dk;Zdky% (fnukad 23-08-2004 ls 29-11-2005 rd)
eq[;ea=kh jgsA ckjgoha fo/ku lHkk (2003&2008)
z orZeku esa lnL;] jkT;lHkk z xksok eqfÙkQ vkanksyu gsrq lR;kxzgA

z 27 twu] 1975 dks vkikrdky osQ fojks/ esa Hkksiky esa z tUe% 5 ekpZ] 1959] xzke&tSr] ftyk&lhgksj
lR;kxzg esa fxjÝrkjA z dk;Zdky% 23-03-2020 ls orZeku rd
z 1974 osQ mipquko esa 5oha] 1977 esa 6oha] 1980 esa 7oha] z 1991 ls ysdj 2004 rd yxkrkj yksd lHkk osQ lnL; osQ
1985 esa 8oha] 1990 esa 9oha] 1993 esa 10oha ,oa 1998 esa :i esa (ikap ckj) fuokZfprA
11oha fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; osQ :i esa yxkrkj fuokZfpr-
z 29 uoacj] 2005 dks igyh ckj eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh
z 9oha fo/ku lHkk osQ dk;Zdky esa LFkkuh; 'kklu] fof/ dh 'kiFk xzg.k dhA
,oa fo/k;h dk;Z] lalnh; dk;Z] Hkksiky xSl =kklnh
jkgr ,oa iquokZl] tulEidZ ,oa uxjh; dY;k.k z 6 ebZ] 2006 dks mipquko esa ckjgoha fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL;
foHkkx osQ ea=kh jgsA fuokZfprA
z fo/ku lHkk dh yksd ys•k lfefr osQ lHkkifrA z yksd lHkk dh lnL;rk ls R;kxi=k nsdj fo/ku lHkk lnL;
z vxLr] 2003 esa fo/ku lHkk lfpoky; }kjk ^mRÑ"V lsok osQ :i esa 12 ebZ] 2006 dks 'kiFk xzg.k dh vkSj 10
lEeku* ls lEekfurA fnlEcj] 2008 rd eq[;ea=kh jgs-
z 23 vxLr] 2004 ls 28 uoacj] 2005 rd eq[;ea=kh] z lu~ 2008 esa rsjgoha fo/ku lHkk osQ lnL; fuokZfpr ,oa
eè;çns'k jgsA o"kZ 2008 ls 2013 rd eq[;ea=khA
z fnukad 21 vxLr] 2019 dks budk fu/u gks x;kA z o"kZ 2013 esa pkSFkh ckj fo/ku lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr ,oa
z Jh deyukFk o"kZ 2013 ls o"kZ 2018 rd eq[;ea=khA
z o"kZ 2018 esa ik¡poha ckj fo/ku lHkk lnL; fuokZfpr
z êè; çns'k dh fodkl xkFkk* eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt pkSgku osQ
}kjk fyf•r iqLrd gSA

1- eè; çns'k osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa esa ls dkSu eè; çns'k fo/kulHkk
esa usrk çfri{k osQ in ij ugha jgsa% (2020)
z tUe% 18 uoEcj] 1946] dkuiqj (mÙkj çns'k) (1) fnfXot; flag (2) eksrhyky oksjk
z dk;Zdky% (17-12-2018 & 20-03-2020) (3) ohjsUæ owQekj ldyspk (4) ';kekpj.k 'kqDy
z 1980 esa 7oha] 1985 esa 8oha]1989 esa 9oha] 1991 esa 10oha] uhps fn, x, owQV ls lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft,
1998 esa 12oha] 1999 esa 13oha] 2004 esa 14oha] 2009 (a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSa
esa 15oha rFkk 2014 esa 16oha ckj yksdlHkk osQ lnL;
(b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3 lgh gSa
fuokZfprA
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 4 lgh gSa
z 14 oha yksd lHkk osQ çksVse LihdjA
(d) osQoy 2 vkSj 4 lgh gSa
z 25 vçSy] 2018 ls vè;{k] eè; çns'k dkaxzsl desVhA
z Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku mÙkj (a)
2- eè; çns'k osQ igys eq[;ea=kh dkSu gS%(2012] 2003)
(a) ';kekpj.k 'kqDy (b) vtZqu flag
(c) Jh oh-lh-'kqDy (d) ia jfo'kadj 'kqDy
mÙkj (d)
3- eè; çns'k dh igyh efgyk eq[;ea=kh dkSu gS% (2012)
(a) fueZyk ;kno (b) foeyk 'kekZ
(c) mek Hkkjrh (d) fot;kjkts flaf/;k
mÙkj (c)

4- 01@11@2000 esa eè; çns'k foHkktu osQ le; jkT; osQ vH;kl ç'u
eq[;ea=kh dkSu Fks\ (2012)
1- eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa igyh ckj f'kojkt
(a) fnfXot; flag (b) lqanjyky iVok flag pkSgku us dkSu ls o"kZ esa inHkkj laHkkyk Fkk\
(c) ohjsUæ owQekj ldyspk (d) vtZqu flag (a) 2010 (b) 2005
mÙkj (a) (c) 2013 (d) 2008
5- eè; çns'k esa ;kstuk e.My dk vè;{k dkSu gksrk gS\ mÙkj (b)
(2010) O;k[;k% f'kojkt flag pkSgku us 29 uoacj 2005 esa eq[;ea=kh
(a) jkT;iky (b) ;kstuk ea=kh dk inHkkj laHkkyk FkkA
(c) eq[;ea=kh (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha 2- eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa f'kojkt flag pkSgku
mÙkj (c) us fdl dk LFkku fy;k\
(a) mek Hkkjrh (b) fnfXot; flag
6- usg: dh osQfcusV esa igys j{kkea=kh o ckn esa x`gea=kh
(c) eksrhyky oksjk (d) ckcwyky xkSj
cuus okys eè; çns'k osQ usrk fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu gSa\
mÙkj (d)
(2010)
O;k[;k% f'kojkt flag pkSgku us Jh ckcwyky xkSj dk LFkku
(a) Jh ih- lh- lsBh (b) oSQyk'k ukFk dkVtw
fy;k FkkA
(c) }kjdk çlkn feJ (d) jfo'kadj 'kqDy
3- vtZqu flag dks çFke ckj eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ :i
mÙkj (b) esa fdl o"kZ pquk x;k\
7- fuEu esa ls fdlus eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa lokZf/d le; (a) 1978 (b) 1980
rd lsok dh% (2008) (c) 1972 (d) 1984
(a) fnfXot; flag (b) lqanjyky iVok mÙkj (b)
(c) oSQyk'k ukFk dkVtw (d) vtZqu flag O;k[;k% vtZqu flag eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh jg pqosQ gSaA buosQ
mÙkj (a) dky esa gh Hkksiky esa xSl =kklnh ?kfVr gqbZ FkhA
8- fuEu esa ls dkSu eè; çns'k dk eq[;ea=kh ugha jgk gS% 4- 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ Hkksiky osQ eq[;ea=kh Fks\
(2005) (a) 1951 ls 1955 rd
(a) xksafon ukjk;.k flag (b) Mh-ih- feJ (b) 1953 ls 1957 rd
(c) 1952 ls 1956 rd
(c) çdk'k paæ lsBh (d) oh-lh- 'kqDy
(d) 1950 ls 1954 rd
mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (c)
9- ohjsUæ oqQekj ldyspk osQ ckn eè; osQ ckn eè; çns'k
O;k[;k% Jh 'kekZ jkT; iquZxBu osQ iwoZ Hkksiky jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh
dk eq[;ea=kh dkSu cus Fks% (2003)
jgs fiQj ;s vkxs pydj Hkkjr osQ 9osa jk"Vªifr gq,A
(a) fnfXot; flag (b) lqanjyky iVok
5- eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh us gj eghus jkT; dh turk dks
(c) oSQyk'k tks'kh (d) vtZqu flag lacksf/r djus osQ fy, --------- uked jsfM;ks dk;ZØe çkjaHk
mÙkj (b) fd;k\
(a) I;kj ls (b) fny ls
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk) (c) eq[;ea=kh dh ckr (d) eu dh ckr
1- eè; çns'k osQ gky osQ 5 eq[;eaf=k;ksa osQ uke crkb;s\ mÙkj (b)
(2010) O;k[;k% f'kojkt flag pkSgku jkT; osQ yksxksa ls fny ls dk;ZØe
2- jkT; ç'kklu esa eq[;ea=kh dh Hkwfedk\ (2017) osQ tfj, laokn dj jgs gSaA

6- fuEu esa ls fdlus eè;çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa ,d O;k[;k% mek Hkkjrh osQ ckn Jh ckcw yky xkSj eq[;ea=kh cus
ls vf/d ckj 'kiFk ugha yh\ FksA o"kZ 2019 esa budk fu/u gks x;kA
(a) ';kekpj.k 'kqDyk (b) mek Hkkjrh
9- tc iQwyu nsoh us vkRe leiZ.k fd;k] rc eè;çns'k dk
(c) Hkxoarjko eaMyksbZ (d) eksrhyky oksjk eq[;ea=kh dkSu Fkk\
mÙkj (b) (a) eksrhyky oksjk (b) fnfXot; flag
O;k[;k% mek Hkkjrh e-ç- dh igyh efgyk eq[;ea=kh jg pqdh
(c) ';kekpj.k 'kqDyk (d) vtZqu flag
gS] ftUgksusa ek=k ,d ckj eq[;ea=kh osQ in dh 'kiFk yh] 'ks"k
lHkh O;fÙkQ;ksa ,d ls vf/d ckj 'kiFk yh gSA mÙkj (d)
7- eè; çns'k osQ igys xSj&dkaxzslh eq[;ea=kh dkSu Fks\ O;k[;k% fo[;kr MkowQ iwQyu nsoh us lu 1983 esa vkReleiZ.k
fd;k Fkk ml eè; çns'k osQ eqf•;k vtZqu flag FksA
(a) •aMsjko osQ'kojko jaxksyh(b) oSQyk'k tks'kh
(c) ch-th-?kkVs (d) xksfoan ukjk;.k flag 10- eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh tks fd 1977&78 esa Hkktik osQ
mÙkj (b) lnL; Fks\
O;k[;k% oSQyk'k tks'kh igys xSj dkaxzslh eq[;ea=kh jgsA ysfdu (a) oSQyk'k paæ tks'kh (b) jke foykl ikloku
tYn gh mUgksusa eq[;ea=kh in ls bLrhiQk ns fn;k FkkA (c) , ch oktis;h (d) fnfXot; flag
8- mek Hkkjrh osQ ckn dkSu eè; çns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh cus\ mÙkj (a)
(a) fnfXot; flag (b) f'kojkt flag pkSgku O;k[;k% oSQyk'k paæ tks'kh Hkktik osQ fnXxt usrk Fks tks eè;
(c) ckcwyky xkSj (d) oSQyk'k tks'kh çns'k osQ igys xSj&dkaxzslh eq[;ea=kh cus] tks fd 1977&78 esa
mÙkj (c) Hkktik osQ lnL; FksA
v v v

3 eè; çns'k esa U;k;ikfydk
z laoS/kfud çko/ku ç'kklfud lqxerk osQ fy, cjkj dks 1933 esa eè; çkar
Hkkjr esa ,dhÑr U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA esa 'kkfey dj fn;k x;kA blls jkT; dks viuk u;k
blesa 'kh"kZ ij ns'k osQ fy, ,d lokZsPp U;k;ky;]
uke ¶eè; çkar vkSj cjkj¸ feykA
jkT;ksa esa mPp U;k;ky; vkSj ftyksa esa ftyk@v/huLFk 2 tuojh 1936 osQ î=k isVsaV* osQ vk/kj ij] fczVsu
U;k;ky; dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA lezkV] tkWtZ n iape }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e]
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk vquPNsn 214 mPp U;k;ky; dk
1915 dh /kjk 108 osQ rgr ukxiqj mPp U;k;ky;
dh LFkkiuk eè; çkar vkSj cjkj osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
çko/ku djrk gSA
26 tuojh 1950 dks Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dks viukus
vuqPNsn 231 osQ vuqlkj laln fof/ cukdj ,d mPp
osQ ckn Hkh vuqPNsn 225 vkSj 372 osQ vk/kj ij
U;k;ky; dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d jkT;@la?k'kkflr
ykxw jgkA
jkT;ksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSai ldrh gSA
z Lora=krk osQ ckn
z U;kf;d O;oLFkk dk bfrgkl
jkT; iquxZBu vf/fu;e dh /kjk 49 dh mi/kjk (1) esa
eè; çns'k dk orZeku jkT;] 2 uoacj 1861 dks
dgk x;k gS fd vkt fnukad 1 uoacj 1956 ls] ukxiqj
U;kf;d vk;ksx osQ {ks=k osQ :i esa eè; çkar cuk;k x;k mPp U;k;ky; osQ laca/ esa {ks=kkf/dkj dk ç;ksx djus
Fkk vkSj U;kf;d vk;qÙkQ }kjk ç'kkflr fd;k x;k FkkA okyk mPp U;k;ky;] orZeku eè; çns'k jkT; osQ fy,
ukxiqj esa U;kf;d vk;qÙkQ dk U;k;ky; ml le; {ks=k mPp U;k;ky; ekuk tk,xkA
dk lokZsPp U;k;ky; FkkA z orZeku eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky;
1921 esa bls xouZj çkar esa cnyk x;k] rc ;g U;k; bl çdkj 1 uoacj 1956 dks u, jkT; eè; çns'k osQ
ç'kklu osQ fy, ,d iw.kZ mPp U;k;ky; dk nkosnkj xBu osQ lkFk ukxiqj mPp U;k;ky; tcyiqj LFkkukarfjr
cu x;kA fd;k x;kA
orZeku esa e-ç- mPp U;k;ky; dh eq[; ihB
tcyiqj esa gSA
28 uoacj 1968 dks jkT; iquxZBu vf/fu;e] 1956
dh /kjk 51 dh mi/kjk (2) }kjk çnÙk 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk
ç;ksx djrs gq, bankSj vkSj Xokfy;j esa eè; çns'k mPp
U;k;ky; dh nks •.MihBsa LFkkfir dh xbZaA
eq[;ihB tcyiqj fLFkr gkbZdksVZ Hkou dk fuekZ.k lsB
xksfoUnnkl }kjk djk;k x;k FkkA
blosQ okLrqdkj gsujh bjfou FksA
egRoiw.kZ Lej.kh; rF;
z vc rd eè;çns'k esa oqQy 27 eq[; U;k;k/h'k fu;qÙkQ
fd;s tk pqosQ gSA
z e-ç- gkbZdksVZ osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'kksa esa ls vc rd 5] Hkkjr o"kZ 2009 esa osQUæ ljdkj dh xzke U;k;ky; ;kstuk
osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ in ij jg pqosQ gSA vkbZ ftlosQ rgr e-ç- esa 2 vDVwcj 2009 dks igyk
(tfLVl ,e- fgnk;rqYyk] tfLVl ts ,l oekZ tfLVl xzke U;k;ky; Hkksiky ftys dh cSjkfl;k rglhy esa
vkjlh ykgksVh] tfLVl nhid feJk vkSj tfLVl 'kjn
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
vjfoan ckscMs)
z jktLo U;k;ky;
z tfLVl Jh lat; ;kno e-ç- mPp U;k;ky; osQ dk;Zokgd
eq[;U;k;k/h'k osQ in ij jgsA 1 uoacj 1956 dks bldk xBu fd;k x;kA
z e-ç- mPp U;k;ky; esa igyh efgyk U;k;k/h'k Jhefr eè;çns'k Hkw&jktLo lafgrk 1959 esa o"kZ 2011 esa
ljksftuh lDlsuk FkhA la'kks/u djrs gq, leLr iqujh{k.k dh 'kfÙkQ;ka jktLo
z vc rd eè;çns'k gkbZdksVZ esa dksbZ Hkh efgyk eq[; e.My esa fufgr gSA
U;k;k/h'k ugha jgha gSaA ftys dk lokZsPp jktLo U;k;ky;] jktLo ifj"kn gSA
z eè;çns'k gkbZdksVZ Hkou] tcyiqj esa gS vkSj blosQ okLrqdkj jktLo cksMZ vius v/hu lHkh fupyh jktLo vnkyrksa
gsujh bjfou FksA osQ f•ykiQ vafre vihy lqurk gSA
z jk"Vªh; U;kf;d vdkneh] Hkksiky esa gSA
z iQkLVVªsd dksVZ
z ftyk U;k;ky;
iwoZ ls yafcr iM+s ekeyksa dk 'kh?kz fuokj.k osQ mís';
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vuqPNsn 233 osQ v/hu ftyk
U;k;ky; çko/ku fd;k x;k gS] tks mPpU;k;ky; osQ ls 1 vçSy 2001 dks LFkkfir dh xbZA
v/hu gksxkA orZeku esa budh la[;k 85 gSA
ftyk U;k;ky; osQ ikl ukxfjd vkSj vkijkf/d nksuksa z Je ,oa ifjokj U;k;ky;
ekeyksa esa ftys esa fLFkr lHkh v/huLFk U;k;ky;ksa ij ikfjokfjd fooknksa esa lqyg dks c<+kok nsus vkSj Rofjr
vihyh; {ks=kkf/dkj gSA fuiVkjk djus osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls oqQVqac U;k;ky;
vkijkf/d ekeyksa ij fopkj djrs le; ftyk U;k;ky;
vf/fu;e 1984 o mPp U;k;ky; osQ ijke'kZ ls
vkSj fnokuh ekeyksa ij fopkj djrs le; l=k U;k;ky;
lHkh ftyk ,oa laHkkx eq[;ky;ksa esa ifjokj U;k;ky;
dgykrs gSA
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
blhfy, ftyk U;k;ky;] ftyk ,oa l=k U;k;ky; Hkh
ogh vkS|ksfxd vf/fu;e 1960 osQ varxZr eè;çns'k
dgykrk gSA
z xzke U;k;ky; esa 25 Je U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
xzke U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dk çkjaHk eè;çns'k esa
z fo'ks"k U;k;ky;
loZçFke 2001 esa uhep ftys osQ xzke >karyk esa vuqlwpfr tkfr ,oa vuqlwpfr tutkfr vR;kpkj fuokj.k
'kq: dh xbZ FkhA vf/fu;e 1989 osQ rgr xfBr fd, tkrs gSA
eè; çns'k esa U;k;ikfydk 165

eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; osQ iwoZ ekuuh; eq[; U;k;k/h'kksa dh lwph
Øekad uke dk;Zdky
1 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,e- fgnk;rqYyk 01@11@1956 ls 30@11@1958 rd
2 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ th-ih- Hkêð 13@12@1958 ls 12@09@1959 rd
3 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ih-oh- nhf{kr 22@09@1959 ls 18@03@1969 rd
4 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ fc'kaHkj n;ky 19@03@1969 ls 13@09@1972 rd
5 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ih-osQ- rkjs 14@09@1972 ls 10@10@1975 rd
6 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ f'kon;ky JhokLro 11@10@1975 ls 27@02@1978 rd
7 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,- ih- lsu 28@02@1978 ls 16@07@1978 rd
8 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ th-ih- flag 27@07@1978 ls 03@01@1984 rd
9 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ th-,y- vks>k 01@12@1984 ls 28@10@1985 rd
10 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ts-,l- oekZ 14@06@1986 ls 31@08@1986 rd
11 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,u-Mh- vks>k 08@01@1987 ls 17@01@1988 rd
12 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ th-th- lksguh 20@10@1989 ls 23@10@1989 rd
13 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,l-osQ- >k 27@10@1989 ls 15@12@1993 rd
14 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ;w-,y- Hkêð 15@12@1993 ls 13@10@1995 rd
15 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,-osQ- ekFkqj 03@02@1996 ls 21@12@1999 rd
16 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ Hkokuh flag 24@02@2000 ls 24@08@2003 rd
17 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ oqQekj jktjRue 06@09@2003 ls 12@03@2004 rd
18 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ vkj-oh- johUæu 08@07@2004 ls 08@09@2005 rd
19 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,-osQ- iVuk;d 02@10@2005 ls 16@11@2009 rd
20 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,l- jiQr vkye 20@12@2009 ls 04@08@2011 rd
21 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ 'kjn vjfoan ckscMs 16@10@2012 ls 11@04@2013 rd
22 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,-,e- •kufoydj 24@11@2013 ls 12@05@2016 rd
23 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ gseUr xqIrk 18@03@2017 ls 01@11@2018 rd
24 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ lat; oqQekj lsB 14@11@2018 ls 09@06@2019 rd
25 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ vt; oqQekj feÙky 03@11@2019 ls 29@09@2020 rd
26 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ eksgEen jiQhd 03@01@2021 ls 13@10@2021 rd
27 ekuuh; Jh U;k;ewfrZ jfo efyeFk 14-10-2021 ls ------
leLr tkudkjh eè;çns'k gkbZdksVZ dh osclkbV ls lkHkkj
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) (a) U;k;ewfrZ ,-osQ-iVuk;d
1- eè;çns'k osQ mPpU;k;ky; dk eq[;ky; dgka gS% (b) U;k;ewfrZ vkj-oh-jfopUæu
(2009) (c) U;k;ewfrZ ,l-osQ->k

(d) U;k;ewfrZ ,-osQ-ekFkqj
(a) bUnkSj (b) Hkksiky
mÙkj (c)
(c) Xokfy;j (d) tcyiqj
mÙkj (d) foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
2- eè;çns'k mPp U;k;ky; osQ fuEukfdar eq[; U;k;ewfrZ;ksa 1- jkT; mPpU;k;ky; dk {ks=kkf/dkj\
esa ls dkSu Hkkjr osQ mPpre U;k;ky; esa U;k;k/h'k ugha 2- xzke U;k;ky; ls vki D;k le>rs gS\
jgs% (2020) 3- jkT; Lrj ij U;k; O;oLFkk\

vH;kl ç'u O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[;ky; tcyiqj
gS vkSj bldh •.MihB bankSj o Xokfy;j gSaA
1- eè;çns'k ls Hkkjr osQ mPpre U;k;ky; osQ iwoZ eq[;
U;k;k/h'k dkSu gS\ 6- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlus Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ
(a) U;k;ewfrZ vkj-,e-yks<+k (b) U;k;ewfrZ ts- ,l- oekZ :i esa dk;Z fd;k Fkk\
(c) U;k;ewfrZ Vh-,l- BkoqQj (d) U;k;ewfrZ jaxukFk feJ (a) Jh ukFkwjke çseh (b) Jh ,p-,l-ts- jgeku
mÙkj (b) (c) Jh jes'k paæ vxzoky (d) Jh jes'k paæ ykgksVh
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k osQ lruk ftys esa tUesa Jh oekZ Hkkjr osQ mÙkj (d)
lokZsPp U;k;ky; osQ HkwriqoZ U;k;k/h'k~ jg pqosQ gSA
O;k[;k% Hkkjr osQ 35os eq[; U;k;k/h'k jg pqosQ U;k;ewfrZ Jh
2- eè;çns'k eq[; U;k;k/h'k dkSu gS\
jes'k paæ ykgksVh dk tUe e- ç- osQ xquk ftys esa gqvk FkkA
(a) U;k;ewfrZ 'kjn vjfoan ckscMs
(b) U;k;ewfrZ gsear xqIrk 7- eè; çns'k dk vkS|ksfxd U;k;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
(c) U;k;ewfrZ /uat; okbZ paæpwM+ (a) bankSj (b) Hkksiky
(d) U;k;ewfrZ jfooqQekj efyeFk (c) tcyiqj (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dk vkS|ksfxd U;k;ky; okf.kfT;d jkt/kuh
U;k;ewfrZ Jh jfo oqQekj efyeFk gSaA bankSj esa gSaA
3- eè;çns'k igys eq[; U;k;k/h'k dkSu Fks\
8- eè; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ\
(a) U;k;ewfrZ ih-oh- nhf{kr
(a) 1884 (b) 1882
(b) U;k;ewfrZ ,e- fgnk;rqYyk
(c) U;k;ewfrZ ,p- ts- dkfu;k (c) 1887 (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(d) U;k;ewfrZ vt; ekf.kD; mÙkj (d)

mÙkj (b) O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk eè;çns'k
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ çFke eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ xBu osQ lkFk gh 1 uoacj 1956 dks gqbZ FkhA
U;k;ewfrZ Jh ,e- fgnk;rqYyk FksA 9- eè;çns'k i;kZoj.k U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dgk¡ ij dh xbZ
4- eè;çns'k osQ 27osa eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ :i esa fdls fu;qÙkQ gS\
fd;k x;k\
(a) bankSj (b) tcyiqj
(a) U;k;ewfrZ Jh gsear xqIrk
(c) Hkksiky (d) Xokfy;j
(b) U;k;ewfrZ Jh jfo oqQekj efyeFk
(c) U;k;ewfrZ Jh 'khy ukxw mÙkj (c)
(d) U;k;ewfrZ Jh jksfgr vk;Z O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ i;kZoj.k U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk jkt/kuh
mÙkj (b) Hkksiky esa dh xbZ gSaA
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ 27osa eq[; U;k;k/h'k 10- iQkLVVªsd dksVZ dh LFkkiuk eè; çns'k esa dc dh xbZ Fkh\
U;k;ewfrZ Jh jfo oqQekj efyeFk gSaA
(a) 1995 (b) 1998
5- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl 'kgj esa eè;çns'k mPp U;k;ky;
;k •.MihB ugha gS\ (c) 1999 (d) 2001
(a) tcyiqj (b) bankSj mÙkj (d)

(c) Hkksiky (d) Xokfy;j O;k[;k% U;k;ky; esa yafcr ekeyksa dks 'kh?kz fuiVkus osQ fy, 1
mÙkj (c) vçSy 2001 dks iQkLVVªsd dksVZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
v v v
eè; çns'k esa U;k;ikfydk 167

4 eè; çns'k esa iqfyl O;oLFkk
z eè;çns'k iqfyl e-ç- dk igyk vkbZ-,l-vks- çekf.kr Fkkuk] nsokl gSA

eè; çns'k iqfyl laxBu dh LFkkiuk ys- duZy Vsyj dh e-ç- iqfyl dh baVjusV lqfo/k dk uke iksyusV gSA
fjiksVZ osQ vk/kj ij 1861 bZ- esa dh xbZ FkhA e-ç- iqfyl dk è;s; okD; ¶ns'kHkfÙkQ&tulsok¸ gSA
iquZxBu osQ le; eè;çns'k dks ç'kklfud n`f"V ls 5 efgykvksa o cPpksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkjksa dh lwpuk nsus
jsatksa tcyiqj] Xokfy;j] bUnkSj] jhok vkSj jk;iqj esa ckaVk gsrq gsYiykbu uEcj Øe'k% 1090 vkSj 1098 gSA
x;k FkkA
ml le; iqfyl dk ofj"B vf/dkjh iqfyl egkfujh{kd
eè;çns'k iqfyl egkfujh{kd
gksrk FkkA orZeku le; esa e-ç- 11 iqfyl jsatksa esa Ø- uke dk;Zdky
foHkÙkQ gSA çR;sd iqfyl jsat dk ,d miegkfujh{kd 1- ch-th- ?kkVs 01@11@1956 ls 31@05@1958
(Mh-vkbZ-th-) gksrk gSA 2 osQ-,iQ- :Lre th 01@06@1958 ls 19@07@1965
3 ch-,e-'kqDy 20@7@1965 ls 15@02@1968
vkbZ-th tksu 11
4 ch-,- 'kekZ 16@2@1968 ls 14@4@1969
Mh-vkbZ-th jsat 15 5 ch-,e- 'kqDy 15@4@1969 ls 31@12@1972
iqfyl ftys 52 6 vkj-,u- ukxw 01@1@1973 ls 04@05@1974
iqfyl daVªksy :e 52 7 osQ-,y- nhoku 05@5@1974 ls 02@01@1975
iqfyl Fkkus 1061 8 ,p-,e- tks'kh 04@1@1975 ls 21@04@1977
iqfyl pkSdh 575 9 ts-,l- oqQdjstk 22@4@1977 ls 06@05@1977
iqfyl cVkfy;u 26 10 ,p-,e- tks'kh 07@5@1977 ls 01@08@1977
gksexkMZ dEiuh 106 11 osQ-osQ- ncs 02@8@1977 ls 02@12@1978
1956 ls iqfyl eq[;ky; Hkksiky esa vofLFkr gSA 12 ch-ih- nqcs 03@12@1978 ls 20@02@1979
1982 ls iqfyl egkfuns'kd dk in l`ftr fd;k x;k
13 ih-vkj- •qjkuk 21@2@1979 ls 6@3@1980
tks orZeku esa iqfyl dk lokZsPp iqfyl vf/dkjh gksrk 14 ts-,l- oqQdjstk 7@3@1980 ls 14@4@1981
gSA iqfyl egkfuns'kd (Mh-th-ih-) x`g lfpo osQ v/hu 15 ch-ih- nqcs 15@4@1981 ls 23@3@1982
dk;Z djrk gSA çns'k osQ igys iqfyl egkfujh{kd Jh eè;çns'k dh orZeku iqfyl jsat vkSj muosQ ftys
ch-th-?kkVs th FksA z bUnkSj% bUnkSj] /kj] •.Mok] •jxkSu] >kcqvk] cM+okuh]
çns'k osQ igys iqfyl egkfuns'kd Jh ch-ih-nqcs th FksA
cqjgkuiqj] vyhjktiqj
eè;çns'k esa iqfyl çf'k{k.k gsrq tokgj yky usg:
z tcyiqj% tcyiqj] ujflagiqj] fNanokM+k] dVuh] flouh
iqfyl vdkneh dh LFkkiuk lkxj esa dh xbZ gSA z mTtSu% mTtSu] nsokl] jryke] 'kktkiqj] uhep] eanlkSj]
eè;çns'k dk igyk efgyk Fkkuk Hkksiky ftys esa •ksyk
vkxj&ekyok
x;kA
z Xokfy;j% Xokfy;j] xquk] v'kksduxj] f'koiqjh
gksexkMZ dk eq[;ky; ftyk tcyiqj esa fLFkr gSA
z Hkksiky% Hkksiky] jktx<+] fofn'kk] lhgksj
tcyiqj esa gh ,d vkn'kZ efgyk tsy dh LFkkiuk dh
z pacy% eqjSuk] fHk.M] ';ksiqj] nfr;k
xbZ gSA
z gks'kaxkckn% gks'kaxkckn] gjnk] cSrwy] jk;lsu
ujflagiqj o tcyiqj esa fd'kksj canh x`g LFkkfir gSA
gfjtu ,oa vkfnoklh çdks"B dk eq[;ky; Hkksiky esa

z lkxj% lkxj] neksg] iUuk] Nrjiqj] fuokM+h] Vhdex<+
LFkkfir gSA z jhok% jhok] lruk] lh/h] flaxjkSyh
e-ç- dh •qyh tsy eqaxkoyh] v'kksduxj o gks'kaxkckn z ckyk?kkV% ckyk?kkV] fM.MkSjh] e.Myk
esa fLFkr gSaA z 'kgMksy% 'kgMksy] vuwiiqj] mefj;k
eè;çns'k iqfyl egkfuns'kd z eè;çns'k osQ çeq• ç'kklfud çf'k{k.k laLFkku
tokgj yky usg: iqfyl vdkneh lkxj
Ø- uke dk;Zdky iqfyl çf'k{k.k vdkneh Hkksiky
1 ch-ih- nqcs 23&03&1982 ls 28&05&1983 rd iqfyl 'oku çf'k{k.k Hkksiky
2 ,p-,e- tks'kh 28&05&1983 ls 31&03&1984 rd vkj-lh-oh-ih- ujksUgk vdkneh Hkksiky
3 ch-osQ- eq•thZ 27&04&1984 ls 06&12&1986 rd jk"Vªh; fof/ laLFkku Hkksiky
4 ,e- uVjktu 06&12&1986 ls 23&02&1988 rd jk"Vªh; vkink çca/u laLFkku Hkksiky
5 ch-osQ- eq•thZ 24&02&1988 ls 27&01&1989 rd uovkj{kd ,oa IykVwu dekaMj çf'k{k.k
6 ,e- uVjktu 27&01&1989 ls 31&10&1989 rd laLFkku (6oha cVkfy;u) tcyiqj

7 ih-Mh- ekyoh; 31&10&1989 ls 05&06&1990 rd iqfyl ok;jySl çf'k{k.k laLFkku bUnkSj
8 ,l-Ogh- flag 05&06&1990 ls 31&12&1990 rd jkT; iqfyl dEI;wVj çf'k{k.k laLFkku Hkksiky
9 vkj-ih-'kekZ 01&01&1991 ls 10&05&1992 rd ;krk;kr çf'k{k.k laLFkku Hkksiky
10 osQ-,l- jkBkSj 10&05&1992 ls 30&11&1992 rd vijk/ vuqla/kku çf'k{k.k laLFkku lkxj
11 n;k fd'kksj 30&11&1992 ls 01&01&1993 rd iqfyl okgu deZpkjh çf'k{k.k laLFkku jhok
vk;Z :Lreth vkElZ ,aM çSfDVl laLFkku bUnkSj
12 vkj-ih- 'kekZ 01&01&1993 ls 31&12&1993 rd jkT; iQksjsflad foKku ç;ksx'kkyk lkxj
13 ts-,u- lDlSuk 01&01&1994 ls 30&06&1994 rd vVt fcgkjh oktis;;h yksd ç'kklu laLFkku Hkksiky
14 çrki flag 30&06&1994 ls 30&04&1995 rd
z oqQN egRoiw.kZ Lej.kh; rF;----
15 'kjn pUæ 01&05&1995 ls 30&06&1996 rd
eè;çns'k iqfyl Le`fr fnol & 21 vDVwcj
16 Mh-ih- •Uuk 01&07&1997 ls 31&12&1996 rd
ns'k dk çFke vkradoknjks/h çf'k{k.k Ldwy eè;çns'k
17 v;ksè;kukFk 01&01&1996 ls 31&12&1997 rd osQ Hkksiky esa gSA
ikBd
eè;çns'k esa iqfyl dfe'uj ç.kkyh
18 oh-ih- flag 01&01&1998 ls 20&02&1999 rd
bUnkSj dfe'uj Hkksiky dfe'uj
19 ,l-lh- f=kikBh 20&02&1999 ls 31&12&2001 rd
20 ,-,u- flag 01&01&2002 ls 31&07&2002 rd
21 fnus'k paæ 01-08-2002 ls 12-12-2003 rd
tqxjku
22 ,l-osQ- nkl 12-12-2003 ls 31-03-2005 rd
23 Lojkt iqjh 01-04-2005 ls 23-09-2006 rd
24 ,-vkj- iokj 23-09-2006 ls 19-05-2008 rd
25 ,l-osQ- jkmr 19-05-2008 ls 29-02-2012 rd
çFke esVªks iqfyl Fkkuk gchcxat] Hkksiky gSA
26 uanu nqcs 01-03-2012 ls 30-09-2014 rd
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh lkroha vuqlwph osQ rgr îqfyl*
27 lqjsUæ flag 01-10-2014 ls 30-06-2016 rd
jkT; lwph dk fo"k; gSA
28 ½f"k oqQekj 01-07-2016 ls 30-01-2019 rd
ftys esa iqfyl dk lcls cM+k vf/dkjh iqfyl v/h{kd
'kqDyk gksrk gSA
29 fot; oqQekj 30-01-2019 ls 05-03-2020 rd eè;çns'k esa 52 ,lih ftys gSA
flag xqtZj
bUnkSj o Hkksiky ,l-,l-ih- ftys gSA
30 foosd tkSgjh 03-2020 ls 04-03-2022 rd
iqfyl dfe'uj ç.kkyh ykxw djus okyk eè;çns'k Hkkjr
31 lq/hj lDlsuk 04-03-2022 ls __________ dk 17oka jkT; gSA
eè; çns'k esa iqfyl O;oLFkk 169

orZeku esa Hkksiky ftys osQ iqfyl dfe'uj Jh 5- eè;çns'k orZeku esa fdruh osQUæh; tsys gS\
gfjukjk;.k pkjh vkSj bUnkSj ftys osQ iqfyl dfe'uj (a) 9 (b) 14
Jh edjan nsmLdj gSA (c) 11 (d) 12
bl ç.kkyh esa Hkksiky osQ 38 vkSj bUnkSj osQ 36 iqfyl mÙkj (c)
Fkkuk {ks=k 'kkfey gksaxsA
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k esa v|ru tkudkjh osQ vuqlkj 11 osQUæh;
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) tsy ekStwn gSaA
1- çFke •qyh tsy dgka LFkkfir gS\ (2010) 6- eè;çns'k çFke iqfyl egkfuns'k dkSu Fks\
(a) xquk (b) gks'kaxkckn (a) ch-ih-nqcs (b) ,p-,e- tks'kh
(c) >kcqvk (d) dVuh (c) ch-osQ- eq•thZ (d) ,l-ch- flag
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k osQ çFke iqfyl egkfuns'kd ch-ih- nqcs FksA
vH;kl ç'u e-ç- esa iqfyl egkfuns'kd dk in 1982 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA
1- eè;çns'k esa iqfyl dk lcls cM+k vf/dkjh dkSu gksrk 7- eè;çns'k lsok laoxZ dh igyh efgyk vkbZ-ih-,l-
gS\ vf/dkjh gS&
(a) iqfyl v/h{kd (a) fdj.k csnh (b) vk'kk xksikyu
(b) iqfyl egkfuns'kd (c) ljyk xzsoky (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) iqfyl funs'kd mÙkj (b)
(d) vfrfjÙkQ iqfyl egkfuns'kd O;k[;k% eè;çns'k lsok laoxZ dh igyh efgyk vkbZ-ih-,l-
mÙkj (b) vf/dkjh cuus dk Js; Hkksiky esa tUeha vk'kk xksikyu dks
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k esa iqfyl dk lcls cM+k vf/dkjh iqfyl çkIr gSA
egkfuns'kd gksrk gSA ;g in 1982 esa cukA 8- eè;çns'k iqfyl dk è;s; okD; D;k gS\
2- eè;çns'k esa •qyh tsy eqaxkoyh esa gS] ;g fdl ftys esa (a) 'kkafr lsok U;k; (b) e`nq Hkkos f/æk ØqFks
iM+rk gS\ (c) lsok lqj{kk lfefr (d) ns'k HkfÙkQ tu lsok
(a) v'kksduxj (b) xquk mÙkj (d)
(c) nfr;k (d) f'koiqjh O;k[;k% eè;çns'k iqfyl dk è;s; okD; ¶ns'k HkfÙkQ tu
mÙkj (a) lsok¸ gSA
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k esa •qyh tsy v'kksduxj ftys osQ eqaxkoyh 9- eè;çns'k esa iqfyl Mh-,u-,- ç;ksx'kkyk gS\
esa vkrk gSA
(a) Hkksiky (b) lkxj
3- eè;çns'k iqfyl vdkneh bl ftys esa fLFkr gS\
(c) tcyiqj (d) bankSj
(a) Xokfy;j (b) f'koiqjh
mÙkj (b)
(c) jhok (d) lkxj
mÙkj (d) O;k[;k% eè;çns'k Mh-,u-,- ç;ksx'kkyk lkxj esa gSA
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k esa iqfyl vdkneh lkxj ftys esa fLFkr gSA 10- lgh lqesfyr ugha gS\
(a) ;krk;kr iqfyl çf'k{k.k & Hkksiky
4- lhek lqj{kk cy vdkneh bl ftys esa fLFkr gS\
(a) Xokfy;j (b) f'koiqjh (b) tokgj yky usg# iqfyl vdkneh & lkxj
(c) fHk.M (d) nfr;k (c) iqfyl eksVj odZ'kki çf'k{k.k 'kkyk & jhok
mÙkj (a) (d) iQkjsfUld lkbal yscksjsVªh & bankSj
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k osQ Xokfy;j ftys osQ Vsduiqj esa lhek lqj{kk mÙkj (d)
cy vdkneh LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA O;k[;k% eè;çns'k iQkWjsfUld lkbal yscksjsVªh lkxj ftys esa gSA
v v v
eè; çns'k esa iapk;rh jkt
5 vkSj uxjh; ç'kklu
eè;çns'k esa f=kLrjh; iapk;rhjkt

z eè;;çns'k esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu & ifjp;
Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ eè;çns'k 4 Hkkxksa esa caVk gqvk FkkA
çR;sd Hkkx esa viuh Lrj dh {ks=kh; fof/ osQ vuqlkj

Lo;a dh LFkkuh; Lo'kklu O;oLFkk ykxw FkhA jkT;
iquZxBu osQ ckn osQUæ ljdkj osQ vkns'kkuqlkj le;
le; ij iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ykxw djus osQ ç;kl
fd;s tkrs jgsA
z foaè; çns'k
foaè;çns'k dks ikVZ&lh LVsV osQ varZxr j•k x;kA
foaè;çns'k cqUnsy•.M vkSj c?ksy•.M dh fj;klrksa dks
feykdj 1947 esa xfBr fd;k x;kA ;gka xzke iapk;r
vf/fu;e] 1949 osQ çko/ku ykxw gq,A iapk;rksa dks
;gka osQ LFkuh; uke tSls fd pkSlk] VIik] çtke.My
eè;çns'k esa iapk;rh jkt dk ,sfrgkfld vkfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
dkyØe
z lora=krk çkfIr osQ ckn loZçFke eè;çns'k iapk;r jkt
vf/fu;e 1946 ykxw fd;k x;kA
z jkT; iquZxBu ls iwoZ Hkksiky jkT;] eè; Hkkjr] egkdkS'ky]
foaè; çns'k vkSj fljksat esa vyx&vyx iapk;rh jkt
O;oLFkk,a ykxw FkhA tks fuEu çdkj gS%
z eè;Hkkjr çkar
Xokfy;j] ekyok vkSj bUnkSj dks feykdj 28 ebZ 1948
dks eè; Hkkjr çkar dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA

;gka eè;Hkkjr iapk;r vf/fu;e 1948 ykxw fd;k x;k
z Hkksiky jkT;
FkkA ftlosQ varZxr f=kLrjh; iapk;rh ekWMy viuk;k
x;k FkkA tks xzke iapk;r (xzkeh.k Lrj)] osQUæ iapk;r Hkksiky ikVZ lh LVsV dk gh ,d Hkkx FkkA
(•.M Lrj) vkSj e.My iapk;r (ftyk Lrj) esa caVs Hkksiky jkT; esa Hkksiky iapk;r jkt vf/fu;e 1952
gq, FksA cuk;k x;k tks fd 15 vxLr 1953 ls ykxw gqvkA
1958 esa bl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ çLrqr dh ftlesa
bUgksusa cyoUr jk; esgrk lfefr 1957 vuq'kalkvksa
dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, jkT; esa f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt
ykxw djus dk lq>ko fn;kA
z eè;çns'k iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e 1962
ik.Ms lfefr dh fjiksVZ osQ i'pkr~ eè;çns'k iapk;rh
jkt vf/fu;e dks 1962 esa ikfjr fd;k x;k vkSj

11 tqykbZ 1962 dks jkT;iky dh LohÑfr osQ i'pkr~
ykxw dj fn;k x;kA
z egkdkS'ky bl vf/fu;e osQ vk/kj ij lEiw.kZ eè;çns'k esa
lsUVªy çkfoUlsl vkSj cjkj dk Hkkx egkdkS'ky dk

f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA
tcyiqj vkSj NÙrhlx<+ okys oqQN {ks=kksa dks feykdj blh vf/fu;e osQ vk/kj ij 1965 esa osQoy xzke
ikVZ&, LVsV cuk;k x;k FkkA iapk;rksa osQ pquko djok, x,A
egkdkS'ky esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk] lsUVªy çkfoaUlsl loZçFke 1971 esa eè;çns'k esa tuin iapk;r osQ pquko
vkSj cjkj iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e 1946 osQ vuqlkj gq,A

FkhA blh vof/ esa rglhy Lrj ij tuin iapk;rksa dh z eè;çns'k iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e 1981
LFkkiuk dh xbZA 1962 esa vk, vf/fu;eksa dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus
osQ fy, eè;çns'k iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e] 1981

yk;k x;kA
Hkksiky
bldk mís'; 1962 osQ vf/fu;e dks ljy cukuk FkkA
bl vf/fu;e esa oqQN dfe;ka gksus osQ dkj.k 1988 esa
iqu% blesa lq/kj dj iapk;rh jkt la'kks/u vf/fu;e]

1988 yk;k x;kA
loZçFke blh esa çko/ku fd;k x;k fd ljiap dk
fuokZpu çR;{k :i ls fd;k tk,xk vkSj iapk;r pquko

osQ ,d o"kZ rd iapksa ;k ljiapksa osQ çfr vfo'okl
egRoiw.kZ rF;% ia- }kfjdk çlkn feJ us LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ij çLrko ugha yk;k tk losQxkA
,d eq[; çca/ dh jpuk ftldh lj ch- dhFk us ç'kalk dh eè;çns'k esa f=kLrjh; iapk;r ç.kkyh vDVwcj 1985 esa
vkSj blh osQ vk/kj ij uxjikfydk vf/fu;e cuk rFkk xzke loZçFke ykxw dh xbZA
iapk;r vkSj tuin laLFkkvksa dk iquxZBu gqvkA
lu~ 1990 esa Hkh ,d vf/fu;e cuk ysfdu fdUgha
eè;çns'k osQ xBu osQ i'pkr~ iapk;rh jkt dk dkj.kksa o'k ykxw ugha gks ldkA
fodkl blh çdkj le;≤ ij dbZ vf/fu;e yk;s x;s tks
z dk'kh çlkn ik.Ms lfefr viuh dfe;ksa osQ dkj.k e-ç- esa oqQ'ky iapk;rh jkt
fofHkUu çkarksa esa iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk ls lacaf/r
dh LFkkiuk djus esa vliQy jgsA
i`Fkd&i`Fkd dkuwu@O;oLFkk,a çpfyr FkhaA z 73oka lafo/ku la'kks/u 1992
bu lHkh esa ,d:irk ykus osQ mís'; ls 1957 esa ,d Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks laoSèkkfud
15 lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlosQ vè;{k ntkZ nsus osQ fy, ;g lafo/ku la'kks/u yk;k x;kA
Jh dk'kh çlkn ik.Ms FksA bl la'kks/u osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa Hkkx 9]
bl lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z leku iapk;rh jkt ykxw djus îapk;rs* vkSj vuqPNsn 243 ls 243 (vks) rd
gsrq lq>ko çLrqr djuk FkkA tksM+k x;kA

blosQ vykok 11oha vuqlwph Hkh tksM+h xbZ ftlesa ,slk fodkl•.M ftldh tula[;k 5000 ls vf/d gS]
iapk;rksa dks 29 fo"k; fn, x, gS ftu ij iapk;rsa esa tuin dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA
dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA blesa lnL;ksa dh la[;k U;wure 10 vkSj vf/dre
20 gksxhA
eè;çns'k iapk;rh jkt ,oa xzke Lojkt vfèkfu;e&1993
orZeku esa eè;çns'k esa 313 tuin iapk;rsa gSaA
z Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk 73oka lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e
z ftyk iapk;r
1992] 24 vçSy 1993 ls ykxw fd;k x;k ,oa jkT;ksa
iapk;r ç.kkyh osQ 'kh"kZ Lrj ij ftyk iapk;r gksrh gSA
dks vknsf'kr fd;k x;k fd blosQ vk/kj ij vius jkT;ksa
çR;sd ftyk ftldh tula[;k 50 gtkj ;k vf/d gS]
esa dkuwu cuk,aA
esa ftyk iapk;r dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA
z blh vf/fu;e osQ varZxr eè;çns'k esa Hkh eè;çns'k
orZeku esa eè;çns'k esa 53 ftyk iapk;rsa gSA blesa
iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e] 1993 cuk;k x;k tks fd fnukad
25 tuojh 1994 ls ykxw fd;k x;kA U;wure lnL; la[;k 10 vkSj vf/dre 35 gksxhA
z iapk;rksa dk fuokZpu
z bl vf/fu;e esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ xBu] dk;Z vkSj
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 243&d(K) esa iapk;rksa
'kfÙkQ;ka osQ laca/ esa O;kid mica/ fd;s x;s gSA
osQ fuokZpu dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA
z bl vf/fu;e osQ vuqlkj iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ rhu
bl vuqPNsn osQ vuqlkj jkT; dk ,d fuokZpu vk;ksx
Lrj gS] ftudk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
gksxkA
z iapk;rksa dk xBu
xzke] tuin vkSj ftyk iapk;r osQ lHkh lnL;ksa osQ
bl vf/fu;e osQ rgr xzke Lrj ij xzke iapk;r]
pquko çR;{k fuokZpu }kjk gksrk gSA
fodkl•.M Lrj ij tuin iapk;r vkSj ftyk Lrj ij
tcfd tuin vkSj ftyk iapk;r Lrj osQ vè;{k o
ftyk iapk;r dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA
mikè;{k dk pquko vçR;{k :i ls lnL;ksa osQ }kjk
xzke lHkk gh fd;k tkrk gSA
çR;sd xzke iapk;r esa ,d xzke lHkk gksrh gSA ml xzke osQ çFke jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu 1 iQjojh 1994
lHkh O;Ld blosQ lnL; gksrs gSaA ,d o"kZ esa xzke lHkk dh dks fd;k x;k vkSj 1994 esa gh igyh ckj pquko
4 cSBdksa dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA eè;çns'k vf/fu;e djk, x,A
dh /kjk 7 esa xzke lHkk osQ dk;ks± dk mYys• fd;k x;k gSA vk;ksx osQ igys vè;{k Jh ,u-oh- yksgkuh FksA
buesa ls çR;sd dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksxkA z iapk;rksa dh vk;

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 243 (I) esa iapk;rksa dh
;fn le; ls iwoZ iapk;r dk fo?kVu gks tkrk gS rks 6
ekg osQ vanj iqu% pquko djk;k tkuk vko';d gksxk vk; dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA
blosQ vuqlkj çR;sd 5 o"kZ esa ,d foÙk vk;ksx dk
vkSj bl çdkj xfBr gksus okyh iapk;r 'ks"k dk;Zdky
osQ gksxhA xBu fd;k tk,xkA
iapk;rksa dh vk; dk eq[; L=kksr jkT; ljdkj }kjk fn;s
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 243 l(C) esa bldk
çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA tkus okys vuqnku] ½.k ,oa v'kanku gSA
blosQ vykok osQUæ ls çkIr gksus okys vuqnku] ½.k]
z xzke iapk;r
vU; fuf/] fdlh laLFkk] fuxe] O;fÙkQ ;k dEiuh osQ
;g iapk;r ç.kkyh dk lcls fupyk Lrj gS
}kjk fn;k x;k vuqnku vkSj nku osQ :i esa çkIr fuf/
1000 ls vf/d tula[;k okys xkaoksa esa ,d xzke
(jkT; ljdkj dh vuqefr ls)A
iapk;r cukbZ tk,xh ftls okMkZs esa ckaVk tk,xk ftudh tuin iapk;r dh vk; mi;ZqÙkQ lk/uksa osQ vykok
la[;k 10 ls 20 rd gksxhA VSDl] vf/Hkkj] 'kqYd] pqaxh 'kqYd] lkoZtfud LFkkuksa]
xzke iapk;r dk eqf•;k ljiap gksxkA cktkjksa vkfn 'kqYdA
z tuin iapk;r tcfd ftyk iapk;r dh vk; L=kksr miZ;qÙkQ lk/uksa
;g iapk;r ç.kkyh dk eè; Lrj gSA osQ vykok vf/d foLr`r gSA
eè; çns'k esa iapk;rh jkt vkSj uxjh; ç'kklu 173

blesa çeq• L=kksr gS çkIr jktLo esa fgLlk] iapk;rksa ls 5-
i'kq vkSj eqxhZ ikyu] Ms;jh m|ksx
çkIr vk;] ç'kklfud fuxeksa ls çkIr vk; vkSj vf•y 6-
y?kq ouksRiknu
Hkkjrh; laLFkkvksa ls çkIr vuqnku vkfn gSA 7-
lkekftd vkSj iQkWeZ okfudh
z iapk;r esa vkj{k.k 8-
ihus dk 'kq¼ ikuh
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 243 n (D) esa iapk;rksa
9-
•knh] xzke o oqQVhj m|ksx
esa vkj{k.k dh O;OLFkk dh xbZ gSA
10-
i'kqpkjk ,oa bZa/u dk çca/u
iapk;rksa osQ lHkh Lrjksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr gsrq
11-
y?kq m|ksx ftlesa iQwM çkslsaflax Hkh lfEefyr
tula[;k osQ vuqikr esa vkj{k.k dk çko/ku gSA
12-
xzkeh.k vkokl çca/u
eè;çns'k iapk;rksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ,oa
efgykvksa gsrq ,d frgkbZ vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh 13-

lM+dekxZ (iqfy;k] iqy]) rV] tyekxZ vkSj lapkj osQ
xbZ gS ysfdu orZeku esa efgykvksa dks 50 çfr'kr vU; lk/u
vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA 14- xzkeh.k fctyh O;oLFkk vkSj fo|qr forj.k
fdarq ;fn ,sls LFkku tgka vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dks 15- xSj ijEijkxr ÅtkZ osQ lk/u
feykdj mudh oqQy tula[;k 50 çfr'kr ls de gS 16- xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØe
rks ,sls LFkkuksa esa 25 çfr'kr LFkku vU; fiNM+s oxks± gsrq 17- f'k{kk] ftlesa çkbejh vkSj fefMy Ldwy Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
vkjf{kr j•s tk,axsA 18- rduhdh çf'k{k.k vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kkA
z iapk;r osQ vf/dkjh 19- O;Ld vkSj çkS<+ lgt f'k{kkA
iapk;rksa esa ç'kklfud dk;ks± dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy,
20- ykbczsjh
oqQN vf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ dh tkrh gSA
21- lkaLÑfrd çksxzkEl
xzke iapk;r esa ,d lfpo gksrk gS tks 'kkldh;
22- gkV] cktkj vkSj esys
deZpkjh gksrk gS ysfdu bls xzke iapk;r }kjk fu;qÙkQ
fd;k tkrk gSA 23- ifjokj dY;k.k
tuin iapk;r esa ,d fodkl•.M fodkl vf/dkjh
24- efgyk ,oa cky fodkl
gksrk gSA 25- LokLF; o LoPNrk ftlesa vLirky] çkFkfed LokLF;
;g eq[; ç'kkldh; vf/dkjh gksrk gS ftldk p;u
osQaæ vkSj nok•kuk Hkh lfEefyr
yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA 26- lekt dY;k.k ftlesa fnO;kax vkSj eancqf¼ O;fÙkQ;ksa
ftyk iapk;r esa ,d eq[; dk;Zikyu vf/dkjh vkSj dk dY;k.k Hkh 'kkfey gSA
lfpo gksrk gSA 27- detksj oxks± •kldj vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dk
CEO Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok ls p;fur vf/dkjh dY;k.kA
dks fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA 28- ihMh,l (lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh)
;fn ftyk iapk;r ,slh ekax djrh gS rks jkT; ljdkj 29- lkoZtfud lEifÙk dh ns•&js•
lfpo dh fu;qfÙkQ Hkh djrh gSA eè;çns'k esa uxjh; ç'kklu
z iapk;rksa osQ dk;Z jkT; iquZxBu vk;ksx dh vuq'kalk ij 1 uoEcj 1956
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh vuqlph 11 esa iapk;rksa osQ 29 dks eè;Hkkjr] foaè; çns'k] egkdkS'ky vkSj Hkksiky çkar
dk;ks± dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEufyf•r dks feykdj u;s eè;çns'k jkT; dk iquZxBu fd;k x;kA
gS& uxjh; ç'kklu dks vkSj vf/d lqn`<+ cukus vkSj
1- Ñf"k fodkl o foLrkj ç'kklfud dk;ks± esa lekurk ykus osQ mís'; ls uxj
2- Hkwfe fodkl] lq/kj ,oa laj{k.k vkSj pdcanh ikfydk vf/fu;e 1956 ykxw fd;k x;kA
3- ty çca/u] y?kq flapkbZ] ufn;ksa osQ eè; Hkwfe dk bl vf/fu;e esa dfe;ksa dks nwj djus vkSj lq/kj
fodklA djus gsrq jkT; ljdkj }kjk 1957 esa ,d lfefr dk

4- eRL; m|ksx xBu fd;k x;k ftlus viuh fjiksVZ 1958 esa is'k dhA

bl lfefr osQ çfrosnu osQ vk/kj ij uxj ikfydk orZeku esa budh la[;k 99 gSA bldh lnL; la[;k
vf/fu;e 1961 ikfjr fd;k x;kA U;wure 15 o vf/dre 40 gksrh gSA
z 74oka lafo/ku la'kks/u uxjikfydk osQ vè;{k o ik"kZnksa dk pquko çR;{k fof/
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa uxjh; fudk;ksa dks laoS/kfud ntkZ }kjk 5 o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
nsus osQ fy, ;g lafo/ku la'kks/u yk;k x;kA blosQ eq[; dk;Zikyu vf/dkjh osQ :i esa jkT; ljdkj
bl la'kks/u osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa Hkkx 9(d)] }kjk jkT; ç'kklfud lsok osQ vf/dkjh dh fu;qfÙkQ
ûxjikfydk,a* vkSj vuqPNsn 243(ih) ls 243 (tsMth) djrh gS tks fd lh-,e-vks- dgykrk gSA
rd tksM+k x;kA z uxjfuxe
blosQ vfrfjÙkQ 12oha vuqlwph Hkh tksM+h xbZ gS ftlesa f=kLrjh; uxjfudk; O;oLFkk esa lcls Åijh Lrj ij
uxjh; ç'kklu dks 18 fo"k; çkIr gS ftu ij og dkuwu uxj fuxe gksrh gSA
cuk ldrh gSA bldk xBu 1 yk• ls vf/d tula[;k okys {ks=kksa esa
blh vf/fu;e osQ varZxr eè;çns'k esa Hkh eè;çns'k fd;k tkrk gSA
uxjikfydk fuxe vf/fu;e] 1994 cuk;k x;k vkSj orZeku esa budh la[;k 16 gSA
ykxw fd;k x;kA bldh lnL; la[;k U;wure 40 o vf/dre 80 gksrh
bl vf/fu;e esa uxjh; fudk;ksa osQ xBu] dk;Z vkSj gSA

'kfÙkQ;ka osQ laca/ esa O;kid mica/ fd;s x;s gSA uxjfuxe dk vè;{k egkikSj gksrk gSA
bl vf/fu;e osQ vuqlkj uxjh; ç'kklu osQ rhu Lrj egkikSj o ik"kZnksa dk pquko çR;{k fof/ }kjk 5 o"kZ osQ
gS] ftudk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA fy, vkSj Lihdj dk pquko vçR;{k fof/ }kjk fd;k
bl vf/fu;e osQ vuqlkj f=kLrjh; uxjh; fudk;ksa dk tkrk gSA
çko/ku fd;k x;k gS tks fd bl çdkj gS& vk;qÙkQ fuxe dk eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh gksrk gS ftls
z uxjiapk;r jkT; ljdkj }kjk jkT; ç'kklfud lsok osQ vf/dkjh

f=kLrjh; uxjfudk; O;oLFkk esa lcls fupys Lrj ij dh fu;qfÙkQ djrh gSA
uxj iapk;rsa gksrh gSA z uxjh; fudk;ksa osQ dk;Z
bldk xBu 20 gtkj ls Åij dh tula[;k okys ,sls Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh vuqlph 12 esa uxjh; fudk;ksa
{ks=kksa esa fd;k tkrk gS tks xkao ls uxj cu jgs gSaA osQ 18 dk;ks± dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tks
orZeku esa budh la[;k 293 gSA fuEufyf•r gS&
bldh lnL; la[;k U;wure 15 o vf/dre 40 gksrh 1- uxjh; lq• lqfo/k,a tSls% ikdZ] Iys xzkm.M dh
gSA O;oLFkk
uxjiapk;r osQ vè;{k o ik"kZnksa dk pquko çR;{k fof/ 2- tu lqfo/k,¡ ftuesa LVªhV ykbZV] ikfdZax] cl LVSaM
}kjk 5 o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkfn lfEefyr gSaA
uxj iapk;r dh ,d lfefr gksrh gS tks ¶çsflMsaV bu 3- Hkwfe vfrØe.k dh jksdFkke vkSj lkoZtkfud Hkouksa dk
dkSafly¸ dgykrh gSA fuekZ.k
blosQ eq[; dk;Zikyu vf/dkjh osQ :i esa jkT; ljdkj 4- uxj osQ vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, ;kstuk
}kjk deZpkjh dh fu;qfÙkQ djrh gS tks fd lh-,e-vks- dk fuekZ.k
dgykrk gSA 5- vfXu'keu lsok,¡ miyC/ djkuk
z uxjikfydk 6- vkS|ksfxd] okf.kfT;d vkSj ?kjsyw mi;ksx osQ fy, ty
f=kLrjh; uxjfudk; O;oLFkk esa eè; Lrj ij uxj dh miyC/rk
ikfydk gksrh gSA 7- uxj esa lkaLÑfrd] 'kSf{kd vkSj lkSUn;hZdj.k dks c<+kok
bldk xBu 50 gtkj ls Åij o 1 yk• ls de nsuk
tula[;k okys {ks=kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA 8- lkoZtkfud lnuksa esa liQkbZ] vkSj dpjk çca/u

9- uxj esa isM+&ikS/s yxokuk vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ eè;çns'k esa uxjfuxe dh la[;k
mik; djuk Ø- uxjfuxe dk uke
10- efyu ofLr;ksa dks •Re djuk vkSj muosQ fodkl dh 1- tcyiqj
fn'kk esa dke djuk 2- Hkksiky
3- jryke
11- tUe] e`R;q laca/h vkadM+ksa dk ,d=khdj.k djuk 4- cqjgkuiqj
12- 'konkg gsrq fo|qr~ 'konkg x`g vkSj 'ko xkM+us gsrq Hkwfe 5- bUnkSj
dh O;oLFkk 6- Xokfy;j
13- vkokjk i'kqvksa gsrq dkath gkml dh O;oLFkk vkSj muosQ 7- flaxjkSyh
8- nsokl
fo:¼ Øwjrk de djkuk
9- jhok
14- lM+osQa o iqy fuekZ.k 10- lruk
15- cwpM•kuksa ,oa peZ 'kks/uky;ksa dk fofu;eu djuk 11- lkxj
16- lekt osQ nqcZy oxks± dk dY;k.k ftlesa fnO;kax vkSj 12- dVuh
13- •.Mok
eancqf¼ O;fÙkQ;ksa dk dY;k.k Hkh 'kkfey gSA 14- eqjSuk
17- uxj osQ lexz fodkl gsrq ;kstuk fuekZ.k 15- fNanokM+k
18- ^'kgjh xjhch* dk var djus dh fn'kk esa dke djuk 16- mTtSu

egRoiw.kZ Lej.kh; rF; vuqPNsn 243R µ lajpuk
z 73oka o 74oka lafo/ku la'kks/u ykxw djus okyk eè;çns'k vuqPNsn 243S µ xBu& okMZ lfefr;ksa vkfn dk
ns'k dk igyk jkT; gSA vuqPNsn 243T µ LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k
z e-ç- esa 26 tuojh 2001 ls xzke Lojkt ;kstuk ykxw vuqPNsn 243U µ dk;Zdky
dh xbZA vuqPNsn 243V µ lnL;ksa dh v;ksX;rk,a
z jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh 1994 dks vuqPNsn 243W µ 'kfÙkQ;ka] vf/dkj vkSj nkf;Ro
gqbZ FkhA vuqPNsn 243X µ dj yxkus dh 'kfÙkQ
z eè;çns'k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esa efgykvksa dks 50 çfr'kr vuqPNsn 243Y µ foÙk vk;ksx
vkj{k.k nsus okyk igyk jkT; gSA
vuqPNsn 243Z µ ys•k ijh{kk o vaosQ{k.k
z vc rd eè;çns'k esa 6 ckj LFkkuh; fudk; osQ fuokZpu
vuqPNsn 243ZA µ uxj ikfydkvksa esa fuokZpu
gks pqosQ gSaA
z lu~ 1864 esa eè;çns'k dh igyh uxjfuxe tcyiqj esa vuqPNsn 243ZB µ la?k'kkflr {ks=kksa ij ykxw gksuk
LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA vuqPNsn 243ZC µ oqQN {ks=kksa esa bl Hkkx dk ykxw u gksuk
z lu~ 1907 esa eè;çns'k dh igyh uxjikfydk nfr;k esa vuqPNsn 243ZD µ ftyk ;kstuk lfefr
LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA vuqPNsn 243ZE µ egkuxj ;kstuk lfefr
z jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ igys vè;{k Jh ,u-oh- yksgkuh vuqPNsn 243ZF µ orZeku uxj ikfydkvksa o fof/;ksa dh
FksA fujarjrk
iapk;rksa ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ vuqPNsn vuqPNsn 243ZG µ pquko laca/h ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; dk
gLr{ksi djuk oftZr
vuqPNsn 243 µ ifjHkk"kk
z ¶esjh ekVh esjk ns'k¸ dk;ZØe (9&15 vxLr 2023)
vuqPNsn 243A µ xzkelHkk
¶esjh ekVh esjk ns'k¸] VSxykbu ^feêðh dks ueu] ohjksa
vuqPNsn 243B µ xzke iapk;rksa dk xBu
dk oanu* osQ lkFk] Hkkjr dh vktknh osQ 75 lky iwjs
vuqPNsn 243C µ iapk;rksa dh lajpuk gksus osQ miy{; esa ,d jk"VªO;kih vkSj yksxksa osQ usr`Ro
vuqPNsn 243D µ iapk;rksa esa vkj{k.k okyh ¶tu Hkkxhnkjh¸ igy gSA
vuqPNsn 243F µ iapk;r lnL;ksa dh v;ksX;rk,a ;g vktknh dk ve`r egksRlo dk;ZØe dk lekiu gSA
vuqPNsn 243G µ iapk;r dh 'kfÙkQ] vf/dkj ,oa nkf;Ro êsjh ekVh esjk ns'k* ns'k dh dbZ miyfC/;ksa dk t'u
vuqPNsn 243H µ iapk;rksa osQ dj yxkus dh 'kfÙkQ eukrk gSA

blesa gekjs jk"Vª dh j{kk djus okys ôhjksa* dks J¼katfy
vuqPNsn 243I µ foÙk vk;ksx
nsuk 'kkfey gSA
vuqPNsn 243J µ ys•klaijh{kk
lekjksg xkao] iapk;r] CykWd] 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;]
vuqPNsn 243K µ fuokZpu vk;ksx jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr fd, tk,axsA
vuqPNsn 243L µ la?k {ks=kksa ij ykxw gksuk ç/kuea=kh us eu dh ckr dk;ZØe esa dgk fd ¶bl
vuqPNsn 243M µ oqQN ekeyksa esa ykxw u gksuk dk;ZØe osQ rgr ns'k dh lHkh iapk;rksa esa ve`r
vuqPNsn 243N µ iwoZ ls fo|eku iapk;rksa fof/;ksa dh fujarjrk okfVdkvksa vkSj fo'ks"k f'kykys•ksa dh LFkkiuk dh
vuqPNsn 243O µ pquko laca/h ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; dk gLr{ksi tk,xh¸A
oftZr Hkkjr osQ xkaoksa ls feêðh dks CykWd Lrj ij ,d=k dj
jkt/kuh yk;k tk,xk tks drZO; iFk ij bdêòk gksaxsA

uxjikfydk laca/h vuqPNsn jkt/kuh fnYyh esa ,d ve`r okfVdk yxkbZ tk,xh
vuqPNsn 243P µ ifjHkk"kk,a vkSj ekuuh; ç/ku ea=kh Lo;alsodksa dks iap çk.k çfrKk
vuqPNsn 243Q µ xBu& uxjikfydk fnyk,axsA

iapk;r mica/ (vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa rd foLrkj) lnuksa ls ikfjr gks x;k rFkk jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kj osQ
vf/fu;e ¹islk ,DVº&1996 ckn 24 fnlacj 1996 dks ykxw gks x;kA
z osQUæ ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, islk vf/fu;e dk iwjk uke z islk ,DV osQ çko/ku ,oa fo'ks"krk,a
îapk;r mica/ (vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa rd foLrkj) fo/s;d vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa xzke lHkkvksa dks leLr xfrfo/;ksa
(vaxzsth Hkk"kk osQ PESA) gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ Hkkx&9 dk osQUæ cukdj mUgsa l'kÙkQ cukukA
esa iapk;r laca/h mica/ksa dk tutkfr; {ks=kksa esa foLrkj djus Hkkx&9 osQ iapk;r osQ çko/kuksa dks tutkrh; {ksa=kksa esa
dks ysdj ;g dkuwu yk;k x;kA foLrkfjr djukA

blesa os tutkrh; {ks=k 'kkfey gS tks lafo/ku dh 5oh xkao osQ lexz fodkl dh ;kstuk cukus dh 'kfÙkQA
vuqlph esa of.kZr gSA ou mRiknksa dk LokfeRo] nksgu vkSj cksyh yxkus dh
orZeku esa 10 jkT;ksa ;Fkk jktLFkku] vksfM'kk] >kj•.M] 'kfÙkQA

eè;çns'k] NÙkhlx<+] fgekpy çns'k] vka/z çns'k] xkS.k •futksa osQ nksgu osQ ykblsal o iêðk nsus dk dk;Z
rsyaxkuk] egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr esa ;g vf/fu;e ykxw gSA iapk;r@xzke lHkk djsxhA
vkfnoklh cgqy {ks=kksa esa tutkfr tula[;k dks Lo'kklu LFkkuh; gkV] cktkj vkSj esayksa dk çca/u djus dk
çnku djuk vkSj leLr xfrfof/;ksa dk osQUæ ^xzke lHkk* vf/dkj
dks cukuk bldk çeq• mís'; gSA ,sls {ks=kksa esa Hkwfe dk voS/ gLrkarj.k vkSj fdlh ,sls
z eè;çns'k esa islk vf/fu;e O;fÙkQ dh Hkwfe dks dCtk eqÙkQ djokuk tks vuqlwfpr
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ 73osa la'kks/u dks ykxw djus okyk tutkfr dk gksA
igyk jkT; eè;çns'k Fkk] tks iapk;rksa dks laoS/kfudrk
tutkrh; xkSjo fnol osQ volj ij eè; çns'k esa
çnku djrk gSA
islk fu;e vf/lwfpr
ysfdu lafo/ku osQ Hkkx&9 dk vuqPNsn 243(M)
iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks vkfnoklh ckgqY; {ks=kksa esa z eè; çns'k esa tutkrh; xkSjo fnol osQ volj ij 15
ykxw gksus ls çfrcaf/r djrk gSA uoEcj] 2022 dks vius islk fu;eksa dks vf/lwfpr fd;k
gSA
eè;çns'k Hkh vkfnoklh cgqy jkT; gSA vr% vkfnoklh
eè; çns'k osQ 'kgMksy esa jkT; Lrjh; tutkrh;
{ks=kksa esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu lqfuf'pr djus gsrq ;g
vf/fu;e ykxw fd;k x;kA xkSjo fnol lEesyu esa eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky Jh
z fnyhi flag Hkwfj;k lfefr eaxwHkkbZ iVsy us iapk;rksa osQ igys (vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa
osQ foLrkj) dkuwu (islk dkuwu) dh igyh çfr
vkfnoklh turk osQ fojks/ osQ pyrs osQUæ dh ljdkj
dh fu;ekoyh Hkkjr dh jk"Vªifr Jherh ækSinh eqeZw
us 10 twu] 1994 dks eè;çns'k ls vkfnoklh lkaln
dks lkSaihA
Lo- Jh fnyhi flag Hkwfj;k dh vè;{krk esa lfefr
cukdj vuwlwfpr tutkfr bykdksa esa etcwr iapk;rh
jkt O;oLFkk osQ fy, lq>ko nsus dh ftEesnkjh lkSaihA
lfefr us çkFkfedrk ls dk;Z djrs gq,] 1995 dks ,d
çfrosnu lkSaikA
bl fjiksVZ esa vkfnokfl;ksa osQ iapk;rh vf/dkjksa osQ fy,
ekSfyd vkSj egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn, x,A

Hkwfj;k lfefr dh fjiksVZ osQ vk/kj ij ljdkj esa lgefr
cuh fd vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa osQ fy, ,d osQaæh; fof/

cukuk Bhd jgsxk] ftlosQ varZxr jkT; fo/kueaMy
dkuwu cuk losQaA islk dkuwu] xzke lHkkvksa dks ou {ks=kksa esa lHkh çkÑfrd
blh dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, fnlacj] 1996 esa laln esa lalk/uksa osQ laca/ esa fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa ij fu.kZ;
fo/s;d çLrqr fd;k x;k] tks fnlacj] 1996 esa gh nksuksa ysus dk vf/dkj nsxkA

;s dkuwu tutkrh; yksxksa dks mu ou {ks=kksa ls çkÑfrd pj.k esa 92 tuinksa osQ 6]649 xzke iapk;rksa osQ pquko
lalk/uksa dk ykHk mBkus osQ fy, vf/d laoS/kfud laiUu djk, x,A
vf/dkj nsxk tgka os jgrs gSaA z iapk;r pqukoksa esa U;wure ernku jhok ftys esa gqvkA
jk"Vªifr Jherh ækSinh eqeZw us mijksÙkQ lEesyu dks z ogha lokZf/d ernku v'kksduxj ftys esa gqvkA
lacksf/r djrs gq, dgk] ¶eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa z bu pqukoksa esa lokZf/d ernku f'koiqjh ftys dh efgykvksa
osQ fy, cuk, x, u, islk fu;e vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa us vkSj lokZf/d iq:"kksa }kjk ernku esa v'kksduxj ftyk
osQ thou dks l'kÙkQ cukus vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa dks muosQ vkxs jgkA
vf/dkj fnykus esa çHkkoh gksaxs¸A z eè;çns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dk è;s; okD; gS ¶gj oksV
iapk;rh jkt ea=kky; }kjk vkB jkT;ksa dh fujarj fgek;r dherh] gj fudk; egRoiw.kZ¸A
vkSj çksRlkgu osQ vk/kj ij vkB jkT;ksa_ vka/z çns'k] z eè;çns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk viuk 23oka LFkkiuk
NÙkhlx<+] xqtjkr] fgekpy çns'k] egkjk"Vª] eè; çns'k] fnol euk;k x;kA
jktLFkku vkSj rsyaxkuk us vius lacaf/r iapk;rh jkt z eè;çns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx us pquko uked eksckby
dkuwuksa osQ rgr vius jkT; islk fu;eksa dks vf/lwfpr ,Ii tkjh fd;k x;k] tks fd xwxy osQ Iys LVksj ls
fd;k gSA MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gky gh esa] NÙkhlx<+ jkT; us 8 vxLr] 2022 dks z yf{kdk Mkxj mTtSu ftys osQ xokfl;k xkao dh lcls
vius islk fu;eksa dks vf/lwfpr fd;k gSA >kj•aM vkSj ;qok ljiap cuhaA
vksfM'kk jkT;ksa esa varj&foHkkxh; ijke'kZ dh çfØ;k xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; iapk;r esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA bl pquko esa efgykvksa osQ jktuSfrd l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj
jktuhfr esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ns•us feyhA bl pquko esa
uksV% jktLFkku dks NksM+dj ukS islk jkT;ksa us vius lacaf/r
Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ls tqM+h yxHkx 17000 efgyk,a pquko
iapk;rh jkt dkuwuksa esa islk 1996 osQ çko/kuksa dks 'kkfey
thrha gSaA blesa 1907 ljiap] 429 mi&ljiap] 381
fd;k gSA nlosa jkT;] jktLFkku us ¶jktLFkku iapk;r jkt
tuin lnL; vkSj 46 ftyk iapk;r dh lnL; pquh xbZA
(vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa esa muosQ vkosnu esa çko/kuksa esa la'kks/u)
dkuwu 1999¸ dks vf/lwfpr fd;k gSA
lelkef;dh
z çxfr'khy Hkkjr osQ 75 o"kZ vkSj iapk;r (vuqlwfpr z lksfu;k ehuk
{ks=kksa rd foLrkj) dkuwu] 1996 (islk) osQ 25osa o"kZ ekpZ 2023 esa lksfu;k ehuk dks tutkfr {ks=kh; fodkl
dks eukus osQ fy,] iapk;rh jkt ea=kky; us tutkrh; ;kstuk ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr foÙk fodkl fuxe dk
dk;Z ea=kky; vkSj jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj iapk;rh funs'kd cuk;k x;kA
jkt laLFkku osQ lg;ksx ls] vktknh dk ve`r egksRlo z vkdka{kh ftyk dk;ZØe esa neksg ftyk eè; çns'k dk
osQ ,d Hkkx osQ :i esa iapk;rksa (vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa rd çFke ,oa Hkkjr dk nwljk ftyk cukA (fjiksVZ& uhfr vk;ksx
foLrkj) dkuwu 1996 (islk) ij foKku Hkou] ubZ 2023)
fnYyh esa 18 uoEcj] 2021 dks ,d fnolh; jk"Vªh; z eè; çns'k osQ tcyiqj ftys osQ uxj fuxe dks pkSFkh ckj
lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k FkkA vksMh,iQ Iyl dk ntkZ feykA
(i=k lwpuk dk;kZy;] Hkkjr ljdkj dh osclkbV ls lkHkkj) z ç/kuea=kh vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk osQ rgr eè; çns'k osQ
vuqlwfpr tkfr vkcknh okys 1074 xkaoksa dk p;u fd;k
eè;çns'k iapk;r pquko& 2022
x;k FkkA
z jkT; fuokZpu vk;qÙkQ Jh clar çrki flag FksA z jk"Vªh; lq'kklu lwph esa eè; çns'k dks çFke LFkku fn;k
z ;s pquko rhu pj.kksa esa lEiUu gq, (25 twu] 1 tqykbZ o x;k gSA 19 ls 25 fnlEcj 2022 rd lq'kklu lIrkg
8 tqykbZ)A euk;k x;kA
z igys pj.k esa 115 tuin osQ 8702 xzke iapk;rksa esa] nwljs z gfjr ftyk lwph (xzhu flVh bUMsDl) tkjh djus okyk
pj.k esa 106 tuinksa osQ 7661 xzke iapk;rksa vkSj rhljs eè;çns'k igyk jkT; gSA lzksr & tulEidZ ,e-ih

egÙoiw.kZ fcanq z ;g ;kstuk vc rd nks pj.k iwjs dj pqdh gS%
z çFke pj.k esa o"kZ 2014 ls 2019 rd 69 xzke iapk;r
jkT; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku z f}rh; pj.k o"kZ 2019 ls 2024 rd 49 xzke iapk;rksa dk
z laLFkku dh LFkkiuk 1964 esa tcyiqj ftys esa dh xbZ FkhA p;u fd;k tk pqdk gSA
z egkRek xka/h dh 125oha t;arh osQ volj ij laLFkku dk
yksdlsok xkjaVh vf/fu;e 2010
uke cnydj egkRek xka/h jkT; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku
j•k x;kA z yksdlsok xkjaVh vf/fu;e ikfjr djus okyk eè;çns'k jkT;
igyk jkT; gS tks ,d fuf'pr le; lhek esa ukxfjdksa dks
z laLFkku dks twu 1996 esa osQaæ ljdkj }kjk Lok;Ùk ?kksf"kr
lkoZtfud lsokvksa osQ çnku dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA
fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g vf/fu;e 17 tuojh 2010 ls ykxw gSA
z ,d Lok;Ùk vkRefuHkZj laLFkku osQ :i esa] bls xzkeh.k
fodkl foHkkx osQ lkFk&lkFk iapk;r jkt osQ fuokZfpr vkdka{kh fodkl•aM dk;ZØe
çfrfuf/;ksa dh lHkh mHkjrh çf'k{k.k vko';drkvksa dk z vkdka{kh ftyk dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr osQ ckn o"kZ 2018 esa
fo'ys"k.k] fMtkbu vkSj iwjk djus dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA vkdka{kh fodkl•aM dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZA
xzkeh.k bathfu;fjax ;kstuk z ,slk djus okyk eè;çns'k igyk jkT; cu x;kA
z 20 flrEcj 2022 dks çkjaHk bl ;kstuk dk mís'; xzkeh.k z bldk mís'; fupys Lrj ls ftyksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk gSA
{ks=k osQ ;qokvksa dks vkRefuHkZj cukus osQ fy, dkS'ky vVy fcgkjh oktisbZ lq'kklu ,oa uhfr fo'ys"k.k
çf'k{k.k çnku djuk rkfd os Lo;a fdlh m|e esa layXu laLFkku
gks losQaA çsl foKfIr&dkS'ky fodkl lapkyuky; ls lkHkkj
z bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 2007 esa Hkksiky esa dh xbZ FkhA
eq[;ea=kh fdlku dY;k.k ;kstuk z laLFkku dk eq[; mís'; oSf'od vkSj LFkkuh; lanHkZ esa
z ;kstuk dk çkjaHk 25 flrEcj 2020 ls fd;k x;kA blosQ lq'kklu osQ {ks=k esa ^fFkad VSad* osQ :i esa dke djuk]
varxZr fdlkuksa dks 4000 :i;s çfro"kZ (2000&2000 dh ç'kklfud ç.kkfy;ksa esa lq/kj djuk] lq'kklu osQ vk;keksa dk
nks fd'rksa esa) fn, tk,xsaA çsl foKfIr e-ç- tulaidZ foHkkx fo'ys"k.k djuk] leL;kvksa dh igpku djuk vkSj lek/ku
çnku djuk vkfn gSA
fe'ku xzkeksn;
z bl ;kstuk dk çkjaHk 18 ekpZ 2021 dks fd;k x;kA bldk foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
mís'; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkokl dh miyC/rk lqfuf'pr 1- eè;çns'k esa jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ xBu osQ i'pkr
djkuk gSA çsl foKfIr e-ç- tulaidZ foHkkx
fdruh ckj iapk;r osQ vke fuokZpu gks pqosQ gS\(2019)
LoPN loZs{k.k xzkeh.k 2022 iqjLdkj (a) rhu (b) pkj
z LoPN loZs{k.k xzkeh.k osQ varxZr if'peh {ks=k esa mRÑ"V (c) ikWap (d) N%
dk;Z djus okys jkT;ksa esa eè;çns'k dks çFke LFkku çkIr mÙkj (c)
gqvk gSA çsl foKfIr e-ç- tulaidZ foHkkx 2- buesa ls dkSu eè;çns'k osQ eq[; lfpo ugha jgs gS\(2018)
fe'ku ve`r ljksoj (a) vkj-,l-•Uuk (b) vkj-ih- ukbd
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ty ladV nwj djus vkSj ty lap;u vkSj (c) ih-osQ-ujksUgk (d) ch-osQ-nqcs
laj{k.k dks c<+kok nsus osQ mís'; ls ç/kuea=kh eksnh us 75 mÙkj (c)
ve`r ljksoj fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk 24 vçSy 2022 dks 'kq: 3- eè;çns'k ftyk ;kstuk lfefr vf/fu;e fdl o"kZ ikfjr
dhA çsl foKfIr i=k lwpuk dk;kZy; fd;k x;k% (2018)
lkaln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk (a) 1993 (b) 1997
z çkjaHk (2014) ls vc rd oqQy 118 xzke iapk;rksa dk p;u (c) 1991 (d) 1995
fd;k tk pqdk gSA mÙkj (d)

4- 1999 esa eè;çns'k ftyk ljdkj dh LFkkiuk bl frfFk 3- eè;çns'k esa iapk;rh jkt ij fucU/ fyf•,\ (2009)
dks gqbZ\ (2012) 4- eè;çns'k esa iapk;r jkt vf/fu;e] 1993\ (2012)
(a) 1 ekpZ (b) 1 vçSy
5- uxjfuxe rFkk uxj ikfydk esa D;k varj gS\ es;j&bu&dkSfa ly
(c) 1 twu (d) 1 tuojh
dh lajpuk] vf/dkj ,oa drZO;ksa osQ ckjs esa fyf•,\
mÙkj (b) (2014)
5- tuin iapk;r dk {ks=k gS\ (2010) 6- lsok çkfIr dk vf/dkj D;k gS\ eè;çns'k fo'ks"k osQ lanHkZ
(a) ftyk (b) xkao esa bldh dk;Zç.kkyh dks Li"V dhft,\ (2013)
(c) fodkl•.M (d) ikap xkao
mÙkj (c) vH;kl ç'u
6- eè;çns'k iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e dk çFke o"kZ D;k gS% 1- eè;çns'k esa uxjfuxeksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\
(2010) (a) 19 (b) 16
(a) 1959 (b) 1962 (c) 31 (d) 50
(c) 1965 (d) 1956 mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (b) O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa orZeku esa uxjfuxeksa dh la[;k 16 gSA
7- fuEu dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, rFkk uhps fn;s x;s dwV ls 2- lafo/ku esa 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u osQ ckn] o"kZ --------------esa
lgh mÙkj pqfu,\ (2008)
iapk;rksa osQ fy, pquko djkus okyk igyk jkT;-------------
1- ftyk iapk;r vè;{k vçR;{k fuokZpu ls fuokZfpr FkkA
gksrk gSA
(a) 1991] vka/zçns'k (b) 1990] jktLFkku
2- iapk;rh jkt esa 50 çfr'kr lhVsa efgykvkss osQ fy,
(c) 1994] eè;çns'k (d) 1999] NÙkhlx<+
vkjf{kr gSA
mÙkj (c)
3- ljiap çR;{k fuokZpu ls fuokZfpr gksrk gS%
dwV% O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu 1994 esa
gqvk FkkA bl çdkj eè;çns'k iapk;r osQ pquko djkus okyk
(a) 1 ,oa 2 lgh gSa (b) 1 ,oa 3 lgh gSa
igyk jkT; FkkA
(c) 2 ,oa 3 lgh gSa (d) 1] 2 ,oa 3 lgh gS
mÙkj (d) 3- eè;çns'k esa ,d o"kZ esa xzke lHkk dh de ls de fdruk
cSBosQa cqykbZ tk ldrh gS\
8- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk ny u rks ekU;rk çkIr jk"Vªh; ny gS
(a) rhu (b) pkj
vkSj u gh eè;çns'k jkT; osQ fy, ekU;rk çkIr gS%(2008)
(c) ikWap (d) N%
(a) lektoknh ikVhZ (b) xksaMokuk x.kra=k ikVhZ
(c) cgqtu lekt ikVhZ (d) Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (b) O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa xzke lHkk dh de ls de 4 cSBosQa
vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA ftldh vè;{krk mi&ljiap }kjk dh
9- eè;çns'k esa ftyk ljdkj osQ vf/dkj fdldks fn, x,
gS\ (2000)
tkrh gSA
(a) uxjfuxe (b) ftyk iapk;r 4- eè;çns'k osQ xBu ls igys fdl {ks=k esa iapk;r jkt
(c) ftyk dysDVj (d) ftyk ;kstuk lfefr O;oLFkk ykxw ugha Fkh\
mÙkj (d) (a) egkdkS'ky (b) cqansy•aM
(c) foaè;çns'k (d) eè;Hkkjr
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk) mÙkj (b)
1- xzke Lojkt\ (2012) O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa 1956 ls igys xzke iapk;r vè;kns'k
2- eè;çns'k esa xzke Lojkt O;oLFkk dk ifjp; nhft, osQ rgr iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk dk;Zjr Fkh ysfdu cqansy•.M esa
eè;çns'k esa ftyk iapk;rksa osQ dk;Z\ (2009) iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ykxw ugha FkhA

5- eè;çns'k esa fdruh tuin iapk;rsa gS\ 8- eè;çns'k uxjfuxe vf/fu;e 1956 osQ vuqlkj] vk;qÙkQ
(a) 300&350 (b) 351&400 ,d fuxe dk ________ gksrk gS\
(c) 401&450 (d) 451&500 (a) la;kstd (b) vè;{k
mÙkj (a) (c) eq[; fuxe vf/dkjh (d) eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh
mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa tuinksa dh la[;k 313 gSA buesa lnL;ksa
dh la[;k U;wure 10 vkSj vf/dre 25 gks ldrh gSA O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k osQ uxjh; {ks=kksa esa ç'kklu dk vf/fu;e
e-ç- uxjikfydk vf/fu;e 1956 gS ftls 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u
6- eè;çns'k esa iapk;r lfpo dh fu;qfÙkQ dkSu djrk gS\ }kjk ekU;rk çnku dh xbZA uxjfuxe vk;qÙkQ eq[; dk;Zdkjh
(a) tuin iapk;r (b) xzke iapk;r vf/dkjh gksrk gS ftls jkT; ljdkj fu;qÙkQ djrh gSA
(c) xzke lHkk (d) jkT; ljdkj 9- eè;çns'k esa xzke Lojkt ;kstuk dc çkjaHk gqbZ\
mÙkj (d) (a) 26 tuojh 2000 (b) 1 vçSy 2003
O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k iapk;r ,oa xzkeh.k Lojkt vf/fu;e osQ (c) 31 ekpZ 2002 (d) 26 tuojh 2001
rgr xzke iapk;r dk ç'kklfud vf/dkjh iapk;r lfpo gksrk mÙkj (d)
gS ftldh fu;qfÙkQ jkT; ljdkj djrh gSA O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa iapk;rksa dks etcwr cukus vkSj ljdkjksa
7- xzke lHkk dh cSBd dk la;kstu dkSu djrk gS\ esa lq/kj djus osQ mís'; ls xzke Lojkt vf/fu;e 26 tuojh
2001 dks ikfjr fd;k x;kA
(a) ljiap
10- eè;çns'k esa iapk;r jkt dh fdrus Lrjh; O;oLFkk py
(b) xzke lHkk dk lfpo
jgh gS\
(c) xzke iapk;r dk lfpo
(a) 3 (b) 4
(d) mi ljiap (c) 5 (d) 6
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa xzke lHkk dh de ls de 4 cSBosQa O;k[;k% eè;çæs'k esa 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u osQ varxZr e-ç-
vk;ksftr dh tkrh gS] ftldk la;kstu xzke iapk;r dk lfpo iapk;rh jkt vf/fu;e 1993 ikfjr fd;k x;kA bl vf/fu;e
djrk gS vkSj vè;{krk mi&ljiap }kjk dh tkrh gSA osQ vqulkj eè;çns'k esa f=kLrjh; iapk;rh O;oLFkk ykxw gSA
v v v

Hkkx- 5
eè; çns'k dk bfrgkl
1 eè; çns'k dk çkphu bfrgkl
iqjkik"kk.k ;qx (500]000 bZlk iwoZ & 10]000

bZlk iwoZ)
z ik"kk.k ;qx osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;g ,d
çkxSfrgkfld dky gS tks yxHkx 2-6 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZ
ls ysdj yxHkx 10]000 o"kZ iwoZ rd pykA
z bldh fo'ks"krk iRFkj osQ vkStkjksa dk mi;ksx] f'kdkj djuk
vkSj thfodk osQ çkFkfed lk/u osQ :i esa ,d=khdj.k
rFkk ekuo laLÑfr vkSj lkekftd laxBu osQ çkjafHkd :iksa
dk fodkl gSA
eè; çns'k esa iqjkik"kk.k ;qx
vof/ çkjafHkd iqjkik"kk.k dky eè; iqjkik"kk.k dky Åijh iqjkik"kk.k dky
le; varjky 2-5 yk• & 1-5 yk• o"kZ 1-5 yk• & 35000 bZ-iw 35000 & 10000 bZ-iw
•qnkbZ esa feys midj.k Dyhoj vkSj pkWij LØSilZ CysM] C;wfjUl
lkbV HkhecsVdk (jk;lsu) HkhecsVdk (jk;lsu) HkhecsVdk vkSj vknex<+ (gks'kaxkckn)A
eè; çns'k esa

iqjkik"kk.kdkyhu
LFky
gêðk
HkhecsVdk (neksg)
(jk;lsu)
gFkuksjk
(lhgksj)
vknex<+
(ueZnkiqje)
eè;ik"kk.k ;qx (9]000 bZlk iwoZ & 4]000 bZlk iwoZ)
z bls eè; ik"kk.k ;qx osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z ;g ,d çkxSfrgkfld dky gS tks iqjkik"kk.k ;qx osQ ckn vkSj uoik"kk.k ;qx ls igys dk gSA
z ;g yxHkx 10]000 ls 5]000 o"kZ iwoZ rd iQSyk gqvk FkkA

z euq"; fo'kq¼ :i ls f'kdkj djus vkSj bdêòk djus ls ysdj eNyh idM+us vkSj taxyh ikS/ksa dks bdêòk djus dh vksj ifjofrZr
gks x;kA
z eè; ik"kk.k ;qx osQ midj.k fuekZ.k djuk mYys•uh; fcanq gSaA
eè; çns'k esa eè;ik"kk.kdkyhu LFky
eè; çns'k esa

eè;ik"kk.kdkyhu LFky
vokjk
(eanlkSj) ekjk xqiQk,¡
(flaxjkSyh)
mn;fxjh (fofn'kk)
tkukiko] ikrkyikuh HkhecsVdk] ukxksjh

xqIrs'oj
(bankSj) (jk;lsu)
(ujflaxiqj)
vknex<+] ipe<+h
Åu (•jxksu)
(ueZnkiqje)

1- HkhecsVdk dh isafVax uoik"kk.k ;qx (10000 bZlk iwoZ µ 2200 bZlk iwoZ)
çFke ekbØksfyFk Hkh 1867 esa HkhecsVdk esa •kstk z bls uo ik"kk.k ;qx osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
x;k FkkA
z ;g yxHkx 10]000 ls 4]000 bZlk iwoZ rd iQSyk gqvk

bldh •kst & fo".kq okd.kdj us 1957 esa dh FkhA
FkkA
bldk uke ^HkhecSBdk* ftldk vFkZ gS ^Hkhe dk cSBus z bl vof/ osQ nkSjku] euq";ksa us iQlyksa dh •srh djuk]
dk LFkku*] egkHkkjr ls fy;k x;k gSA i'kqikyu esa layXu gksuk vkSj vf/d tfVy lkekftd
;g ;wusLdks dh fo'o /jksgj LFky (2003) esa Hkh lajpukvksa dk fodkl djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
'kkfey gSA z feêðh osQ crZuksa dk vkfo"dkj] LFkk;h vkoklksa dk fuekZ.k]
HkhecsVdk jkWd 'ksYVj esa Hkkjr dh lcls iqjkuh Kkr vkSj çkS|ksfxdh vkSj f'kYi dkS'ky osQ çkjafHkd :iksa dk
jkWd dyk gSA mn~Hko uoik"kk.k dky dh vU; çeq• fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
;gka osQ 'kSykJ;ksa esa ik, x, fp=k vkWLVªsfy;k osQ dkdkMw
eè; çns'k esa uoik"kk.kdkyhu LFky
jk"Vªh; m|ku esa ik, x, fp=kksa ls dkiQh feyrs&tqyrs gSaA
ekbØksfyFk NksVs] ckjhd :i ls rS;kj fd, x, iRFkj osQ
midj.k gSa tks pded iRFkj ;k vU; fVdkÅ lkexzh ls cus
gksrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx f'kdkj] dkVus vkSj LØSfiax osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vknex<+
z fryokjk ?kkV (tcyiqj)] ,j.k (lkxj)] tVdjk blh

dky dk gSA
z vknex<+
(a) bldh •qnkbZ 1960&1961 esa vkj-ch- tks'kh }kjk ;g ueZnkiqje (gks'kaxkckn) ftys esa fLFkr gSA
dh xbZ FkhA vknex<+ esa yxHkx 18 'kSykJ; gSaA
(b) ;gka oqQÙks osQ lkFk niQuk;k x;k ,d ekuo dadky Hkh fofHkUu dky•aMksa osQ fp=kksa osQ vf/jksi.k osQ dkj.k
feyk gSaA vkJ; Øekad 10 vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
eè; çns'k dk çkphu bfrgkl 187

(Ujjain)
rkezik"kk.k ;qx (2000&900 bZlk iwoZ) eè; çns'k esa rkezik"kk.k LFky
1- dk;Fkk (2000&1300 bZlk iwoZ)
;g mTtSu ftys esa NksVh dkyhfla/ unh osQ rV ij
fLFkr gSA
MkW oh-,l- okd.kdj vkSj ,e-osQ- /oyhdj us 1964
esa bl lkbV dh •kst dh FkhA

2- uoknk Vksyh (1660 bZlk iwoZ)
;g •jxksu ftys osQ egs'oj esa ueZnk unh osQ rV ij
fLFkr gSA
z bls rkez ;qx ;k uoik"kk.k ;qx osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk
gSA
z ;g uoik"kk.k vkSj dkaL; ;qx osQ chp gqvk FkkA
z blesa rkacs osQ vkStkjksa vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk O;kid mi;ksx FkkA
z blus Ñf"k] i'kqikyu] O;kikj usVodZ vkSj vf/d tfVy
lkekftd lajpukvksa osQ fodkl esa çxfr ns•hA
T;ksfr"kh ojkgfefgj dk tUe dk;Fkk esa gqvk FkkA

,p-Mh- ladkfy;k us bl LFky dh •kst dhA d#"k jktoa'k
;gka dkys vkSj yky Hkwjs crZu ik, x,A z euq osQ iq=k d#"k us c?ksy•.M esa d#"k oa'k dh LFkkiuk dhA
;gka tkuojksa dks ikyrw cuk;s tkus osQ lk{; Hkh ekStwn b{okoqQ oa'k
gSaA z bl jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk euq osQ iq=k b{okoqQ us dh FkhA
3- ,j.k (2000&700 bZ-iw-) z b{okoqQ oa'k dk laca/ v;ksè;k 'kgj dh LFkkiuk ls Hkh gS]
çkphu uke vfjfdu FkkA ;g lkxj ftys esa /lku tks mudh jkt/kuh FkhA
unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA
lrh çFkk osQ lk{; Hkh ;gha ls çkIr gq, gSaA
,p-Mh- lka•fy;k us bl LFky dh •kst dhA
eè; çns'k esa vU; LFky

lkbV ftyk }kjk mR•uu fd;k x;k
•sM+hukek gks'kaxkckn
vkojk eUnlkSj oh-,l- ok•aMdj
R;ksaFkj jhok z ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd b{okoqQ oa'k oqQ"kk.k oa'k dk
bUæx< eanlksj Ñ".k nÙk oktisbZ ledkyhu FkkA
eè; çns'k esa oSfnd ;qx (1500&600 bZ-iw-) z le; osQ lkFk b{okoqQ oa'k fofHkUu 'kk•kvksa esa fodflr
gqvk vkSj çkphu Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa iQSy x;kA
z ifj.kkeLo:i] b{okoqQ oa'k osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN Hkh Kkr
gS og ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa vkSj /kfeZd ekU;rkvksa ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA
z b{okoqQ jktk 'kSo Fks vkSj oSfnd laLdkj djrs FksA
z b{okoqQ oa'k osQ iq#oqQRl us jsok unh dks ueZnk uke
fn;kA
bl jktoa'k osQ eqpoqQan us fj{k vkSj ifjik=k ioZr
Jà•ykvksa osQ chp ueZnk osQ rV ij eka/krk uxj

(vksadkjs'oj eka/krk) dh LFkkiuk dhA
z oSfnd ;qx dk lcls çkphu xzUFk ½Xosn gSA

gSg; oa'k
z ;g jktoa'k eq[; :i ls eè; Hkkjr esa orZeku eè; çns'k
z bl dky esa vk;ks± dk çlkj eè; {ks=k rd ugha FkkA
osQ {ks=k ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
z blfy,] orZeku eè; çns'k osQ vuq:i {ks=k ½Xosn esa dksbZ
z gSg; osQ ikS=k ;nq us bl oa'k dh LFkkiuk dhA
mYys• ugha feyrkA
z ;g ;kno oa'k dh ,d 'kk•k gS vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd ;g
z gkyk¡fd 2 'kCn & nf{k.kiFk vkSj jsoksÙkj orZeku eè; çns'k ;nq osQ iq=k gSg; dk oa'kt gSA
ls lEcaf/r ekus tkrs gSaA
z gSg; jktkvksa us rqaMhosQj (neksg)] f=kiqjh] n'kk.kZ (fofn'kk)]
z ;|fi ,srjs; czkã.k esa fu"kkn vkfn tutkfr;ksa dk mYys• vuwi (fuekM+) vkSj vaorh ftyksa dh LFkkiuk dhA
gSA z gSg; oa'k dk lcls çfl¼ 'kkld dkrZoh;Z vtZqu FkkA
os eè; Hkkjr osQ ?kus taxyksa osQ fuoklh ekus tkrs FksA
ohj vkSj çrkih gksus osQ dkj.k mUgsa lgL=kktZqu dh
ftu jktoa'kksa dk mYys• ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa esa feyrk gS] os eè; mikf/ nh xbZA ftlosQ dkj.k mUgsa ¶lgL=kktZqu¸ dh
çns'k esa fo|eku gSaA mikf/ nh xbZA

nf{k.k voarh & jkt/kuh efg"erhA
Hastinapur
Ahichchhatra
Mathura Kampil
KOSALI
VA
TS
dhfrZoh;Z vtZqu@lgL=k vtZqu us orZeku fuekM+ ij A
'kklu fd;k FkkA Kaushambi
mlus i`Foh ij iw.kZr% dCtk dj fy;k vkSj vusd
AVANTI Vidisa
vuq"Bku fd;sA Tripuri
Ujjaini
z varr% gSg; jktoa'k dk iru gks x;k vkSj mldk çkphu
Mashishmati
Hkkjr osQ vU; 'kkld ifjokjksa esa foy; gks x;kA
z voarh egktuin ij gSg; oa'k dk 'kklu Fkk (erL; iqjk.k
eè; çns'k esa egktuin ;qx osQ vuqlkj)A
ckS¼ xzaFk vaxqrkj fudk; vkSj tSu xzaFk Hkxorhlw=k esa z voarh tuin osQ nks vkSj egRoiw.kZ 'kgj & oqQ#?kj]
mfYyf•r egktuinksa dh la[;k 16 FkhA ftuesa ls psfn vkSj lqn'kZuiqj (ckS¼ xzUFk osQ vuqlkj)
vaorh ftys eè; çns'k esa FksA z jkt'kkgh eq[;r% voarh egktuin esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
1- psfn (cqUnsy•.M) z voarh ij ç|ksr oa'k dk 'kklu FkkA
Hamirpur laLFkkid & ç|ksr egklsuk ;k p.M ç|ksrA
Datia Jhansi
Banda og cq¼ osQ ledkyhu FksA
fcfEclkj muosQ ledkyhu FksA

Mahoba Chitrakoot
fcfEclkj us ihfy;k ls ihfM+r ç|ksr osQ bykt osQ fy,

Tikamgarh
Lalitpur Chhattarpur
Uttar Pradesh ,d vk;qoZsfnd fpfdRld thod dks voarh Hkstk FkkA
Madhya Pradesh
Panna iykdk mldk mÙkjkf/dkjh cuk vkSj mlus dkslach ij
fot; çkIr dhA

ç|ksr oa'k dk vafre 'kkld uanho/Zu FkkA
Sagar Damoh
f'k'kqukx us uanho/Zu dks ekj Mkyk vkSj voarh
egktuin dks ex/ esa feyk fy;kA

;g orZeku cqUnsy•.M {ks=k osQ varxZr vkrk gSA egktuin dky osQ vU; {ks=k
jkt/kuh & osQu unh osQ rV ij 'kqfÙkQerhA çkphu uke orZeku
psfn osQ 'kkld f'k'kqiky dk o/ JhÑ".k us fd;k FkkA oRl Xokfy;j
2- voarh (ekyok) psfn •tqjkgks
bldk foLrkj ekyok vkSj fuokj rd FkkA vuwi fuekj
voarh dk igyk mYys• ½Xosn dh ½pk esa feyrk n'kk.kZ fofn'kk
gSA rqaMhosQj neksg
vU; uke% voafrdk] voarhiqjh uyiqj f'koiqjh
bls 2 Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k FkkA
fojkViqjh lksgkxiqj
mÙkj voarh & jkt/kuh mTtf;uhA
ddueB lkaph

eè; çns'k esa ekS;Z jktoa'k z mUgksaus Hkjgqr (lruk) esa ,d Lrwi dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
z ekS;Z jktoa'k ,d çkphu Hkkjrh; lkezkT; Fkk tks pkSFkh bZlk v'kksd osQ f'kykys•
iwoZ ls nwljh 'krkCnh rd iQyk&iQwykA
z :iukFk f'kykys•&tcyiqj@dVuh
z paæxqIr ekS;Z }kjk LFkkfir vkSj v'kksd egku }kjk foLrkfjrA
vysDtsaMj dfua?ke }kjk •kstk x;kA
z ;g Hkkjr osQ igys çeq• lkezkT;ksa esa ls ,d Fkk] tks vius
osQaæhÑr ç'kklu] O;kid {ks=k vkSj ckS¼ /eZ osQ çpkj osQ z xwtZjk f'kykys• & nfr;k
fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA czkãh fyfi esa fy•k x;k gSA
z rkacs vkSj dkaL; osQ flDosQ fofn'kk] f=kiqjh] mTtSu vkSj blesa v'kksd dk uke v'kksd nsoue fi;knLlh 'kkfey
,j.k ls çkIr gq, FksA gSA

z v'kksd (bZlk iwoZ 273 ls bZlk iwoZ 269) z l#ekjks f'kykys• & lhgksj
z ikuxqMfj;k f'kykys• & lhgksj
ekS;Z dky dh okLrqdyk
Lrwi ftyk
lr/kjk Lrwi fofn'kk
va/sj Lrwi fofn'kk
Hkjgqr Lrwi (1873 esa vysDtsaMj dfua?ke }kjk lruk
•kstk x;k)
nsmjdksBkj jhok
lksukjh Lrwi jk;lsu
rqeSu Lrwi v'kksduxj
lkjks ekjks lhgksj
v'kksd voarh dk jkT;iky FkkA
v'kksd us 261 bZlk iwoZ esa dfyax dk ;q¼ yM+k FkkA ekS;Z ;qx osQ ckn (200 bZ-iw-&150 bZLoh)
dfyax Hkkjr esa orZeku vksfM'kk vkSj vka/z çns'k osQ
oqQN fgLlksa esa fLFkr gSA 'kqax jktoa'k (185 bZlk iwoZ ls 75 bZlk iwoZ)
;q¼ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i cM+s iSekus ij tkueky dk
uqdlku gqvk] vuqeku gS fd lSdM+ksa gtkjksa ls ysdj
nl yk• ls vf/d yksx grkgr gq,A
e`R;q vkSj fouk'k osQ iSekus us lezkV v'kksd dks xgjkbZ
ls çHkkfor fd;kA
ckn esa mUgksaus ¶/Ee¸ (/eZ) dh uhfr viukbZA
mUgksaus fofn'kk dh oqQekjnsoh ls fookg fd;kA
mUgksaus vius iq=k oqQ.kky dks mTtSu dk jkT;iky Hkh
fu;qÙkQ fd;k] tgk¡ mUgksaus yxHkx 8 o"kks± rd 'kklu
fd;kA
v'kksd }kjk fuekZ.k
z mUgksaus jk;lsu ftys esa lk¡ph Lrwi dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
z oqQekjnsoh dh Le`fr esa v'kksd us oS'; Vsdjh] mTtSu esa
,d Lrwi cuok;kA

z 'kqax lkezkT; (;k 'kqax lkezkT;) ,d ex/ jktoa'k gS ftlus
yxHkx 185 ls 75 bZlk iwoZ rd mÙkj&eè; vkSj iwohZ
Hkkjr osQ lkFk&lkFk mÙkj&if'pe (vc ikfdLrku) osQ oqQN
fgLlksa dks fu;af=kr fd;k FkkA Bhutan
z bldh LFkkiuk Hkkjrh; ekS;Z lkezkT; osQ iru osQ ckn dh
xbZ FkhA
z 'kqaxksa dh jkt/kuh ikVfyiq=k FkhA Burma
z iq";fe=k 'kqax (184&149 bZLoh)
mudh igyh jkt/kuh ex/ (ikVfyiq=k) FkhA
iq";fe=k 'kqax viuh nwljh jkt/kuh osQ :i esa viuh
jktèkkuh dks ikVfyiq=k ls fofn'kk esa LFkkukarfjr dj

fn;kA
dkfynkl & ekyfodkfXufe=k esa iq";fe=k vkSj mldh
çsfedk ekyfodk dk o.kZu feyrk gSA

z xkSrehiq=k 'kkrd.khZ (106 & 130 bZLoh ;k 86 & 110
bZLoh)
ekyok vkSj vuqiiqj ij 'kklu fd;kA
mlosQ lhls osQ flDosQ mTtSu ls çkIr gq, gSaA
eè; çns'k esa xqIr jktoa'k
z vfXufe=k (149µ141 bZLoh) Taxila

mUgsa fofn'kk osQ jkT;iky osQ :i esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k
FkkA Mathura
dkfynkl us buosQ njckj esa viuh vkthfodk 'kq: fd
Ayodhya
GUPTA EMPIRA Pragiyotisapura
vkSj ekyfodkfXufe=ke fy•kA Prayaga Pataliputra
Ujjayani
,aVh;kydhM~l us gsfy;ksMksjl dks vfXufe=k osQ njckj
Girinagara
esa HkstkA
Pistapura
mUgksaus fofn'kk esa x#.k LraHk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
x#.k LraHk Hkxoku fo".kq dks lefiZr gSA Kanclpuram
lkrokgu jktoa'k (igyh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls rhljh

'krkCnh bZLoh rd)
z lkrokgu] ftUgsa iqjk.kksa esa vka/z Hkh dgk x;k gS] nDdu
{ks=k esa fLFkr ,d çkphu Hkkjrh; jktoa'k FksA z xqIr lkezkT; 320 vkSj 550 bZLoh osQ chp mÙkjh] eè;
z laLFkkid% fleqd ;k flanqd vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa iQSyk FkkA
z bl jktoa'k osQ flDosQ f=kiqjh] nsokl vkSj mTtSu ls çkIr z bls vDlj ¶Hkkjr dk Lo.kZ ;qx¸ dgk tkrk gSA
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA z laLFkkid & JhxqIr (rhljh 'krkCnh osQ var esa)
z lkaph }kj f'kykys• ls irk pyrk gS fd 'kkrd.khZ ekyok jhok osQ lqfi;k f'kykys• osQ vuqlkj xqIr oa'k dk
ij 'kklu djrk FkkA laLFkkid ?kVksRdp gSA

z leqæxqIr (335 ls 370 bZLoh) dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus gw.kksa dks gjk;k vkSj vius
mUgsa Hkkjr osQ usiksfy;u (oh , fLeFk }kjk) osQ :i lkezkT; dh mÙkjh lhekvksa dh j{kk dhA
esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
'kh"kZd & dfojkt
muosQ flDosQ voarh] ,j.k (lkxj) vkSj vuwiiqj ckeukyk
(•jxksu)] vkSj ldkSj (neksg) ftyksa ls çkIr fd, x,

FksA
mUgksaus fofn'kk osQ 'kd 'kkld osQ Jh/j oekZ dks gjk;k
vkSj mudh thr osQ miy{; esa lkxj osQ ,j.k esa ,d
Lekjd dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
,j.k vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku LokHkksxukjk osQ uke ls
oqQekjxqIr çFke dks cM+h la[;k esa lksus osQ flDosQ
çfl¼ FksA tkjh djus osQ fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk Fkk] ftlesa fofHkUu
nsorkvksa] çrhdksa vkSj fdaonafr;ksa dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k
mUgksaus #ælsu r`rh; ('kd 'kkld) dks gjk;kA
Fkk tks fuekM+ (ckeukyk) ls çkIr fd, x, FksA
nqtZuiqj f'kykys• (fofn'kk) n'kkZrk gS fd leqæxqIr dh
e`R;q osQ ckn] mldk cM+k csVk jkexqIr 'kkld cu x;kA v'kksduxj esa rqesu f'kykys•ks esa leqæxqIr çFke }kjk
z pUæxqIr f}rh; (375&415 bZLoh) lw;Z eafnj osQ fuekZ.k dks Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
xqIr dky osQ egRoiw.kZ f'kykys•
1- eanlkSj f'kykys•
bls oRlHkêðh us laLÑr Hkk"kk esa fy•k FkkA
;g xqIr dky osQ js'ke cqudjksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh
nsrk gSA
;g oqQekj xqIr osQ 'kkludky vkSj LFkkuh; jkT;ikyksa
muosQ njckj osQ ohjlsu us mn;fxfj dh igkfM+;ksa esa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA
f'kykys• •qnok;kA blesa ;'kkso/Zu }kjk gw.kksa dh ijkt; dk mYys• gSA
pUæxqIr f}rh; us mTtSu dks viuh nwljh jkt/kuh 2- ,j.k f'kykys• (lkxj)
?kksf"kr fd;kA blesa lrh çFkk dk çFke lk{; mYysf•r gS ftls
mikf/&foØekfnR; HkkuqxqIr f'kykys• osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

mUgksaus mTtSu esa 'kdksa osQ lkezkT; dks u"V dj fn;k bl LFky ij 5&6oha lnh osQ xqIrdkyhu eafnj vkSj
vkSj ¶'kadjh¸ dh mikf/ çkIr dhA Lekjd gSaA
bldk mYys• fo'kk•nÙk & ¶pUæ xkSre¸ esa
3- bankSj osQ rkez f'kykys•
feyrk gSA
bldk laca/ 465 ls 466 bZlk iwoZ osQ LdanxqIr ls gSA
fo'kk•knÙk us nsohpaæxqIre Hkh fy•kA
blesa ;g Hkh mYys• gS fd LdanxqIr us rsy fuekZrkvksa
og vius 9 jRuksa & dkfynkl (njckjh dfo)]
osQ ,d la?k dks lgk;rk nh FkhA
csrkyHkêð] ojkgfefgj] /Uoarfj] vejflag]
oj#fp] ?kV•iZj] {kiud] 'kaoqQ osQ lkFk mTtSu 4- lqfi;k f'kykys• (jhok)
esa fojkteku FksA blesa ?kVksRdp dks Xokfy;j dk 'kkld crk;k x;k gSA
pUæxqIr f}rh; osQ ckn oqQekj xqIr xíh ij cSBkA ;g LdanxqIr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA
z oqQekj xqIr çFke (415&455 bZLoh) 5- nqtZuiqj f'kykys• (fofn'kk)

eanlkSj f'kykys• (n'kiqj) n'kkZrk gS fd ;g {ks=k ;g leqæxqIr osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh jkexqIr osQ ckjs esa
oqQekjxqIr çFke osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkkA tkudkjh nsrk gSA

xqIr dky osQ nkSjku egRoiw.kZ okLrqdyk
okLrqdyk fo'ks"krk,¡
fo".kq eafnj frxok z ;gka dadkyh eafnj ik;k tkrk gSA
z ;g Hkxoku fo".kq dks lefiZr gSA
f'ko eafnj & z ;g lruk ftys esa fLFkr gSA
Hkwejk vkSj •ksy z bls HkjoqQys'oj eafnj osQ uke ls Hkh
Aulikara
tkuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g 5 oha vkSj 6 Maitraka Empire
oha 'krkCnh dk gSA Dynasty
ikoZrh eafnj & z ;s eafnj xqIr dky ls tqM+s vt;x<+] (Feudatories)
upuk dksBkj iUuk esa fLFkr gSaA
mn;fxfj xqiQk,a z ;s xqiQk,a xqIr dky ls tqM+h gSa vkSj 5
oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ osQ 'kq#vkrh o"kZ
dh gSa vkSj blesa oS".kookn] 'kSo /eZ
vkSj 'kfÙkQokn dh vkbduksxzkiQh gSA
z ca/qoekZ (426 bZLoh&515 bZLoh)
z bl LFky ij paæxqIr f}rh; osQ
muosQ eanlkSj f'kykys• gesa lwfpr djrs gSa fd og xqIr
'kkludky ls ysdj oqQekj xqIr rd
dh vof/ ls lacaf/r xqIr oa'k osQ lezkV oqQekjxqIr çFke osQ lkear FksA
;g muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku Fkk] nliqj esa js'ke
f'kykys• Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
z ;gka 20 xqiQk,a gSa & 18 fganw vkSj 2 cqudjksa osQ fxYM }kjk lw;Z dks lefiZr ,d eafnj dk
tSu xqiQk,aA fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA
bl eafnj dk th.kkZs¼kj 473 bZLoh esa fd;k x;k FkkA
xqIr dky osQ nkSjku eè; çns'k osQ vU; jktoa'k z ;'kks/eZu (515&545 bZLoh)
z ukx jktoa'k (300&400 bZLoh) 'kh"kZd & jktkf/jkt] ijes'oj] tusaæA
blus oqQ"kk.k oa'k osQ iru osQ ckn mÙkj eè; Hkkjr osQ ekyo laor (532&533 bZLoh) osQ eanlkSj f'kykys•
{ks=kksa ij 'kklu fd;kA
(n'kiqj) esa ;'kks/eZu dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
o`"k.kn bl jktoa'k osQ laLFkkid FksA
blesa fefgjoqQy ij ;'kks/eZu dh fot; ntZ gSA
fofn'kk ls muosQ flDosQ Hkh çkIr gq,A
bl thr osQ ckn mUgksaus •qn dks ekyok dk Lora=k
çkjaHk esa] os eFkqjk (mÙkj çns'k) esa 'kklu djrs
Fks] ysfdu Hkheukx us jkt/kuh iÁkorh (iok;k) esa 'kkld ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
LFkkukarfjr dj nh tks Xokfy;j esa ekStwn gSA
Hkhe ukx osQ ckn x.kifr ukx flagklu ij cSBsA
xqIr jktk leqæxqIr osQ bykgkckn f'kykys• esa dgk
x;k gS fd mlus x.kifr&ukx dks gjk;k FkkA

x.kifr&ukx vafre ukx jktk FksA
z vkSfydj jktoa'k (350 bZLoh ls 550 bZLoh)

os xqIr jktk osQ lkear FksA
mudh jkt/kuh n'kiqj (eanlkSj) FkhA
bl oa'k osQ laLFkkid t;oekZ FksA
muosQ iq=k flagoekZ muosQ mÙkjkf/dkjh cus] ftuosQ ckn
ujoekZ us liQyrk gkfly dhA

ujoekZ dk mÙkjkf/dkjh muosQ iq=k fo'ooekZ FksA
muosQ iq=k ca/qoekZ us mudk LFkku fy;kA

z ifjozktd jktoa'k (5oha 'krkCnh bZLoh& NBh 'krkCnh gfLru ,d 'kSo Fks] tSlk fd muosQ Hkwekjk f'kykys•
bZLoh) }kjk crk;k x;k gS] tks mUgsa egknso osQ pj.kksa esa è;ku
bl oa'k us iUuk osQ ikl cqansy•aM esa 'kklu fd;kA djus osQ :i esa of.kZr djrk gSA
mudh lÙkk dk osQaæ ukxkSn@iUuk ekuk tkrk FkkA
z la{kksHk (518 ls 528 bZLoh)
blls igys mUgksaus xqIr lkezkT; osQ lkearksa osQ :i esa
egkjktk le{kksHk (;k la{kksHk) vius firk gfLru osQ
'kklu fd;kA
mÙkjkf/dkjh cus]
bl oa'k osQ jktk egkjktk dh mikf/ dks lq'kksfHkr
mUgksaus /kfeZd ;ksX;rk osQ fy, Hkwfe vuqnku Hkh fn;kA
djrs gSaA
•ksg f'kykys• 'kkldksa osQ dkyØe osQ ckjs esa fooj.k mUgksaus :f<+oknh o.kZ vkSj vkJe O;oLFkk dks cuk,
çnku djrs gSa tks jktk gfLru ls 'kq: gksrk gSA j•kA
z gfLru (475 ls 517 bZLoh) muosQ rkezi=k f'kykys• cSrwy ls vkSj nwljk •ksg ls
gfLru nson;k osQ iq=k FksA çkIr fd;k x;k FkkA

og ,d /ekZFkZ jktk Fkk vkSj czkã.kksa dks xk;] ?kksM+s]
blesa f=kiqjh çkar osQ oqQN xkaoksa esa muosQ }kjk fn, x,
gkFkh] lksuk vkSj Hkwfe nku djrk FkkA nku dk mYys• fd;k x;k gSA
gfLru xqIr jktkvksa cq/xqIr] oS";xqIr] HkkuqxqIr vkSj
tcyiqj ftys dk ,d cM+k fgLlk muosQ jkT; esa
laHkor% ujflagxqIr osQ ledkyhu jgs gksaxsA
'kkfey FkkA
muosQ vU; f'kykys•ksa esa e>xko vkSj tcyiqj f'kykys•
la{kksHk laHkor% bl oa'k dk vafre 'kkld FkkA
'kkfey gSaA
z eS=kd jktoa'k (475 & 776 bZLoh)
Kash
mir
Hunas 590 AD
Punjab
Shtanvisvara
Pu
sh
ya
Mathura aris
kh Ayodhya
b
Mau
hu
Sindh s
Varman
tis
Kannauj Late Guptas

VidshaPrayaga Pataliputra
a lwa
Maitrakas M
Kalach Samatat
Ujjain uris
Valabhi
Bharukaccha Tamralipti
Ajanta a
ling
Ka Core area of the late Gupa
Vengi empire
Chalukyas Core area of the Maukhari
dynasty
Revatidvipa Core area of the Pushyabhuti
Pallavas dynasty
Core area of theMaitraka
Kanchipuram dynasty
Core areas of the Chalukya
Cheras as
y dynasty of Badami
a nd Core area of the Pallava
P dynasty

eS=kd oa'k us if'peh Hkkjr (vc xqtjkr) ij 'kklu mlus vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj if'peh ekyok (jryke
fd;kA f'kykys•) rd fd;kA
mudh jkt/kuh oYyHkh esa FkhA
o/Zu oa'k
xqIr lkezkT; osQ iru osQ ckn] eS=kd oa'k dh LFkkiuk
(lkekU;) Hkêðkjd us dh FkhA z ujo/Zu (500&525 bZLoh)

z Hkêðkjd (470 bZLoh&492 bZLoh) og bl jktoa'k dk laLFkkid FkkA
og xqIr lkezkT; osQ rgr lkSjk"Vª dk ,d lSU; xouZj bl oa'k osQ vU; 'kkld jkT;o/Zu] vkfnR;o/Zu vkSj
FkkA çHkkdjo/Zu FksA

mUgksaus lsukifr (lkekU;) dh mikf/ dk ç;ksx fd;kA çHkkdjo/Zu dh iq=kh jkT;Jh dk fookg dUukSt osQ
z f'kykfnR; I /ekZfnR; (595&bZLoh- 615 bZLoh) ekS•fj oa'k osQ 'kkld x`goekZ ls gqvk FkkA
/jlsuk f}rh; dk mÙkjkf/dkjh f'kykfnR; çFke /ekZfnR;
ey; jktk nsoxqIr us ekS•fj osQ jkT; ij vkØe.k dj
gqvk] ftlus egkf/jkt dh mikf/ dk ç;ksx fd;kA x`goekZ dh gR;k dj nh vkSj jkT;Jh dks canh cuk
muosQ iq=k] vxys 'kkld f'kykfnR; çFke /ekZfnR; dk
fy;kA
o.kZu Þosu Rlkax us fd;k Fkk] tks 640 bLoh esa vk,
Fks] ¶egku ç'kklfud {kerk vkSj nqyZHk n;kyqrk z jkT;o/Zu (525µ555 bZLoh)
vkSj d#.kk osQ lezkV¸A jkT;o/Zu us dUukSt ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj nsoxqIr dks
f'kykfnR; çFke dk mÙkjkf/dkjh mldk NksVk HkkbZ ijkftr dj mldk o/ dj fn;kA

•jxzg çFke FkkA ml le; nsoxqIr osQ fe=k xkSM+ jktk 'k'kkad us
•jxzg çFke osQ fonhZ rkezi=k vuqnku (616 bZLoh) ls fo'okl?kkr djosQ jkT;o/Zu dh gR;k dj nhA
lkfcr gksrk gS fd mlosQ {ks=kksa esa mTtSu Hkh 'kkfey FkkA jkT;o/Zu dh e`R;q osQ ckn] g"kZo¼Zu xíh ij cSBkA
z g"kZo/Zu (606µ647 bZLoh)

g"kZo¼Zu us ueZnk osQ nf{k.kh rV ij nsoxqIr dh gR;k ikgsok f'kykys•ksa esa fefgjHkkst dh vafre frfFk 884
dj nh vkSj cnyk fy;kA bZLoh osQ :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA
g"kZo¼Zu 16 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 606 bZLoh esa Fkkus'oj cyoeZu Hkkst osQ lkear osQ :i esa dkfB;kokM+ esa 'kklu
dh xíh ij cSBkA
dj jgk FkkA
g"kZ us viuh jkt/kuh Fkkus'oj ls dUukSt LFkkukarfjr
lkxjrky f'kykys• (Xokfy;j) esa muosQ 'kklu osQ ckjs
dj nhA
g"kZpfjr esa eè; çns'k esa mlosQ lkezkT; osQ foLrkj esa fooj.k feyrk gSA
dk mYys• gSA Xokfy;j esa prqHkZqt eafnj Hkh muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku
mUgsa dke:i osQ 'kkld HkkLdjoekZ ls fe=krk djus dk cuk;k x;k FkkA
çLrko feyk] ftls g"kZ us Lohdkj dj fy;kA vjc ;k=kh lqyseku us Hkh vius 'kkludky osQ nkSjku
,gksy f'kykys• esa ueZnk osQ rV ij g"kZo¼Zu vkSj Hkkjr dk nkSjk fd;kA
iqyosQf'ku ;q¼ dk mYys• gSA
z egsaæ iky çFke (885&910 bZLoh)
xqtZj & çfrgkj oa'k (730&1036 bZLoh)
z jktk gfj'paæ
laLFkkid & jktk gfj'paæ
mUgksaus vjcksa dks gjk;k vkSj ekyok dks eqfLye vkØe.k
ls cpk;kA
og nfUrnqxZ ls ijkftr gqvkA
z ukxHkêð çFke (730&760 bZLoh)

xqtZj çfrgkjksa dh ,d 'kk•k ukxHkêð çFke }kjk ekyok
esa LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh ftlus mTtSu ij 'kklu fd;k FkkA

mudh jkt/kuh mTtSu FkhA
egsaæiky dk tUe Hkkst dh iRuh paæHkêðkfjdk nsoh
Xokfy;j vfHkys• osQ vuqlkj mlus efyp dks ijkftr
ls gqvk FkkA
fd;kA mUgsa egsaæikynso] egsaæiky] egsaæ;q¼ vkSj efg"kkikynso
ukxHkêð çFke us 8oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk ls vjc

tSls vU; uke feysA
vkØe.kdkfj;ksa tquSn dks fla/] xqtjkr] dkfB;kokM+] muosQ njckjh dfo jkt'ks•j us mUgsa fuHkZ;jkt]
ekyok vkSj jktiwrkuk esa gjk;kA fuHkZ;usaæ dh mikf/;ksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k gSA
z ukxHkêð f}rh; (800&833 bZLoh) egsaæ iky us iky jktk nsoiky osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh
mUgksaus dUukSt esa xqtZj&çfrgkj 'kk•k dh LFkkiuk dh ukjk;.kiky dks ijkftr fd;k vkSj viuk vf/dkj
vkSj ;s mTtSu osQ xqtZj&çfrgkj oa'k osQ pkSFks 'kkld FksA LFkkfir fd;kA
jkt/kuh dks mTtSu ls dUukSt LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA çflí fo}ku jkt 'ks•j buds ledkyhu gSaA
z fefgjHkkst (836µ885 bZLoh) z nsoiky (948&954 bZLoh)

'kh"kZd& fefgj (lkxjrky ç'kfLr)] çHkkl (nkSyriqj
nsoiky nafrnqxZ dk ledkyhu FkkA
f'kykys•)
pansy 'kkld ;'kksoeZu us dkfyatj dks nsoiky ls Nhu
fefgj Hkkst osQ f'kykys• Xokfy;j vkSj lkxj ls çkIr
fy;kA
gq, ftlesa mUgsa vkfnojkg vkSj çHkkl dk 'kh"kZd fn;k
bl oa'k dk vafre 'kkld 1036 bZLoh esa ;'kiky FkkA
x;k gSA
10oha 'krkCnh esa xqtZj çfrgkj oa'k osQ lkearksa us ,d
bl f'kykys• esa ml le; osQ LFkkuh; ç'kklu vkSj
O;kikj dk fooj.k Hkh gSA Lora=k jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA

vf/dka'k fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd lj;w ikj dk dypqjh cqUnsy•.M esa pansy] ekyok esa ijekj vkSj f=kiqjh
oa'k fefgjHkkst osQ v/hu FkkA esa dypqjh FksA

eè; çns'k esa pansy jktoa'k •tqjkgks esa eraxs'oj eafnj dk fuekZ.k g"kZnso us djok;k
pansy jktoa'k us 9oha vkSj 13oha 'krkCnh osQ FkkA
chp •tqjkgks (•tqjokgd) esa jkt/kuh osQ lkFk bl eafnj esa 9 iQhV Åapk f'kofyax gSA
cqansy•.M {ks=k (tstkdHkqfÙkQ) osQ vf/dka'k fgLls mikf/;k¡ & ije Hkêðkjd egkjktkf/jkt ijes'ojA
ij 'kklu fd;kA z ;'kksoeZu (925&950 bZLoh)

pansyksa us çkjaHk esa xqtZj çfrgkjksa osQ lkear osQ :i esa
mUgsa y{koeZu osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS
'kklu fd;kA mUgksaus pansyksa dks ,d laçHkq 'kfÙkQ osQ :i esa LFkkfir
uUuqd (831&845 bloh) bl jktoa'k dk laLFkkid
fd;k
FkkA mlus vkSipkfjd :i ls xqtZj&çfrgkjksa dh v/hurk
z uUuqd (831&845 bZLoh) Lohdkj dhA
uUuqd •tqjkgks osQ vklikl osQfUær ,d NksVs ls {ks=k
mUgksaus •tqjkgks esa y{e.k eafnj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
dk 'kkld FkkA
;'kksoeZu dk mÙkjkf/dkjh /axnso gqvkA
mUgsa paæksn; ½f"k dk oa'kt Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
¶uUuqd osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh okDifr us dbZ 'k=kqvksa dks
gjk;kA
okDifr osQ nks iq=k t;'kfÙkQ (tstk) vkSj fot;'kfÙkQ
(fotk) gSaA
z /axnso (950&999 bZLoh)
z t;'kfÙkQ vkSj fot;'kfÙkQ (865&882 vkSj 882&889)

t;'kfÙkQ vkSj fot;'kfÙkQ us pansy 'kfÙkQ dks laxfBr
fd;kA
pansy {ks=k dk uke ¶tstkdHkqfÙkQ¸ osQ uke ij j•k
x;k FkkA
fot;'kfÙkQ dk mÙkjkf/dkjh jkfgy dks gqvkA jkfgy
bUgsa /uxk osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS
dk mÙkjkf/dkjh g"kZ cukA g"kZnso ;k Jhg"kZ osQ uke 'kh"kZd & dyatkjkf/ifr] egkjktkf/jkt
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus dkfyatj dks viuh çkjafHkd jkt/kuh cuk;k
mUgksaus dypqjh lkezkT; osQ lkFk vius laca/ c<+kus osQ ysfdu ckn esa •tqjkgks esa LFkkukarfjr dj fn;kA
fy, viuh csVh gêðk dk fookg dypqjh jktoa'k osQ mUgksaus vkSipkfjd :i ls pansy laçHkqrk dh LFkkiuk dh
dksDdy çFke ls dj fn;kA muosQ jkT; dh lhek dkfyatj ls ekyo unh (csrok)]
z Jh g"kZ (905&925 bZLoh) ekyo unh ls dkfyanh] dkfyanh ls psfn vkSj psfn rd
g"kZnso] g"kZoeZu osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA FkhA
mUgksaus ,d laçHkq 'kfÙkQ osQ :i esa pansyksa osQ mn; dk xksijkMh (Xokfy;j) dks mlus lqcqÙkQxhu osQ fo#¼
ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA t;iky dks lSU; lgk;rk Hkh HksthA

mUgksaus •tqjkgks esa fo'oukFk vkSj ik'oZukFk eafnjksa muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] Xokfy;j osQ dPNi?kkVksa
dk fuekZ.k djk;kA (tks pansyksa osQ lkear Fks) us pansyksa osQ çfr viuh fu"Bk
mUgksaus xaxk vkSj ;equk osQ ifo=k laxe ij viuk 'kjhj NksM+uk 'kq: dj fn;kA
R;kx fn;kA fot;iky osQ ckn dbZ detksj pansy 'kkld vk;sA
/axnso dk mÙkjkf/dkjh mldk iq=k xaMnso gqvkA z dhfrZoeZu (1060&1100 bZLoh)

z xaMnso (999&1002 bZLoh) og fot;iky dk cM+k HkkbZ FkkA
mUgksaus osQoy 15 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;kA egksck osQ dhjrlkxj dk fuekZ.k buosQ 'kkludky esa
mUgksaus txnEck vkSj fp=kxqIr eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA

djk;kA mlus lksus osQ flDosQ pyk;sA
xaMnso dk mÙkjkf/dkjh fo|k/j gqvkA z enuoeZu (1128&1164 bZLoh)

z fo|k/j (1003&1035 bZLoh) mlosQ 'kkludky osQ 13 vfHkys•ksa esa ls Ng vfHkys•
mlus pEcy vkSj ueZnk unh osQ chp jkT; dk foLrkj

vt;x<+] •tqjkgks ls feys gSaA
fd;kA mlosQ pk¡nh osQ flDosQ Hkh jhok ftys esa ik;s x;sA
mUgksaus danfj;k egknso eafnj vkSj fp=kxqIr eafnj mUgksaus psfn oa'k osQ jktk xk;d.kZ ls Hkh ;q¼ fd;kA
dk fuekZ.k fd;kA mlus vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj mÙkj esa ;equk unh]
nf{k.k esa ueZnk unh] iwoZ esa jhok {ks=k vkSj nf{k.k
if'pe esa csrok unh rd fd;kA
z ijefnZnso (1165&1202 bZLoh)
og pansy oa'k dk vafre 'kfÙkQ'kkyh 'kkld FkkA
mikf/ & nf{k.kkf/ifr
txfud ijefnZnso osQ njckjh dfo Fks ftUgksaus vkYgk•.M
vkSj ijeky jklks dh jpuk dhA

vius 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] i`Fohjkt pkSgku us 1182
mlosQ 'kklu dky esa okLrqdyk vius pje ij igq¡p esa dkfyatj esa pansyksa osQ jkT; ij geyk fd;kA
x;hA ijefnZnso us dk;jrkiwoZd vkJ; fy;k vkSj lsuk dk
mlus egewn xtuoh osQ vkØe.k osQ le; 'kgj ls

usr`Ro vkYgk vkSj mny us fd;kA
Hkkxus dh dk;jrk dh ltk osQ :i esa dUukSt osQ os cgqr cgknqjh ls yM+s ysfdu nqHkkZX; ls gkj x,A
çfrgkj jktk&jkT;iky dh gR;k dj nhA ijefnZ nso dks 1203 esa oqQrqc&mn&nhu&,scd osQ
mUgksaus ijekj 'kkld jktk Hkkst vkSj f=kiqjh 'kkld geys dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+k ftlosQ lkeus mUgksaus
xkaxs;nso dks gjk;kA vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA
vykmíhu f•yth us bl jktoa'k dks oLrqr% lekIr
fo|k/j osQ ckn fot;iky gqvkA
z fot;iky (1035&1050 bZLoh) dj fn;k Fkk] gkyk¡fd] bl jktoa'k dh vafre egRoiw.kZ

oa'kt dkfyatj dh pansy jktoqQekjh Fkha & jkuh nqxkZorh]
ftudk fookg xksaMokuk jktk nyir 'kkg ls gqvk FkkA
z f=kyksD;oeZu (1203&1250 bZLoh)
mlosQ 'kklu dky osQ vkB vfHkys• jhok ftys esa
feyrs gSaA
mlus rqdks± dks ijkftr dj dkfyatj dks iqu% thr
fy;kA

mlus jhok ij dCtk dj fy;k vkSj c?ksy•.M ij eafnjksa dk iwohZ lewg
dCtk dj fy;kA
okeu eafnj
mlosQ 'kklu dky esa lksus vkSj rkacs osQ flDosQ Hkh z okeu eafnj Hkxoku fo".kq osQ ikaposa vorkj dks lefiZr
pyk;s x;sA gS vkSj bldk fuekZ.k 1050&75 osQ chp gqvk FkkA
=kSyksD;oeZu osQ ,d vf/dkjh vkuan us Hkhy vkSj 'kcj z bl eafnj esa oqQN dkeqd uDdk'kh vkSj blosQ f'k•j ij
tutkfr;ksa dks gjk;kA pkj Hkqtkvksa okys •M+s Hkxoku fo".kq gSaA
vkSj ckn esa mUgsa vt;x<+ fdys dk ç'kkld fu;qÙkQ tokjh eafnj
fd;k x;kA
z 1075 vkSj 1100 osQ chp fufeZr] tokjh eafnj ,d Åaps
fVIi.kh pcwrjs ij •M+k gS vkSj bldk f'k•j Åapk gSA
z T;ksfrjkfnR; ,e- flaf/;k us 26 tqykbZ 2023 dks •tqjkgks z bldk uktqd uDdk'khnkj edj rksj.k esgjkc ml ;qx osQ
esa gsyh lfeV 2023 vkSj UDAN 5.2 dk mn~?kkVu yksxksa osQ iRFkj ij uDdk'kh dkS'ky dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k
fd;kA gSA
z ;g cSBd Hkkjr dh G20 vè;{krk osQ ,d Hkkx osQ :i
ik'oZukFk eafnj
esa fnlacj 2022 esa •tqjkgks esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA
z ;g eafnj mu oqQN iqjkus eafnjksa esa ls ,d gS ftudk fuekZ.k
pansy oa'k osQ nkSjku okLrqdyk 'kgn osQ jax osQ cyqvk iRFkj dk mi;ksx djosQ fd;k x;k
FkkA
z ;g tSu eafnj 950&970 osQ chp cuk;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu
blesa oS".ko vkLFkk osQ nsorkvksa] Hkxoku fo".kq dh Nfo;ka
Hkh gSaA
vkfnukFk eafnj] 'kkafrukFk eafnj] ?kaVkbZ eafnj vkSj czãk
eafnj egRoiw.kZ okLrqdyk vkSj ,sfrgkfld fo'ks"krkvksa okys bl
lewg osQ oqQN vU; eafnj gSaA
eafnjksa dk nf{k.kh lewg
z nwYgknso eafnj
z •tqjkgks osQ eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k pansy oa'k osQ 'kkldksa }kjk
eafnj dks oqQ¡oj eB osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj
fd;k x;k Fkk ftUgksaus •tqjkgks esa 10 ls 13oha 'krkCnh rd
nqyk 'kCn nwYgs osQ eafnj dh /kj.kk ls tqM+k gSA
'kklu fd;k FkkA
lcls Åijh f'k•j ij mM+rh vkdk'kok.kh bl eafnj dh
z vke •twj & •tqjk & osQ dkj.k gh •tqjkgks dks bldk lcls çHkko'kkyh fo'ks"krk, gSaA
uke fn;k x;k gSaA
eafnj dh efgyk vkÑfr;ksa osQ uDdk'khnkj vkHkw"k.kksa esa
z •tqjkgks dh çfl¼ dkeqd ewfrZ;k¡ lHkh ewfrZ;ksa dk osQoy vn~Hkqr dykRed dkS'ky ns•k tk ldrk gSA
10» gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd eafnj dk fuekZ.k 1100&1150
z •tqjkgks osQ eafnj fganw osQ lkFk&lkFk tSu /eZ ls Hkh osQ chp gqvk FkkA
lacaf/r gSaA z prqHkZqt eafnj
z ewy 85 eafnjksa esa ls osQoy 20 gh le; osQ fouk'k ls ;g eafnj •tqjkgks dk ,dek=k eafnj gS ftlesa ,d Hkh
cp ik, gSaA dkeqd ewfrZ ugha gSA

z lfn;ksa rd misf{kr jgus osQ ckn 1850 osQ n'kd esa eafnj osQ ços'k }kj ij xaxk vkSj tequk dh lqanj uDdk'kh
•tqjkgks osQ eafnjksa dks fiQj ls •kstk x;kA dh xbZ gSA

;gka Hkxoku fo".kq dh ,d vn~Hkqr ewfrZ Hkh gS ftls xqtjkr osQ lh;d f'kykys• esa mYys• gS fd og ijekj
ns•dj ,slk yxrk gS tSls Hkxoku ckgj vkdj vius oa'k dk igyk Lora=k 'kkld FkkA
HkÙkQksa dks vk'khokZn nsus okys gSaA mlosQ le; esa jk"VªdwV nf{k.k esa osQafær Fks] ftldk
eè; çns'k esa ijekj jktoa'k (800&1100 bZLoh) ykHk mBkdj mlus Lo;a dks Lora=k ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
z ijekj oa'k dh mRifÙk 9oha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZ¼Z esa mTtSu mlus jk"VªdwV jkt/kuh eU;•sr ij Hkh vkØe.k fd;kA
vkSj /kj osQ ekyok {ks=k esa ekuh tkrh gSA lh;d f}rh; us êgkjktkf/jktifr* rFkk êgkeaMfyd
z misUæ jkt (Ñ".k jkt) (9oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr) pwM+kef.k* tSlh mikf/;k¡ /kj.k dhaA
og bl jktoa'k dk laLFkkid FkkA ûolkglkadpfjr* esa ^lh;d f}rh;* dh fot;ksa dk
jktuhfrd fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkdj og ^vofUr* dk foLr`r mYys• gSA
'kkld cukA mlus ^gw.kksa* dks Hkh gjk;kA
mn;iqj ç'kfLr Hkh mUgha dks lefiZr gSA
z eqat@okDifr f}rh; (972&990 bZLoh)
mudh jkt/kuh mTtSu FkhA
mikf/ & okDifr eqat] i`FohoYyHk] JhoYyHk]
z oSjh flag (10oha 'krkCnh osQ eè;) veks?ko"kZA
oSj flag dks misUæ jkt dk mÙkjkf/dkjh cuk;kA
es# rkax }kjk fyf•r çca/ fparkef.k esa mYys• gS fd
eqat lh;d f}rh; dk nÙkd iq=k FkkA
okDifr f}rh; us vius thou osQ çkjafHkd pj.k esa
esokM+ osQ xqfgy 'kkld osQ iq=k 'kfÙkQoqQekj osQ lkFk
;q¼ fd;kA
mUgksaus gw.k xqfgy dYpqjh vkSj pkyqD;ksa dks gjk;kA
eqat osQ 'kkludky dks ijekj oa'k esa Lo.kZ ;qx dh
'kq#vkr ekuk tkrk FkkA
ijekjksa dh çkjafHkd jkt/kuh mTtSu Fkh] osjh flag f}rh; mUgksaus pkyqD; jktk rSyi dks 6 ckj gjk;k ysfdu 7osa
osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] jkt/kuh dks mTtSu ls /kj ç;kl esa xksnkojh osQ ikl mudh gR;k dj nh xbZA
LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
eqat us vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj mÙkj esa >kykokM]
z lh;d f}rh; (940&972 bZLoh)
nf{k.k esa rkIrh unh] if'pe esa lkcjerh unh vkSj
Parmar Dynasty in Madhya Pradesh
iwoZ esa fofn'kk rd fd;kA
Upendra Raj og fo}kuksa dk laj{kd FkkA
#ækfnR; eqat osQ çeq• eaf=k;ksa esa ls ,d FksA
Vair Singh uolglkad pfjr fy•us okys iÁ xqIr
n'k:ide~ fy•us okys /uat;

Siyak II
/fud] gYyk ;q¼ vkSj vfer xfr muosQ njckj osQ
vU; fo}ku FksA

Munj/Vakpti II
mUgksaus vksadkjs'oj egs'oj esa eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
Sindhuraj mUgksaus /kj esa ,d fo'kky tyk'k; dk fuekZ.k Hkh
djk;k ftls eqat lkxj >hy osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
Raja Bhoj eqat dk mÙkjkf/dkjh mldk NksVk HkkbZ flU/qjkt FkkA

z fla/qjkt (990&1010 bZLoh) blfy, mUgsa mn;iqj ç'kfLr osQ vuqlkj dfojkt dh
fla/qjkt us uo 'k'kkad] oqQekj ukjk;.k us voarh'oj] mikf/ nh xbZA
ijekj egko`r] ekyo jkt dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA jktk Hkkst osQ çfl¼ njckjh dfo /uiky us fryd
/uiky }kjk jfpr çfl¼ iqLrd fryd eatjh osQ
eatjh fy•hA
vuqlkj mUgsa ,d egku uk;d osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k ckn esa /uiky us Hkh tSu /eZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA
x;k gSA iÁxqIr vkSj es#rkax çca/ fparkef.k osQ uo&lkglkad&pfj=k
mlus pkyqD; dks ijkftr dj ekyok çkar esa ijekjksa esa jktk Hkkst ijekj dh thou dgkuh 'kkfey gSA
dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;kA jksgd mldk ç/kuea=kh Fkk vkSj rhu egku lsukifr
mudk mÙkjkf/dkjh jktk Hkkst cusA oqQypan] 'kkn vkSj lwjkfnR; FksA
z jktk Hkkst (1010&1055 bZLoh) HkkLdj Hkêð rFkk nkeksnj feJ bl le; osQ çfl¼
jktk Hkkst us dfojkt dh mikf/ /kj.k dh ¹mn;iqj
fo}ku FksA
ç'kfLrº mUgksaus jktuhfr] Lok;Ùkrk] okLrqdyk] laLÑr O;kdj.k]
mudh jkt/kuh /kj@/kjkuxjh FkhA
fpfdRlk foKku vkSj /eZ tSls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij yxHkx
84 lkfgR; fy•sA
mUgksaus dypqjh jktk xkaX;nso] pkSgku] pkyqD; vkSj
rSyi@rsyax 'kkldksa dks ijkftr dj vius lkezkT; dk iqLrd fo'ks"krk,¡

foLrkj fd;k vkSj bl ?kVuk ls ;g dgkor çfl¼ gqbZ ljLorh d.BkHkj.k dkO; jpuk osQ fy, laLÑr
¶dgk jktk Hkkst] dgka xaxw rsyh¸A O;kdj.k ij iqLrdA
mUgsa pansy 'kkld fo|k/j us gjk;k FkkA
'kkfygks=k (lkfygks=kk) ?kksM+ksa] muosQ jksxksa] vkSj muosQ
pkyqD; jktk Hkhe çFke vkSj dYpqfj jktk y{ehd.kZ mipkj ij iqLrd
osQ "kM;a=k ls og ijkftr gks x;k ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i pk#pkjpk O;fÙkQxr LoPNrk ij iqLrd
mldk 'kkludky lekIr gks x;kA
;qfÙkQdYir# LVsVØkÝV] 'kgj fuekZ.k] tgkt
mlus ykV ujs'k dhfrZdZt dks Hkh ijkftr fd;kA
cukus tSls dbZ fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/r
Hkkst us nf{k.k osQ vius vfHk;ku esa vkfnuxj (orZeku
,d iqLrd
xate ftyk] mM+hlk) osQ 'kkld baæ jFk dks gjk;kA
iratfy ;ksxlw=k Hkk"; iratfy osQ ;ksxlw=k ij Vhdk
mUgksaus lkbDyksfi;u cka/ Hkh cuok;k ftls ckn esa
gks'kax'kkg us u"V dj fn;kA jktk Hkkst ls tqM+h fofHkUu okLrqdyk,a gSa%

og ,d egku fo}ku FksA
z Hkkst'kkyk
;g /kj esa fLFkr jktk Hkkst }kjk fufeZr 11oha 'krkCnh

dh bekjr gSA

;g laLÑr vè;;u dk çeq• osQUæ FkkA bldh rqyuk fnYyh osQ ykSg LraHk vkSj ykV ls Hkh dh
oqQN bfrgkldkjksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkst 'kkyk dks 1305 esa tkrh gSA
vykmíhu f•yth us u"V dj fn;k FkkA bl LraHk dk otu 7 Vu Fkk vkSj ;g nqfu;k dk lcls
z Hkksts'oj eafnj Åapk LraHk Fkk] ftls Hkkjr ij eqfLye vkØe.k osQ
nkSjku 3 VqdM+ksa esa dkV fn;k x;k vkSj bldk uke ykV
efLtn j•k x;kA
z t; flag ijekj
t;flag jktk Hkkst osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh cus
Hkkst dh e`R;q osQ ckn] ekyok ij nks 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk dCtk
gks x;k] if'pe esa xqtjkr osQ pkyqD; vkSj iwoZ esa ngy
osQ dypqjhA
ysfdu mlus pkyqD; jktk lkses'oj osQ lg;ksx ls
ijekjksa dk 'kklu iqu% LFkkfir fd;kA

t; flag osQ iq=k lkses'oj çFke us vius firk dh gkj
dk cnyk ysus osQ fy, /kjk] mTtSu vkSj ekaMw dks u"V
;g jk;lsu esa csrok unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA
dj fn;k vkSj mls jkt/kuh NksM+dj Hkkxus osQ fy,
bls iwoZ dk lkseukFk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
etcwj dj fn;kA
bldk fuekZ.k yky cyqvk iRFkj ls fd;k x;k gSA
t; flag ijekj osQ ckn detksj 'kkldksa osQ dkj.k
xHkZx`g esa f'kofyax ,d fo'kky eap ij LFkkfir gS tks
ijekj oa'k dk vf/xzg.k dypqfj oa'k us dj fy;kA
rhu vkjksfir pwuk iRFkj osQ •aMksa ls cuk gSA
z Hkkstrky >hy eè; çns'k esa dYpqjh jktoa'k (550&625 bZLoh)
eè; çns'k esa dYpqjh jktoa'k
efg"efr dh dYpqjh f=kiqjh osQ dYpqjh
Ñ".kjkt okejktnso
'kadjnso dksdy&çFke
;g Hkksiky esa fLFkr gS cq¼jkt xkaxs;nso

;g ijekj ;qx dh flfoy gkbMªksfyd bathfu;fjax dk
,d mnkgj.k gS y{eh d.kZ

bls 2002 esa jkelj lkbV Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
;qojktnso çFke
z f=kHkqou ukjk;.k eafnj
z ;g fpÙkkSM+ (jktLFkku) esa fLFkr gS dukZVd esa dYpqjh osQ vykok eè; çns'k dh nks 'kk•k,a FkhaA
z lefiZr & 'kSo /eZ 1- efg"efr osQ dYpqjh
z fot; LraHk bfrgkldkjksa us fl¼kar fn;k fd çkjafHkd dypqfj;ksa us
;g /kj esa fLFkr gSA 7oha 'krkCnh osQ var esa viuh jkt/kuh efg"efr ls
bldk fuekZ.k xkaxs;nso vkSj rSysi ij jktk Hkkst dh dyatjk esa LFkkukarfjr dh] vkSj var esa f=kiqjh esa pys
fot; dh Le`fr esa fd;k x;k FkkA x,A

Ujjayini
Kheda
Mahismati
EARLY
KALACHURIS
Nasikya
z Ñ".kjkt (550&575 bZLoh) z cq¼jkt (600&625 bZLoh)

cq¼jkt çkjafHkd dypqjh jktoa'k osQ vafre Kkr
Ñ".kjkt (550&575) jktoa'k osQ lcls igys Kkr
'kkld gSaA
'kkld gSaA
og 'kadjnso osQ iq=k FksA
Ñ".kjkt osQ flDdksa esa mUgsa ijek&egs'oj osQ :i esa
mlus pkyqD; 'kkld eaxys'k ls ;q¼ fd;k vkSj mlls
of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA gkj x;kA
os vius pkanh osQ flDdksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gSa tks ukfld] var esa] mlosQ jkT; ij iqyosQf'ku us dCtk dj fy;k
vejkorh] cSrwy vkSj tcyiqj ls çkIr fd, x, FksA vkSj bl çdkj ;g jktoa'k lekIr gks x;kA
bu flDdksa ij dYpqfj }kjk foHkwf"kr mikf/ vafdr gSA pkyqD; }kjk cq¼jkt dh gkj osQ ckn ckn osQ oa'kt psfn
pys x, vkSj f=kiqjh esa viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir fd;kA

Ñ".kjkt dk mÙkjkf/dkjh 'kadjx.k cukA
2- f=kiqjh osQ dYpqjh (7oha 'krkCnh& 1212 bZLoh)
z 'kadjnso (575&600 bZLoh)
f=kiqjh osQ dypqjh (ckn esa dypqjh) f=kiqjh osQ dypqjh
mUgksaus if'peh ekyok ij fot; çkIr dh vkSj muosQ
us 7oha ls 13oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku eè; Hkkjr osQ oqQN
jkT; esa orZeku xqtjkr osQ oqQN fgLls Hkh 'kkfey FksA fgLlksa ij 'kklu fd;kA

Hkkst'kkyk esa ik, x, ,d f'kykys• ls irk pyrk gS
fd jktk Hkkst us f=kiqjh osQ xkaxs; nso dks gjk;k FkkA
z y{eh d.kZ (1041&1073 bZLoh)
muosQ eq[; {ks=k esa ,sfrgkfld psfn {ks=k 'kkfey Fkk ftls
ngyk&eaMyk osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk Fkk] vkSj mudh
jkt/kuh orZeku tcyiqj osQ ikl f=kiqjh esa fLFkr FkhA
z okejktnso (675&700 bZLoh) mUgsa d.kZ osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA
oqQN fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd bl oa'k dk laLFkkid
xkaxs;nso osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh y{ehd.kZ (1041&1073
okejktnso FkkA
bZLoh) bl jktoa'k osQ lcls çfl¼ lSU; dekaMj FksA
mlus viuh jkt/kuh dkfyatj ls ueZnk rV vkSj f=kiqjh
esa LFkkukarfjr dj nhA mlus bykgckn vkSj caxky osQ oqQN fgLlksa ij Hkh dCtk
dj fy;kA
Hkze fcanq% oqQN fo}ku dksDdy çFke dks bl 'kk•k dk
laLFkkid ekurs gSaA mUgksaus pØorhZ vkSj f=kd flaxk/hifr dh mikf/ /kj.k
dhA
z dksDdy&I (850&890 bZLoh)
vejdaVd osQ eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k y{ehd.kZ us djok;k
og bl jktoa'k dk laLFkkid FkkA
FkkA
çeq• jktk dksDdy&çFke FkkA
1050 osQ n'kd osQ eè; esa] y{ehd.kZ vkSj pkyqD;
mlus jk"VªdwVksa osQ lkFk xBca/u fd;k vkSj mlosQ ckn
dbZ yM+kb;k¡ thrhaA jktk Hkhe us ijekj osQ jktk Hkkst osQ f•ykiQ xBca/u
mudk fookg pansy oa'k osQ uêðknsoh ls gqvk FkkA
fd;k vkSj mls gjk;kA
dypqfj f'kykys•] tSls fd jktoqQekj ckyg"kZ (dksdYyk
z ;qojkt&nso çFke (980&990 bZLoh)
çFke dk T;s"B iq=k) dk X;kjliqj f'kykys•] jktoa'k osQ ;qojkt&nso çFke ea=kh xksyd us 'ks"k'kSÕ;k & lkr iQu
oa'k dk irk dkrZoh;Z vtZqu ls yxkrk gS] tks ,d çfl¼ okyh ukx 'kgukbZ ij ysVs gq, Hkxoku fo".kq dh ewfrZ
gsgs; jktk Fks] ftUgksaus efg"erh ls 'kklu fd;k FkkA dk fuekZ.k fd;k] tks orZeku esa cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku
z xkaxs;nso (1015&1041 bZLoh) esa fn•kbZ nsrh gSA
dksDdy f}rh; dk iq=k vkSj mÙkjkf/dkjh] 1015 bZ- osQ
os lkfgR; osQ egku laj{kd FksA
vklikl flagklu ij cSBkA
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd diZwjeatjh] dkO;ehekalk]
1030 osQ n'kd esa] xkaxs;nso us lSU; liQyrk,¡ gkfly
ckyjkek;.k vkSj ckyHkkjr fy•us okys çfl¼ ys•d
dha vkSj ,d laçHkq lezkV dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA
jkt'ks•j ;qojkt nso&çFke osQ njckj esa FksA
og jktk Hkkst ls ijkftr gqvkA
;qojkt&nso çFke dk mÙkjkf/dkjh 'kadjx.k r`rh; cukA
mUgksaus lksus] rkacs vkSj pkanh osQ fofHkUu vkdkj vkSj
otu osQ flDosQ tkjh fd,A ;qojkt&nso f}rh; us HksM+?kkV tcyiqj esa pkSlB;ksfxuh
mUgksaus f=kdfyaxkf/ifr dh mikf/ /kj.k dh rFkk
eafnj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
foØekfnR; dh mikf/ Hkh /kj.k dhA =kSyksD;eYyk bl jktoa'k dk vafre Kkr jktk FkkA

jktk Hkkst }kjk fyf•r lkfgR;
fo"k; lkfgR;
O;kdj.k ljLorh d.BkHkj.k] çkÑr O;kdj.k
'kCndks'k uEefydk] vkusdkFkkZ dks'k
laxhr xhr çdk'k
bfrgkl lathouh
n'kZu U;k;orhZd] rRo çdk'k] ;ksxlw=k] f'ko rRo]
jRu dkfydk
Hkkjr esa ekuo vfLrRo dk igyk çek.k Cgksj ftys esa
fLFkr gFkuksjk esa feyk FkkA •xksy 'kkL=k vkfnçrkifl¼kUr] fo'oKkuoYyHk
baMks&xzhd 'kkld feukaMj us eè; çns'k ij vkØe.k /kfeZd o`gnjktejkeank
fd;kA ckyk?kkV ls çkIr flDdksa osQ vuqlkj vk;qoZsn vk;qoZsn loZLok
jktk uy us esokM+ dk iquokZl fd;k tks orZeku esa okLrqdyk lejkax.k lw=k/kj
f'koiqjh esa fLFkr gSA lkfgR; paiw jkek;.k] Jàxkjeka>kjh] fo|k fouksn]
'kkfydFkk] ljLorh d.BkHkj.k] Jaxkj çdk'k
egRoiw.kZ LFky ,oa iqjkrRoosÙkk
eanlkSj okd.kdj foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (izkjafHkd ijh{kk)
HkhecsVdk ch-ch-feJk 1- HkhecsVdk dh •kst fdlosQ }kjk dh xbZ Fkh\ (2020)
vknex<+ vkj-ch- tks'kh (a) MkW- ,l Mh lkadfy;k (b) MkW- ';ke lqanj fuxe
gFkuksjk ,p-Mh- lkadfy;k (c) MkW- fo".kq/j okd.kdj (d) MkW- jktcyh ikaMs
egknso fiifj;k lqisdj mÙkj (c)
lksu ?kkVh fulkj vgen
2- tSu /eZ Lohdkj djus okys jktk Hkkst osQ dfo dkSu Fks\
çkphu uxjksa osQ vk/qfud uke (2020)
çkphu uke vk/qfud uke (a) xzaFkiky (b) jktiky
fojkViqjh lksgkxiqj (c) efgiky (d) /uiky
bUæçLFk bankSj mÙkj (d)
vaNkjk lruk 3- fo'o çfl¼ i;ZVu LFky lkaph dk ewy uke D;k Fkk\
ekfg"erh egs'oj (2020)
Hkkstrky Hkksiky (a) dkd/ke (b) os=kkorh
HkkFkk jhok (c) csluxj (d) n'kiqj
jktoa'k vkSj mudk {ks=k mÙkj (a)
jktoa'k {ks=k laLFkkid 4- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk lzksr ijekj jktoa'k osQ bfrgkl
'kqax fofn'kk (csluxj) iq";fe=k ij çdk'k Mkyrk gS\ 2019
ukx fofn'kk vkSj Xokfy;j o`"kk ukx (a) iÁxqIr dk uolkglad pfjr
okdkVd ekyok & fofn'kk foUè;'kfÙkQ (b) es#rqaxk osQ çca/ fparkef.k
vkSyhdj n'kiqj ;'kks/eZu (c) mn;iqj ç'kfLr
pansy cqansy•aM uUuqd (d) mijksÙkQ lHkh
ijekj ekyok misaæ Ñ".k jkt mÙkj (d)

5- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlus fpÙkkSM+ osQ ¶f=kHkqou ukjk;.k 2- dPNi?kkV fdldk lkear Fkk\
eafnj¸ dk fuekZ.k fd;k\ (2019) (a) jk"VªdwV (b) xqtZj çfrgkj
(a) jk.kk çrki (b) jktk <kax (c) iky (d) pkSgku
(c) jktk Hkkst (d) i`Fohjkt pkSgku mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% dPNi?kkV xqtZj&çfrgkj oa'k dk lkear FkkA blus 950
6- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk f'kykys• js'ke cqudjksa dh bZ- ls yxHkx 1128 bZ- rd 'kklu fd;kA xaxksyk rky vfHkys•
Js.kh osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh çdV djrk gS\ (2019) ,oa lkl&cgw eafnj vfHkys• (1092 bZ-) ls buosQ 'kkludky
(a) n'kiqj f'kykys• (b) ç;kx ç'kfLr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
(c) ,ju f'kykys• (d) gkFkhxqEiQk f'kykys• 3- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu rweSu f'kykys• ls lacaf/r ugha
mÙkj (a) gS\
(a) ;g v'kksduxj ftys esa fLFkr gS
7- /axnso fdl oa'k osQ 'kkld Fks\ (2017)
(b) bl vfHkys• ls oqQekj xqIr osQ 'kkludky dh tkudkjh
(a) tstkdHkqfÙkQ pansy (b) ekyok osQ ijekj
çkIr gksrh gSA
(c) egq"erh dh dypqjh (d) f=kiqjh dh dypqjh
(c) ;g f'kykys• js'ke cqudjksa dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS
mÙkj (a)
(d) bl f'kykys• esa jktk dks lw;Z osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k
8- •tqjkgks esa fLFkr eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fdl oa'k osQ jktkvksa x;k gSA
us fd;k Fkk\ (2014)
mÙkj (c)
(a) c?ksy (b) ijekj
O;k[;k% ;g f'kykys• js'ke cqudjksa dh Js.kh dk gSA eanlkSj
(c) pansy (d) cqansyk
f'kykys• js'ke cqudjksa osQ ,d oxZ }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk]
mÙkj (c) u fd rqeSu f'kykys• }kjkA
4- jktk Hkkst osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk rF; lgh
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
ugha gS\
1- tstkd HkqfÙkQ\ (2021)
(a) jktk Hkkst us fpÙkkSM+x<+ esa f=kHkqou eafnj dk fuekZ.k
2- panys 'kkld fo|k/j dh miyfC/;ksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,A djok;k FkkA
(2019) (b) jktk Hkkst us dYpqfj oa'k osQ xkaxs; nso dks gjk;k
3- xkSrehiq=k lkrd.khZA (2018) (c) jktk Hkkst us vius xzaFkksa esa tgkt ,oa foeku fuekZ.k
4- •tqjkgks osQ eafnj dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A (2015) dk mYys• fd;k gS
5- Hkkst ijekj dh miyfC/;ksa osQ vk/kj ij mudk vkdyu (d) jktk Hkkst vykmíhu f•yth osQ ledkyhu FksA
dhft,A (2015) mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% jktk Hkkst dk 'kkludky 1000 & 1055 bZ- rd gSA
vH;kl ç'u jktk Hkkst us dypqjh xkaxs;nso vkSj pksy jktk t;flag osQ jkT;
1- lkl&cgw eafnj dk fuekZ.k fdl 'kkld osQ 'kkludky esa ij vkØe.k fd;kA
gqvk Fkk\ 5- eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa lqjok;k x<+h vkSj dNqvk
(a) dhfrZiky (b) eaxyjkt x<+h fLFkr gSa\
(c) efgiky (d) otzneu (a) f'koiqjh (b) xquk
mÙkj (c) (c) v'kksduxj (d) nfr;k
O;k[;k% lkl&cgw eafnj (lgL=kckgq) eafnj eè; çns'k osQ mÙkj (a)
Xokfy;j {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA ;g 11oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr fo".kq osQ O;k[;k% lqjok;k vkSj dNqvk x<+h eè; çns'k osQ f'koiqjh esa
iÁukFk :i dks lefiZr gSA bldk fuekZ.k 1093 esa dPNi?kkr fLFkr gSaA fdys dk fuekZ.k 9 oha vkSj 10 oha 'krkCnh osQ chp
oa'k osQ jktk efgiky us djok;k FkkA lgL=ko/Zu osQ xq# iqjanj us f'koer fl•kus osQ fy, fd;k FkkA

6- mik[;kukRed bfrgkl osQ vuqlkj ekyok dk 'kkld voarh 8- Xokfy;j fp=kdyk 'kSyh dks lcls igys fdlus laj{k.k
fdl jktk dk iq=k Fkk] ftlosQ uke ij voarh egktuin ,oa çksRlkgu fn;k\
dk uke j•k x;kA (a) xqtZj&çfrgkj 'kkld (b) dPNi?kkr 'kkld
(a) t;èot (c) rksej 'kkld (d) flfU/;k 'kkld
(b) rytax mÙkj (a)
(c) dhfrZoh;Z lgL=kktZqu O;k[;k% xqtZj çfrgkjksa us Xokfy;j dks viuh lkaLÑfrd jkt/kuh
(d) fofrgksjk
osQ :i esa fodflr fd;k
mÙkj (b) 9- voarh osQ egktuin osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu
lk rF; lgh ugha gS\
O;k[;k% gSg;oa'kh jktk rytax Fkk ftlosQ ikap iq=k fofrgks=k]
(a) vuwi] oRl vkSj vuyiqj blosQ eq[; ftys FksA
'kfj;r] Hkkst] voafr vkSj VqafMdj FksA voafr us ekyok ij
(b) fcUnqlkj osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] v'kksd us voarh
'kklu fd;k vkSj muosQ uke ls bl {ks=k dks voarh osQ uke ls
ij fot; çkIr dh vkSj bls ekS;Z lkezkT; esa feyk
tkuk tkrk gSA mlus ;knoksa ls fofn'kk ij dCtk dj fy;k vkSj
fy;kA
dkU;oqQCt] dk'kh vkSj dksly ij geyk fd;kA
(c) voarh esa ekS;Z lkezkT; osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh cq¼ ?kks"k
7- eqjSuk osQ fudV pkSalB ;ksfxuh eafnj osQ lanHkZ esa] dh lkear ilkfndk esa feyrh gSA
fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (d) voarh osQ vf/dka'k 'kkldksa dk uke mudh eka osQ
1- ;g dPNi?kkr oa'k osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku cuk;k x;k uke ij j•k x;k FkkA
,d xksykdkj eafnj gSA mÙkj (d)
2- bldk mís'; bl {ks=k esa oS".ko iwtk i¼fr dks c<+kok O;k[;k% voarh dk loZçFke mYys• JXosn osQ ,d 'yksd
nsuk FkkA esa feyrk gSA ijUrq jkT; ;k LFkku osQ uke dh n`f"V ls
3- bldk fMtkbu Hkkjrh; laln Hkou osQ fy, çsj.kk dk vofUr dk çFke mYys• ikf.kfu osQ v"Vkè;k;h osQ lw=k
lzksr jgk gSA lTtk;HkofUr&oqQ#";'p esa gqvk gSA
mijksÙkQ esa ls dkSu lk dFku lgh gS& 10- mTtSu esa ¶os'; Vsdjh Lrwi¸ dk fuekZ.k fdl 'kkld us
djok;k Fkk\
(a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) 2 vkSj 3
(a) pUæxqIr foØekfnR; (b) jktk HkrZ`gfj
(c) 1 vkSj 3 (d) Åij osQ lHkh
(c) jktk Hkkst (d) ekS;Z lezkV v'kksd
mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% eqjSuk esa fLFkr pkSlB ;ksfxuh eafnj ferkoyh xkao esa O;k[;k% v'kksd dh ifRu nsoh osQ oS'; oxZ ls gksus osQ dkj.k
fLFkr gSA bl Lrwi dks oS'; Vsdjh (dkuhiqjk) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
bldk fuekZ.k dPNi?kkr 'kkld nsoiky us djok;k FkkA ,eth xæs us 1938&39 esa bl Lrwi dk mR•uu djk;k FkkA
v v v

2 eè; çns'k dk eè;dkyhu bfrgkl
jk"VªdwV jktoa'k (753 & 982 bZ-)
z jk"VªdwV 'kkldksa us 200 o"kks± ls vf/d le; rd nDdu

ij 'kklu fd;k] vkSj bldk mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ {ks=kksa
ij Hkh vf/dkj FkkA
z jk"VªdwV oa'k dh nks 'kk•k,¡ FkhA
z igyh 'kk•k us 7&8oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ osQ nkSjku
cSrwy&vejkorh {ks=k ij 'kklu fd;k FkkA
jkT; dh pkj 'kk•k,¡ & nqxZjkt] xksfoan jkt] Lokehjkt
vkSj uUujktA
uUujkt osQ nks rkezi=k çkIr gksrs gSa frrj•sM+h vkSj
leux<+ vkSj ,yksjk osQ f'kykys• esa mYysf•r gS fd
eqyrkbZ (cSrwy)A mUgksaus egkunh vkSj ueZnk osQ vklikl dbZ ;q¼ yM+sA
ckn esa nafrnqxZ us bl 'kk•k dks vius jkT; esa feyk mlus mTtSu ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj xqtZjksa dks gjk;kA
fy;kA blls irk pyrk gS fd nfUrnqxZ us eè; çns'k osQ ,d
z eè; çns'k esa 'kklu djus okyh dh egRoiw.kZ nwljh 'kk•k cM+s fgLls ij 'kklu fd;k FkkA mudk 'kklu ekyok
ekU;•sr esa mifLFkr FkhA vkSj iwohZ e- ç- rd iQSyk gqvk FkkA
bldk 'kfÙkQ'kkyh jktk nafrnqxZ (yxHkx 744 bZ-) FkkA mUgksaus yxHkx 750 bZ- esa mTtSu esa fgj.;xHkZ ;K djosQ
z nafrnqxZ (735&756 bZ-) Lo;a dks LFkkfir fd;k vkSj xqtZj 'kkld nsojkt dks
nfUrnqxZ us jk"VªdwV lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj gjk;kA
ledkyhu 'kksykiqj osQ fudV ekU;•sr ;k eky•sM esa nfUrnqxZ osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh Ñ".k us eè; çns'k osQ laiw.kZ
viuh jkt/kuh LFkkfir dhA ejkBh {ks=k ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
Ñ".k dk mÙkjkf/dkjh xksfoan f}rh; ,d detksj 'kkld xksfoan us cqansy•aM esa ukxHkêð ls ;q¼ fd;k o mls
Fkk blfy, 780 bZ- esa lÙkk èkzqo dks LFkkukarfjr dj ijkftr fd;kA ukxHkêð jktiwrkuk Hkkx x;k vkSj pØ;q¼
nh xbZA o /eZiky us vkReleiZ.k dj fn;kA
z èkzqo (780 ls 793 bZ-) mlus fgeky; esa vfHk;ku pyk;k vkSj iykok] dksly
og jk"VªdwV lkezkT; osQ lcls mYys•uh; 'kkldksa esa vkfn ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
ls ,d FksA mldk f'kykys• dgk¡ ls çkIr gqvk Fkk\ eanlkSj osQ
og vius cM+s HkkbZ xksfoan f}rh; osQ LFkku ij flagklu
fudV] bUæx<+ lsA
ij cSBsA
z bl oa'k osQ vafre 'kkld baæ prqFkZ dks rSyi f}rh; us
ekyok ij vf/dkj djus osQ ckn mlus >kalh osQ ikl
oRljkt dks gjk;kA gjk;k Fkk vkSj blfy, jk"VªdwV lkezkT; ij mldk vf/iR;
gks x;k FkkA
èkqzo us vius rhljs iq=k xksfoan r`rh; dks jktxíh lkSai nhA

eè; çns'k esa eqfLye vkØe.k mlus 1019 vkSj 1021 bZ- esa xaxk ?kkVh esa nks vkØe.k
z egewn xtobZ (998 µ 1030 bZ-) fd;s] ysfdu os vliQy jgsA
igyk Fkk xaxk ?kkVh esa jktiwr xBca/u dks rksM+us osQ
fy,A
Xokfy;j osQ jktiwr jktk us egewn osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ
esa fganw 'kkgh lezkV dh lgk;rk dh FkhA

egewn }kjk fganw 'kkgh vkSj pansy jktk nksuksa dks gjk;k
x;k FkkA
og pansy lezkV fo|k/j dks gjkus osQ fy, x;k] ysfdu
mls oqQN gkfly ugha gqvk vkSj egewn us fo|k/j ls

laf/ Lohdkj djuk ilan fd;kA
z eqgEen xksjh (1173&1203 bZ-)
xtuh osQ egewn (971&1030) us rqdZ xtuoh jktoa'k mlus 1195 bZ- esa rqxfjy osQ lkFk feydj Xokfy;j
dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlus 998 ls 1030 rd 'kklu fd;kA fdys ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj Xokfy;j ij vf/dkj
blus dkfyatj vkSj Xokfy;j ij 1019 bZ- esa vkØe.k dj fy;kA
fd;kA mlus Xokfy;j osQ yksgaxnso dks Hkh gjk;kA
fnYyh lYrur (1206&1526 bZ-)
eè; çns'k dk eè;dkyhu bfrgkl 211

z oqQrqcqíhu ,scd (1206 µ 1210 bZ-) z cycu (1266 µ 1286 bZ-)
ulh#íhu egewn osQ ckn cycu xíh ij cSBkA

og tkurk Fkk fd jkt'kkgh osQ fy, vlyh •rjk
pkyhlk gS] blfy, mlus bldh 'kfÙkQ dks rksM+us dk

fnYyh lYrur osQ igys lqYrku oqQrqc&mn&nhu&,scd
iQSlyk fd;kA
dks ykgkSj esa rkt iguk;k x;kA
vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj djus osQ fy, mlus eè; çns'k
og eksgEen xksjh dk xqyke Fkk] ckn esa xksjh us mls
osQ c?ksy•aM {ks=k esa ços'k fd;kA
viuk xouZj fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
1247 bZ- esa cycu us dkfyatj ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj
mlus vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj djus osQ fy, eè; çns'k
c?ksy 'kkldksa nyosQ'oj vkSj egs'oj dks gjk;kA
osQ mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx esa ços'k fd;kA
mUgksaus Øe'k% pansjh vkSj ujoj osQ pgkjnso ;k tkgjnso
mlus pansy 'kkld ijefnZnso dks gjkdj dkfyatj]
dks Hkh gjk;kA
egksck vkSj •tqjkgks ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
z vykmíhu f•yth (1296 µ 1316 bZ-)
mlus 1196 esa ekyok dh vksj vius vfHk;ku osQ nkSjku
f•yth oa'k osQ vkxeu ls Hkkjr esa eqfLye lkezkT;okn
mTtSu osQ eafnjksa dks ywVkA
dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ
z bYrqrfe'k (1210 & 1236 bZ-)
vykmíhu f•yth us tykyqíhu f•yth dh gR;k dj
fnYyh dh xíh ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA

eè; çns'k esa ços'k djrs le; mlus fofn'kk vkSj mTtSu
osQ eafnjksa dks ywVkA

mlus 1292 bZ- esa pansjh ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
mlosQ çeq• vkbu&my&eqYd us 1305 esa ekyok esa
egyd nso dks gjk;kA

lyS;k f'kykys• esa mfYyf•r gS fd vykmíhu us neksg
vkSj tcyiqj {ks=k esa 'kklu fd;kA

z ;g oqQrqcqíhu ,scd dk xqyke FkkA z eqgEen fcu rqxyd@tkSuk •ku (1325 & 1351 bZ-)
mlus vkjkec['k dks vinLFk dj 1211 esa fnYyh dh
og x;klqíhu rqxyd dk iq=k Fkk tks 1325 bZ- esa
xíh ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA flagklu ij cSBkA
bYrqrfe'k dks fnYyh lYrur dk okLrfod laLFkkid
ekuk tkrk gSA

/kj dk fdyk
z /kj fdys dk fuekZ.k 1344 bZ- esa fd;k x;k Fkk tc egewn
mUgksaus ykgkSj osQ LFkku ij fnYyh dks viuh jkt/kuh
nDdu esa fot; osQ vius vfHk;ku ij FkkA
cuk;kA
blesa 15&16 oha 'krkCnh dh bekjrksa osQ oqQN •aMgj
ckn esa mUgksaus eè; çns'k osQ ekyok {ks=k esa ços'k fd;kA
'kkfey gSaA
mlus mTtSu osQ egkdkys'oj eafnj dks ywVkA
fdys osQ ckjs esa ,sfrgkfld egRo dh ,dek=k ?kVuk
mlus Xokfy;j ij vkØe.k dj çfrgkj 'kkld
;g gS fd is'kok ckthjko f}rh; dk tUe 1775 esa
ey;oeZu dks gjk;kA ;gha gqvk FkkA

1857 esa fczfV'k lÙkk osQ f•ykiQ foæksg djus okys 1423 bZ- esa mlus ?kk?kusj fdys ij fot; çkIr dhA
jksfgYykvksa vkSj vU; yksxksa us fdys ij dCtk dj fy;k 1428 bZ- esa og vgen 'kkg cgeuh ls gkj x;kA
Fkk] ftls bUgksaus Ng fnuksa rd pyh ceckjh osQ ckn bls mlus viuh jkt/kuh /kj ls ekaMw LFkkukarfjr dhA
fiQj ls gkfly dj fy;kA
mudk edcjk tks ekaMw esa ekStwn gS] mls egewn f•yth
fdys osQ rhljs }kj ij] ,d f'kykys• gS ftlesa
vkSjaxtsc osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku vkSj 'kkgtgk¡ osQ us cuok;k FkkA
ikyd HkkbZ] v'kqj csx osQ ç'kklu osQ rgr blosQ fuekZ.k bl edcjs dks eè; çns'k dk rkt egy ekuk tkrk gSA
dk mYys• gSA gks'kax'kkg us fnykoj •ku osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku
'kkfn;kckn (orZeku esa ekaMw fdyk) dk fuekZ.k djk;kA

cfV;kx<+ f'kykys•
mUgksaus ueZnk osQ rV ij gks'kaxkckn 'kgj dh LFkkiuk dhA
z 1324 bZ- osQ mYys• ls irk pyrk gS fd neksg ij mldk
vkSj x;klqíhu rqxyd dk 'kklu FkkA mUgksaus mnkj /kfeZd uhfr viukbZA
z mUgksaus neksg esa ,d xkS'kkyk vkSj m|ku Hkh cuok;kA mlus 'kq¼ lksus vkSj pk¡nh osQ flDosQ Hkh tkjh fd;sA
z ,su&my&eqYd bl le; lwcsnkj FksA xtuh •ku eksgEen 'kkg xkSjh osQ uke ij mldk
mÙkjkf/dkjh cuk] ysfdu mlosQ ea=kh egewn •ku us

eqtÝiQfjn jktoa'k (1392 ls 1562 bZ-)
mls tgj ns fn;kA
z fnykoj •ka xkSjh (1392 & 1406 bZ-)
mlus jktk Hkkst }kjk cuk;s x;s lkbDyksfi;u ck¡/ dks
ekyok osQ Lora=k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk 1401 bZ- esa gqlSu
Hkh u"V dj fn;kA
•ku xkSjh us dh Fkh ftls fiQjkst rqxyd us fnykoj
•ku dh mikf/ nh FkhA z egewn f•yth (1436 µ 1469 bZ-)
egewn f•yth dks vykmíhu egewn 'kkg çFke vkSj

jkt/kuh & /kj egewn f•yth osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] og ekyok
mudh e`R;q 1406 bZ- esa gqbZA dk lqYrku FkkA
mUgsa ekyok esa eqfLye LFkkiR; dyk dh vk/kjf'kyk 1435 esa gks'kax'kkg osQ csVs eksgEen dh gR;k djosQ
j•us dk Js; fn;k x;kA f•yth us lÙkk ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
mUgksaus nks efLtnksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ,d ekaMw esa vkSj og esokM+ osQ jk.kk oqQEHkk ls ijkftr gqvkA
nwljk /kj esaA jk.kk oqQaHkk us blosQ fo#¼ fot; osQ :i esa fpÙkkSM+x<+
z gqlke&mn&nhu gks'kax'kkg (1406µ1435 bZ-) esa fot; LraHk dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
lkjaxiqj dk ;q¼
z jk.kk eksdy flag dk gR;kjk egik iaokj egewn f•yth osQ
laj{k.k esa fNik gqvk FkkA
z egkjk.kk us f•yth dks iaokj dks laj{k.k nsus ij psrkouh
nh FkhA
z gkyk¡fd] f•yth us budkj dj fn;kA
;g fnykoj •ka dk mÙkjkf/dkjh FkkA z varr% 1437 bZ- esa egkjk.kk oqQEHkk us ekyok ij vkØe.k
mudk ewy uke vYi •ku FkkA dj fn;kA

z lkjaxiqj osQ ;q¼ esa esokM+ lsuk us Hkh"k.k ;q¼ osQ ckn ekyok z mlus ?kk?kusj fdys ij fot; çkIr dh vkSj bldk uke
lsuk dks oqQpy fn;kA eqLriQkckn j•kA
z lkjaxiqj dh yM+kbZ gkjus osQ ckn egewn f•yth us ekaMw osQ z egewn 'kkg f}rh; (1510&1531 bZ-)
fdys esa 'kj.k yhA egewn 'kkg f}rh; 1510 ls 1531 bZ- rd ekyok
z jk.kk dh lsuk us ekaMw rd mudk ihNk fd;k] tgka mUgksaus eqtÝiQfjn jktoa'k dk lezkV FkkA
f•yth dks idM+ fy;k vkSj fpÙkkSM+ fdys esa ys vk;sA og ekyok dk vafre f•yth 'kkld FkkA
z mlus f•yth dks Ng eghus rd fpÙkkSM+ fdys esa oSQn j•kA mUgksaus eqfLye vkØe.k ls j{kk osQ fy, pansjh 'kkld
z gkyk¡fd] egik iaokj xqtjkr Hkkxus esa liQy jgkA esfnuhjk; dks viuk ea=kh fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
z Ng eghus oSQn esa jgus osQ ckn] mUgksaus egewn f•yth dks egewn f•yth us pk¡n •ku dks] vius HkkbZ cgknqj 'kkg
fjgk djus dh Ñik dhA ls xqtjkr dh j{kk djus dk oknk fd;kA

z mUgksaus ekaMw esa 'kkg dk edcjk] tkek efLtn] ekaMw esa 1531 bZ- esa cgknqj 'kkg us egewn dks gjkdj ekyok
lr•aMk egy vkSj v'kiQhZ egy dk fuekZ.k djk;kA dks xqtjkr esa feyk fy;kA
eqxy lkezkT; (1526 ls 1857 bZ-)

z eqxy jktoa'k] ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh vkSj çHkko'kkyh lkezkT; Fkk]
ftlus 16oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr ls 18oha lnh osQ eè; rd
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ij 'kklu fd;k vkSj bfrgkl ij ,d
vfeV Nki NksM+hA
z 1526 esa ckcj }kjk LFkkfir] jktoa'k vdcj] tgkaxhj vkSj
'kkgtgka tSls 'kkldksa osQ dkj.k vius pje ij igq¡p x;kA
z eqxy viuh lkaLÑfrd vkSj LFkkiR; miyfC/;ksa osQ fy,
çfl¼ gSA mUgksaus iQkjlh] Hkkjrh; vkSj bLykeh 'kSfy;ksa osQ
feJ.k dks çnf'kZr djrs gq, rkt iSysl vkSj yky fdyk
tSls çfrf"Br Lekjdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ikuhir dh igyh yM+kbZ osQ ckn Xokfy;j osQ rksej
z eqxy 'kkld gqek;w¡ osQ ekyok ij vkØe.k dk eq[; dkj.k 'kkld us gqek;w¡ }kjk lqj{kk çnku djus ij dksfguwj
xqtjkr osQ lqYrku cgknqj 'kkg dh c<+rh 'kfÙkQ FkhA ghjk fn;k FkkA
z ckcj (1526 &1530 bZ-) og vius 'k=kq] xqtjkr osQ cgknqj 'kkg dk ihNk djrs
ckcj dk uke tghj&mn&nhu eqgEen ckcj FkkA ;g gq, ekaMw vk;kA
eè; ,f'k;kbZ 'kkld vkSj Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dk 1535 bZ- esa mlus ekaMw ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
laLFkkid FkkA ekaMw osQ cgknqj 'kkg us paikusj fdys esa 'kj.k yh] tgka
ckcj dks Hkkjr ij fot; osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
og gqek;wa ls gkj x;kA
ikuhir dh igyh yM+kbZ osQ nkSjku Xokfy;j osQ
cgknqj 'kkg ,d detksj 'kkld Fkk D;ksafd tc cgknqj
foØethr flag us ckcj osQ f•ykiQ bczkfge yksnh dk 'kkg us xqtjkr esa nksckjk lÙkk LFkkfir dh rks og xqtjkr
leFkZu fd;k] ysfdu bl ;q¼ esa foØethr flag dh dh j{kk djus esa vleFkZ FkkA
e`R;q gks xbZA
z vkfny'kkgh oa'k osQ eYyw vkfny'kkg] chtkiqj lYrur
osQ jktk FksA
z gqek;w¡ osQ ckn cgknqj 'kkg us mls ekyok dk lwcsnkj
fu;qÙkQ fd;k] og dkfnj 'kkg osQ uke ls ekyok dk
lqYrku cukA
z 'ksj'kkg lwjh (1486&1545 bZ-)
;q¼ osQ ckn ckcj dk Xokfy;j pansjh ij vf/dkj gks

x;kA
1528 esa ckcj us pansjh ij vkØe.k fd;k] ml le;
esfnuhjk; 'kkld FkkA

esfnuhjk; ckcj ls gkj x;s vkSj pansjh fdyk eqxyksa osQ
vf/dkj esa pyk x;kA

os jk.kk lkaxk osQ lsukifr FksA (1527 esa •kuok dk mlus gqek;wa dks gjkdj lwj oa'k dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj
;q¼ yM+k)A Xokfy;j rFkk ekyok ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
mUgksaus eanlkSj esa cgknqj 'kkg dks Hkh gjk;kA dUukSt dk ;q¼ 17 ebZ 1540 dks 'ksj'kkg lwjh vkSj
z gqek;w¡ (1530&1556 bZ-) gqek;wa osQ chp osQ mÙkj çns'k osQ dUukSt esa gqvk FkkA
gqek;w¡] ftldk iwjk uke ukflj&mn&nhu eqgEen gqek;w¡ bl la?k"kZ dks fcyxzke ;q¼ osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
Fkk] Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dk nwljk 'kkld FkkA gqek;w¡ 'ksj'kkg lwjh ls ;q¼ esa gkj x;kA

'kqtkr •k¡ dks ekyok dk lwcsnkj fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;kA 1564 bZ- esa tc jkuh nqxkZorh 'kklu dj jgh Fkha] rc
1542 bZ- esa mlus ekyok ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj eYyw vdcj us xksaMokuk ij Hkh vkØe.k fd;kA
•k¡ dks ijkftr fd;kA jkuh nqxkZorh 'kghn gks xbZa vkSj vdcj us 1564 esa
1543 bZ- esa mlus jk;lsu fdys ij vkØe.k dj iwjuey xksaMokuk osQ x<+dVaxk jkT; dks thr fy;kA
dks ekj MkykA vdcjukek esa x<+ eaMyk dk uke x<+dVaxk gSA
blus vkxjk ls cqjgkuiqj rd ,d lM+d Hkh cuokbZA vdcj us 1601 bZ- esa vius vafre vkØe.k esa ehj
dkfyatj esa fdys ij geyk djrs le; ,d foLiQksV cgknqj dks gjkdj vlhjx<+ dk fdyk thr fy;kA
esa bldh e`R;q gks xbZA mlosQ 'kklu dky esa rkulsu ;k jkeruq ikaMs] cStw ckojk
z ckt cgknqj (1556&1561 bZ-) vkSj eqYyk nks I;ktk Hkh ekStwn FksA
'kqtkr •k¡ osQ lcls cM+s csVs fe;k ck;tkn •ku cgknqj jktk jkepaæ flag us rkulsu dks vdcj osQ ikl HkstkA
'kkg dh mikf/ /kj.k dj ekyok dk lqYrku cukA c?ksy oa'k osQ jkepUæ nso vdcj osQ ledkyhu FksA
mlus vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj djus osQ fy, xksaMjkuh]
fVIi.kh
jkuh nqxkZorh ij geyk fd;k ysfdu og cqjh rjg
vliQy jgkA z x<+dVaxk dh LFkkiuk xksaM jktoa'k osQ jktk veu nkl
us dh FkhA
og laxhr osQ egku laj{kd FksA
z ckn esa bls laxzke 'kkg osQ iq=k paæ'kkg dks ykSVk fn;k
mUgksaus dbZ laxhr jkxksa dh •kst dh & jkx ekyoh;]
x;kA
jkx xqtjh] vkfnA
z chjcy dk tUe lh/h esa gqvk FkkA
jkuh :ierh vkSj ckt cgknqj dh çse dgkfu;ksa dk
o.kZu ekyok osQ fofHkUu xhrksa esa fd;k x;k gSA z eqYyk nks I;ktk xqiQk gjnk esa fLFkr gSA
mUgksaus jsok oqQaM dk fuekZ.k djok;kA z tgk¡xhj (1605 & 1627 bZ-)
mudh dcz lkjaxiqj jktx<+ esa fLFkr gS ftlesa
(vkf'kd&,&'kkfnd) fy•k gSA

z vdcj (1556 µ 1605 bZ-)
vdcj eqxy oa'k osQ lcls egku 'kkldksa esa ls ,d FkkA

og gqek;w¡ vkSj gehnk ckuks csxe osQ iq=k Fks vkSj mudk
tUe 1542 bZ- esa vejdksV esa gqvk FkkA
1561&62 bZ- esa vdcj us ekyok ij vkØe.k djus
osQ fy, vkne •k¡ rFkk ihj eksgEen •k¡ osQ usr`Ro esa
ekyok 'kkld ckt cgknqj ij vkØe.k fd;kA ohj flag cqansyk us tgk¡xhj osQ i{k esa vcqy iQty dh
bls lgkjuiqj dh yM+kbZ osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA gR;k dj nhA
bl ;q¼ esa ckt cgknqj dh gkj gqbZ vkSj jkuh :ierh 1602 esa] vcqy iQty dh gR;k ohj flag cqansyk (tks
us tkSgj dj fy;kA ckn esa vksjNk osQ 'kkld cus) us ljk; ohj vkSj vka=kh

(Xokfy;j osQ ikl) osQ chp vdcj osQ lcls cM+s csVs vkSjaxtsc dh /kfeZd uhfr osQ dkj.k cqUnsy•.M vkSj
jktoqQekj lyhe (tks ckn esa lezkV tgkaxhj cus) }kjk ekyok esa foæksg gks x;kA
jph xbZ lkft'k esa dh FkhA D;ksafd vcqy iQty 'kgtkns
iQk:dh jktoa'k (1382&1601)
lyhe osQ xíh ij cSBus dk fojks/ dj jgk FkkA
vka=kh esa vcqy iQty dh gR;k dj nh xbZA
ohj flag cqansyk us tgkaxhj osQ fy, vksjNk esa tgkaxhj
egy Hkh cuok;kA

vcqy iQty lezkV vdcj osQ njckj esa ,d çeq• O;fÙkQ Fks]
vkSj mUgsa vdcjukek] tks fd vdcj osQ 'kkludky dk ,d
foLr`r fjdkWMZ gS] osQ lkFk muosQ tqM+ko osQ fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA
z 'kkgtgk¡ (1627&1658)
z cqjgkuiqj] •kuns'k osQ iQk#dh jktoa'k osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkkA
z ;g rkIrh unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA
z efyd vgen jtk (1388&1399 bZ-)
iQk#dh oa'k dk laLFkkid efyd vgen jtk FkkA
mUgksaus vius csVs dh 'kknh ekyok osQ fnYykoj •ku
xksjh dh csVh ls dh FkhA

bl le; vlhjx<+ ij jktk vklk (vghj 'kkld) dk
og cqjgkuiqj esa jgs vkSj xksyoqQaMk] chtkiqj vkSj 'kklu FkkA

vgenuxj osQ f•ykiQ foæksg fd;kA ckn esa mlus efyd jtk dk vkf/iR; Lohdkj dj
eqerkt egy dh e`R;q 1631 bZ- esa cqjgkuiqj esa gqbZA fy;kA
çkjaHk esa] mudh dcz cqjgkuiqj esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh ysfdu mUgksaus 7 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;kA
ckn esa bls 1652 bZLoh esa vkxjk esa LFkkukarfjr dj z ukflj •ku iQk:dh çFke (1399&1438 bZ-)
fn;k x;k FkkA z mudh jkt/kuh vlhjx<+ FkhA
z vkSjaxtsc (1658 µ 1707 bZ-) z mlus vklk uked jktk ls vlhjx<+ ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA
z 'ks• tSuqíhu osQ vuqjks/ ij] efyd ukflj us 1388 esa
cqjgkuiqj dh •kst dh vkSj bldk uke çfl¼ eè;;qxhu
lwiQh lar] cqjgku&mn&nhu osQ uke ij j•kA cqjgkuiqj
•kuns'k lYrur dh jkt/kuh cu x;kA
z ehjku vkfny •ku f}rh; (1457&1501)
cqjgkuiqj esa ,d x<+ vkSj vU; egyksa dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
muosQ yacs 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] cqjgkuiqj ,d egRoiw.kZ
O;kikfjd vkSj diM+k 'kgj esa cny x;k FkkA

mUgksaus xksaM jkt/kuh nsox<+ dk uke cnydj bLykex<+ z rksej jktoa'k 1394&1526 bZ-
dj fn;kA Xokfy;j esa rksej ,d jktiwr jktoa'k Fkk] ftlus 14oha
lkdh eqLrSn •ku }kjk fyf•r ekflj&,&vkyexhjh ls 16oha 'krkCnh rd eè; Hkkjr esa Xokfy;j fdys vkSj
esa vkSjaxtsc osQ nsox<+ ij geys dk mYys• gSA vklikl osQ {ks=kksa ij 'kklu fd;k FkkA
muosQ lsukifr nksLr eksgEen •ku us Hkksiky dh LFkkiuk xksikpyk&v[;kuk vkSj oqQY;kr&,&xqofy;kjh Xokfy;j
dhA osQ nks çkphu uke gSaA

•M+xjk; dk xksikpyk&vk[;ku dbZ ikaMqfyfi;ksa esa lSÕ;n oa'k osQ jktk eqckjd 'kkg us vius 'kkludky
miyC/ gSA bldh jpuk fgUnh esa dh xbZ FkhA osQ nkSjku Xokfy;j ij geyk fd;k] ckn esa nqxzsaæ flag
oqQY;kr&,&xqofy;kjh Hkh 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky vkSj eqckjd 'kkg osQ chp ,d laf/ vfLrRo esa vkbZA
osQ nkSjku lS;n iQty vyh 'kkg dknjh fp'rh mUgksaus d'ehj osQ 'kkld tSuqy&vkcsnhu osQ laj{k.k
}kjk fy•h xbZ FkhA esa laxhr pwM+kef.k vkSj laxhr f'kjksef.k dh jpuk dhA
ys•d dk nkok gS fd Xokfy;j osQ bfrgkl osQ muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] dk"B la?k osQ tSu Hkêðkjd
fy, ?ku';ke czkã.k dh rkjh•&,&ukek mudk çeq•rk ls mHkjsA
lzksr gSA bl 'kkludky osQ nkSjku Xokfy;j fdys esa cM+h pêðkuksa
z vU; xzaFk bl çdkj gSa dks dkVdj tSu ewfrZ;k¡ cukbZ xbZaA
Xokfy;j&ukek osQ ckfnyh nkl z eku flag rksej (1486&1516)
fxj/jnkl Xokfy;j osQ ghjkeu ch
z ohj flag nso (1375&1400)

og nsooekZ dk iq=k Fkk]
og fnYyh lYrur osQ v/hu xksikapyx<+ osQ ç'kkld
FksA
mUgksaus ohj flagkoyksd] nqxkZ HkfÙkQ rjafx.kh] dh jpuk
dhA
z foØe nso (1402&1423)
mudk mYys• ;kg;kg&fcu&vgen ljfgUnh dh
rkjh•&,&eqckjd'kkgh esa fd;k x;k gSA

f•tz •ku us vius 'kkludky osQ nkSjku Xokfy;j ij
geyk fd;k] ysfdu og vliQy jgkA

1423 esa ekyok osQ lqYrku gks'kax'kkg us Xokfy;j ij
1489 esa fldanj yksnh cgyksy yksnh osQ ckn fnYyh
vkØe.k fd;k] bl ;q¼ esa ohjenso us gks'kax 'kkg dks dk lqYrku cukA
1500 esa] eku flag us fnYyh osQ oqQN foæksfg;ksa dks
gjk;k
muosQ 'kkludky esa Xokfy;j esa tSu fo}kuksa dk mn;
vkJ; fn;k tks fldanj yksnh dks inP;qr djus dh
gqvkA lkft'k esa 'kkfey FksA
ekuflag dks nafMr djus vkSj vius çHkqRo dk foLrkj
muosQ njckj osQ çeq• fo}ku
gEehj egkdkO; & u;upUæ lwjh

djus osQ fy,] lqYrku us Xokfy;j osQ f•ykiQ
naMkRed vfHk;ku dk vkns'k fn;kA
;'kks/jk pfj=k & iÁukHk
1501 esa] mUgksaus Xokfy;j osQ vkfJr /kSyiqj ij
z nqxsUæ flag (1425&1459)
fot; çkIr dh] ftlosQ jktk] fouk;d&nso] Xokfy;j
Hkkx x, FksA
mUgksaus eku dkSrwgy uked iqLrd dh jpuk dhA
oÙnkouyky oekZ us vius miU;kl e`xu;uh esa
ekuflag vkSj mudh xqtjh jkuh e`xu;uh dk fp=k.k

fd;k gSA
mUgksaus cStw] rkulsu] gfjnkl tSls laxhrdkjksa dks vius
njckj esa lq'kksfHkr fd;kA
mUgksaus Xokfy;j esa xqtjh egy] eku eafnj dk fuekZ.k
djk;kA

O;k[;k% fxUukSjx<+ dk fdyk jktclarh us cuok;k FkkA /kj
egRoiw.kZ çkjafHkd rF; fdyk & /kj esa fLFkr gSA bldk fuekZ.k eqgEen rqxyd us 1344
z lkxj esa nqyphiqj f'kykys• esa fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd dk esa viuh nDdu fot; osQ nkSjku djok;k FkkA is'kok ckthjko
mYys• gSA f}rh; dk tUe 1775 esa blh fdys esa gqvk FkkA fxUukSjx<+ fdyk
z ukflj&mn&nhu 'kkg us mTtSu esa dkfy;knsg fdyk jk;lsu osQ jkrkikuh Vkbxj fjtoZ esa fLFkr gSA bldk fuekZ.k 13oha
cuok;kA 'krkCnh esa egkjktk mn;o/Zu us djok;k FkkA
z 1324 bZ- osQ cfV;kx<+ f'kykys• esa mYys• gS fd neksg
ij x;klqíhu rqxyd dk 'kklu FkkA 2- eè; çns'k dk fdyk tks fganw&eqfLye vkSj viQxkuh 'kSyh
z ;'koar flag osQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku nfr;k vkSj pansjh jkT; Hkh esa cuk gSA
vksjNk jkT; ls vyx gks x;s FksA (a) ekaMw dk fdyk (b) /kj dk fdyk
z 1842 dk cqansyk foæksg cqansy•.M jktoa'k osQ lqtkr flag (c) vlhjx<+ dk fdyk (d) cqjgkuiqj dk fdyk
osQ le; gqvk FkkA
mÙkj (b)
z iUuk lkezkT; osQ jktk fgjns'kkg us jhok esa cqansyh njoktk
cuok;kA O;k[;k% /kj dk fdyk vk;rkdkj vkdkj esa cuk gqvk gSA
z iUuk lkezkT; osQ jktk fd'kksj flag (1798&1834 bZ-) us ;g fdyk yky cyqvk iRFkj ls cuk gSA bls fganw] eqfLye vkSj
vaxzstksa osQ lkFk lgk;d laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd;s vkSj iUuk viQxkuh 'kSyh esa cuk;k x;k gSA ;gka 5oha vkSj 6Bh 'krkCnh dh
dks fczfV'k lkezkT; dk laj{kd cuk fn;kA isafVax Hkh ekStwn gSaA
z 'kqHkdj.k (1640&1678 bZ-) dks vkSjaxtsc us cqUnsy•.M esa 3- viuh vkRedFkk rqtqd&,&ckcqjh esa ckcj us fdldks ,d
pEirjk; osQ foæksg dks nckus osQ fy, Hkstk FkkA cM+s lkezkT; dk Lokeh crk;k x;k gS\
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) (a) ijekj 'kkld (b) rksej 'kkld
1- ekaMw osQ tarj egy dk fuekZ.k fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl (c) xksaM 'kkld (d) c?ksy 'kkld
'kkld us djok;k Fkk\ (2017) mÙkj (d)
(a) egewn f•yth (b) vykmíhu f•yth O;k[;k% ckcj us viuh vkRedFkk rqtqd&,&ckcjh] e-ç- esa
(c) Hkkst ijekj (d) gks'kax'kkg c?ksy 'kkldksa dks ,d cM+s jkT; dk Lokeh crk;k gSA •kuok osQ
mÙkj (d) ;q¼ esa ohj flag c?ksy us ckcj osQ fo#¼ jk.kk lkaxk dks lSU;
2- fuEu esa ls dkSu ls jktiwr oa'k us vkBoha 'krkCnh esa lgk;rk çnku dh FkhA
f<fYydk (fnYyh) 'kgj dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh\ (2014) 4- fdl c?ksy 'kkld us c?ksy jkT; esa iobZ fu;e ykxw
(a) ijekj oa'k (b) lksyadh jktoa'k fd;k FkkA
(c) rksej oa'k (d) xkSjh oa'k
(a) osadVje.k (b) xqykc flag
mÙkj (c)
(c) ekrZ.M flag (d) j?kqjkt flag
vH;kl ç'u mÙkj (b)

O;k[;k% xqykc flag us jhok jkT; esa iobZ fu;e ykxw fd;sA
1- eè; çns'k osQ fdyksa osQ laca/ esa xyr dFku pqusa &
jhok esa 60» Hkwfe LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa ,oa iokbZnkjksa osQ dCts esa
(a) /kj dk fdyk eqgEen rqxyd us nf{k.kh fot; osQ
Fkh] ;s yksx euekus <ax ls yxku olwy djrs FksA vr% iokbZnkjksa
le; cuok;k FkkA
osQ vf/dkjksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy, jkT; esa 1934 esa iobZ
(b) vlhjx<+ dk fdyk vklhj uked vghj jktk us
fu;e ykxw fd;s x;sA
cuok;k FkkA
(c) pansjh dk fdyk çfrgkj 'kkld dhfrZiky us cuok;k 5- vksjNk dk prqHkZqt eafnj fdlus cuok;k Fkk\
FkkA (a) jkuh x.ks'k ckbZ (b) cStk ckbZ
(d) fxUukSjx<+ dk fdyk jktclarh us cuok;k FkkA (c) jkuh x.ks'k oqQaojh (d) ynkbZ ljdkj
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (c)

O;k[;k% bldk fuekZ.k e/qdj 'kkg }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk O;k[;k% ekyok esa oqQrqcqíhu ,scd dk igyk geyk mTtSu ij
vkSj 16 oha 'krkCnh esa muosQ csVs ohj flag nso }kjk iwjk fd;k gqvk vkSj 1196&97 rd mTtSu esa ywVk x;kA oqQrqcqíhu ,scd us
x;k FkkA e/qdj 'kkg us viuh iRuh jkuh x.ks'koqQoajh osQ fy, 1202&03 esa pansy 'kkld ijekjh nso dks gjk;k vkSj dkfyatj]
;g eafnj cuok;k FkkA egksck vkSj •tqjkgks ij dCtk dj fy;kA
6- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk cqansyk 'kkld iUuk fj;klr ls 9- eè; çns'k esa fLFkr egyksa ,oa muosQ LFkku osQ lanHkZ esa
lEcaf/r Fkk\ lgh fodYi pqusa &
(a) enZu flag (b) xqeku flag (a) enu egy µ tcyiqj
(c) e/qdj'kkg (d) pairjk; (b) •jcqtk egy µ cqjgkuiqj
mÙkj (d) (c) ckny egy & jk;lsu
O;k[;k% pEirjk; us iUuk fj;klr dh LFkkiuk dhAN=klky iUuk (d) mijksÙkQ lHkh
fj;klr osQ 'kkld pEirjk; osQ iq=k FksA mÙkj (d)
enZu flag pansjh ckuiqj osQ 'kkld Fks ftUgksaus 1857 dh Økafr O;k[;k% enu egy fdys dk fuekZ.k jktk enu flag us djok;k
osQ nkSjku y{eh ckbZ dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA FkkA
•jcwtk egy eè; çns'k osQ cqjgkuiqj ftys esa fLFkr fcyfdl
7- vcqy iQty us eè; çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k osQ laxhrdkjksa
csxe osQ edcjs dks dgk tkrk gSA ijekj jktk jk; flag ckny
osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nh gS\
egy dk fuekZ.kA
(a) pkaMyj (b) vksjNk
10- jktk ekuflag rksej us fdl xq# dh lgk;rk ls laxhr dh
(c) bankSj (d) Xokfy;j
èkqzin xk;dh dk vkfo"dkj fd;k\
mÙkj (d)
1- cStw okojk 2- egewn
O;k[;k% vkbZus&,&vdcjh esa vcqy iQty us fy•k gS fd 3- d.kZ
eqxy lezkV vdcj dh NÙkhlh esa 36 egku laxhrdkjksa esa ls
owQV dk mi;ksx djosQ lgh mÙkj pqusaA
16 Xokfy;j osQ Fks] ftuesa ckck jkenkl] fe;k pan] fcfpr •ku]
(a) osQoy 1 (b) osQoy 2
rukjax (rkulsu osQ iq=k)] çoh.k •kW] lwjnkl FksA oxSjgA
(c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) lHkh
8- oqQrqcqíhu ,scd }kjk lcls igys geyk eè; çns'k osQ mÙkj (d)
fdl {ks=k ij gqvk Fkk\
O;k[;k% ekuflag rksej us laxhrkpk;Z cStw ckojk] d.kZ] egewn
(a) cqansy•.M (b) ekyok
vkfn dh lgk;rk ls laxhr dh èkzqin xk;dh dk vkfo"dkj vkSj
(c) ck?ksy•aM (d) fuekM+ çpkj&çlkj fd;kA muosQ njckj esa cD'kq] ?kksaMh] pkjtw osQ uke
mÙkj (b) mYysf•r gSaA
v v v

3 eè; çns'k dk vk/qfud bfrgkl
eè; çns'k esa 1857 dk foæksg fczxsfM;j&tujy lj áwjkst us lsaVªy bafM;k iQkslZ dh
LFkkiuk dhA
fnlacj 1857 esa bankSj vkSj egw ij vaxzstksa us iqu% dCtk
dj fy;kA
17 lky osQ foæksg osQ ckn lvknr •ku dks jslhMsalh
dksBh bankSj esa idM+ fy;k x;k vkSj iQk¡lh ns nh xbZA

z ve>sjk
2 tqykbZ dks ve>sjk osQ jktk c[rkoj flag vkSj
muosQ nhoku xqykc flag us Hkksikoj (ekyok ,tsalh osQ

z fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh osQ tokc esa caxky lsuk osQ fczfV'k jktuhfrd ,tsaV osQ dk;kZy;) ij geyk fd;kA
Hkkjrh; lSfudksa us 9 ebZ] 1857 dks esjB esa foæksg dj ckn esa c[rkoj flag dks fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj
fn;k vkSj yky fdys ij dCtk dj fy;kA bankSj esa iQk¡lh ns nh xbZA
z eè; çns'k esa 1857 dk foæksg 3 twu 1857 dks eqgEen z efgniqj
vyh csx osQ usr`Ro esa uhep Nkouh ls 'kq: gqvkA eqxy jktoqQekj fiQjkst'kkg us efgniqj ls foæksg fd;k
z lvknr •ku osQ usr`Ro esa 1 tqykbZ 1857 dks foæksg bankSj vkSj •kjpksM+ esa viuk Lora=k 'kklu LFkkfir fd;kA
dh egw Nkouh rd igqap x;kA z /kj
23 ebZ dks /kj osQ tloUr flag dh e`R;q osQ ckn
z uhep ls fot; irkdk ysdj Økafrohj vyhcsx us fpÙkkSM+]
cusM+k] ulhjkckn vkSj nsoyh gksrs gq, vkxjk dh vksj çLFkku xouZj&tujy us muosQ nÙkd iq=k vkuan jko dks jktk
fd;k] tgka mUgksaus vaxzstksa dks gjk;kA Lohdkj dj fy;kA
/kj osQ lSfudksa us vaxzstksa osQ f•ykiQ foæksg dj fn;k
z tqykbZ 1857 esa foæksg dk foLrkj cqUnsy•.M {ks=k rd
gks x;kA vkSj /kj fdys ij dCtk dj fy;kA
31 vDVwcj 1857 dks oSQIVu MwjaM us /kj ij iqu%
foæksg osQ egRoiw.kZ osQUæ dCtk dj fy;kA
z bankSj vkSj egw z lhgksj
gksYdj lsuk osQ lSfudksa us foæksg dj fn;k vkSj 1 lhgksj ml le; Hkksiky dk fgLlk FkkA
tqykbZ] 1857 dks lvknr •ku] HkkxhjFk flykoV vkSj x<+k vackikuh osQ uokc Hkkb;ksa iQkfty vkSj vkfny
oa'k xksiky osQ usr`Ro esa bankSj jslhMsalh ij geyk dj eksgEen •ku us ¶flikgh cgknqj¸ ljdkj dh
fn;kA LFkkiuk dhA
gksYdj osQ jktk rqdksth jko f}rh; us foæksg dk leFkZu Hkksiky dh csxe fldanj fczfV'k v/hu jghaA
fd;kA lj áwjkst vkSj jkWcVZ gSfeYVu us lhgksj foæksg dks
Hkksiky dh fldanj csxe us Hkh foæksg dks nckus esa nck;kA

vaxzstksa dh enn dhA z Xokfy;j
mlh fnu egw Nkouh osQ lSfudksa us eqjkn vyh osQ usr`Ro bankSj foæksg osQ ckn] lSfudksa us nsokl osQ jkLrs C;kojk
esa foæksg dj fn;kA dh ;k=kk dhA

mUgksaus jk?kkSx<+ osQ jktk vthr flag dh lgk;rk ls eqjkj jkecksyk dh iRuh uSuh us muosQ ckn foæksg dh deku
Nkouh (Xokfy;j) esa ços'k fd;kA laHkkyhA
thokth jko flaf/;k vkSj muosQ nhoku fnudj jko 30 z ueZnkiqje
tqykbZ dks vkxjk Hkkx x,] tcfd mudh nknh ck;tkckbZ BkoqQj nkSyr flag vkSj iafMr ckck lkgc us ueZnkiqje
flaf/;k us mTtSu ls foæksfg;ksa dh enn dhA esa foæksg dk usr`Ro fd;kA

blosQ ckn jkuh y{eh ckbZ us Xokfy;j dk fdyk mudh xfrfof/;ksa dk osQUæ usekoj FkkA
vius dCts esa ys fy;k vkSj rkR;k Vksis dh lgk;rk ls ueZnkiqje osQ fMIVh dfe'uj us muosQ foæksg dks nck
Xokfy;j esa foæksg dk vk;kstu fd;kA fn;k vkSj mUgsa iQk¡lh ns nhA
18 twu] 1858 dks áwjkst osQ lkFk yM+rs gq, mudh
z jkex<+
e`R;q gks xbZA voarhckbZ yks/h jkex<+ dh jkuh (e- ç- osQ orZeku
z tcyiqj fMaMksjh) vkSj ,d Hkkjrh; ;ks¼k FkhaA
xksaM lkezkT; osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh 'kadj 'kkg vkSj j?kqukFk 1857 osQ foæksg osQ nkSjku mUgksaus fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k
'kkg us fczfV'k lsuk dh 52oha jsthesaV osQ leFkZu ls daiuh dk fojks/ fd;kA
vaxzstksa osQ f•ykiQ foæksg dj fn;kA mlus vius ifr dh e`R;q osQ ckn] gM+iuhfr osQ fl¼kar
18 flracj dks tcyiqj jsthesaV osQ oSQIVu DykdZ us nksuksa osQ f•ykiQ yM+us osQ fy, gfFk;kj mBkus dk iQSlyk
dks tcyiqj esa rksi ls cka/dj mM+k fn;kA fd;kA
'kadj 'kkg dh iRuh iQwy oqQ¡oj us eaMyk tkdj yM+kbZ mUgksaus 23 uoacj] 1857 dks •Sjh dh yM+kbZ esa vaxzstksa
tkjh j•hA ls yM+us osQ fy, 'kkgiqj osQ BkoqQj fot; flag vkSj
z lkxj lksgkxiqj osQ c?ksy BkoqQj v#.k flag osQ lkFk ,d
42oha fons'kh iyVu osQ ofj"B lwcsnkj jetku vkSj f=kdks.kh; laxBu cuk;kA
nqyehj vkfej •ku us 1 tqykbZ] 1857 dks lkxj esa voarhckbZ us 1857 osQ foæksg osQ nkSjku 4000 lnL;h;
Økafr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA lsuk dh HkrhZ dh vkSj mldk usr`Ro fd;kA

'kkgx<+ osQ jktk c•rcyh us lkxj esa Økafr dh vuqefr vaxzstksa osQ lkFk mudh igyh yM+kbZ eaMyk osQ ikl •hjh
ns nhA xkao esa gqbZ] tc og vkSj mudh lsuk fczfV'k lsuk dks
ckuiqj osQ 'kkld enZu flag us nks ckj lkxj fdys ij gjkus esa liQy jghaA
dCtk djus dk ç;kl fd;k ysfdu vliQy jgsA ysfdu ckn esa] vaxzstksa us tokch dkjZokbZ djrs gq, jkex<+
ckn esa muosQ lsukifr cks/u nkSvk us lkxj fdys ij ij geyk fd;k] mls vkx yxk nh vkSj nsogkjx<+ rd
vf/dkj dj fy;kA mldk ihNk fd;kA
lkxj osQ fudV jkgrx<+ dks lkxj dk ços'k }kj dgk 1858 esa ;q¼ esa yxHkx fuf'pr gkj dk lkeuk djrs
tkrk gSA le; og 'kghn gks xbZaA

x<+k vackikuh vkSj uokc Hkkb;ksa iQkfty vkSj vkfny ueZnk ?kkVh fodkl çkf/dj.k us muosQ lEeku esa tcyiqj
eksgEen •ku us jkgrx<+ foæksg dk usr`Ro fd;kA esa cjxh cka/ ifj;kstuk osQ ,d fgLls dk uke j•kA
z neksg z vkfnoklh usrk
neksg esa foæksg osQ usrk fgaMksfj;k osQ tehankj fd'kksj cM+okuh osQ Hkhek uk;d] lsa/ok osQ •kT;k uk;d vkSj
flag Fks vkSj mUgsa 'kkgiqj osQ jktk vkSj 'kadj 'kkg us gjlwn osQ jsaxk dksjdwA
enn dh FkhA z VkafV;k Hkhy
z fot;jk?kkSx<+ rkafr;k Hkhy (;k rkafr;k ekek) ,d Hkkjrh; jkWfcugqM FksA
fot;jk?kkSx<+ osQ ;qok usrk gdwj ljtw çlkn us vius 1842 esa cM+nk esa tUes] mUgksaus 1857 osQ foæksg osQ
lsukifr ljnkj jkecksyk vkSj oanu pkpk osQ lg;ksx ls ckn vaxzstksa }kjk mBk, x, dBksj dneksa osQ ckn vius
vaxzstksa osQ f•ykiQ foæksg dj fn;kA thou dh 'kq#vkr dhA

foæksg osQaæ usrk vkSj Lora=krk lsukuh
bankSj lvknr •ku
lkxj 'ks• jetku
jk?kkSx<+ jktk BkoqQj çlkn
gks'kaxkckn BkoqQj nkSyr flag
fuekM+ j?kqukFk 'kkg] Hkhek uk;d
ve>sjk (/kj) c[rkoj flag
og egkure Økafrdkfj;ksa esa ls ,d Fks] ftUgksaus ckjg jkex<+ (e.Myk) jkuh voarhckbZ] fxj/kjh ckbZ
o"kks± rd fczfV'k 'kklu osQ f•ykiQ l'kL=k la?k"kZ fd;k tcyiqj 'kadj'kkg
vkSj fons'kh 'kklu dks m•kM+ iQsadus osQ vius vnE; >k¡lh egkjkuh y{ehckbZ] >ydkjh ckbZ] rkR;k
lkgl vkSj tquwu osQ dkj.k •qn dks turk dk fç; Vksis
cuk fy;kA eaMys'oj Hkhek uk;d
os vkfnokfl;ksa ,oa vke turk dh Hkkoukvksa osQ çrhd z Hkhy foæksg
cu x;sA
og fczfV'k ljdkj osQ ljdkjh •tkus dks ywVrs Fks vkSj
vius pkiywlksa dk /u xjhcksa vkSj t:jreanksa esa ckaV

nsrs FksA
og xqfjYyk ;q¼ esa fuiq.k FkkA
varr% mUgsa fxjÝrkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj tcyiqj tsy

Hkhy ,d gkf'k, ij jgus okyk vkSj Lons'kh vkfnoklh
ys tk;k x;k tgk¡ fczfV'k vf/dkfj;ksa us mUgsa vekuoh; leqnk; Fkk tks •kuns'k {ks=k esa jgrk FkkA
;kruk,¡ nhaA fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu }kjk mUgsa dBksj vkfFkZd
z Hkhek uk;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa] Hkwfe csn•yh vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh jktLo
uhfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
1818 dk Hkhy foæksg fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ
f•ykiQ ,d egRoiw.kZ vkfnoklh foæksg Fkk tks Hkkjr
osQ orZeku egkjk"Vª osQ •kuns'k {ks=k esa gqvk FkkA
Hkhy] tks ,d Lons'kh vkfnoklh leqnk; gSa] us fczfV'k
bZLV bafM;k daiuh dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa vkSj 'kks"k.kdkjh
çFkkvksa osQ f•ykiQ foæksg fd;kA
mYys•uh; usrkvksa esa jk.kksth] dpjk vkSj xojh Hkhy
'kkfey FksA
fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu us foæksg dks nckus osQ
fy, lSU; vkSj iqfyl cyksa dks rSukr fd;k vkSj v'kkafr
Hkhek uk;d osQ usr`Ro esa lsa/ok esa vkfnoklh vkanksyu dks nckus osQ fy, neudkjh mik;ksa dk bLrseky fd;kA
gqvkA 1825 esa lsokjke osQ usr`Ro esa iqu% foæksg fd;k x;k
mUgksaus 1857 osQ Hkkjrh; foæksg esa vaxzstksa osQ vkanksyuksa ftls 1831 esa nck fn;k x;kA
osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+hA 1857 esa Hkkxksth vkSj dtj flag osQ usr`Ro esa Hkhyksa us
tc Hkhek dks fczfV'k ljdkj us vijk/h ?kksf"kr dj fn;k foæksg dj fn;kA
rks mUgsa iksVZ Cys;j vkSj fudksckj esa j•k x;kA muosQ ohjrkiw.kZ ç;klksa osQ ckotwn] fczfV'k lsuk dh
mUgsa 29 fnlacj] 1876 dks vaMeku vkSj fudksckj dh ekjd {kerk vkSj laxBu osQ }kjk varr% Hkhy foæksg
orZeku jkt/kuh iksVZ Cys;j esa iQk¡lh ns nh xbZA dks nck fn;k x;kA
eè; çns'k dk vk/qfud bfrgkl 223

z cqUnsyk foæksg (1842) og eqaMk vkfnoklh leqnk; ls Fks vkSj mUgksaus fczfV'k
1842 dk cqansyk foæksg eè; Hkkjr osQ cqansy•.M {ks=k vkSj LFkkuh; vfHktkr oxZ dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa osQ
osQ lkxj vkSj ujcnk {ks=kksa esa gqvk FkkA f•ykiQ vkfnoklh vkcknh dks ,dtqV djus dh dksf'k'k
{ks=k osQ is'kokvksa osQ iru osQ ckn] flouh vkSj cSrwy
dh FkhA
uke osQ 20 ftys lh/s fczfV'k 'kklu osQ v/hu vk x,A myxqyku vkanksyu us vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dh nqnZ'kk vkSj
ç'kklu esa cnyko osQ lkFk {ks=kksa esa lkekftd vkSj

lkekftd U;k; dh vko';drk osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk
jktuhfrd v'kkafr esa o`f¼ gqbZA c<+kus esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
blus Hkfo"; osQ vkanksyuksa dh uhao Hkh j•h ftldk
fojks/ osQ cht paæiqj osQ tokgj flag cqansyk] x.ks'ktw
cqansyk vkSj ujgqr osQ e/qdj 'kkg cqansyk us cks, FksA mís'; f'kdk;rksa dk lek/ku] 'kks"k.k vkSj foLFkkiu osQ
f•ykiQ fojks/ djuk FkkA
1843 osQ cqansyk foæksg esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh osQ nkSjku
z ued lR;kxzg (1930)
fgjns'kkg] ghjkiqj osQ tehankj FksA
6 vçSy] 1930 dks xka/hth nkaMh igqaps vkSj ued
çfrca/ rksM+ fn;kA
ghjkiqj eè; çns'k osQ ckyk?kkV ftys dk ,d 'kgj gSA

fdlkuksa ij Hkkjh dj yxk;k x;k ftldk Hkqxrku djuk
vlaHko FkkA
yksxksa us ,dtqV gksdj fczfV'k pkSfd;ksa ij geyk fd;k
vkSj lkxj] f•eyklk] •qjbZ vkSj neksg osQ {ks=kksa dks

ywV fy;kA ;gh ?kVuk eè; çns'k osQ orZeku tcyiqj ftys esa ?kVh]
ftlosQ ckn vkSifuosf'kd vf/dkfj;ksa dh voKk esa
;g v'kkafr yxHkx ,d o"kZ rd pyrh jgh vkSj iwjs
fojks/ çn'kZu fd;k x;kA
{ks=k esa mFky&iqFky eph jghA
'kgj Hkj esa ,d fo'kky ijsM dk usr`Ro çeq• dkaxzsl
gkyk¡fd] ujgqr osQ e/qdj 'kkg cqansyk dks oSQIVu osdeSu
usrk }kjdk çlkn feJk vkSj lsB xksfoannkl us fd;kA
}kjk idM+ fy, tkus osQ ckn vkanksyu us viuh xfr
ljdkj neu ij mrj vkbZ vkSj Mh ih feJk lfgr
•ks nhA
çn'kZudkjh usrkvksa dks rqjar fgjklr esa ys fy;k x;kA
vçSy 1843 esa gh foæksg lekIr gqvkA
çn'kZuksa us vkSj vf/d osQ fy, }kj rS;kj fd;k] vkSj
z myxqyku vkanksyu (1899) vkanksyu flgksjk] dVuh vkSj eè; Hkkjr osQ vU; ftyksa
myxqyku vkanksyu 1899 esa NksVk ukxiqj iBkj {ks=k esa rd iQSy x;kA
gqvk] tks vc Hkkjr osQ >kj•aM jkT; dk fgLlk gSA egkRek xka/h osQ usr`Ro esa nkaMh ekpZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa
¶myxqyku¸ 'kCn dk vuqokn ¶n xzsV VÔweqYV¸ ;k ,d ,sfrgkfld {k.k FkkA

¶n fjcsfy;u¸ gSA tcyiqj osQ yksxksa us ,dtqVrk osQ lkFk fojks/ çn'kZu
NksVkukxiqj iBkj {ks=k esa vkfnoklh leqnk; fofHkUu fd;kA Hkkjr osQ yksxksa osQ chp xka/hoknh fopkjksa dh
çdkj osQ 'kks"k.k dk lkeuk dj jgs Fks] ftlesa tcju egku vihy dks çnf'kZr fd;kA
Je] viuh iSr`d Hkwfe ls foLFkkiu] mPp dj vkSj vU; z >aMk lR;kxzg (1923)
HksnHkkoiw.kZ çFkk,a 'kkfey FkhaA vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh ekufld rS;kjh dk ewY;kadu
myxqyku vkanksyu dk usr`Ro vkfnoklh usrk fcjlk djus osQ fy, fu;qÙkQ dkaxzsl desVh dk usr`Ro gdhe
eqaMk dj jgs FksA vtey •ku us fd;k FkkA

tcyiqj dkaxzsl desVh us •ku lkgc dks vfHkuanu i=k z iqfyl dkaLVscy vkSj jsatj us lR;kxzfg;ksa osQ leFkZu esa vkbZ
nsus vkSj tcyiqj uxj Hkou ij jk"Vªh; frjaxk >aMk turk osQ lkFk cgqr vHkæ O;ogkj fd;k] ftlls turk
iQgjkus dk ladYi fy;kA Øksf/r gks xbZA
;g fczfV'k lÙkk osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh çrhr gqbZ vkSj z ¶mUgsa lcd fl•kus¸ osQ fy, flouh osQ fMIVh dfe'uj osQ
mUgksaus Øksf/r gksdj iqfyl dks frjaxs >aMs dks gVkus dk vkns'k ij iqfyl us xksyh pyk nhA rhu efgyk,a & xqîóu
vkns'k fn;k vkSj lkFk gh mls vius iSjksa rys jkSanus dk nkbZ] jSuk okbZ vkSj csek ckbZ & ekSosQ ij gh 'kghn gks xbZa]
Hkh vkns'k fn;kA lHkh 'kghn vkfnoklh FksA
bl O;ogkj osQ dkj.k ia- lqanjyky] lqHkæk oqQekjh z bu 'kghnksa osQ 'ko Hkh vafre laLdkj osQ fy, muosQ ifjokjksa
pkSgku] ukFkwjke eksnh] ujflag nkl vxzoky] y{e.k flag dks ugha fn, x,A
pkSgku vkSj vU; yksxksa us bl vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fd;k] z ?kksM+k&Mksaxjh dk taxy lR;kxzg (1930)
tks rsth ls iwjs Hkkjr esa iQSy x;kA
mUgksaus fczfV'k 'kklu dh viekutud dkjZokb;ksa osQ
fojks/ esa >aMs ygjk;sA

iafMr lqanjyky ij eqdnek pyk;k x;k vkSj mUgsa Ng
eghus dh oSQn gqbZA

blosQ fojks/ esa uxj ikfydk tcyiqj osQ lHkh lnL;ksa
us bLrhiQk ns fn;kA
nwljs lewg us] ftlesa çsepaæ] lhrkjke tk/o] fpXxsyky
Lo.kZdkj vkSj VksMjyky 'kkfey Fks] us Vkmu gkWy esa 1930 osQ ?kksM+kMksaxjh taxy lR;kxzg osQ nkSjku] cSrwy
>aMk iQgjk;kA vkfnoklh lewg ou fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus osQ fy,
>aMk vkanksyu ukxiqj lfgr iwjs ns'k esa iQSy x;kA ,d=k gq,A
z Vqfj;k taxy lR;kxzg (1930) foæksgh vkfnokfl;ksa dk usr`Ro 'kkgiqj osQ fudV catkjh
<ky osQ xatu flag dksjdw us fd;k FkkA

tc iqfyl catkjh <ky esa xatu flag dks fxjÝrkj djus
igqaph rks vkfnokfl;ksa us tksjnkj fojks/ fd;kA

iqfyl us cuoklh xkao ij xksyhckjh dh] ftlls ¶dksek
xksaM¸ dh ekSosQ ij gh ekSr gks xbZA

nwljh vksj] xatu flag iqfyl cSfj;j rksM+dj Hkkx x;kA
nwljh vksj] vfgald vkanksyudkfj;ksa osQ f•ykiQ iqfyl
osQ fueZe cy ç;ksx osQ ifj.kkeLo:i jkew vkSj edMw

xksM+ 'kghn gks x,A
z iatkc esy ujlagkj (23 tqykbZ 1931)
z 1930 esa tc xka/hth us nkaMh ;k=kk dj ued lR;kxzg ;g •aMok jsyos LVs'ku ij gqvkA
fd;k] rc flouh osQ dkaxzsl dk;ZdrkZvksa us nqxkZ'kadj ysfÝVusaV gsDlsy dh gR;k neksg osQ ;'koUr flag us
esgrk osQ usr`Ro esa taxy lR;kxzg fd;kA dj nhA

z ;g lR;kxzg flouh ls 9&10 ehy nwj ljdkjh ou panu ;'koUr flag rFkk nsoukjk;.k frokjh dks iQk¡lh dh ltk
m|ku esa ?kkl dkVdj fd;k x;k FkkA lqukbZ xbZ rFkk nyir jko dks ltk nh xbZA
z bl flyflys esa 9 vDVwcj 1930 dks flouh ftys osQ xzke z pj.k iknqdk gR;kdkaM (1931)
Vqfj;k] tks flouh ls 28 ehy nwj fLFkr gS] esa lR;kxzg dh pj.k iknqdk ujlagkj dks eè; çns'k osQ tfy;kaokyk
frfFk fuf'pr dh x;hA ckx ujlagkj osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

z pkoy vkanksyu (1947)
;g vkanksyu laHkor% vaxzstksa }kjk bl {ks=k esa Fkksis x,
ysoh ikB osQ f•ykiQ 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA

jhok {ks=k osQ f=kHkqou frokjh vkSj HkSjo çlkn dks lsuk
us vYi le; esa gh ekj MkykA

z Hkksiky dk tfy;k¡okyk ujlagkj (1949)
14 tuojh 1949 dks jk;lsu {ks=k esa ueZnk unh osQ rV
ij Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; èot iQgjkdj

gj lky Nrjiqj esa pj.k iknqdk esa laØkafr esyk •q'kh eukbZA
vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk FkkA
tokc esa] uokc lSfudksa osQ ,d vf/dkjh tkiQj vyh
;g mfeZy unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA
dk LFkkuh; yksxksa osQ lkFk fookn gks x;kA
14 tuojh 1931 dks Nrjiqj ftys osQ pj.k iknqdk
la?k"kZ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i •qyh xksyhckjh gqbZ] ftlesa dbZ
xkao esa ljtw nnqvk osQ usr`Ro esa ,d lkoZtfud lHkk LFkkuh; yksx ekjs x,A
cqykbZ xbZ FkhA bls Hkksiky tfy;kaokyk ujlagkj osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk
vius jktuhfrd ,tsaV fiQ'kj dh deku esa fczfV'k lsuk gSA
us 'kkafriw.kZ lHkk ij xksyhckjh dh] ftlesa 21 yksx ekjs
x, vkSj 24 vU; ?kk;y gks x,A egRoiw.kZ fcanq
xksyhckjh esa ekjs x, yksxksa esa lsB lqanjyky ojksgk] fp# z c?ksy•.M osQ dksBh tkxhj osQ BkoqQj j.ker flag us vaxzstksa
oqQehZ] gYdkbZ vghj vkSj dbZ vU; 'kkfey FksA osQ fo#¼ foæksg dj fn;kA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn] dbZ vU; yksxksa dks tsy esa Mky z ncksg osQ nkSyr flag rFkk fcfy;k osQ cjtksj flag us nfr;k
fn;k x;kA esa usr`Ro laHkkykA
z Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk f=kiqjh vf/os'ku (1939) z ukxkSn osQ 'kkld jk?kosaæ flag] vt; x<+ osQ jktk j.kNksM+
flag] jhok osQ jktk j?kqjkt flag] vksjNk osQ yM+bZ ljdkj]
Hkksiky dh fldanj csxe vkSj Xokfy;j osQ thokth jko us
foæksg osQ nkSjku vaxzstksa dh enn dhA
z 1938 esa Hkksiky jkT; çtkeaMy dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj
prqjukjk;.k dks lfpo pquk x;kA
z eè; çns'k esa vlg;ksx vkSj f•ykiQr vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr
çHkkdj MqaMh jkt] Jh tkVo vkSj vCnqy tkiQj •ku us
dh FkhA
lqHkk"k paæ cksl us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl osQ f=kiqjh z lsB xksfoannkl us eè; çns'k esa igyk O;fÙkQxr lR;kxzg
vf/os'ku dh vè;{krk dhA tcyiqj 'kgj esa vk;ksftr fd;k FkkA mUgsa idM+dj lsaVªy
;g vf/os'ku eè; çns'k osQ tcyiqj ftys esa vk;ksftr tsy ys tk;k x;kA
fd;k x;k FkkA z ^çfrek* O;fÙkQxr lR;kxzg dh is'kd'k djus okyh eè;çns'k
f=kiqjh vf/os'ku dks lqHkk"k paæ cksl vkSj vka/z osQ dh igyh efgyk FkhaA
usrk iêðkfHk lhrkjeS;k osQ chp fookfnr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
dkaxzsl osQ vè;{k in osQ pquko osQ fy, ;kn fd;k foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
tkrk gSA 1- eè; çns'k esa Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf•r esa
bl pquko esa lqHkk"k paæ cksl thrs] ysfdu ckn esa ls dkSu lk dFku xyr gS\ (2021)
vkarfjd dyg osQ dkj.k mUgksaus bLrhiQk ns fn;k vkSj (a) •ktk vkSj Hkhek uk;d Hkhy usrk Fks ftUgksaus fczfV'k
jktsaæ çlkn us l=k dh vè;{krk dhA 'kklu osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+h FkhA

(b) 'kadj 'kkg x<+ eaMyk jkT; osQ ,d Lora=krk lsukuh 8- myxqyku (2019)
FksA 9- flouh lR;kxzg (2019)
(c) jkex<+ osQ tq>kj flag osQ iq=k nsoukFk flag us fczfV'k
10- fcjlk eqaMk vkanksyu dk fooj.k nhft,\ (2018)
'kklu osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+hA
11- eè; çns'k osQ >aMk lR;kxzg vkanksyu ij çdk'k Mkysa\
(d) flikgh cgknqj ljdkj dh LFkkiuk bankSj esa gqbZA
(2018)
mÙkj (c vkSj d)
3- 1842 osQ cqna y
s k foæksg esa lfØ; çfrHkkxh tehankj fgjns'kkg vH;kl ç'u
Fkk] fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk LFkku ls lacaf/r gS\ 1- og dkSu lk ;q¼ Fkk ftlus bankSj] ukxiqj vkSj jhok jkT;ksa
(2019) dks fczfV'k jkt osQ v/hu dj fn;k\
(a) pkojikBk (b) nsojh (a) çFke vkaXy ejkBk ;q¼
(c) lqvkrky (d) ghjkiqj (b) f}rh; vkaXy ejkBk ;q¼
mÙkj (d) (c) r`rh; vkaXy ejkBk ;q¼
5- fdl gR;kdkaM dks eè; çns'k dh tfy;kaokyk ckx =kklnh (d) ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS\ (2018) mÙkj (c)
(a) pj.k iknqdk gR;kdkaM (b) >kcqvk ujlagkj O;k[;k% rhljk vkaXy ejkBk ;q¼ 1818 esa vaxzst tujy ykWMZ
(c) eaMyk ujlagkj (d) ve>sjk gR;kdkaM gsfLVaxu vkSj ejkBk is'kok ckthjko f}rh; osQ chp gqvkA bl
mÙkj (a) ;q¼ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i bankSj] ukxiqj vkSj jhok fczfV'k jkt osQ
v/hu vk x,A
6- pUæ'ks•j vktkn dk tUe eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa
gqvk Fkk\ (2017) 2- fdl fczfV'k vf/dkjh osQ vkns'k ij t;kthjko flaf/;k
(a) •jxksu (b) Xokfy;j us 1857 osQ foæksg esa Hkkx ugha fy;k Fkk\
(c) >kcqvk (d) lruk (a) eSdiQjflj (b) tujy DykdZ
mÙkj (c) (c) áwjkst (d) Tharentan

mÙkj (a)
7- lsa/ok esa vkfnoklh vkanksyu fdlosQ usr`Ro esa gqvk\
(2015) O;k[;k% Xokfy;j esa t;kthjko flaf/;k us eSdiQjlu osQ dgus
ij foæksg esa Hkkx ugha fy;k vkSj vius nhoku fnudj jko osQ
(a) Hkhek uk;d (b) dksaMw
lkFk vkxjk pys x;sA
(c) xatu flag dksjdw (d) Hksjlk
mÙkj (a) 3- eè; çns'k esa r:.k lHkk dh LFkkiuk fdl vkanksyu osQ
nkSjku dh xbZ Fkh\
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk) (a) >aMk lR;kxzg (b) vlg;ksx vkanksyu
(c) Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu (d) lfou; voKk vkanksyu
1- jktk c[rkoj flag ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ (2021)
mÙkj (d)
2- egkdkS'ky {ks=k esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu ij çdk'k Mkfy,\
(2021)
O;k[;k% lfou; voKk vkanksyu osQ nkSjku lsB xksfoannkl vkSj
}kjdk çlkn feJ osQ usr`Ro esa tcyiqj esa r:.k lHkk dh
3- 1857 osQ Lora=krk vkanksyu esa j?kqukFk 'kkg vkSj 'kadj LFkkiuk dh xbZA
'kkg osQ ;ksxnku dk ewY;kadu djsaA (2021)
4- 1857 dh Økafr osQ le; oa'k xksiky vkSj vjko flag
4- cqansyk foæksgA (2020)
flag us fdl {ks=k esa foæksg fd;k Fkk\
5- voarhckbZA (2020) (a) bankSj (b) Xokfy;j
6- >aMk lR;kxzg ij çdk'k Mkysa\ (2020) (c) •aMok (d) tcyiqj
7- eè; çns'k esa Lora=krk vkanksyu dk o.kZu djsa\ (2020) mÙkj (a)

O;k[;k% bankSj esa 1857 dh Økafr osQ usrk lvknr •ku] oa'k 8- Hkksiky osQ fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl 'kkld us lk¡ph dks
xksiky] vjko flag] HkkxhjFk] uokc okfjl eksgEen •ku] ekSyoh laj{k.k fn;k\
vCnqy len vkfn FksA (a) oqQnfl;k csxe vkSj 'kkgtgk¡ csxe
5- eè; çns'k esa Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ nkSjku lksgkoy ujlagkj (b) 'kkgtgk¡ csxe vkSj lqYrku tgk¡ csxe
dc gqvk Fkk\ (c) fldanj tgka csxe
(a) 20 tqykbZ] 1931 (b) 29 tuojh] 1939 (d) oqQnfl;k csxe vkSj lqYrku tgka csxe
(c) 19 tqykbZ] 1938 (d) 28 tuojh] 1937 mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% 'kkgtgk¡ csxe vkSj Hkksiky dh lqYrku tgk¡ csxe us
lk¡ph dks laj{k.k fn;kA lqYrku tgk¡ csxe us lk¡ph osQ j•j•ko]
O;k[;k% lksgkcy dk ujlagkj 19 tqykbZ 1938 dks lruk ftys
foJke x`g] laxzgky; vkSj lk¡ph ls lacaf/r tkWu ek'kZy dh
esa gqvk FkkA bls ektu ujlagkj osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA iqLrd dks çdkf'kr djus osQ fy, vuqnku fn;kA
;gka vkanksyu dk usr`Ro yky cq¼ çrki flag dj jgs FksA
9- 1857 dh Økafr ls eè; çns'k dk dkSu lk Hkkx lokZf/d
6- Hkkjr dh vktknh osQ ckn gehnqYyk •ku us oSQfcusV ljdkj çHkkfor gqvk\
dk xBu fd;k o"kZ 1948 esa Hkksiky dk ç/kuea=kh fdls (a) cqansy•.M (b) ekyok
fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k Fkk\ (c) ck?ksy•aM (d) ueZnk {ks=k
(a) MkW- 'kadjn;ky 'kekZ (b) prqjukjk;.k ekyoh;
mÙkj (a)
(c) jruoqQekj xqIrk (d) cjdrqYykg •ku
O;k[;k% 1837 dk foæksg lcls vf/d cqUnsy•.M esa fn•kbZ
mÙkj (b) nsrk gSA bl le; ;g {ks=k lkxj osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk&ueZnk
O;k[;k% Hkksiky fj;klr osQ igys ç/kuea=kh prqj ukjk;.k {ks=k esa y{ehckbZ] enZuflag] e/qdj'kkg] lkxj esa 'ks• jetku
ekyoh; FksA mUgsa ^Hkksiky osQ xka/h* osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS vkfn us bl {ks=k esa eq[; :i ls Hkkx fy;kA ;gka áwjksl]
eSykFkkWu] fczxsfM;j lsts us foæksg dks nckus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
7- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh efLtn eè; çns'k esa fufeZr
cqUnsy•.M osQ ckn bldk lokZf/d çHkko egkdkS'ky {ks=k esa FkkA
,d liQsn laxejej dh bekjr gS\
10- lfou; voKk vkUnksyu osQ le; osQUæh; çkUrh; ;q¼
(a) deky ekSyk efLtn (/kj)
lfefr osQ vè;{k dkSu Fks\
(b) ykV efLtn (/kj)
(a) }kjdk çlkn feJ (b) lsB xksfoan nkl
(c) tkek efLtn (ekaMw)
(c) ek•u yky prqoZsnh (d) nknk lkgsc •kiMZs
(d) rktqy efLtn (Hkksiky)
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% ued dkuwu osQ mYya?ku osQ lkFk gh dkaxzsl lfefr;ksa
O;k[;k% ekaMw esa fLFkr tkek efLtn dk fuekZ.k gq'kax'kkg osQ dks voS/ ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k vkSj mUgsa ;q¼ lfefr;ksa esa cny
'kkludky esa gqvk Fkk tks egewn f•yth osQ 'kkludky esa fn;k x;kA lsB xksfoannkl vkSj ea=kh }kjdk çlkn feJ osQaæh;
cudj rS;kj gqbZ FkhA çkarh; ;q¼ lfefr osQ vè;{k FksA
v v v

4 eè; çns'k osQ jktoa'k
xksaM jktoa'k z vtZqunkl (1500&1510 bZ-)

FkjZdk (neksg) osQ lrh xzaFk esa mYys• gS fd mUgsa vius
lcls cM+s csVs vkeÞ.knkl osQ foæksg dk lkeuk djuk

iM+k vkSj muosQ }kjk mUgsa xíh ls mrkj fn;k x;kA
lwjt&çdk'k uked iqLrd esa mYys• gS fd xq# ukud
th us vius 'kkludky osQ nkSjku xksaM lkezkT; dk nkSjk

fd;k FkkA
mudh gR;k muosQ csVs vkeÞ.knkl nkl us dh FkhA
z laxzke 'kkg (vkeÞ.knkl) (1510&1543)

z xksaMokuk lkezkT; us Hkkjr osQ xksaMokuk {ks=k ij 'kklu fd;kA
z xksaMokuk {ks=k esa egkjk"Vª osQ iwohZ fonHkZ dk eq[; Hkkx] x<+
lkezkT; vkSj eè; çns'k osQ oqQN fgLls 'kkfey gSaA
z cM+s {ks=k esa mÙkjh rsyaxkuk] if'peh vksfM'kk vkSj nf{k.kh
mÙkj çns'k osQ fgLls 'kkfey gSaA
z jkek;.k esa of.kZr naMdkj.; {ks=k dks xksaM tutkfr dk
fuokl LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA
z budk igyk mYys• jkeuxj osQ laLÑr xzaFk esa feyrk gSA
z blesa ;knojk; ls ân;'kkg rd xksaMokuk 'kkldksa dk
mYys• gSA
z mÙkjh xksaMokuk tcyiqj dk x<+ dVaxk ;k x<+ eaMyk
lkezkT; Fkk vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkx paæiqj dk pank lkezkT; FkkA mUgksaus ¶egkjktk Jh jktk vkeÞ.knkl¸ dh mikf/
if'peh Hkkx cSrwy dk •sjyk lkezkT; Fkk vkSj 16oha 'krkCnh /kj.k dhA
esa ukxiqj vkSj fNanokM+k dk nsox<+ lkezkT; ,d etcwr mUgksaus jk;lsu fot; osQ le; xqtjkr osQ lqYrku
lkezkT; osQ :i esa mHkjkA cgknqj dh lgk;rk dh] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i mUgksaus
z ;knojk; (1328&1440) vkeÞ.knkl dks laxzke 'kkg dh mikf/ nhA
mudk tUe xksnkojh unh osQ rV ij fLFkr lgyxk¡o jljRuekyk esa mYys• fd;k gS fd vkeÞ.knkl dh nks
esa gqvk FkkA ifRu;ka Fkha iÁkorh vkSj lqefrA
mUgksaus ykath (ckyk?kkV) osQ 'kkld osQ :i esa dk;Z muosQ nks iq=k Fks] nyifr 'kkg vkSj pUæ 'kkgA
fd;kA vdcjukek esa mYys• gS fd nyifr'kkg dk fookg
mUgksaus jRukoyh (neksg osQ 'kkld dh csVh) ls fookg pansy jktk dh iq=kh nqxkZorh ls gqvk FkkA
fd;kA mUgksaus pkSjkx<+ fdyk (ujflagiqj) cuok;kA
^x<+s'ufjio.kZue~ f'kykys•* esa mudk mYys• ukx oa'k nkeksnj BkoqQj us laxzkelkgh vkSj foosd nhfidk
osQ dNokgk jktiwr osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gSA uked 'kh"kZd ls nks fuca/ fy•sA
z nyir 'kkg (1543&1550 bZ-) ujZbZ dh yM+kbZ
mUgksaus ¶Jh egkjktkf/jkt] Jh jktk¸ dh mikf/ /kj.k z jkuh nqxkZorh osQ thou dh lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa esa ls
dh] tSlk fd tcyiqj esa ik, x, rkezi=k f'kykys• ,d ujZbZ dh yM+kbZ (ftls ujZbZ Hkh dgk tkrk gS) Fkh] tks
esa of.kZr gSA 1564 esa gqbZ FkhA
mUgksaus viuh jkt/kuh x<+k ls flaxkSjx<+ fdys esa

LFkkukarfjr dj nhA mUgsa lezkV vdcj osQ lsukifr vkliQ •ku osQ usr`Ro
okyh eqxy lsuk osQ vkØe.k dk] la[;k esa de gksus
mUgksaus vk/kj dk;LFk dks viuk ç/kuea=kh fu;qÙkQ
vkSj ,d etcwr çfr}a}h dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
fd;kA
ujZbZ dh yM+kbZ osQ nkSjku] ;g eglwl djrs gq, fd gkj
mUgksaus rRo fparkef.k dh jpuk djus okys egs'k
fudV Fkh] jkuh nqxkZorh us ¶tkSgj¸ djus dk iQSlyk
BkoqQj tSls fo}kuksa dks laj{k.k nsdj dyk dks Hkh
fd;kA
c<+kok fn;kA
dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus vius lEeku vkSj fojklr dh
mUgksaus osQ'ko ykSxk{kh dks Hkh laj{k.k fn;kA
j{kk osQ fy, ;g ekxZ pqukA
z jkuh nqxkZorh (1550&1564 bZ-)
ckn esa vkliQ •ku us jkt/kuh pkSjkx<+ dks thrus osQ
xksaMokuk dh jkuh nqxkZorh osQ uke ls Hkh tkuh tkus
okyh] 16oha 'krkCnh dh ,d çeq• Hkkjrh; jkuh vkSj fy, ?ksjkcanh dh vkSj eqxyksa us xksaM lkezkT; ij thr
;ks¼k FkhaA gkfly dhA
og jktk dhfrZ flag pansy dh csVh Fkha vkSj mudk
z ipeBk eafnj] jk/koYyHk laçnk; ls lacaf/r gS tks
fookg xkSaM oa'k osQ jktk nyir 'kkg ls gqvk Fkk] tks jkuh nqxkZorh osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku vfLrRo esa vk;k FkkA
orZeku tcyiqj osQ {ks=k ij 'kklu djrs FksA vU; xksaM 'kkld
nyir 'kkg dh vçR;kf'kr e`R;q vkSj muosQ iq=k ohj
z e/qdj 'kkg (1576&1586)
ukjk;.k nso dh vis{kkÑr de mez osQ dkj.k] mUgsa
og eqxy lkezkT; osQ çfr viuh ÑrKrk O;ÙkQ djus
muosQ laj{kd osQ :i esa ç'kklu laHkkyuk iM+kA
osQ fy, eqxy njckj esa tkus okys igys xksaM 'kkld FksA
mUgksaus jkt/kuh dks flaxkSjx<+ ls LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k
mUgksaus ek/o oktisbZ dks viuk iqjksfgr fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
vkSj lriqM+k ioZr Jà•yk ij pkSjkx<+ fdys dks viuh
jkt/kuh cuk;kA 1586 bZ- esa mudh e`R;q gks xbZA
z ekyok osQ lqYrku ckt cgknqj ls la?k"kZ z çse'kkg (1586&1627 bZ-)

1556 bZ- esa ekyok osQ jktk ckt cgknqj us x<+k lkezkT; çse'kkg eqxy ckn'kkg tgk¡xhj vkSj 'kkgtgk¡ osQ
ij vkØe.k fd;kA ledkyhu Fks] tgk¡xhj us çse'kkg dks mldk eulcnkj

x<+k lkezkT; dks thrus osQ vius nksuksa ç;klksa esa og cuk;kA
cqjh rjg foiQy jgkA buosQ 'kkludky esa ohj flag cqansyk osQ iq=k tq>kj flag
muosQ pkpk iQrsg •ku muosQ igys ç;kl esa ekjs x,] us vkØe.k fd;k] bl ;q¼ esa çse'kkg ekjk x;k vkSj
vkSj mUgsa vius nwljs ç;kl esa Hkkjh {kfr gqbZA tq>kj flag us pkSjkx<+ ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA

tc bldh •cj eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkgtgk¡ dks feyh rks z cqansyk jktoa'k us cqansy•.M {ks=k osQ dbZ NksVs çkarksa ij
mlus vkØe.k djosQ tq>kj flag dks gjk fn;k 'kklu fd;k vkSj mÙkj&eè; Hkkjr esa cqansy•.M jkT; dks
pkSjkx<+] tq>kj flag ikl osQ taxyksa esa Hkkx x;k] ysfdu viuk uke fn;kA
xksaMksa us mls ekj MkykA z cqansyk jktoa'k dh ikSjkf.kd mRifÙk dk irk lw;Zoa'k ls
z ân;'kkg (1627&1671 bZ-) yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
çse'kkg dh e`R;q osQ ckn ân;'kkg 'kkld cukA z cqansyksa us cqansy•.M 'kCn (¶cqansyk {ks=k¸) dks çsfjr fd;kA
og eqxy njckj esa ukSdjh djrs FksA z ohj cqansyk us eÅ&eksgkuh {ks=k esa cqansyk lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk
mUgksaus pansy] ifjgkj vkSj xkSre jktoa'kksa osQ lkFk dhA
oSokfgd laca/ fodflr fd,A z vksjNk jkT;
igkM+ flag osQ vkus ij ân;'kkg us Hkkxdj jhok osQ
tehankj vuwi flag osQ ;gk¡ 'kj.k yhA

igkM+ flag us jhok ij Hkh vkØe.k dj fn;k vkSj
ân;'kkg ogka ls Hkkx x;kA

ân;'kkg us jkeuxj uke ls ,d u;k 'kgj clk;k vkSj
jkeuxj dks jkt/kuh cuk;kA

ân;'kkg us ckgj ls oqQ'ky fdlkuksa dks cqykdj vius
jkT; esa clk;k]

ân;'kkg us eaMyk esa ân; uxj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj
egksck ls cqyk, x, ialkfj;ks (iku mRikndksa) dks

clk;kA
pkSjkx<+ fdyk gkjus osQ ckn mlus viuh jkt/kuh
jkeuxj esa LFkkukarfjr dj nhA

ohj cqansyk osQ ikS=k vtZquiky us bl jkt/kuh osQ
mUgksaus laxhr ij ân; dkSrqd vkSj ân; çdk'k uked
vklikl dk {ks=k thr fy;kA
nks xzaFk fy•s FksA
vtZquiky osQ rhu iq=k Fks] ohjiky] lksguiky vkSj
y{ehçlkn nhf{kr }kjk x<+s'ufjio.kZue~ f'kykys• Hkh
n;kikyA
mUgsa lefiZr gSA
vtZquiky cqansyk dh e`R;q osQ ckn muosQ lcls cM+s iq=k
cqUnsy•aM jktoa'k ohjiky us eÅ&eksgkuh dk 'kkld cuk;kA
ohjiky jktk cuus osQ ckn mlus vius Hkkb;ksa lksguiky
vkSj n;kiky dks jkT; ls csn•y dj fn;kA
lksguiky us vius HkkbZ osQ f•ykiQ lgk;rk osQ fy,
x<+oqQaMkj osQ •axkj 'kkld gqjer flag ls laidZ fd;k]
ysfdu gqjer flag us lgk;rk osQ cnys esa lksguiky
dh csVh /je oqQaokjh dh 'kknh vius csVs ukxnso ls
djus dh 'krZ j•hA
gqjer flag dh fVIi.kh ls Øksf/r lksguiky us iok;k
z cqansyk jktiwr Lo;a dks jkepUæ osQ T;s"B iq=k yo osQ oa'k osQ 'kkld iq.;iky ijekj ls gqjer dks ekjus esa enn
dk ekurs gSaA djus dks dgkA
z cqansyks us foaè; {ks=k ij 'kklu fd;kA mlus •axkjks ij vkØe.k dj gqjer flag dks ekj MkykA
eè; çns'k osQ jktoa'k 231

vc x<+oqQaMkj esa lksguiky dk jkT; LFkkfir gks x;k
vkSj lksguiky osQ oa'k esa gh #æ çrki cqansyk us
x<+oqQaMkj dh xíh ij 'kklu fd;kA
lksguiky osQ ckn lgtsUæ] ukudnso] i`Fohjkt] jkepUæ]
esnuhey] vtZqunso] ey•ku flag gq,A
z :æ çrki flag cqansyk (501&1531 bZ-)
ey•ku flag osQ ckn :æ çrki flag cqansyk xíh ij cSBsA
#æ çrki dh jkt/kuh vksjNk ls yxHkx 50 fdyksehVj muosQ HkkbZ jktk e/qdj 'kkg ,d dêðj fganw Fks vkSj
nwj x<+oqQaMkj esa FkhA mUgksaus vius egy dks eafnj esa cny fn;k FkkA
1530 bZ- esa mlus viuh jkt/kuh vksjNk esa LFkkukarfjr bl eafnj esa Hkxoku jke dks vkt Hkh 'kk'or 'kkld
dj nhA osQ :i esa iwtk tkrk gS] ftls ^jke jktk eafnj* osQ
vkxeu osQ rqjar ckn mudh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj muosQ iq=k uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh paæ (1531&54) muosQ mÙkjkf/dkjh cus] ftuosQ mUgksaus foLrkjoknh uhfr dk ikyu fd;k vkSj eqxy
ckn muosQ iq=k e/qdj 'kkg (1554&92) vk,A lezkV vdcj osQ lkFk la?k"kZ esa vk x;sA
mUgksaus csrok unh osQ rV ij fdyk cuok;k ftls vc 1577 esa eqxy ckn'kkg vdcj dh lsuk us e/qdj
vksjNk osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 'kkg ij geyk fd;k vkSj mUgsa gjk fn;kA
mUgksaus vksjNk dks igyh lSU; Nkouh cuk;kA og vdcj osQ njckj esa 'kkfey gks x;k] ysfdu ckn
z Hkkjrhpan (1531&1554 bZ-) esa la?k"kZ djrk jgk vkSj varr% mlus vdcj ls •ks;k
Hkkjrh pan dks :æ çrki flag cqansyk dk mÙkjkf/dkjh gqvk oqQN {ks=k iqu% çkIr dj fy;kA
cuk;kA e/qdj 'kkg osQ lcls cM+s csVs jke 'kkg us vdcj
muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku vksjNk iw.kZ jkt/kuh cu osQ lkFk 'kkafr LFkkfir dh vkSj mUgsa vkxjk esa vius
x;kA njckj esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA
muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku fnYyh dh xíh osQ fy, tc jke'kkg lezkV osQ njckj esa Fks] rc vksjNk
gqek;w¡ vkSj 'ksj'kkg lwjh osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA dh ns•Hkky muosQ NksVs HkkbZ] baæthr flag }kjk dh
vfLFkjrk dk ykHk mBkdj lEiw.kZ cqUnsy•.M mlosQ tkrh FkhA
'kklu esa vk x;kA z jke'kkg osQ rhljs HkkbZ ohj flag] vdcj osQ csVs] jktoqQekj
bLyke 'kkg us Vhdex<+ osQ trkjk ij vkØe.k dj lyhe ls ifjfpr gks x,A
bl ij dCtk dj fy;k vkSj bldk uke cnydj
bLykekckn j• fn;kA
gkyk¡fd] Hkkjrh pan us bLykekckn dk fu;a=k.k okil ys
fy;k vkSj bldk uke cny fn;kA
mUgksaus dfo osQ'konkl dks laj{k.k fn;kA
mUgksaus vksjNk esa dbZ bekjrsa cuokbZa tSls vksjNk fdyk]
jkejktk eafnj] jkuh egy vkSj 'kgjiukgA
z e/qdj 'kkg (1554&1592 bZ-)
jktk #æ çrki us 1501 bZ- esa jkt/kuh dks vksjNk z 1605 esa vdcj dh e`R;q osQ ckn ohj flag dks vksjNk dk
LFkkukarfjr dj fn;kA jktk cuk;k (1606&27)A

z ekflj&my&mejk osQ ys•d 'kkgckt •ku us mYys• z tq>kj flag cqUnsyk (1627&1635 bZ-)
fd;k gS fd ¶e/qdj 'kkg us viuh uhfr] lkgl vkfn osQ cqUnsy•.M ij eqxyksa dk vkØe.k
ekè;e ls lHkh iwoZtksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA¸
z e/qdj 'kkg cgqr /kfeZd LoHkko osQ Fks vkSj vius ekFks ij
,d cM+k lk fryd yxkrs Fks vkSj blfy, os e/qdj'kkgh
fryd osQ uke ls çfl¼ FksA
z jkejktk eafnj dk fuekZ.k e/qdj 'kkg us djok;k FkkA
oqQN iqLrdksa esa mYys• gS fd prqHkZqt eafnj dk fuekZ.k
eèkqdj 'kkg us djok;k Fkk ysfdu bldk vkjaHk mUgksaus
djok;k vkSj iwjk ohj flag nso cqansyk us djok;kA
uksV% vksjNk osQ eafnjksa dks ;wusLdksa us 2020 esa fo'o fojklr
LFky dh laHkkfor lwph esa tksM+k gSA
z ohj flag nso cqansyk (1605&1627 bZ-)
eqxy jktoqQekj lyhe }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ ,d lkft'k
esa] ohj flag nso us nDdu ls ykSVrs gh vcqy iQty

dh gR;k dj nhA
mUgsa cyoar uxj (orZeku esa >k¡lh osQ uke ls tkuk 1628 bZ- esa 'kkgtgk¡ us eqxy lsuk dks fofHkUu fn'kkvksa
tkrk gS) 'kgj esa >k¡lh fdys osQ fuekZ.k dk Js; Hkh ls cqUnsy•.M ij vkØe.k djus dk funZs'k fn;kA
fn;k tkrk gSA tq>kj flag dks ,glkl gqvk fd lezkV ls yM+uk O;FkZ
gSA os 1629 bZ- esa fnYyh pys x,A

ogka lezkV dks ,d gtkj lksus dh eksgjsa] iaæg yk•
#i;s] pkyhl gkFkh vkSj viuh tkxhj dk ,d fgLlk

nsus dh is'kd'k dhA
'kkgtgk¡ us mls ekiQ dj fn;k vkSj mls nDdu vfHk;ku
osQ fy, fu;qÙkQ fd;kA

og 1634 bZ- esa viuh jkt/kuh vksjNk ykSV vk;sA
z xksaMokuk osQ fy, yM+kbZ

mlus 1635 bZ- esa xksaMokuk ij fot; çkIr dh vkSj
lezkV çse ukjk;.k dh gR;k dj nhA
iQwy ckx m|ku vkSj y{ehukjk;.k eafnj vksjNk

esa fLFkr gSaA
/keksuh dk fdyk lkxj esa fLFkr gSA
muosQ njckj esa dfo osQ'konkl jgrs Fks] ftudh

çeq• jpukvksa esa jru ckouh] jfldfç;k] jkepfUædk]
dfofç;k] ohj flag nso pfjr] tgk¡xhjtl pfUædk
vkfn 'kkfey FksA
mUgksaus cqansyh LFkkiR; 'kSyh dh Hkh 'kq#vkr dhA

ckn'kkg dh utj esa ;g ,d vijk/ Fkk D;ksafd dksbZ viuh lSU; O;oLFkk dks c<+kus gsrq ek•u dks viuk
Hkh eqxy ckn'kkg vius v/hu jktkvksa dks vkil esa lSU; dekaMj fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
yM+us dh btktr ugha nsrk FkkA xouZj&tujy osystyh us vius 'kkludky osQ nkSjku
çse ukjk;.k osQ csVs us Hkh lezkV ls U;k; dh xqgkj vksjNk dk nkSjk fd;k vkSj cqansyksa osQ lkFk ,d lqj{kk
yxkbZA laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A
'kkgtgk¡ us tq>kj flag dks 10 yk• #i;s nsus ;k
4 ebZ] 1816 dks Hkxr dh yM+kbZ gqbZA
xksaMokuk NksM+us ;k viuh tkxhj lkSaius dk vkns'k fn;k]
z /jeiky flag (1817&1834 bZ-)
tks xksaMokuk osQ cjkcj gks ldrh gSA
og foØethr flag osQ ckn vksjNk osQ 'kkld cusA
tq>kj flag us buesa ls fdlh Hkh 'krZ ls lger gksus ls
budkj dj fn;kA mUgksaus Úkalhlh tujy thu cSfIVLV osQ usr`Ro esa flaf/;k
'kkgtgk¡ us vkSjaxtsc dks cqUnsy•.M ij vkØe.k djus

jktoa'k dh lsuk dks gjk;kA
dk vkns'k fn;kA mUgksaus 1817 esa fiaMkfj;ksa dks nckus osQ fy, ykWMZ
vkSjaxtsc us vksjNk ij dCtk dj fy;k] fganw eafnjksa gsfLVaXl osQ lkFk vfHk;ku pyk;kA
dks u"V dj fn;k vkSj muosQ LFkku ij efLtnsa cuokbZA mudh rhu jkfu;ka Fkha (xjbZ jkuh] yM+bZ jkuh vkSj gjbZ
tq>kj flag vkSj foØethr dks xksaMksa us taxy esa ekj jkuh)A
Mkyk vkSj muosQ flj 'kkgtgk¡ osQ lkeus is'k fd;s x;sA cqansyk foæksg dks nckus esa estj Lyheu dks yM+bZ
cqUnsy•.M dks ohj flag osQ fj'rsnkjksa esa ls ,d nsoh jkuh dk iwjk lg;ksx çkIr gqvkA
flag dks lkSai fn;k x;k] mUgksaus ;q¼ osQ nkSjku eqxyksa yM+bZ jkuh dks ^vksjNk jkT; dh foDVksfj;k* osQ uke
dk i{k fy;k FkkA ls tkuk tkrk gSA
tq>kj flag us lansg osQ vk/kj ij vius nsorqY; HkkbZ
xjbZ jkuh us Vhdex<+ esa utjckx dk eafnj cuok;kA
gjnkSy dks tgj ns fn;k Fkk
z igkM+ flag cqUnsyk (1653&1672 bZ-) iUuk lkezkT;
1641 bZ- esa 'kkgtgk¡ us mls xíh çnku dhA z pairjk; cqansyk us iUuk lkezkT; dh uhao j•hA
mUgksaus pairjk; cqansyk osQ foæksg dks fu;af=kr fd;kA z egkjktk N=klky osQ vkè;kfRed xq# Lokeh çk.kukFk th
mUgksaus cY•] dkcqy vkSj da/kj vfHk;ku tSls lSU; osQ vuqlkj] egkjktk N=klky }kjk iUuk dks viuh jkt/kuh
vfHk;kuksa esa eqxyksa osQ lkFk Hkh yM+kbZ yM+hA cukus osQ ckn iUuk ftys dh çflf¼ rhu xquk c<+ xbZA
'kkgtgk¡ us mls 5000 tkr vkSj 2000 lokj dk eulc z iUuk ftys dks egkjktk N=klky dh uxjh osQ uke ls tkuk
fn;kA tkrk gSA
z mnksr flag cqansyk (169&1736 bZ-) z pair jk; us vkSjaxtsc osQ fo#¼ foæksg fd;k Fkk] ckn esa
buosQ 'kkludky esa vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q gks xbZA mudh e`R;q gks xbZA
1708 bZ- esa mUgksaus ejkBk is'kok ckthjko fo'oukFk osQ
z pEirjk; dh e`R;q osQ ckn mudk iq=k N=klky xíh ij cSBkA
vkØe.k ls vius jkT; dks cpk;kA
z N=klky cqansyk dks bl jktoa'k dk okLrfod laLFkkid
muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] iUuk lkezkT; dk fuekZ.k
ekuk tkrk gSA
gqvk vkSj N=klky cqansyk dk çHkqRo cqansy•.M {ks=k esa
'kq: gqvkA z N=klky cqUnsyk (1675µ1731)
mudk tUe 4 ebZ 1649 dks cqansyk jktiwr oa'k esa
og gksYdj ifjokj osQ ejkBk lsukifr eYgkjjko gksydj
ls yM+rs gq, ekjs x;sA pairjk; vkSj yky oqQ¡oj osQ ;gk¡ gqvk FkkA
z foØethr flag (1776&1817 bZ-) os egkcyh] cqUnsy•.M osQljh osQ uke ls Hkh çfl¼ FksA
mUgksaus vksjNk jkT; esa fLFkjrk ykus dk ç;kl fd;k vkSjaxtsc us mls ¶jktk¸ dh mikf/ nhA
vkSj yxHkx 41 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;kA Lokeh çk.kukFk th us 1687 bZ- esa iUuk esa N=klky dk
mUgksaus viuh jkt/kuh vksjNk ls Vsgjh (orZeku Vhdex<+) jktfryd fd;k vkSj mUgsa N=klky egkjkt dh mikf/
LFkkukarfjr dhA çnku dhA

z jktk fujir flag (1849&1870)
1857 osQ foæksg osQ le; jktk fujir flag iUuk osQ
'kkld FksA
mUgksaus foæksg osQ nkSjku dkfyatj osQ fdys ij dCtk
djosQ vkSj neksg ftys dks foæksfg;ksa ls eqÙkQ djkdj

vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk dh] ftlosQ fy, mUgsa 20]000 #i;s
dh f•yvr vkSj lkefj;k ijxuk ls iqjLÑr fd;k x;kA
ckn esa mUgsa fczfV'k ljdkj us ¶egkjktk¸ dh mikf/
ls iqjLÑr fd;kA
z egsaæ ;knosaæ flag (1902&1947)
og jko jktk •qeku flag osQ iq=k FksA
os iUuk jkT; osQ 13osa egkjktk FksA
mlus vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj djus osQ fy, ekyok og Hkkjrh; Lora=krk osQ le; iUuk osQ 'kkld FksA
osQ /eksuh] jk;lsu] egksck] Xokfy;j] lkxj] neksg vkSj mUgksaus 1 tuojh 1950 dks vius jkT; dk Hkkjr la?k
vU; jkT;ksa ij geyk fd;k vkSj mUgsa thr fy;kA esa foy; dj fn;kA
ckthjko] us eqxyksa osQ fo#¼ N=klky dh lgk;rk dhA vius jkT; osQ Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; esa foy; osQ ckn foaè;
çns'k osQ mijktçeq•

iUuk foaè; çns'k dk fgLlk cu x;k vkSj ckn esa 1956
esa eè; çns'k esa foy; gks x;kA

z ujsaæ flag
og 1957] 1962 vkSj 1967 esa eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkk
osQ lnL; jgsA

1971 esa lruk ls laln lnL; (yksdlHkk)A
1977 esa neksg ls laln lnL; (yksdlHkk)A
og ,d lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ vkSj iUuk esa dbZ 'kS{kf.kd

mUgksaus 1728 esa eqgEen •ku caxl osQ usr`Ro okyh laLFkkuksa osQ laLFkkid FksA
eqxy lsuk osQ f•ykiQ lSU; lgk;rk HksthA
eksgEen •ku caxl dks is'kok vkSj N=klky dh nfr;k lkezkT; (1626 1950)
la;qÙkQ lsuk us gjk;k FkkA z 20 vDVwcj 1626 bZ- dks Hkxokunkl cqansyk dks ohj flag
N=klky us is'kok ckthjko&çFke dks iUuk dk ,d cqansyk ls cjkSuh&nfr;k tkxhj çkIr gqbZA
frgkbZ fgLlk ns fn;k vkSj mudh csVh eLrkuh us z jko Hkxoku flag (1626 & 1656)
is'kok ckthjko ls fookg dj fy;kA jko Hkxoku jko] nfr;k vkSj cjkSuh osQ çFke jkoA
viuh e`R;q ls igys] N=klky us eqxyksa osQ f•ykiQ mUgksaus 1628 bZ- esa tq>kj flag dks vkSj 1630 bZ- esa
lgk;rk osQ cnys esa egksck vkSj vklikl dk {ks=k eqxy lezkV 'kkgtgk¡ osQ fy, •ku&,&tgk¡ dks gjk;kA
ckthjko çFke dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;kA z nyir jko (1678&1707 bZ-)
z eè; çns'k osQ •tqjkgks esa egkjktk N=klky dUosa'ku lsaVj mudk ewy uke çrki flag FkkA
dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;k gSA mUgksaus nfr;k esa ,d cM+k fdyk cuok;k vkSj bldk
z eè; çns'k esa egkjktk N=klky laxzgky; vkSj fnYyh esa uke çrkix<+ fdyk j•kA
N=klky LVsfM;e dk uke Hkh egkjktk N=klky osQ uke mUgksaus nfr;k dk uke cnydj nyifruxj j• fn;kA
ij j•k x;k gSA
mUgksaus N=kifr jktkjke ls ftath x<+ dk fdyk thrkA

z jktk ijhf{kr z O;k?kznso us xgksjk osQ yks/h lkearksa osQ fo#¼ Hkkj jktk dh
15 ekpZ] 1804 bZ- dks mUgksaus bZLV bafM;k daiuh osQ lkFk lgk;rk dhA
lgk;d laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd;sA ckn esa ykWMZ gsfLVaXl z Hkkj jktk us c?ksy ca/qvksa dks BkoqQj dh mikf/ vkSj xgksjk
us 1818 bZ- esa laf/ dks iqu% fy•kA dh lkearh çnku dhA
ijhf{kr us fiaMkfj;ksa dks •Re djus osQ fy, duZy
z rFkk xgksjk esa c?ksy oa'k dh LFkkiuk chlynso ,oa Hkheynso
}kjk dh x;hA
Lyheu osQ lkFk Hkh dke fd;kA
z jkfud nso
15 ekpZ 1804 dks nfr;k jkT; us oqQatu ?kkV ij vaxzstksa
og Hkheynso dk iq=k FkkA
ls laf/ dj yh vkSj nfr;k vaxzstksa osQ v/hu gks x;kA
ohjHkkuqn; dkO;e (ek/o mjO;) esa mudk mYys•
c?ksy•.M jktoa'k (13oha 'krkCnh bZ-) i`"BHkwfe xgksjk osQ igys 'kkld osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gSA
z cqYykjnso (1353&1389 bZ-)
z c?ksy•.M osQ oqQN fgLlksa ij c?ksy jktiwr dk dCtk Fkk

tks xqtjkr osQ lksyafd;ksa dk oa'kt gksus dk nkok djrs FksA
z bl oa'k dk çFke 'kkld /oy Fkk] ftlosQ iq=k v.kkZsjkt
dks HkkeikYyh@O;k?kziYyh xk¡o fn;k x;k FkkA
z vkSj blh uke osQ dkj.k bl jktoa'k dks c?ksyksj O;k?kziYyh
osQ uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA
viQhiQ dh rkjh•&,&fiQjkst'kkgh esa mYys• gS fd
z v.kkZsjkt osQ iq=k yo.k çlkn ;k O;k?kziYyh dks vkerkSj ij og fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd osQ njckj esa mifLFkr FkkA
O;k?kznso osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mlus Lo;a dks fnYyh lYrur ls Lora=k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
vkSj egkjktkf/jkt dh mikf/ /kj.k dhA

f=kos.kh (ç;kx) esa mUgsa fuokZ.k çkIr gqvkA
z ohjenso c?ksy (1389&1438 bZ-)

og cqYykjnso dk iksrk FkkA
mlus cka/ox<+ fdys dks thr fy;k vkSj cka/ox<+]
vejdaVd dks vius jkT; esa feyk fy;kA

'kdhZ lqYrku bczkfge 'kdhZ osQ lkFk muosQ eS=khiw.kZ
laca/ FksA
rkjh•&,&eqgEenh esa mUgsa ml ;qx dk fuje (bZjkuh
igyoku) dgk x;k FkkA

z ohjflagnso (1500&1535 bZ-)
z dkfyatj osQ Hkkj jktk us yks/h osQ geys ls dkfyatj dh ohj flagnso c?ksy us ckcj osQ fo#¼ •kuok osQ ;q¼
j{kk djus osQ fy, chlynso vkSj Hkheynso (O;k?kznso osQ (1527) esa jk.kk lkaxk dh lgk;rk dhA
iksrs) ls vuqjks/ fd;kA fldUnj yksnh ls Hkh muosQ fe=krkiw.kZ laca/ FksA

muosQ njckj esa laxhrdkj rkulsu jgrs FksA
ckn esa rkulsu dks jkepaæ us vdcj osQ ikl Hkst fn;kA
jkepUæ us vdcj osQ foæksgh xkth •k¡ dks 'kj.k nh
ftlosQ dkj.k jkepUæ vkSj vdcj osQ chp ;q¼ gqvk

ftlesa jkepUæ dh gkj gqbZA
1569 bZ- esa mlus dkfyatj dk fdyk vdcj dks ns
fn;kA
mUgksaus vius firk osQ f•ykiQ foæksg djus osQ ckn z foØethr (1593&1624 bZ-)
vtZqunkl osQ iq=k laxzke 'kkg dks lqj{kk çnku dhA jkepUæ osQ ckn mudk iq=k ohjHkæ nso vkSj ohjHkæ nso
ysfdu tc laxzke 'kkg us muosQ firk dh gR;k dj osQ ckn foØethr 'kkld cusA
nh] rks ohj flag us ,d lsuk Hksth vkSj laxzke 'kkg mUgksaus vdcj dh v/hurk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj
dks idM+ fy;kA jk; f=kiqjnkl •=kh dks cka/ox<+ fdys esa Hkst fn;kA
z ohjHkkuq (1535&1555 bZ-) eqxy lsuk thr xbZ vkSj foØethr dks cka/ox<+ fdyk
og gqek;w¡ vkSj 'ksj'kkg lwjh osQ ledkyhu FksA
ftjtks/u (ohjHkæ osQ iq=k) dks nsuk iM+kA
'ksj'kkg lwjh ls gkjus osQ ckn mlus gqek;w¡ dks 'kj.k
og Hkkjrh pan osQ laj{k.k esa 'kkld cukA
nh FkhA
1605 bZ- esa vdcj dh e`R;q osQ ckn foØethr iqu%
'ksj'kkg lwjh us ohjHkkuq ij vkØe.k dj fn;k vkSj
jhok uked jkt/kuh dk 'kkld cukA
ohjHkkuq us dkfyatj esa dhjr flag pansy osQ ;gk¡
z vo/wr flag (1700&1755 bZ-)
'kj.k yhA
N=klky cqansyk osQ iq=k ân; 'kkg cqansyk us 1726 bZ- esa
'ksj'kkg lwjh us dkfyatj ij vkØe.k fd;k] bl ;q¼
esa 'ksj'kkg lwjh dh e`R;q gks x;hA jhok ij vkØe.k fd;kA

ân; 'kkg cqansyk us lEiw.kZ jhok jkT; ij vf/dkj dj
ohjHkkuq us osjkeftn xkSM+ ('ksj'kkg lwjh dk lsukifr)
dh gR;k dj nhA fy;kA

vo/wr flag us viuk iwjk jkT; cqansyk 'kkldksa osQ gkFkksa
ôhjHkkuqn;&dkO;e~* osQ jpf;rk&ek/o dks vius
njckj esa laj{k.k fd;kA •ks fn;kA

z jkepUæ (1555&1592 bZ-) z vthr flag (1755&1809 bZ-)
ckank osQ uokc vyh cgknqj us jhok ij nks ckj vkØe.k
fd;kA
lcls igys vthr flag vkSj vyh cgknqj osQ chp us•kbZ
dh yM+kbZ gqbZA
bl ;q¼ esa uokc dh gkj gqbZA
nwljk] 1798 bZ- esa fgEer cgknqj xkslkbZ osQ usr`Ro esa
vthr flag dh gkj gqbZ vkSj laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd;s x;sA

z t;flag (1809&1833 bZ-)
mlosQ 'kkludky esa fiaMkfj;ksa us jhok ij vkØe.k
fd;kA
ohjHkkuq osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh jkepUæ nso FksA 5 vDVwcj 1812 bZ- dks fiaMkjh osQ Hk; ls t; flag us
vdcj osQ c<+rs çHkko osQ dkj.k mlus 1564 bZ- esa bZLV bafM;k daiuh ls ckank dh laf/ dh
viuh jkt/kuh xgksjk&Hkêðk ls cka/ox<+ LFkkukarfjr laf/ osQ vuqlkj o{kh Hkxoku nÙk us egkjktk dk
dj nhA i{k fy;k rFkk fjpMZlu us vaxzstksa dk i{k fy;kA

z j?kqjkt flag (1854&1880 bZ-) 1905 esa bankSj esa mudh eqykdkr fçal vkWiQ osYl
muosQ 'kkludky dh lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk 1857 dk ,MoMZ lIre ls gqbZA
foæksg FkkA 1906 esa fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk mUgsa xzSaM dekaMj LVsV vkWiQ
bafM;k dh mikf/ nh xbZA

z egkjktk xqykc flag (1918&1946 bZ-)
mUgksaus foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fy, Xokfy;j osQ nhoku

fnudj jko dks Hkh vkeaf=kr fd;kA
1857 esa mUgksaus viuk 'kklu Hkkjr ljdkj ij NksM+
fn;kA
j?kqjkt dks muosQ firk fc'kukFk flag us 1843 esa jkT;
dk ç'kklu lkSaik Fkk vkSj 1854 esa os vkf/dkfjd rkSj

ij muosQ mÙkjkf/dkjh cusA
og egkjktk osadV jeu flag osQ iq=k FksA
mUgksaus 1857 osQ foæksg osQ nkSjku vaxzstksa dk leFkZu
xqykc flag dk tUe 17 vDVwcj 1792 dks ,d fganw
fd;k vkSj ckn esa eqvkots osQ :i esa lksguiqj vkSj
vejdaVd çkIr fd;kA Mksxjk jktiwr ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA
1926 bZ- esa muosQ 'kkludky esa jhok dks jhok jkT; esa
mUgsa 1864 esa ukbV xzSaM dekaMj vkWiQ n LVkj vkWiQ
bafM;k dk xkSjo çkIr gqvkA feyk fy;k x;kA

fcNjgVk osQ lsaxj 'kkld dh e`R;q osQ ckn 1932
z osadVjeu (1895&1918 bZ-)
bZ- esa bls jhok esa feyk fy;k x;kA
1939 bZ- esa f=kiqjh dkaxzsl vf/os'ku osQ nkSjku mUgksaus
lqHkk"k pUæ cksl dk leFkZu fd;kA

mUgksaus çtk ifj"kn osQ 41 lnL;ksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dhA
mUgksaus lruk esa c?ksy•.M Ýyksj fey dh Hkh
LFkkiuk dhA
mUgksaus jhok esa tqcyh efgyk fpfdRlky; dh
LFkkiuk dhA
mUgksaus jhok dk çFke U;k;ky; LFkkfir fd;kA
1895 bZ- esa jhok esa Hkh"k.k vdky iM+us ij mUgksaus z ekrZ.M flag (1946&1995 bZ-)
vdky jkgr dks"k dh LFkkiuk dhA ekrZaM flag jhok fj;klr osQ vafre 'kkld egkjktk vkSj
1903 esa os fnYyh njckj esa 'kkfey gq,A ,d Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.koknh Fks
mUgksaus jhok esa ljLorh Hk.Mkj uked iqLrdky; dk mUgksaus liQsn ck?k dh j{kk djus vkSj {ks=k dks
fuekZ.k fd;kA f'kdkfj;ksa ls eqÙkQ cukus osQ fy, dke fd;kA

muosQ }kjk fufeZr njckj çsl ls Hkkjr lekpkj i=k vkSj muosQ ç;klksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i foaè; ioZr esa
'kqHkfpard if=kdk dk Hkh çdk'ku gksrk FkkA cka/ox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

z tc vkarfjd dyg osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ejkBk lkezkT; detksj
gksus yxk] rks gksYdjksa us •qn dks eè; Hkkjr esa bankSj dk
'kkld ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
z os eFkqjk ftys ls vkdj nDdu osQ xk¡o ^gksy* ;k ^gksy*
esa cls] blfy, bls gksYdj dgk tkrk gSA
z jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk eYgkjjko gksYdj us dh Fkh] tks ejkBk
lkezkT; osQ is'kokvksa dh lsok esa ,d lSU; dekaMj osQ :i
esa çeq•rk ls mHkjsA
z eYgkjjko gksYdj (1693µ1766)
mUgksaus xksfoanx<+ esa vke vuqla/ku osQaæ dh LFkkiuk ckthjko is'kok&çFke us 29 tqykbZ 1732 dks lk<+s 28
dhA ijxuk dk foy; dj eYgkjjko gksYdj dks ç'kklu osQ

1946 esa vius firk dh e`R;q osQ ckn] og jhok osQ fy, ns fn;kA
egkjktk cus vkSj 1970 esa ljdkj }kjk jkW;YVh lekIr mudk tUe Hkkjr osQ egkjk"Vª osQ orZeku iq.ks ftys osQ
djus rd inoh cjdjkj j•h] ysfdu lÙkk ughaA gksy xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA
fçoh ilZ] iwoZ fj;klrksa osQ 'kkld ifjokjksa dks 1947 eYgkjjko dh mYys•uh; miyfC/;ksa esa ls ,d mÙkj
esa Hkkjr dh vktknh osQ ckn] igys Hkkjr osQ lkFk Hkkjr] fo'ks"kdj ekyok (orZeku eè; çns'k) osQ {ks=k esa
,dhÑr gksus vkSj ckn esa 1949 esa vius jkT;ksa mudk liQy vfHk;ku FkkA
dk foy; djus osQ le>kSrs osQ fgLls osQ :i esa
mUgksaus ekyok osQ eqxy lwcsnkjksa dks lkjuiqj dh yM+kbZ]
çnku fd;k x;k ,d Hkqxrku Fkk] ftlls muosQ lÙkk
ve>sjk dh yM+kbZ vkSj frjyk dh yM+kbZ esa gjk;kA
vf/dkj •ks x,A
mUgksaus 1737 esa gSnjkckn osQ futke osQ f•ykiQ
jkt?kjkus dh lekfIr osQ ckn] mUgksaus 5oha yksdlHkk
(1971)] 7oha yksdlHkk (1980) vkSj 8oha yksdlHkk

Hkksiky dh yM+kbZ esa Hkh yM+kbZ yM+hA
(1984) esa jhok dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;kA mUgksaus iqrZxkfy;ksa osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+h vkSj csflu
egkjktk ekrZaM flag tw nso OgkbV Vkbxj liQkjh vkSj fdys dks thrus esa enn dhA
fpfM+;k?kj] tks eqoqQaniqj] lruk esa fLFkr gS] dk uke muosQ mlus 1754 esa Hkjriqj ij vkØe.k fd;kA
uke ij j•k x;k FkkA og ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ esa Hkh ekStwn FksA
gkyk¡fd] tc lnkf'ko jko us mudh lykg vLohdkj

gksYdj jktoa'k (1732&1948) dj nh] rks mUgksaus ;q¼ NksM+ fn;kA
20 ebZ] 1766 dks vkyeiqj] fHkaM esa mudh e`R;q gks
x;hA
eYgkjjko gksYdj dh Nrjh dk fuekZ.k egkjkuh vfgY;k
ckbZ gksYdj us 1766 bZ- esa egku ejkBk lsukifr osQ

lEeku esa djok;k FkkA
mUgksaus bankSj esa jktokM+k egy cuok;kA
z ekysjko gksYdj (1766 µ 1767)

ekysjko gksYdj oa'k osQ 'kkld cus] ysfdu de vk;q
gksus osQ dkj.k mudh ekrk vfgY;kckbZ us lajf{kdk osQ

:i esa 'kklu fd;kA
z gksYdj is'kok ckthjko çFke osQ v/hu ,d 'kfÙkQ'kkyh efLr"d Toj osQ dkj.k ekysjko gksYdj dh e`R;q gks xbZ
ejkBk la?k ifjokj FkkA vkSj mlosQ ckn ekrk vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj 'kkld cuhaA

z vfgY;k ckbZ gksYdj (1767 µ 1795) z rqdksthjko gksYdj çFke (1795 µ 1797)
jktekrk vfgY;kckbZ dk tUe egkjk"Vª osQ vgenuxj og eYgkjjko gksYdj osQ nÙkd iq=k FksA
osQ tke•sM+ osQ pksaMh xkao esa gqvk FkkA ekysjko dh e`R;q osQ ckn mUgsa bankSj jkT; dk lwcsnkj
og jkt/kuh dks bankSj osQ nf{k.k esa ueZnk unh ij ukfer fd;k x;kA
egs'oj ys xbZaA rqdksthjko vfgY;kckbZ osQ 'kklu dky esa muosQ lsukifr
vfgY;kckbZ osQ ifr •aMsjko gksYdj 1754 esa oqQEHksj FksA

osQ ;q¼ esa ekjs x;sA vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj dh e`R;q osQ ckn rqdksth jko us
mlosQ ,d lky ckn mUgsa ekyok lkezkT; dh jkuh osQ ç'kklu laHkkykA
:i esa rkt iguk;k x;kA mUgksaus jkt/kuh dks egs'oj ls bankSj LFkkukarfjr dj
fn;kA
mUgksaus ;wjksih; lsukvksa ls çfrLi/kZ djus osQ fy, lsuk
dk vk/qfudhdj.k fd;kA
mUgksaus çFke vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ osQ nkSjku 1779 esa
cM+xkao dh yM+kbZ esa duZy xksMkMZ dks gjk;kA

mls jksfgYykvksa dks nafMr djus osQ fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA
mlus dksVk vkSj cw¡nh jkT;ksa ij Hkh vkØe.k fd;kA
z ;'koar jko gksYdj çFke (1798& 1811)

og rqdksthjko gksYdj osQ nÙkd iq=k FksA
mlus vius jkT; dks ywVus okys vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ls
bfrgkldkj ,u-,l- ,y- ukenkj us mUgsa êè; Hkkjr
cpkus dh dksf'k'k dhA
dk usiksfy;u* Hkh dgk FkkA
mUgksaus rqdksthjko gksYdj dks lsuk çeq• fu;qÙkQ fd;kA
mUgsa eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkg vkye&f}rh; ls ^jktjkts'oj
vfgY;kckbZ us egs'oj esa diM+k m|ksx Hkh LFkkfir vyhtk cgknqj* dh mikf/ feyhA
fd;k] tks vkt viuh egs'ojh lkfM+;ksa osQ fy, cgqr ;'koarjko gksydj us viuh jkt/kuh bankSj ls Hkkuiqjk
çfl¼ gSA (eanlkSj) LFkkukarfjr dhA
mudk lcls mYys•uh; ;ksxnku 1780 esa çfl¼ dk'kh

fo'oukFk eafnj dk uohuhdj.k vkSj ejEer FkkA u, is'kok ckthjko f}rh; vkSj nkSyrjko flaf/;k us
;'koarjko gksYdj osQ NksVs HkkbZ foBqth dks ekjus dh
z 31 ebZ 2023 dks ejkBk jkuh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj dh lkft'k jph] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ;'koarjko gksYdj
298 oha t;arh osQ volj ij egkjk"Vª osQ eq[;ea=kh us iq.ks ij geyk fd;k vkSj is'kok vkSj flaf/;k dks
,dukFk f'kans us ?kks"k.kk dh fd mudh ljdkj muosQ uke la;qÙkQ :i ls gjk;k vkSj mTtSu ij dCtk dj fy;kA
ij vgenuxj dk uke cnysxhA
;'koarjko gksYdj us vaxzstksa osQ fo#¼ Hkkjr osQ lHkh
z if'peh egkjk"Vª dk 'kgj vc vfgY;kuxj osQ uke jktkvksa ls lg;ksx ekaxk] ysfdu fdlh us mudk leFkZu
ls tkuk tk,xkA
ugha fd;kA

ifj.kkeLo:i] f}rh; vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ osQ nkSjku]
;'koarjko us 1805 esa ykWMZ osysLyh osQ lkFk jktiqj
?kkV laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd;sA
blosQ vuqlkj ;'koarjko gksYdj dks pEcy vkSj
cqUnsy•.M osQ mÙkjh Hkkx ij viuk vf/dkj NksM+uk
iM+kA
mudh lekf/ eanlkSj osQ Hkkuiqjk esa fLFkr gSA
z eYgkjjko gksYdj f}rh; (1811 µ 1833)
mudh lajf{kdk ;'koarjko gksYdj dh iRuh rqylkckbZ
gksYdj FkhaA
eYgkjjko gksYdj f}rh; dks r`rh; vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ rqdksthjko gksYdj f}rh; us 1885 esa jkT; dk igyk
dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA Mkd fVdV tkjh fd;kA
1817 esa efgniqj dh yM+kbZ esa vaxzstksa us eYgkjjko rqdksthjko f}rh; us yky ckx iSysl ij dke 'kq:
gksYdj f}rh; dks gjk;kA fd;k] tks •ku unh osQ rV ij fLFkr gSA ftls varr%
1818 esa eanlkSj dh laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd, x, f'kokthjko gksYdj vkSj rqdksth f}rh; us iwjk fd;kA
ftlosQ ckn gksYdj vkSj fczfV'k osQ chp laca/ksa dks z f'kokth jko gksYdj (1886 µ 1903)
f'kokthjko gksYdj rqdksthjko gksYdj&r`rh; osQ
fu;af=kr fd;k x;kA
mÙkjkf/dkjh cusA
1818 esa vaxzstksa vkSj eYgkjjko gksYdj f}rh; osQ
1887 bZ- esa mUgksaus rqdksthjko vLirky dk fuekZ.k
chp ,d iwjd laf/] eanlkSj dh laf/ ij gLrk{kj djok;kA
fd, x, FksA
bl laf/ osQ ckn bankSj fj;klr iwjh rjg ls fczfV'k
fu;a=k.k esa gks x;hA
1818 esa] eYgkjjko gksYdj f}rh; us viuh jkt/kuh
Hkkuiqjk (eanlkSj) ls bankSj LFkkukarfjr dj nhA
muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] egw esa fczfV'k Nkouh dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
z rqdksthjko gksYdj f}rh; (1844 µ 1886)
buosQ 'kkludky esa 1857 dk foæksg gqvkA
1864 vkSj 1876 osQ chp] mUgksaus rhu jsyos ykbusa 1889 bZ- esa mUgksaus bankSj esa rduhdh laLFkku dh LFkkiuk
cukb±% dh rFkk 1891 bZ- esa mUgksaus mPp f'k{kk laLFkku (gksYdj
dkWyst) dh LFkkiuk dhA
•aMok&bankSj] bankSj&jryke&vtesj vkSj bankSj&nsokl&
bankSj osQ t; foykl egy] ykyckx iSysl vkSj lq•
mTtSu] ftls gksYdj jsyos jkT; osQ uke ls tkuk foykl egy ykyckx iSysl dk fuekZ.k muosQ }kjk
tkus yxkA djok;k x;k FkkA
mUgksaus jsyos ykbu fcNkus osQ fy, vaxzstksa dks yk•ksa muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] ok;ljk; ySalMkmu vkSj
ikmaM dk Hkqxrku fd;kA ykWMZ ,fYxu us bankSj dk nkSjk fd;kA

z ;'koarjko gksYdj f}rh; (1926 µ 1948) z t;Iik jko f'kans (1745 & 1755 bZ-)
mUgksaus flaf/;k osQ vf/dkj {ks=k dks ;equk rd iQSyk
fn;kA
iQjojh 1746 esa] mUgsa flaf/;k dh ejkBk lsukvksa dk
dekaMj&bu&phiQ ukfer fd;k x;k FkkA

1754 esa] mUgsa vkfnykckn vkSj yksgkjh osQ ijxus fn,
x,A
og jktiwrkuk esa flaf/;k fu;a=k.k c<+kus esa eq[; :i ls
'kkfey Fks] tc mUgsa tks/iqj osQ egkjktk fot; flag

osQ nks lsodksa us ekj Mkyk] tks fganoh LojkT; osQ fy,
'kghn gks x,A
z og gksYdj jkT; osQ vafre 'kkld Fks ftUgksaus 1947 rd mudh iRuh Jhear l•qckbZ flaf/;k ls mudk ,d csVk
'kklu fd;kA tudksth Fkk] tks ckn esa ikuhir dh rhljh yM+kbZ esa
z 6 flracj] 1908 dks ;'koarjko gksYdj f}rh; bankSj jkT; viQxkuksa ls yM+rs gq, ekjk x;kA
dh xíh ij cSBsA l•qckbZ jkts ls t;Iikth dh nks csfV;k¡ Hkh Fkha] ,d
z muosQ 'kklu dky esa Hkkjr dks Lora=krk çkIr gqbZA cM+h csVh jktlckbZ ftlus ljnkj ihjkth ukbZd cM+s csVs
z 1 tuojh] 1950 dks ;'koarjko gksYdj f}rh; us Hkkjrh; ls 'kknh dh vkSj ,d NksVh csVh jk/kckbZ ftlus ljnkj
la?k esa foy; osQ nLrkost ij gLrk{kj fd;sA ihjkth ukbZd NksVs csVs ls 'kknh dhA
z bankSj eè; Hkkjr dk ,d ftyk cu x;k] ftldk 1956 esa z nÙkkth jko flaf/;k (1755 & 1760 bZ-)
eè; çns'k esa foy; gks x;kA Jhear ljnkj jk.kksthjko flaf/;k vkSj eSukckbZ jkts
flaf/;k muosQ ekrk&firk FksA

flaf/;k jktoa'k nÙkkthjko us 1758 esa egkjk"Vª osQ JhxksaMs esa HkkxhjFkhckbZ
z jkuksth jko f'kans (1726 µ 1745 bZ-) jkts flaf/;k lkfgck ls 'kknh dhA
jksfgy•aM dk uokc uthc&mn&nkSyk ,d dêðj vCnkyh
lg;ksxh Fkk] tks mldh enn ls Hkkjr dk lezkV cuus

dh vk'kk j•rk Fkk] ysfdu ,slk djus osQ fy, mls
mÙkj esa ejkBksa osQ dekaMj nÙkkthjko flaf/;k dh gR;k
djuh iM+hA
,d ckj vpkud gq, geys esa uthc dks og ekSdk
fey x;k tc nÙkkthjko vius ?kksM+s ykyef.k ij cSBdj

ryokj ls ;q¼ dj jgs FksA
og vius firk tudksth dh e`R;q osQ ckn dkUgsj•sM+k
nÙkkthjko xaHkhj :i ls ?kk;y gks x;s vkSj ?kksM+s ls
osQ ikfVy osQ :i esa liQy gq,A
fxj x;sA
og ckykth fo'oukFk dh lsok esa ,d vf/dkjh osQ
10 tuojh 1760 dks] uthc us oqQrqc •ku dks #f/j
:i esa 'kkfey gq,A
osQ eSnku esa cqjknh ?kkV ij nÙkkthjko dk flj dkVus
mudk ,d HkkbZ Fkk ftldk uke 'kEHkqjkts Fkk ftlosQ dk vkns'k fn;kA
rhu csVs /jjko] ekukth (f}rh;) vkSj j?kqukFkjko FksA
mldk flj tokgj gkFkh dh rjg vCnkyh dks lkSai
mUgksaus gSnjkckn osQ futke osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+h vkSj fn;k x;kA
ejkBksa osQ fy, fnYyh vfHk;ku ij pys x,A
z egknth flaf/;k (1761 µ 1794 bZ-)
jk.kksth us gh mTtSu osQ egkdkys'oj eafnj dk iqufuZekZ.k
1729 esa dUgsj•sM+k osQ Jhear ljnkj jk.kksth jko
djok;k Fkk] bls fnYyh osQ xqyke oa'k osQ lqYrku
flaf/;k ikfVy osQ ikaposa vkSj lcls NksVs csVs] mudh
bYrqrfe'k us u"V dj fn;k FkkA
nwljh iRuh Jhear fpekckbZ lkfgc flaf/;k ls tUesA

¶egku ejkBk¸ osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tks 22 iQjojh 1843 dks egkefge egkjktk t;kthjko
egknth us oMxkao vkfn tSls dbZ ckj vaxzstksa dks gjk;k flaf/;k osQ :i esa Xokfy;j osQ 'kkld cusA
vkSj tc rd os thfor Fks] Hkkjr fdlh Hkh vkSifuosf'kd t;kthjko flaf/;k us Xokfy;j jkT; osQ vk/qfudhdj.k
'kfÙkQ;ksa osQ vkØe.k ls lqjf{kr FkkA dh çfØ;k 'kq: dhA

mUgksaus vgen 'kkg vCnkyh osQ fo#¼ ikuhir osQ rhljs mUgksaus ,d ubZ dj laxzg.k ç.kkyh osQ lkFk&lkFk
;q¼ esa Hkkx fy;kA vnkyrksa vkSj U;k;k/h'kksa ls ifjiw.kZ U;kf;d lajpuk
Hkh cukbZA
t;kthjko flaf/;k us 1872 esa xzsV bafM;u isfuUlqyj
jsyos osQ vkxjk&Xokfy;j fgLls osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, 75

yk• #i;s dk ½.k fy;k vkSj dbZ ubZ bekjrksa dk
fuekZ.k fd;k] dksVs'oj eafnj dk iqufuZekZ.k fd;k] vkSj
Xokfy;j fdys dh pkjnhokjh vkSj VwVs gq, fgLlksa osQ
iqufuZekZ.k osQ fy, 15 yk• #i;s dk nku fn;kA
muosQ pkj csVs Fks] ysfdu muesa ls osQoy ,d gh
thfor FkkA
mUgksaus 1857 osQ foæksg osQ fo#¼ vaxzstksa dk leFkZu
çFke vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ osQ ckn] mUgksaus lkyckbZ dh
laf/ (1782) ij gLrk{kj fd;sA fd;kA
muosQ pkSFks iq=k ek/ksjko us Xokfy;j osQ 'kkld osQ :i
lkyckbZ dh laf/ osQ vuqlkj] egknth flaf/;k dks
esa inHkkj laHkkykA
,d Lora=k 'kkld osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k vkSj
mUgksaus Xokfy;j esa eksrh egy] t;foykl iSysl] daiw
mUgksaus ;equk dk if'peh {ks=k flaf/;k dks vkSj ;equk
dksBkjh] foDVksfj;k Hkou] xksj•h }kj] deykjktk Hkou
dk nf{k.kh {ks=k is'kok dks ns fn;kA
vkSj mTtSu esa foDVksfj;k dkWyst dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
1793 esa yk•sjh dh yM+kbZ esa egknth flaf/;k us
z ek/ojko flaf/;k (1886 µ 1925 bZ-)
rqdksthjko gksYdj dks gjk;kA
z nkSyrjko f'kans (1794 µ 1827 bZ-)
JhukFk egknth flaf/;k }kjk xksn fy, x,] og Jhear
ljnkj vkuan jko flaf/;k] mudh iRuh Jhear eSukckbZ

lkfgc osQ cM+s csVs FksA
1803 esa f}rh; vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ osQ ckn ykWMZ osysLyh
osQ lkFk lqjthvjtu xkao dh laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

1810 esa mlus viuh jkt/kuh dks mTtSu ls Xokfy;j
LFkkukarfjr dj fn;kA bUgsa lj dh mikf/ vaxzstksa us nh FkhA

nkSyr jko flaf/;k dk fnYyh ij fu;a=k.k Fkk vkSj mUgksaus
ek/ojko flaf/;k osQ le; esa f'koiqjh dks mudh
vLls dh yM+kbZ vkSj 1803 esa iViM+xat dh yM+kbZ tSlh xzh"edkyhu jkt/kuh cuk;k x;k FkkA
dbZ yM+kb;ksa esa vaxzstksa osQ f•ykiQ yM+kbZ yM+h FkhA mUgksaus f'koiqjh esa ek/o foykl iSysl xzkmaM gksVy]
rhljs vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ osQ ckn] nkSyrjko flaf/;k us tkWtZ oSQly Hkou dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
1817 esa gsfLVaXl osQ lkFk ,d ekè;fed laf/ ij mUgksaus Xokfy;j esys dh 'kq#vkr dhA
gLrk{kj fd,A blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i fiaMkfj;ksa dh gkj 1925 esa buosQ 'kkludky esa Xokfy;j esa rkulsu
gqbZA lekjksg çkjEHk fd;k x;kA
z t;kthjko flaf/;k (1843 µ 1886 bZ-) mUgksaus vius }kjk 'kq: fd, x, çxfr'khy ç;klksa osQ
1843 esa tudksthjko flaf/;k f}rh; dh e`R;q osQ ckn] fy, vk; mRiUu djus osQ fy, vf/'ks"k /u dk fuos'k
mudh fo/ok rkjk ckbZ us HkkxhjFk jko dks xksn ys fy;k] djus ij tksj fn;kA

mUgksaus vfuok;Z 20&23» cpr ykxw dh] ftlls flapkbZ] nksLr eksgEen •ku viQxku ljnkj us NksVs&NksVs bykdksa
f'k{kk vkSj vdky lgk;rk osQ fy, udnh laHko gqbZA ij vf/dkj djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
z thokthjko flaf/;k (1925 & 1961) jkuh deykifr dh e`R;q osQ ckn] nksLr eksgEen •ku
thokthjko flaf/;k tc ukS o"kZ osQ Fks rc muosQ firk

us fxUukSj osQ fdys ij vf/dkj dj fy;k] foæksfg;ksa
dh e`R;q gks xbZA dk neu fd;k] ckfd;ksa dks muosQ vf/dkj osQ Lrj osQ
vk/kj ij iqjLdkj fn;kA
thokthjko us 1947 esa Hkkjr dh vktknh rd Xokfy;j
Ny vkSj diV ls nsoM+k jktiwrksa dks u"V dj fn;k vkSj
ij 'kklu fd;kA
mUgsa ekjdj unh esa iQsad fn;k_ ftls rc ls gykyh]
og Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gksus okys vkSj vU; 'kkldksa
o/ dh unh osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
osQ lkFk ,d vuqca/ ij gLrk{kj djus okys igys
mUgksaus viuk eq[;ky; bLykeuxj esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k
'kkldksa esa ls ,d Fks] ftlosQ rgr Hkkjrh; la?k osQ
vkSj ,d fdys dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
vanj eè; Hkkjr osQ u, Hkkjrh; jkT; dk fuekZ.k djus
bl le; rd mUgksaus Hkksiky jkT; dk fuekZ.k dj
osQ fy, Xokfy;j dks fj;klrksa osQ lkFk tksM+k x;k FkkA
fy;k FkkA
mUgksaus Hkkjr ljdkj osQ •tkus dks 50 djksM+ #i;s
1722 esa nksLr eksgEen •ku us Hkksiky esa viuh jkt/kuh
çnku fd;sA
cukus dk iQSlyk fd;kA
tc eè;Hkkjr dks eè; çns'k esa ,dhÑr fd;k x;k Fkk
muosQ mÙkjkf/dkjh] ;kj eksgEen •ku] bLykeuxj ykSV
rc egkjktk thokthjko 31 vDVwcj 1956 rd eè;
vk,A
Hkkjr osQ jktçeq• ;k fu;qÙkQ jkT;iky FksA
1742 esa mudh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj mUgsa bLykeuxj esa
deykjktk dkWyst ,oa foDVksfj;k dkWyst] ,evkbZVh,l
niQuk;k x;k] tgka mudh lekf/ vHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSA
bathfu;fjax dkWyst dh LFkkiukA
z iQSt eksgEen •ku (1742&1777)
t;kjksX; fpfdRlky;] deykjktk] efgyk fpfdRlky;]
nhoku fctkbZ jke dh enn ls iQSt eksgEen •ku us ;kj
eksrh egy] tyfogkj egy vkfn dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
eksgEen •ku dh txg ys yhA
Hkksiky jktoa'k (1707&1 twu 1949) bl chp] ;kj eksgEen •ku osQ HkkbZ lqYrku eksgEen
•ku us •qn dks lezkV ?kksf"kr dj fn;k vkSj Hkksiky osQ

iQrsgx<+ fdys ij dCtk dj fy;kA
iQSt eksgEen us ,d ckj fiQj fctkbZ jke dh lgk;rk
ls vU;=k oqQN tkxhjksa osQ cnys Hkksiky ij fdlh Hkh

vkjksi dk fojks/ fd;kA
iQSt eksgEen •ku us jk;lsu fdys ij vkØe.k dj
dCtk dj fy;kA
z uokc g;kr eqgEen •ku (1777&1807)
iQSt eksgEen •ku dh dksbZ larku ugha Fkh] blfy,
muosQ HkkbZ g;kr eksgEen •ku us ;kj eksgEen •ku dh

z nksLr eksgEen •ku (1672&1728) fo/ok ekth ekeksyk osQ lg;ksx ls mudh txg yhA
pSu 'kkg us futke 'kkg dks tgj nsdj ekj MkykA
gkyk¡fd] iQSt eksgEen •ku dh fo/ok] csxe lkysgk]
mudh fo/ok deykifr vkSj iq=k uoy'kkg 'kfÙkQghu jkT; ij vf/dkj djuk pkgrh FkhaA
gks x;sA ekth eeksyk us g;kr eksgEen •ku dks csxe lkysgk
ml le; uoy'kkg ukckfyx FksA osQ fMIVh osQ :i esa fu;qÙkQ djus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk
futke 'kkg dh e`R;q osQ ckn] jkuh deykifr us jkT; fuHkkbZA
osQ ekeyksa dk çca/u djus osQ fy, nksLr eksgEen •ku g;kr eksgEen •ku] ftUgksaus foæksg fd;k vkSj uokc
osQ lkFk ,d le>kSrk fd;kA dh mikf/ vkSj 'kfÙkQ gkfly dh] us bls iyV fn;kA

bZLV bafM;k daiuh Hkkjr esa viuh igpku cuk pqdh FkhA z uokc tgk¡xhj eksgEen •ku (1837&1844)
bZLV bafM;k daiuh osQ duZy xksMkMZ tc Hkksiky ls gksdj og fldanj tgka csxe osQ ifr FksA
xqtj jgs Fks rks og cacbZ tk jgs FksA uoacj 1837 esa uokc tgkaxhj eksgEen •ku dks jkT;
g;kr eksgEen •ku us muosQ lkFk etcwr laca/ cuk, dk çeq• fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;kA
j•s vkSj muosQ çfr oiQknkj jgsA uokc tgkaxhj •ku us tgkaxhjkckn uke ls ,d ubZ
z uokc xkSl eqgEen •ku (1807&1826) dkWyksuh dh LFkkiuk dhA

g;kr eksgEen •ku osQ ckn muosQ csVs xkSl eksgEen us oqQN le; ckn] fldanj csxe osQ lkFk muosQ fj'rs
uokc dk in laHkkyk] gkykafd og vçHkkoh FksA rukoiw.kZ gks x,A

utj eksgEen •ku muosQ mÙkjkf/dkjh cus vkSj 1816 csxe bLykeuxj esa LFkkukarfjr gks xbZa vkSj mUgksaus
ls 1819 rd 'kklu fd;kA 'kkgtgk¡ csxe uke dh ,d csVh dks tUe fn;kA
28 iQjojh] 1818 dks mUgksaus xkSgj csxe ls 'kknh dh] vkf•jdkj fldanj csxe us lÙkk laHkkyhA
ftUgsa oqQnfl;k csxe osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA z uokc fldanj tgka csxe (1860µ1868)
mUgksaus vaxzstksa osQ lkFk ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s] fldanj csxe 1844 esa viuh eka osQ ckn Hkksiky dh
fd fczfV'k ljdkj lHkh 'k=kqvksa ls Hkksiky fj;klr dh 'kkld cuhaA mUgksaus viuh eka dh rjg dHkh Hkh inkZ
j{kk djsxhA çFkk dk ikyu ugha fd;kA
utj eksgEen •ku dh e`R;q osQ ckn Hkksiky esa jktuhfrd
,tsaV us xkSgj csxe dks jkT; esa lokZsPp vf/dkj çnku

fd;kA
z oqQnfl;k csxe (1819&1837)
oqQnfl;k csxe (ftUgsa xkSgj csxe osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk
tkrk gS) us vius ifr dh gR;k osQ ckn 'kklu dh

ckxMksj laHkkyhA
vius 'kkludky (1844&1868) osQ nkSjku] mUgsa ek'kZy

vkVZ esa çf'kf{kr fd;k x;k vkSj mUgksaus dbZ ;q¼ yM+sA
1857 osQ Hkkjrh; foæksg osQ nkSjku] mUgksaus vaxzstksa dk
leFkZu fd;k vkSj muosQ f•ykiQ foæksg djus okys lHkh

yksxksa dh gR;k dj nhA
mUgksaus eksrh efLtn (eksrh efLtn) vkSj eksrh egy
(eksrh egy) dk Hkh fuekZ.k djk;kA

og Hkksiky dh igyh efgyk 'kkld FkhaA mUgsa viuh ç'kklfud {kerkvksa osQ fy, xouZj tujy
gkyk¡fd og vui<+ Fkh] fiQj Hkh og cgknqj Fkh] vkSj dh LohÑfr çkIr gqbZA
mlus inkZ çFkk dk ikyu djus ls budkj dj fn;k FkkA z lqYrku 'kkgtgk¡ csxe (1844&1860 vkSj 1868&1901)
mlus ?kks"k.kk dh fd mldh 2 o"khZ; csVh fldanj mlosQ
ckn 'kkld cusxhA
ifjokj osQ fdlh Hkh iq#"k lnL; us mlosQ iQSlys dks
pqukSrh nsus dh fgEer ugha dhA
mUgksaus Hkksiky dh tkek efLtn dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
mUgksaus viuk •wclwjr egy & ^xkSgj egy* Hkh cuok;kA
mUgksaus 1837 rd 'kklu fd;kA

tc 'kkgtgk¡ csxe dh e`R;q gks xbZ] rks mudh csVh] csxe us ;gka igyk ikuh iai LFkkfir fd;k vkSj
lqYrku tgk¡ csxe us 'kkld osQ :i esa inHkkj laHkkykA ^th&vi&,Clj* uked ,d m|ku fodflr fd;kA
mudh 'kknh vgen vyh •ku ls gqbZ Fkh] ftUgsa 'kknh mUgksaus ûwj&ml&lck* uked ,d u;k egy Hkh cuok;k]
osQ ckn ¶othj&mn&nkSyk¸ dh mikf/ nh xbZ FkhA ftls ,d gsfjVst gksVy esa cny fn;k x;k gSA
4 tuojh] 1902 dks fny dk nkSjk iM+us ls mudh og f'k{kk ij vf•y Hkkjrh; lEesyu dh igyh
e`R;q gks xbZA vè;{k vkSj vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; dh igyh
muosQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku] lqYrkfu;k xYlZ Ldwy vkSj pkalyj FkhaA
vysDtsafMª;k ukscy Ldwy (vc gehfn;k gkbZ Ldwy) dh csxeksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ 'kklu osQ dkj.k Hkksiky esa ,d
LFkkiuk dh xbZA vuks•h fefJr laLÑfr dk mn; gqvkA
4 iQjojh] 1922 dks fçal vkWiQ osYl dh ;k=kk osQ
jkT; esa fganqvksa dks egRoiw.kZ ç'kklfud in fn, x,A
volj ij mUgksaus Hkksiky jkT; osQ fy, ,d u, lafo/ku
blls lkaçnkf;d 'kkafr LFkkfir gqbZ vkSj ,d loZns'kh;
dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ftlesa ,d dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn vkSj ,d
laLÑfr us viuh tM+sa tek yhA
fo/ku ifj"kn dk xBu 'kkfey FkkA
lqYrku oSQ•qljks tgka csxe osQ csVs] uokc gehnqYyk
mUgksaus ifj"kn osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;kA
•ku] 1926 esa xíh ij cSBsA og pSacj vkWiQ fçalsl
'kkgtgk¡ csxe dh rkt&my bdcky rkjh• Hkksiky]
osQ pkalyj FksA
;k Hkksiky dk bfrgkl] ,p- Mh- ckjLVks }kjk mnZw ls
z uokc gehnqYyk •ku (1926&1949)
vuqokfnrA Bkdj vkSj fLiad] dydÙkk] 1876A
z oSQ•qljks tgka csxe (1901µ1926)
'kkgtgk¡ csxe dh csVh lqYrku oSQ•qljks tgk¡ csxe
mudh mÙkjkf/dkjh cuhaA

mUgksaus efgykvksa dh eqfÙkQ dks vkxs c<+k;k vkSj 1903
esa ,d vk/qfud uxj ikfydk dh LFkkiuk dhA

mudk viuk egy lnj eafty (Hkksiky uxj fuxe dk
orZeku eq[;ky;) FkkA
1926 esa uokc gehnqYyk •ku us 'kklu laHkkykA

mUgsa nks ckj 1931&32 esa vkSj fiQj 1944&47 esa pSacj
vkWiQ fçalsl osQ pkalyj osQ :i esa pquk x;kA
ns'k dh vktknh dh ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk osQ lkFk gh
Hkksiky osQ uokc us 1947 esa pSacj vkWiQ fçalsl osQ
pkalyj in ls bLrhiQk ns fn;kA
1948 esa mUgksaus Hkksiky dks ,d vyx bdkbZ osQ :i
esa cuk, j•us dh bPNk O;ÙkQ dhA
mUgksaus viuk •qn dk pkjnhokjh okyk NksVk 'kgj gkyk¡fd] foy; osQ le>kSrs ij 30 vçSy] 1949 dks
fodflr fd;k] ftldk uke muosQ fnoaxr ifr osQ uke 'kkld }kjk gLrk{kj fd, x, Fks vkSj 1 twu] 1949 dks
ij vgenkckn j•k x;k (vgenkckn] xqtjkr osQ lkFk ,d eq[; vk;qÙkQ osQ ekè;e ls osQaæ ljdkj us jkT;
Hkzfer u gksa)A dk vf/xzg.k dj fy;k FkkA
;g 'kgj Vsdjh ekSyoh tS&mn&nhu ij fLFkr Fkk] tks Hkksiky ^baLVªwesaV vkWiQ ,Dls'ku* ij gLrk{kj djus okys
fdys ls ,d ehy dh nwjh ij fLFkr FkkA vafre jkT;ksa esa ls ,d FkkA
mUgksaus oSQlj&,&lqYrkuh (vc lSfiQ;k dkWyst) uked foy; osQ ckn] Hkksiky jkT; dk xBu Hkkjrh; la?k osQ
,d egy cuok;kA Hkkx ^lh* jkT; osQ :i esa fd;k x;kA

ckn esa 1 uoacj 1956 dks Hkk"kkbZ vk/kj ij jkT;ksa osQ foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
iquxZBu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i] Hkksiky ikVZ lh&LVsV jkT;
;k eè; çns'k dk fgLlk cu x;kA 1- egkjkt j?kqjkt flag osQ ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\ (2021)
Hkksiky ftyk 02&10&1972 dks cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g 2- eanlkSj dh laf/ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ (2021)
jkT; osQ 53 ftyksa esa ls ,d gSA 3- c?ksy jktoa'k osQ ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\ (2020)
4- cqUnsy•.M jktoa'k dk fooj.k nhft,A (2020)
egRoiw.kZ çkjafHkd rF;
5- vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj osQ O;fÙkQRo ,oa ;ksxnku dk ewY;kadu
z c?ksy•aM jktoa'k osQ j?kqjkt flag (1854&1880 bZ-) 1857 djsaA (2021)
osQ foæksg osQ nkSjku 'kkld FksA
6- rqdksthjko r`rh; gksYdjA (2021)
z j?kqjkt flag us foæksg dks nckus esa fczfV'k 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk
7- nksLr eksgEen •kuA (2021)
leFkZu fd;k
z ;'koUr flag cqansyk (1675&1684 bZ-) osQ le; nfr;k jkT; 8- gksYdj jktoa'k dk fooj.k nsaA (2020)
vkSj pansjh jkT; Hkh vksjNk jkT; ls vyx gks x;sA

vH;kl ç'u
z 1842 dk cqansyk foæksg cqansy•.M jktoa'k osQ lqtkr flag
osQ le; gqvk FkkA 1- ;Kiky oa'k dh jkt/kuh D;k Fkh\
(a) ujoj (b) vksjNk
z Hkksiky ^baLVªwesaV vkWiQ ,Dls'ku* ij gLrk{kj djus okys
vafre jkT;ksa esa ls ,d FkkA (c) neksg (d) fofn'kk
mÙkj (a)
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) O;k[;k% mÙkjh eè; çns'k dk 12ok¡ ;Kiky jktoa'kA ;g 13oha
1- jktk ohj flag nso dh jkt/kuh dgk¡ Fkh\ (2020) 'krkCnh dk çeq• jktoa'k FkkA blosQ 'kkldksa us 1304 esa ujoj
(a) cka/ox<+ (b) xjksgk
{ks=k ij fot; çkIr dh vkSj ujoj dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;kA
(c) ujksa dh x<+h (d) x<+e.Myk 2- dypqjh oa'k osQ 'kkld ^'kadjx.k* us dypqjh laor~ dc
mÙkj (b) tkjh fd;k\
(a) 247bZ- B- 248bZ-
2- jkuh nqxkZorh us eè; çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k ij 'kklu fd;k\
(c) 249bZ- (d) 250bZ-
(2015)
mÙkj (b)
(a) xksaMokuk (b) egkdkS'ky
O;k[;k% dypqjh laor dh 'kq:vkr f=kdwVd uked ,d NksVs
(c) foaè; çns'k (d) Xokfy;j
jktoa'k }kjk dh xbZ Fkh] tks 248&249 bZ- esa çpfyr gqvk FkkA
mÙkj (a) blosQ vkjaHk dk çFke o"kZ vekUr gS tks dkfrZd lqnh ,de
2- Hkksiky jkT; dk ewy laLFkkid dkSu Fkk\ (2020) (25 flracj 249bZ-) ls çkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj ftls chrk gqvk 'kd
(a) nksLr eksgEen •ku (b) gehnqYykg •ku laor 171 ekuk tkrk gSA
(c) gka eksgEen •ku (d) ;klh eksgEen •ku 3- lqesfyr dhft, &
mÙkj (a) (A) dk:"k oa'k (i) egkdkS'ky
4- Hkksiky osQ fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl cgknqj us 1857 esa (B) ekS•jh oa'k (ii) foUè; çns'k
çFke Lora=krk laxzke osQ nkSjku eq[; vkanksyu dk usr`Ro (C) 'kSy oa'k (iii) c?ksy•aM
fd;k vkSj vius thou dk cfynku fn;k\ (2019) (D) okdkVd oa'k (iv) cqUnsy•.M
(a) iQSly eksgEen •ku (b) 'ks• jetku (a) (iii), (iv), (i), (ii) (b) (iv), (iii), (i), (ii)
(c) nksLr eksgEen •ku (d) gchcqYykg •ku (c) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i) (d) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (a)

4- eka/krk (•aMok) dh LFkkiuk djus okys jktk eqpoqQan fdl vafre 'kkld& cq¼jkt çFke
oa'k ls lacaf/r gS\ z f=kiqjh (tcyiqj)
(a) gSg; oa'k (b) dypqjh oa'k çkajfHkd 'kkld okejkt nso
(c) b{okoqQ oa'k (d) pansy oa'k laLFkkid & dksDdy çFke
mÙkj (c) z jruiqj
O;k[;k% eka/krk (•aMok) dh LFkkiuk djus okys jktk eqpoqQan laLFkkid µ dfyaxjkt
b{okoqQ oa'k ls lacaf/r gSA z jk;iqj
5- iqjk.kksa esa okdkVd oa'k dk laLFkkid foaè;'kfÙkQ dks dgk¡ çFke 'kkld µ jkepUænso
dk 'kkld dgk¡ x;k gS\
8- c?ksyh@jhok fj;klr dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
(a) jhok (b) fofn'kk
(a) jkepUæ c?ksy (b) ohfjlag c?ksy
(c) mTtSu (d) tcyiqj
(c) fvudnso (d) Hkheynso@ O;k?kz nso
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% iqjk.kksa esa okdkVd oa'k dk laLFkkid foaè;'kfÙkQ dks
O;k[;k% c?ksy oa'k dh LFkkiuk O;k?kz nso us dh ftlosQ dkj.k
fofn'kk dk 'kkld dgk¡ x;k gS
bUgsa O;k?kz nso oa'kt Hkh dgk tkrk gS
6- pansy 'kkldksa dk ewy fuokl dgk¡ Fkk \
9- 1 twu] 1949 dks Hkksiky fj;klr dks Hkkjr esa foy; djus
(a) fcV;kx<+ (b) feu;kx<+ osQ fy;s fdl lewg (Hkkx) esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k \
(c) jkex<+ (d) czãrky (a) Hkkx & A (b) Hkkx& B
mÙkj (b) (c) Hkkx & C (d) dksbZ ugh
O;k[;k% fczfV'k Hkkjrfon~ oh, fLeFk us fl¼kar fn;k fd pansy mÙkj (c)
;k rks Hkj ;k xksaM ewy osQ FksA pansy 'kkldksa dk ewy fuokl O;k[;k% 1 twu] 1949 dks Hkksiky fj;klr dks Hkkjr esa Hkkx &
feu;kx<+ Fkk C esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k
7- dypqjh oa'k dh fuEufyf•r ls dkSu & lh 'kk•k ugha 10- gksydj fj;klr osQ laLFkkid eYgkj jko gksydj dh
Fkh\ lekf/ dgka gS\
(a) ekfg"erh 'kk•k (b) f'koiqjh 'kk•k
(a) eanlkSj (b) bankSj
(c) jruiqj 'kk•k (d) eka/krk 'kk•k
(c) mTtSu (d) fHkaM
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% dypqjh oa'k dh pkj 'kk•k,a Fkha tks bl çdkj gSa O;k[;k% eYgkjjko gksydj dh lekf/ N=kh eè; çns'k osQ fHkaM
z efg"efr (egs'oj) ftys osQ vkyeiqj esa fLFkr gSA eYgkjjko gksYdj (16 ekpZ 1693
laLFkkid& Ñ".kjkt çFke (vkfn iq:"k) & 20 ebZ 1766) ejkBk lkezkT; osQ ,d egku mifuos'kd FksA
v v v

Hkkx- 6
eè; çns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk
eè; çns'k dh tux.kuk vkSj
1 tulkaf[;dh
z eè; çns'k dh tux.kuk 2011 z eç esa lcls de fyaxkuqikr okys ftys

igyh tux.kuk 1872 esa ykWMZ es;ks }kjk ntZ dh xbZ FkhA Ø- ftyksa fyax vuqikr
igyh okLrfod vkSj O;ofLFkr tux.kuk 1881 esa ykWMZ
1 fHkaM 837
fjiu osQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku ntZ dh xbZ FkhA 2 eqjSuk 840
3 Xokfy;j 864
z Hkkjr dh tux.kuk vf/fu;e 1948 4 nfr;k 873
Hkkjr dh tux.kuk vf/fu;e 1948 osQ rgr çR;sd 10 5 f'koiqjh 877
o"kks± osQ fy, n'kdh; tux.kuk ntZ dh xbZ gSA fyaxkuqikr osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k ns'k esa 20osa LFkku
tux.kuk ls lacaf/r lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ

ij gSA
1991 dh tux.kuk esa eè; çns'k dk lcls de
jftLVªkj tujy ftEesnkj gSaA
fyaxkuqikr 912 FkkA
z Hkkjr dh tux.kuk mYys•uh; rF; 1941 dh tux.kuk esa eç dk lokZf/d fyaxkuqikr
jk"Vªh; ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe & 1951 964 FkkA

vktknh osQ ckn eè; çns'k esa rhu tux.kukvksa
jk"Vªh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe & 1952
esa fyaxkuqikr esa lq/kj ns•k x;k] tks gSa 1981
çFke jk"Vªh; vk;ksx tula[;k & 1978 (1 ls vf/d)] 2001 (7 ls vf/d)] vkSj 2011
tula[;k ij igyk jk"Vªh; vk;ksx & 1984
(12 ls vf/d)A
z eè; çns'k tula[;k ?kuRo
tula[;k ij LokehukFku vk;ksx & 1984
tula[;k ?kuRo dks çfr oxZ fdeh {ks=k esa jgus okys
11 tqykbZ dks fo'o tula[;k fnol osQ :i esa euk;k O;fÙkQ;ksa dh la[;k osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
x;k jkT; dk tula[;k ?kuRo 236 gS] tks jk"Vªh; vkSlr 382
ifjokj fu;kstu ij yanu f'k•j lEesyu & 2012

ls rqyukRed :i ls de gSA
ysfdu 2001 dh fiNyh tux.kuk osQ ckn ls blesa 40
z eè; çns'k esa fyaxkuqikr dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
fyaxkuqikr dks çfr 1000 iq#"kksa ij efgykvksa dh la[;k z eè; çns'k esa lokZf/d tula[;k ?kuRo okys ftys
osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA Ø- ftyksa ?kuRo
tux.kuk&2011 osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k dk fyaxkuqikr 1 Hkksiky 855
931 gS] tks Hkkjr osQ fyaxkuqikr (943) ls de gS] 2 bankSj 841
gkyk¡fd fiNys n'kd (919) dh rqyuk esa blesa 12 3 tcyiqj 473
dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA 4 Xokfy;j 446
z e-ç- esa lokZf/d fyaxkuqikr okys ftysA 5 eqjSuk 394
z lcls de tula[;k ?kuRo okys ftys
Ø- ftyksa fyax vuqikr
Ø- ftyk ?kuRo
1 ckyk?kkV 1021
1 fMaMksjh 94
2 vyhjktiqj 1011 2 ';ksiqj 104
3 e.Myk 1006 3 iUuk 142
4 fMaMksjh 1002 4 cSrwy@jk;lsu 157
5 >kcqvk 990 5 mefj;k 158
z eè; çns'k tula[;k o`f¼ nj lcls de os ftys tgka lcls de
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa tula[;k o`f¼ & 12-30»A tula[;k o`f¼ 'kgjh tula[;k xzkeh.k
Ø-
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa tula[;k o`f¼ 31-80» gS nj okyk o`f¼ nj lcls tula[;k o`f¼
eè; çns'k dh bl n'kd dh tula[;k o`f¼ nj 2001
ftyk de gS nj okys ftys
1 vuqiiqj vuqiiqj eanlkSjA
dh tux.kuk dh rqyuk esa 4» de gqbZ gS vkSj 2011 2 cSrwy cSrwy cqjgkuiqj ujflagiqj
dh tux.kuk esa 20-3» jghA 3 fNUnokM+k 'kgMksy tcyiqj
lelkef;dh 4 eanlkSjA fNUnokM+k uhep
5 ckyk?kkV iUuk cSrwy
jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh fjiksVZ z eè; çns'k esa lk{kjrk nj
osQ vuqlkj] eç dh f'k'kq e`R;q nj (vkbZ,evkj) 51-2 lk{kjrk nj dks bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk
(2015&16) ls ?kVdj 41-3 (çfr 1000) gks xbZ gSA gS & dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ tks fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks le>] i<+
vkSj fy• ldrk gS] mls lk{kj O;fÙkQ ekuk tkrk gSA
lokZf/d lokZf/d 'kgjh mPpre xzkeh.k tux.kuk&2011 osQ vuqlkj jkT; dh lk{kjrk nj
Ø- tula[;k o`f¼ tula[;k o`f¼ tula[;k o`f¼ 69-30» gS tks jk"Vªh; 73» ls de gSA
nj okys ftys nj okys ftys nj okys ftys ifjeki la[;k
1 bankSj jk;lsu >kcqvk eç esa oqQy lk{kj tula[;k 42-85 fefy;u
oqQy lk{kjrk nj 69-30»
2 >kcqvk /kj flaxjkSyh lk{kjrk nj (iq#"k) 78-70»
3 Hkksiky e.Myk cM+okuh lk{kjrk nj (efgyk) 59-20»
4 flaxjkSyh bankSj cqjgkuiqj xzkeh.k lk{kjrk nj 63-90»
'kgjh lk{kjrk nj 82-80»
5 cM+okuh eqjSuk Hkksiky lk{kjrk nj esa n'kdh; ifjorZu 5-6»
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk jkT; esa lokZf/d lk{kj ftys] mPpre xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh lk{kjrk okys ftys] mPpre iq#"k
vkSj efgyk lk{kjrk okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS &
lokZf/d lk{kj lokZf/d xzkeh.k lokZf/d 'kgjh lokZf/d iq#"k lk{kjrk lokZf/d efgyk
ozQ-
ftys lk{kjrk okys ftys lk{kjrk okys ftys okys ftys lk{kjrk okys ftys
1 tcyiqj ckyk?kkV flouh bankSj@tcyiqj Hkksiky
2 bankSj fHkaM eaMyk@gjnk Hkksiky@ckyk?kkVA tcyiqj
3 Hkksiky ujflagiqj tcyiqj eanlkSjA bankSj
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk jkT; esa lcls de lk{kjrk] mPpre xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh lk{kjrk] mPpre iq#"k vkSj efgyk
lk{kjrk okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS &
lcls de lcls de xzkeh.k U;wure 'kgjh lcls de iq#"k lk{kjrk lcls de efgyk
Ø-
lk{kj ftyk lk{kjrk okys ftys lk{kjrk okys ftys okys ftys lk{kjrk okys ftys
1 vyhjktiqj vyhjktiqj ';ksiqj vyhjktiqj vyhjktiqj
2 >kcqvk >kcqvk Vhdex<+ >kcqvk >kcqvk
3 cM+okuh cM+okuh flaxjkSyh cM+okuh cM+okuh
z eè; çns'k esa 'kgjh&xzkeh.k tula[;k forj.k z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls de 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k vkcknh
eè; çns'k dh oqQy 'kgjh tula[;k oqQy tula[;k dk okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS&
27-60» gSA U;wure 'kgjh tula[;k U;wures xzkeh.k
Ø-
lokZf/d 'kgjh okys ftys tula [;k okys ftys
Ø- lokZf/d xzkeh.k tula[;k 1 fMaMksjh Hkksiky
tula[;k
1 Hkksiky fMaMksjh 2 vyhjktiqj bankSj
2 bankSj vyhjktiqj 3 lh/h Xokfy;j
3 Xokfy;j lh/h
4 tcyiqj >kcqvk 4 >kcqvk tcyiqj
5 mTtSu flouh 5 flouh mTtSu

z eè; çns'k esa O;kolkf;d lajpuk z oqQy cky tula[;k
2011 dh tux.kuk fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] jkT; dh 43-5»
oxZ oqQy xzkeh.k 'kgjh
vkcknh dkedkth vkcknh (jk"Vªh; vkSlr 39-8») ekuh
tkrh gSA cPps 1]08]09]395 83]25]731 24]83]664
jkT; esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dkedkth Hkkxhnkjh nj 'kgjh cPps (iq#"k) 56]36]172 43]29]993 13]06]179
{ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d gSA cPps (efgyk) 51]73]223 39]95]738 11]77]485
iq#"k dk;Z'khy tula[;k nj efgyk dk;Z'khy tula[;k
nj ls vf/d gSA z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls vf/d cky tula[;k

okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS ftudk mYys• uhps nh xbZ
vf/dka'k tula[;k çkFkfed {ks=k] mlosQ ckn r`rh;d
{ks=k vkSj f}rh;d {ks=k esa yxh gqbZ gSA rkfydk esa fd;k x;k gS
70» vkcknh Ñf"k vkSj lacaf/r lsokvksa esa yxh gqbZ gSA Ø- ftys çfr'kr
lokZf/d fdlku jhok ftys esa rFkk lcls de fdlku 1 >kcqvk 20-7
vyhjktiqj ftys esa gSaA
2 vyhjktiqj 20-3
lokZf/d dk;Z ;ksxnku nj fMaMksjh esa gSA
lcls de dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj fHk.M esa gSA

z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls vf/d cky tula[;k
z eè; çns'k esa /kfeZd fofo/hdj.k & okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS ftudk mYys• uhps nh xbZ
rkfydk esa fd;k x;k gS
tula[;k ns'k esa eè; çns'k
/eZ lk{kjrk Ø- ftyksa çfr'kr
fgLlsnkjh dh fLFkfr
fganw 90-89» 4 62-8» 1 tcyiqj 12
eqfLye 6-57» 21 70-3» 2 ckyk?kkV 12-5
tSu 0-78» 4 96-2» z cky fyax vuqikr
ckS¼ 0-29» 10 oha 74-4» eè; çns'k esa cky fyax vuqikr 918
bZlkbZ 0-2» 23 osa 85-8» uhps nh xbZ rkfydk mPpre cky fyax vuqikr
flD• 0-2» & 82-9» okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gSA
vU; 0-83» & &
Ø- ftyksa fyax vuqikr
z eè; çns'k cky tula[;k (0&6 o"kZ)
1 vyhjktiqj 971
cPpksa dh tula[;k esa eè; çns'k ns'k esa pkSFks LFkku
ij gSA 2 fMaMksjh 970

eè; çns'k esa cky tula[;k jkT; dh oqQy tula[;k 3 e.Myk 965
dk 15» gSA 4 ckyk?kkV 961
fiNys n'kd dh rqyuk esa orZeku n'kd esa cky
5 flouh 954
tula[;k esa 27]181 dh ekewyh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
yM+osQ dk çfr'kr rks c<+k gS ysfdu yM+fd;ksa osQ
uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls de cky fyax vuqikr
çfr'kr esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS
lelkef;dh Ø- ftyksa fyax vuqikr
jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh fjiksVZ osQ 1 eqjSuk 825
vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa cky fyaxkuqikr o"kZ 2015 osQ 927 dh 2 Xokfy;j 832
rqyuk esa o"kZ 2020&21 esa lq/jdj 956 ('kgjh 948 xzkeh.k 3 fHkaM 835
959) gks x;k gS& 16- lexz fyaxkuqikr esa Hkh lq/kj gqvk gSA
o"kZ 2015&16 esa ;g 948 Fkh tks vc c<+dj 970 ('kgjh 4 nfr;k 852
953 & xzkeh.k 976) gks xbZ gSA 5 jhok 883
eè; çns'k dh tux.kuk vkSj tulkaf[;dh 253

5- 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eç dk lokZf/d tula[;k
egRoiw.kZ fcanq okyk ftyk\ (2016)
z jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh fjiksVZ (a) tcyiqj (b) lkxj
osQ vuqlkj o"kZ 2020&21 esa eè; çns'k esa cky fyaxkuqikr (c) bankSj (d) Hkksiky
lq/jdj 956 gks x;k gSA mÙkj (c)
z 1961&1971 rd eè; çns'k dh mPpre tula[;k o`f¼ 6- tux.kuk 1991 osQ vuqlkj eç dk lokZf/d tula[;k
nj 29-28» okyk n'kdA okyk ftyk (2016)
z eç esa lcls de tula[;k o`f¼ nj 2-4» okyk n'kd (a) bankSj (b) Hkksiky
1911 ls 1921 rdA
(c) tcyiqj (d) jk;iqj
z igyh tux.kuk 1872 esa ykWMZ es;ks }kjk ntZ dh xbZ FkhA mÙkj (a)
z fMaMksjh ftyk jkT; esa lcls de vkcknh okyk (?kuRo osQ
vuqlkj) ftyk gSA 7- tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj eç dk lcls de tula[;k
okyk ftyk\ (2012)
z tux.kuk 2011 esa lcls de tula[;k ,oa {ks=kiQy okys
(a) f'koiqjh (b) jk;lsu
ftys Øe'k% gjnk ,oa nfr;k gSaA
(c) nfr;k (d) gjnk
z 2021 esa lcls de tula[;k ,oa {ks=kiQy nksuksa okyk ftyk
fuokM+h gSA mÙkj (d)
z eqjSuk ftys dk fyaxkuqikr çns'k esa lcls de gSA (825)A 8- 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj lokZf/d fyaxkuqikr okyk
z lokZf/d dk;Z ;ksxnku nj fMaMksjh esa gSA ftykA (2014)
(a) >kcqvk (b) fMaMksjh
z lcls de dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj fHk.M esa gSA
(c) eaMyk (d) ckyk?kkV
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) mÙkj (d)
1- Hkkjr dh 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k osQ 9- tux.kuk 2001 osQ vuqlkj eç dh lk{kjrk nj gS\ (2008)
fdl ftys dk tula[;k ?kuRo lcls de gS\ (2022) (a) 52-39 (b) 59-21
(a) fMaMksjh (b) vyhjktiqj (c) 65-38 (d) 64-11
(c) fuokM+h (d) eaMyk mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (a) 10- 1991 dh tux.kuk osQ vk/kj ij e-ç- dh mPpre
2- eè; çns'k esa lcls de fyax vuqikr okyk ftyk dkSu lk{kjrk nj\ (1996)
lk gS\ (2021) (a) bankSj (b) tcyiqj
(a) ckyk?kkV (b) fMaMksjh (c) jk;iqj (d) Hkksiky
(c) fHkaM (d) fNanokM+k
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (c)
eq[; ijh{kk
3- Hkkjr dh 2011 dh tux.kuk esa 121 djksM+ dh oqQy 1- eè; çns'k osQ nks ftyksa dk uke fy•sa ftuesa lk{kjrk nj
tula[;k esa ls 'kgjhdj.k dk Lrj çfr'kr fdruk Fkk\ gS\ (2019)
(2021)
2- eè; çns'k esa tula[;k ?kuRo osQ {ks=kh; iSVuZ dk laf{kIr
(a) 33-15» (b) 32-15»
fooj.k nsa\ (2019)
(c) 30-15» (d) 31-16»
3- 2001 ls 2011 osQ chp eè; çns'k dh f'k'kq tula[;k
mÙkj (d) o`f¼ nj D;k Fkh\ (2018)
4- 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk 4- eè; çns'k dh tula[;k o`f¼ nj 1901&2011 dk o.kZu
?kuRo fdruk Fkk\ (2017) djsa\ (2018)
(a) 325 (b) 335 5- eè; çns'k osQ ml 10 ftys dk uke crk,a tgka 2011
(c) 382 (d) 385 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj lcls vf/d tula[;k gS vkSj
mÙkj (d) dkj.k crk,a\ (2016)

vH;kl ç'u O;k[;k% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k dh oqQy
tula[;k 7]26]26]809 gS tks ns'k dh oqQy tula[;k dk 5-99» gSA
1- Hkkjrh; tux.kuk dk 16 ok¡ laLdj.k fdruh Hkk"kkvksa esa
vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xk\ 6- tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj fyaxkuqikr dh n`f"V ls eè;
(a) 15 (b) 13 çns'k dk ns'k esa dkSu lk LFkku gS\
(c) 19 (d) 18 (a) 15 oka (b) 17 ok¡
mÙkj (d) (c) 20 oka (d) 22ok¡
O;k[;k% Hkkjrh; tux.kuk dk 16 oka laLdj.k 22 vuqlwfpr mÙkj (c)
Hkk"kkvksa (8oha vuqlwph osQ rgr) vkSj vaxzsth esa ls 18 Hkk"kkvksa O;k[;k% fyaxkuqikr osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k ns'k esa 20osa LFkku
esa vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA 2011 dh tux.kuk 16 Hkk"kkvksa esa ij gSA Hkkjr osQ lHkh jkT;ksa esa osQjy dk fyaxkuqikr lcls vf/d
vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA 1084 gSA Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa iqMqpsjh dk fyaxkuqikr 1038 osQ lkFk
2- jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh fjiksVZ nwljk lcls vf/d gSA
osQ vuqlkj o"kZ 2020&21 esa eè; çns'k esa cky fyaxkuqikr 7- tux.kuk 2011 osQ vuqlkj f'k'kq tula[;k dh n`f"V ls
lq/jdj _________ gks x;k gS\ eè; çns'k dk ns'k esa dkSu lk LFkku gS\
(a) 955 (b) 956 (a) 3 ok¡ (b) 4 ok¡
(c) 957 (d) 958 (c) 5 ok¡ (d) 6 ok¡
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh O;k[;k% cPpksa dh tula[;k osQ ekeys esa eç pkSFks LFkku ij
fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa cky fyaxkuqikr o"kZ 2015 osQ gSA 'kh"kZ rhu jkT; gSa& ;wih] fcgkj] egkjk"VªA
927 dh rqyuk esa o"kZ 2020&21 esa lq/jdj 956 ('kgjh 948 8- jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj
xzkeh.k 959) gks x;k gSA eç dh f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) ?kVdj gqbZ\
3- jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh fjiksVZ (a) 40-3» (b) 41-3»
osQ vuqlkj o"kZ 2020&21 esa eè; çns'k esa lexz fyaxkuqikr (c) 42-3» (d) 44-3»
lq/jdj _________ gks x;k gS\ mÙkj (b)
(a) 970 (b) 971
O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh
(c) 980 (d) 975 fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj] eç dh f'k'kq e`R;q nj (vkbZ,evkj) 51-2
mÙkj (a) (2015&16) ls ?kVdj 41-3 (çfr 1000) gks xbZ gSA
O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k&5 (2019&21) dh 9- fdl n'kd esa eè; çns'k dh tula[;k esa fxjkoV vkbZ\
fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj o"kZ 2020&21 esa eè; çns'k esa lexz fyaxkuqikr (a) 2001&2010 (b) 1981&1990
lq/jdj 970 gks x;k gSA o"kZ 2015&16 esa ;g 948 Fkh tks vc
(c) 1911&1920 (d) 1951&1960
c<+dj 970 ('kgjh 953 & xzkeh.k 976) gks xbZ gSA
mÙkj (c)
4- eç dk dkSu lk ftyk gfj;k.kk osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk
gS\ O;k[;k% 1918 esa bUÝyw,atk iQSyus osQ dkj.k eç osQ lkFk&lkFk
ns'k dh e`R;q nj esa o`f¼ gqbZ vkSj ns'k esa 140 yk• ekSrsa gqbZaA
(a) fHkaM (b) Hkksiky
blosQ vykok] vdky] Iysx] eysfj;k dh ?kVuk osQ dkj.k Hkh
(c) Xokfy;j (d) eqjSuk tula[;k esa fxjkoV vkbZA
mÙkj (a) 10- 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k dh lk{kjrk
O;k[;k% fHkaM ftys dks eç dk gfj;k.kk dgk tkrk gSA nj D;k gS\
5- eè; çns'k dh tula[;k Hkkjr dh oqQy tula[;k dk (a) 78» (b) 69»
fdruk izfr'kr gS\ (c) 65» (d) 79»
(a) 4.89% (b) 9.89% mÙkj (b)
(c) 5.99% (d) 6.99% O;k[;k% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k dh lk{kjrk
mÙkj (c) nj 69-3» FkhA tcfd ns'k dh lk{kjrk nj 73» FkhA
v v v
eè; çns'k dh tux.kuk vkSj tulkaf[;dh 255
eè; çns'k dh vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa
2 vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
z eè; çns'k dh vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls de vuqlwfpr tkfr
tux.kuk&2011 osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr tula[;k dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gS
tkfr dh tula[;k 1]13]42]320 gSA (jkT; dh oqQy ozQ- ftys tula[;k
tula[;k dk 15-60»)A 1 >kcqvk 17427
vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vkcknh osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k
2 vyhjktiqj 26877
8osa LFkku ij gS tcfd vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ çfr'kr osQ 3 fMaMksjh 39782
ekeys esa ;g 17osa LFkku ij gSA 4 fNUnokM+k 48425
vuqlwfpr tkfr esa fyaxkuqikr 920 gSA
5 mefj;k 58147
vuqlwfpr tkfr esa lk{kjrk nj 66-20» gSA
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls de vuqlwfpr tkfr
lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 341 esa lwphc¼ tkfr;k¡ vuqlwfpr tula[;k çfr'kr okys ftyksa dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gS
tkfr gSaA
ozQ- ftys çfr'kr
bu tkfr;ksa dks lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 366 (Hkkx 24) esa
1 >kcqvk 1-7
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
2 vyhjktiqj 3-7
eç dh eq[; tkfr;ka gSa & pekj (47-33»)]
3 eaMyk 4-6
•Vhd] Hkaxh (16»)] cykbZ (12»)] HksfM+;k]
4 fMaMksjh 5-6
ckaNM+k] clksM+ vkfnA
5 cM+okuh 6-3
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk mPpre vuqlwfpr tkfr vkcknh
okys ftyksa dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gS] z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k dh
mPpre n'kdh; o`f¼ okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS
ozQ- ftys tula[;k
ozQ- ftys n'kd dh o`f¼ dk çfr'kr
1 bankSj 545239
1 mefj;k 65-5
2 mTtSu 523869
2 vuqiiqj 53-8
3 lkxj 501630
3 bankSj 40-4
4 eqjSuk 421519
4 Hkksiky 38-5
5 Nrjiqj 405313 5 'kgMksy 32-9
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk mPpre vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k z eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k
çfr'kr okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS tux.kuk&2011 osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr
ozQ- ftys tula[;k çfr'kr tutkfr dh tula[;k 1]53]16]784 gS tks jkT; dh

1 mTtSu 26-4 oqQy tula[;k dk 21-1» gSA
eè; çns'k esa ns'k dh lcls vf/d tutkrh; vkcknh
2 nfr;k 25-5
vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh tutkfr;ksa dh la[;k lcls
3 Vhdex<+ 25
vf/d gSA
4 'kktkiqj 23-4
fiNyh tux.kuk dh rqyuk esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh
5 Nrjiqj 23 tula[;k o`f¼ nj 25-2» gSA
vuqlwfpr tutkfr esa lk{kjrk nj 50-6» gSA

egRoiw.kZ fcanq
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 342(1) esa vuqlwfpr
tutkfr dk mYys• gSA z vuqlwfpr tutkfr jkT; dh oqQy tula[;k dk 21-1» gSA
ij/ku tutkfr dks jkT; dh lcls lk{kj ,lVh tutkfr z jkT; dh oqQy tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr 15-60» gSA
ekuk tkrk gSA z vuqlwfpr tkfr dh tula[;k osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k 8osa
jkT; dh lHkh tutkfr;ksa esa Hkhy lcls cM+h tutkfr LFkku ij gS tcfd vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ çfr'kr osQ ekeys
gS ftlosQ ckn xksaM gSaA esa ;g 17osa LFkku ij gSA
vuqlwfpr tutkfr esa fyaxkuqikr 975 efgyk@gtkj iq#"k z vuqlwfpr tutkfr esa fyaxkuqikr 975 efgyk@gtkj iq#"k gSA
gSA z >kcqvk ftys esa jkT; esa lcls de vuqlwfpr tkfr dh
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls vf/d vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkcknh (la[;k vkSj çfr'kr nksuksa n`f"V ls) gSA
vkcknh okys ftyksa dks n'kkZrh gS z pekj jkT; dh lcls cM+h vuqlwfpr tkfr vkcknh gSA
ozQ- ftys tula[;k
1 /kj 1222814 foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
2 cM+okuh 962145 1- eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k dk çfr'kr
3 >kcqvk 891818 lokZf/d fdl ftys esa gS\ (2016)
4 fNUnokM+k 769778 (a) >kcqvk (b) cM+okuh
5 cSrwy 730169
(c) jryke (d) fNanokM+k
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk mPpre vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k
mÙkj (a)
çfr'kr okys ftys dks n'kkZrh gS
ozQ- ftys çfr'kr vH;kl ç'u
1 vyhjktiqj 89
2 >kcqvk 67 1- 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ jkT;
3 cM+okuh 69-4 dh oqQy tula[;k dk ________» gSa\
4 fMaMksjh 64-7 (a) 20-3» (b) 21-4»
5 eaMyk 57-9 (c) 21-1» (d) 22-4»
z uhps nh xbZ rkfydk lcls de vuqlwfpr tutkfr mÙkj (c)
vkcknh osQ lkFk nwjh dks n'kkZrh gS O;k[;k% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
ozQ- ftys tula[;k jkT; dh oqQy tula[;k dk 21-1» gSaA
1 fHkaM 6131
2- eç dh lcls cM+h tutkfr dkSu lh gS\
2 nfr;k 15061
3 eqjSuk 17030 (a) cSxk (b) Hkhy
4 eanlkSj 33092 (c) xksaM (d) dksjdw
5 'kktkiqj 37836 mÙkj (b)
z lcls de vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k çfr'kr okys O;k[;k% Hkhy eè; çns'k osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h
ftys tutkfr gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa
ozQ- ftys çfr'kr Hkhy tutkfr dh tula[;k 4]61]80]68 gS tks jkT; dh oqQy
vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k dk 37-7» gSA
1 fHkaM 0-4
2 eqjSuk 0-9 3- eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh vkcknh
lcls vf/d vkSj lcls de gS\
3 nfr;k 1-9
(a) Xokfy;j vkSj /kj (b) /kj vkSj fHkaM
4 mTtSu 2-5
(c) fHkaM vkSj bankSj (d) Hkksiky ,oa mTtSu
5 eanlkSj 2-5 mÙkj (b)
eè; çns'k dh vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ 257

O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa /kj vkSj fHkaM ftys esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr 5- eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vkcknh
dh vkcknh lcls vf/d vkSj lcls de gS lcls vf/d vkSj lcls de gS\
(a) Hkksiky vkSj tcyiqj
4- eè; çns'k esa SC ,oa ST tula[;k dk çfr'kr fdruk gS\
(b) vyhjktiqj vkSj mTtSu
(a) 15-6» vkSj 21-1» (b) 16-6» vkSj 15-6»
(c) bankSj vkSj >kcqvk
(c) 22-1» vkSj 14-8» (d) 12-1» vkSj 20-2»
(d) jryke vkSj ujflagiqj
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr O;k[;k% 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj bankSj esa vuqlwfpr tkfr
tkfr dh tula[;k jkT; dh oqQy tula[;k dk 15-6» gS vkSj dh vkcknh lcls vf/d gS tcfd >kcqvk esa eè; çns'k esa
vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh tula[;k 21-1» gSA lcls de vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vkcknh gSA
v v v

3 m|ksx
z vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k ns'k esa 7 osa vc ;g Hkkjr dh egkjRu daifu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
LFkku ij gS] fiQj Hkh ;g ,d fiNM+s jkT; (chek: jkT;) egkjRu daifu;k¡ & ,d ,slh daiuh ftlus 5]000 djksM+ ls
osQ :i esa fxuk tkrk gSA vf/d dk fjdkWMZ cuk;k gSA yxkrkj 3 o"kks± rd 'kq¼ ykHk]
z GDP esa f}rh;d {ks=k» & 25-10 vkSlr okf"kZd dkjksckj #- 3 lky osQ fy, 25]000 djksM+
z f}rh;d {ks=k dh o`f¼ nj (2022&23) µ 10-59» #i;s ;k vkSlr 'kq¼ laifÙk #i;s gksuh pkfg,A 3 lky osQ
lzksr vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23 fy, 15000 djksM+A
z eè; çns'k dh çeq• O;kolkf;d uhfr;ka vkSj mís'; VªkaliQkeZj] VckZbu vkSj VªSD'ku dk fuekZ.k Hksy la;a=k
m|ksx lao/Zu uhfr 2014 (2018 esa la'kksf/r)& (fiiykuh) Hkksiky esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fuos'kdksa dh lqfo/k esa lq/kj vkSj miyC/ lalk/uksa 6 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1980&85) vkSj 7oha iapo"khZ;
osQ lrr mi;ksx osQ ekè;e ls rsth ls vkfFkZd fodkl ;kstuk (1985 ls 90) osQ rgr ,eih osQ vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
vkSj jkstxkj lqfuf'pr djukA esa rsth vkbZA
,eih buD;wcs'ku vkSj LVkVZ&vi uhfr 2016& nwljh vkS|ksfxd uhfr (8oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk) us ftys
m|e'khyrk dkS'ky dk iks"k.k djosQ jkT; esa LVkVZ&vi dks fodflr vkSj fiNM+s ftys esa oxhZÑr fd;k
laLÑfr dks etcwr djukA z eè;çns'k vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe (MPAKVN)
vkbZVh] vkbZVhbZ,l vkSj bZ,lMh,e uhfr 2016& 1965 esa eè;çns'k vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe osQ :i
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh m|ksx] vkbZVhbZ,l vkSj bZ,lMh,e {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir
esa jkT; esa fuos'k osQ çokg dks c<+kus osQ fy,A vc ;g 7 fMohtu osQaæksa osQ lkFk lapkfyr ,d {ks=kh;
eè; çns'k bysfDVªd okgu (bZoh) uhfr] 2019 dk osQaæ gSA

elkSnk& ,d lqjf{kr] fo'oluh;] lqyHk vkSj lLrh bldk mís'; jkT; osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa m|ksx osQaæ dk
pkftZax cqfu;knh <kapk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k lqfuf'pr djosQ fodkl djuk FkkA
eè; çns'k esa bysfDVªd okguksa dks rsth ls viukus esa vc rd 31 osQaæ igys gh fodflr fd, tk pqosQ gSa
l{ke cukukA vkSj 22 ?kaVs çxfr'khy fodkl osQ v/hu gSaA
z eè; çns'k esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k z fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus osQ fy, vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1988
Lora=krk osQ ckn] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh uhao nwljh ;kstuk vkSj dk;Z ;kstuk 1994 &
(1956&61) osQ rgr 'kq: gqbZA jkT; osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa ij LFkkuh; m|ksx LFkkfir fd;k
bl vof/ osQ nkSjku LFkkfir çeq• la;a=k vkSj vkS|ksfxd x;k gS mnkgj.k ,sYosQykbM iQSDVªh uhep esa 1993 esa
osQaæ Fks µ Hksy Hkksiky] foyk;d fu"d"kZ.k la;a=k mTtSu] LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh vkSj 1976 ls bldk mRiknu 'kq:
dikl drkbZ fey lukon (ftyk •aMok)] iksyks xzkmaM fd;k x;k FkkA
bankSj vkSj Xokfy;j vkS|ksfxd osQaæA z eè; çns'k O;kikj ,oa fuos'k lqfo/k fuxe fyfeVsM
eè; çns'k dh igyh vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1972 (pkSFkh (VªkbiQsd)
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk) esa ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA VªkbiQsd fuos'kdksa osQ fy, çkjafHkd vuqeksnu osQ fy,
z Hksy Hkksiky & ;g 1964 esa fczVsu dh enn ls LFkkfir vius ifj;kstuk çLrko çLrqr djus osQ fy, ,d ,dy
fd;k x;k FkkA Vscy Dyh;jsal lqfo/k gSA
eq[;ea=kh us esxk ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, ,d 'kh"kZ lfefr dh vè;{krk dhA
eq[; lfpo ifj;kstuk eatwjh lfefr dh vè;{krk djrs gSa
z eè; çns'k esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k

eè; çns'k osQ 7 ftyksa dh igpku fodflr ftyksa osQ :i esa dh xbZ gS] os Hkksiky] bankSj] Xokfy;j] jhok] tcyiqj] mTtSu]
lkxj gSaA
jkT; esa 25 fodkl'khy ftys gSaA
31 vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQaæ gSa tks ,eih ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA
vk/kj bdkb;ksa
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k 231 (,e,l,ebZ foHkkx }kjk 194 vkSj MhvkbZvkbZih }kjk 37)
iwQM ikdZ 6
ueZnkiqje ftys osQ ekyuiqj&fHkaM] eusjh&eaMyk] cksxkao&fNanokM+k] tXxk•sM+h&eanlkSj]
fuejkuh&•jxksu vkSj fiifj;k&ek•u uxjA
MªkbZ iksVZ 3
ihFkeiqj] eaMhnhi] (bankSj osQ ikl rhljk fuekZ.kk/hu)
LVksu ikdZ 1
xzhuiQhYM ,lbZtsM 1 (ihFkeiqj esa)
vkbZVh ,lbZtsM oqQy & 4
bankSj esa 1 ljdkjh LokfeRo okyk fØLVy vkbZVh ikdZ
bUiQksfll] Vhlh,l vkSj bEisV~l }kjk 3 futh rkSj ij lapkfyr ,lbZtsM
ifj/ku ikdZ bankSj
cgqmís';h; ,lbZtsM ,d (fNanokM+k)
jRu vkSj vkHkw"k.k ikdZ bankSj
lw•s varnZs'kh; daVsuj fMiks Ng (240 yk• ehfVªd Vu os;jgkmflax dh oqQy {kerk)

eç dk fodflr vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
z eè; çns'k esa m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k bu ftyksa esa Xokfy;j] ujflagiqj] lh/h] lruk] jhok]
eè; çns'k esa m|ksxksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk neksg] dVuh] lkxj] iUuk] eqjSuk vkSj uhep pwuk iRFkj
ldrk gS] ik, tkrs gSaA
•fut vk/kfjr m|ksx lhesaV dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls Hkou vkSj fuekZ.k dk;Z
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx
ou vk/kfjr m|ksx
z •fut vk/kfjr m|ksx

eè; çns'k osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k osQ vuqlkj]
igyk LFkku & ghjs vkSj eSaxuht dk mRiknu
nwljk LFkku & pwuk iRFkj vkSj jkWd iQkWLiQsV dk mRiknu
rhljk LFkku & dks;ys osQ mRiknu esa
eè; çns'k esa dks;yk] ftIle] pwuk iRFkj] pkbuk
Dys vkfn osQ i;kZIr HkaMkj gSa] blfy, bu •futksa ij

vk/kfjr m|ksx fodflr fd, x, gSaA
z lhesaV m|ksx
lhesaV m|ksxksa osQ fy, çeq• dPpk eky pwuk iRFkj gSA jkT;
esa çpqj ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gS] eè;çns'k ns'k osQ çeq• pwuk
iRFkj mRiknd jkT;ksa esa ls ,dA
pwuk iRFkj vk/kfjr lhesaV m|ksx esa eè; çns'k dk ns'k esa
nwljs LFkku gSA tcfd bl {ks=k Hkkjr esa vka/z çns'k dk çFke
LFkku gSA
m|ksx 261
,eih osQ egRoiw.kZ lhesaV m|ksxksa dk mYys• uhps nh xbZ rkfydk esa fd;k x;k gSA
uke LFkku LFkkiuk o"kZ fVIi.kh
ckueksj iQSDVjh eqjSuk 1922 z lk/kj.k iksVZySaM lhesaV dk mRiknu djsaA
z ;g ,lksfl,V lhesaV fyfeVsM }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
oSQewj dkj•kuk dVuh 1923 z ;g ,lksfl,V lhesaV fyfeVsM }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z ;g iksVZySaM vkSj iksLVykuk] ,LcsLVl vkSj lhesaV 'khV dk mRiknu djrk gSA
lruk lhesaV iQSDVªh lruk 1959 z ;g ,d iksVZySaM lhesaV fofuekZ.k la;a=k gS]
z ;g la;a=k fcM+yk twV fofuekZ.k daiuh }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
uhep dkj•kuk eanlkSjA 1980&81 z la;a=k iksVZySaM lhesaV dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
eSgj iQSDVªh lruk 1980&81 z iksVZySaM lhesaV dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS
z fljsfed m|ksx Hkkjr gsoh 1964 Hkksiky ;g VªkaliQkeZj] oSQisflVj]
z phu feêðh m|ksx bysDVªkWfuDl vkS|ksfxd eksVlZ vkfn
eq[; :i ls Xokfy;j] tcyiqj vkSj jryke esa phuh fyfeVsM (Hksy) dk mRiknu djrk gSA
feêðh osQ crZu cuk, tkrs gSaA bls 1 iQjojh 2013 dks
jhok] Xokfy;j] cSrwy] Nrjiqj] fNanokM+k] tcyiqj] egkjRu dk ntkZ feykA
lruk] 'kgMksy vkSj lh/h ftyksa esa phu feêðh osQ HkaMkj z eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksx
ik, tkrs gSaA
eè; çns'k •k|kUu vkSj okf.kfT;d iQlyksa nksuksa dk
z vfXulg feêðh m|ksx mRiknu djrk gS ftudk mi;ksx vU; m|ksxksa esa fd;k
eq[; :i ls vfXulg feêðh fofuekZ.k m|ksx tcyiqj
tkrk gSA
vkSj dVuh esa fLFkr gSaA z phuh m|ksx
;g T;knkrj tcyiqj] dVuh] lh/h] 'kgMksy vkSj
eè; çns'k esa igyh phuh fey 1934 esa jryke osQ
Xokfy;j ftyksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA tkojk esa LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA
vfXulg feêðh dk mi;ksx nqnZE; vkSj fljsfed m|ksxksa
eè; çns'k esa lcls vf/d xUuk mRiknd ftys ujflagiqj]
esa fd;k tkrk gSA fNanokM+k] cqjgkuiqj] cSrwy vkSj nfr;k gSaA
z moZjd m|ksx lcls cM+h phuh fey lhgksj osQ cjykbZ esa fLFkr gSA
jkWd iQkWLiQsV eè; çns'k osQ >kcqvk ftys esa ik;k tkrk
vU; egRoiw.kZ phuh feysa gSa& Mcjk phuh fey Xokfy;j]
gS vkSj moZjd m|ksx esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA thokth jko phuh fuxe eanlkSj] vkSj lsB xksfoan nkl
eè; çns'k esa vf/dka'k moZjd la;a=k /jeiqjh (bankSj)
phuh fey mTtSuA eè; çns'k esa oqQy 27 phuh feysa
vkSj fot;iqjk (xquk) esa fLFkr gSaA dke dj jgh gSaA
z ghjk m|ksx pkoy] nkysa vkSj iqvky cksMZ fey
iUuk esa ghjs dh •qnkbZ dh tkrh gSA
m|ksx LFkku
jk"Vªh; •fut fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM e>xoka] iUuk dh
ghjk •nku dk lapkyu dj jgk gSA pkoy Hkksiky] tcyiqj] jhok

ihFkeiqj (/kj) esa fot; oqQekj baVjus'kuy us Mk;eaM
nkysa mTtSu] bankSj] lkxj]
dfVax vkSj ikWfyf'kax IykaV dh LFkkiuk dhA LVªkW cksMZ feYl 'kktkiqj
z Hkkjh fo|qr midj.k m|ksx z gkbMªkstuhÑr rsy m|ksx (ouLifr ?kh)
eè; çns'k esa çeq• Hkkjh bysDVªkWfuDl m|ksx gSa] frygu mRiknu esa eè;çns'k ns'k esa çFke LFkku ij
gSA ;g ns'k osQ oqQy mRiknu dk yxHkx 27» ;ksxnku

m|ksx LFkkfir LFkku fVIif.k;ka
nsrk gS] tks eè; çns'k esa gkbMªkstuhÑr rsy m|ksxksa osQ
o"kZ
fy, ,d etcwr vk/kj çnku djrk gSA (lzksr& eç dk
Hkkjh bysDVªkWfud 1956 Hkksiky ;g fczVsu dh enn ls vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23)
midj.k m|ksx LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA jkT; esa ouLifr ?kh cukus osQ oqQy 10 dkj•kus gSaA

çns'k dh egRoiw.kZ rsy feysa xatcklkSnk (fofn'kk)] z js'ke oL=k ;k Ñf=ke /kxk m|ksx
eqjSuk] Xokfy;j] •aMok] bankSj vkSj tcyiqj esa gSaA js'ke osQ çdkj mRiknu
z lwrh oL=k m|ksx 'kgrwr 3-21 yk• fdyks
eè; çns'k esa igyh dikl fey cqjgkuiqj esa 1906 esa
Vlj 52-48 yk• ;wfuV
LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA
eè; çns'k esa egRoiw.kZ Ñf=ke /kxk diM+k mRiknd osQaæ
lwrh /kxs osQ mRiknu esa eè;çns'k rhljs LFkku ij gSa
bankSj] Xokfy;j] ukxnk (mTtSu)] vkSj nsokl gSaA
(lzksr vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23)
mTtSu ftys esa ukxnk dh xzkfle fey jkT; esa Ñf=ke
bankSj dks eè; Hkkjr dk eSupsLVj dgk tkrk gSA
/kxs (fpifpik LVsiy iQkbcj) dh lcls cM+h fey gSA
ekyok ;wukbVsM fey dh LFkkiuk 1907 esa gqbZ FkhA
z gFkdj?kk m|ksx
dikl m|ksx dk bfrgkl gFkdj?kk funs'kky; 1976 esa eè; çns'k esa LFkkfir
1- ekyok ;wukbVsM fey dh LFkkiuk 1907 esa gqbZ FkhA fd;k x;k FkkA
2- mTtSu dikl fey 1914&15 esaA jkT; osQ egRoiw.kZ gFkdj?kk osQaæ & lhgksj] •jxksu]
3- 1920 esa Lons'kh dkWVu fey bankSj uhep] ckyk?kkV] lh/h vkSj eaMyk
lar jfonkl gLrf'kYi vkSj gFkdj?kk fuxe dh LFkkiuk
1920 esa Lons'kh dikl fey bankSj vkSj 1914&15 esa 1981 esa gqbZ Fkh
mTtSu dikl feyA
gFkdj?kk {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,] jkT; ljdkj us
jkT; esa lwrh oL=kksa osQ mRiknu osQ oqQN çeq• osQaæ bankSj ^dchj cqudj iqjLdkj ;kstuk*] ,dhÑr DyLVj fodkl
gSaA Xokfy;j] mTtSu] ihFkeiqj] Hkksiky] •jxksu] /kj] dk;ZØe] dkS'ky vkSj rduhdh fodkl ;kstuk vkfn
cqjgkuiqj] nsokl] •aMok vkSj fNanokM+k vU; egRoiw.kZ tSlh dbZ ;kstukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA
fofuekZ.k osQaæ gSaA
z fofo/ Ñf"k&vk/kfjr m|ksx
çns'k esa oL=k osQ mRiknu esa lq/kj ykus osQ fy,
bankSj esa jsMhesM dkWEIysDl vkSj fNUnokM+k ftys esa m|ksx LFkku
,xzks&VsDlVkby ikdZ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lCth vkSj iQy çlaLdj.k bdkbZ Hkksiky
VsDlVkby lsDVj dks etcwr djus osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj tSo moZjd la;a=k Hkksiky
VsDlVkby ikdks± esa 100 iQhlnh ,iQMhvkbZ dh lqfo/k nkusnkj fefJr moZjd la;a=k ueZnkiqje
nsrh gSA dhVuk'kd la;a=k chuk
z Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksxksa osQ lkeus vkus okyh leL;k,a&
m|ksx 263
z eè; çns'k esa ou vk/kfjr m|ksx
ou mit ij vk/kfjr çeq• m|ksx gSa&
z dkxt m|ksx&
eè; çns'k ckal vkSj uhyfxjh dh ,d cM+h fofo/rk dh miyC/rk osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS] nksuksa dkxt m|ksx osQ fy, vPNs
dPps eky gSaA
eè; çns'k esa oqQN dkxt mRiknd m|ksxksa dk mYys• uhps nh xbZ rkfydk esa fd;k x;k gS]
uke LFkku LFkkfir o"kZ fVIi.kh

jk"Vªh; lekpkj fçaV usikuxj (cqjgkuiqj) 1948&49 z ;g ,d ih,l;w gS ftlus 1956&57 esa mRiknu 'kq: fd;k FkkA
vkSj isij fey z pkanuh ikoj IykaV us IykaV dks fctyh dh vkiwfrZ dh
z {kerk& 88]000 ehfVªd VuA
flD;ksfjVh isij fey ueZnkiqje 1967&68 z ;g foÙk ea=kky; osQ rgr ,d ih,l;w Hkh gSA
z eqæk dkxt vkSj lqj{kk dkxt ;gk¡ fufeZr
cSad uksV çsl nsokl 1974 z mPp ewY; oxZ osQ eqæk uksV ;gka eqfær fd, tkrs gSaA
lelkef;dh
flD;ksfjVh isij fey ueZnkiqje usiky osQ fy, djsalh uksV NkisxhA
eè; çns'k esa oqQN futh LokfeRo okys isij m|ksx Hkh gSa] tSls fd vksfj,aV isij fey tks 'kgMksy ftys osQ ikl veykbZ
esa LFkkfir ,f'k;k dh lcls cM+h vkSj lcls iqjkuh futh isij fey gSA
jkT;ksa esa vU; isij feysa vuwiiqj] Hkksiky] jryke] Xokfy;j vkfn gSaA
z chM+h m|ksx
chM+h jksfyax eè; çns'k esa ,d ?kj&vk/kfjr xfrfof/ gSA
eè; çns'k ns'k esa rsanwiÙkk osQ mRiknu vkSj miktZu (260 fofuekZ.k la;a=k) osQ ekeys esa vxz.kh jkT; gSA
tcyiqj vxz.kh chM+h fofuekZ.k osQaæ gS] blosQ lkFk lruk] neksg] dVuh] lkxj vkSj Nrjiqj esa Hkh chM+h mRiknd bdkb;ka gSaA
eè;çns'k esa chM+h m|ksxksa dh 260 ls vf/d bdkb;ka LFkkfir dh xbZ gSaA
eè; çns'k esa ydM+h] •Sj] yk•] fpi cksMZ vkSj ekfpl m|ksx
m|ksx LFkku fVIi.kh
'kgrhj fNanokM+k] e.Myk tcyiqj z lky vkSj lkxkSu dh ydM+h çeq• dPpk eky gSA
z tcyiqj ,d çeq• ydM+h iQuhZpj fuekZrk gSA
•Sj ckueksj (eqjSuk)] f'koiqjh z ;g isM+ dh ydM+h ls fudkyk tkrk gSA
z ;g eq[; :i ls •Sjokj tutkfr }kjk fufeZr gSA
yk• mefj;k bls isM+ksa ls Hkh fudkyk tkrk gSA
fpi vkSj d.k cksMZ bVkjlh
ekfpl ckWDl Xokfy;j

z eè; çns'k esa vU; egRoiw.kZ m|ksx
jlk;u m|ksx
m|ksx LFkku fVIi.kh

jlk;u] dhVuk'kd mTtSu] ihFkeiqj] eaMhnhi] z vkxklksn rsy fjiQkbujh chuk esa fLFkr gSA
jk;lsu] lhgksj] jryke] vkfn z ;g Hkkjr vkseku la;qÙkQ m|e gSA
z vkseku dks bl fjiQkbujh osQ fy, xSl dh vkiwfrZ djuh gSA
•kn fot;iqj (xquk) tcyiqj] >kcqvk z us'kuy iQfVZykbtj fyfeVsM xquk dh LFkkiuk la;qÙkQ jkT;
vesfjdk vkSj bVyh dh enn ls dh xbZ FkhA
z la;a=k xsy }kjk vkiwfrZ fd, x, bZa/u osQ :i esa xSl dk mi;ksx
dj jgk gSA
z mRiknu 1998 esa 'kq: gqvkA
z 2015 ls tcyiqj vkSj >kcqvk esa moZjd la;a=k 'kq: gq,A
z oqQVhj vkSj y?kq m|ksx eè; çns'k esa fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k&
pansjh (v'kksduxj)] egs'oj (•jxksu) dh lkfM+;ka fo'o
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k fodkl ,tsalh LFkku
çfl¼ gSaA pansjh lkfM+;ksa dks HkkSxksfyd laosQr VSx feykA
cgq&mRikn fo'ks"k vkS|ksfxd osQaæ fodkl /kj
diM+ksa ij ckx vkSj HkSjksx<+ dh NikbZ Hkh cgqr çfl¼ gSA
vkfFkZd {ks=k çkf/dj.k] bankSj
Hkkjr esa igyk Tosy I;wjhiQkbax lsaVj tcyiqj esa fLFkr
fØLVy vkbZVh fo'ks"k vkS|ksfxd osQaæ fodkl bankSj
gS] vkSj Mk;eaM dfVax vkSj ikWfyf'kax IykaV bankSj esa gSA vkfFkZd {ks=k çkf/dj.k] bankSj
z okgu m|ksx cgq&mRikn fo'ks"k vkfFkZd vkS|ksfxd osQUæ fodkl Xokfy;j
LFkku fVIi.kh {ks=k] Xokfy;j çkf/dj.k] Xokfy;j
ihFkeiqj (/kj) ihFkeiqj dks Hkkjr dk MsVªk;V dgk tkrk gSA vkbZVh@vkbZVhbZ fo'ks"k esfMdkIl fyfeVsM] bankSj bankSj
vkfFkZd {ks=k
LdwVj] dkj vkSj gYosQ okguksa dk cM+s iSekus
ij fofuekZ.k vkbZVh fo'ks"k vkfFkZd ikjlukFk MsoyiesaV bankSj
{ks=k fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh
tcyiqj lSU; okgu mRiknu bdkbZ
,Y;wfefu;e mRiknksa ij fgaMkYdks baMLVªht flaxjkSyh
bankSj Mhty bZa/u la;a=k vk/kfjr fo'ks"k vkfFkZd
lhgksj Mhty yksdkseksfVo IykaV {ks=k
Hkksiky jsyos oSxu dk;Z'kkyk •uu vkSj Ñf"k vk/kfjr eè; çns'k vkS|ksfxd tcyiqj
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k fodkl osQaæ
bysDVªkWfuDl] iQkekZL;qfVdy vkSj isVªks&osQfedy IykaV
z eè; çns'k esa eq[; vkS|ksfxd ifjlj
m|ksx LFkku
tfVy LFkku
bysDVªkWfuDl z Hkksiky vkSj ihFkeiqj esa Vsyhfotu m|ksx
bysDVªkWfuDl dkWEIysDl bankSj
z ekyuiqj (fHkaM) esa fufeZr Vsyhfotu
ikV~lZ LVsuysl LVhy dkWEIysDl lkxj
z iQksVksdkWfi;j e'khusa bankSj esa fufeZrA ysnj dkWEIysDl nsokl
vkS"k/ z Hkksiky] bankSj] fNanokM+k] nsokl] /kj] jsMhesM dkWEIysDl bankSj
tcyiqj vkfn diM+k ifjlj fNUnokM+k
isVªks&jlk;u z Hkksiky] eaMyk] ihFkeiqj (/kj)] lhgksj iQkekZ ikdZ /kj (csVek)
vkSj tcyiqj IykfLVd ikdZ jk;lsu (reksV)
m|ksx 265
z osQaæ ljdkj dh ;kstuk osQ rgr eè; çns'k osQ vkS|ksfxd m|ksx LFkku
osQaæksa dks eatwjh nh xbZ
xu oSQfjt iQSDVªh tcyiqj
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ftyksa Vªkalfe'ku gksoj tcyiqj
ihreiqj /kj ghjk 'kks/u osQaæ tcyiqj
iqjSuk iUuk peM+k m|ksx nsokl
ekyuiqj fHkaM fctyh iai nsokl
es?kuxj >kcqvk feuh LVhy IykaV nsokl] bankSj] jryke
eusjh eaMyk oL=k e'khujh Xokfy;j
ihyw•sM+h jktx<+ fcLoqQV m|ksx Xokfy;j
eksisM ;wfuV Xokfy;j
z m|ksxksa dh lwph vkSj muosQ LFkku
flaFksfVd /kxk ukxnk (mTtSu)
m|ksx LFkku vkWfIVdy iQkbcj m|ksx eaMhnhi (jk;lsu)
MªkbZ cSVjh Hkksiky dkWfLVd lksMk veykbZ] usikuxj] ukxnk
dhVuk'kdksa Hkksiky Nkrk m|ksx egw
xzsiQkbV bysDVªksM Hkksiky ?kM+h m|ksx cSrwy
xksan vkSj ftysfVu Hkksiky] tcyiqj uk•wu vkSj rkj m|ksx fofn'kk
d.k lsalj cksMZ bdkbZ Hkksiky] bVkjlh lYÝ;wfjd ,flM iQSDVjh ukxnk] oqQEgkjh
VaxLVu fiQykesaV rkj Hkksiky ikojywe m|ksx cqjgkuiqj
IykfLVd bankSj moZjd dkj•kuk fot;iqj (xquk)
Ñf=ke vkSj js'ke diM+s bankSj jsyos Lyhij dksp iQSDVªh cq/uh (lhgksj)
laihfM+r vkWDlhtu vkSj ?kqfyr bankSj yk• dk fofuekZ.k dkj•kuk mefj;k
,LFksfyu twV fey jktx<+
cf<+;k dkxt m|ksx bankSj
,sYosQyk;M iQSDVjh uhep
MªXl vkSj iQkekZL;qfVdy bankSj] jryke
•uu LVhy vkSj thvkbZ rkj bankSj] jryke ,Ydksgy la;a=k jryke
z eè; çns'k esa egRoiw.kZ osQUæh;&lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ m|ksxksa dh lwph
j{kk ea=kky; ls lacaf/r m|ksx

m|ksx LFkkiuk LFkku fVIi.kh
vkWfMZusal iQSDVªh •efj;k 1943&44 •efj;k (tcyiqj)
bVkjlh
dVuh
xu oSQjht iQSDVjh 1943&44 tcyiqj /uq"k rksi•kus dk fuekZ.k
Oghdy iQSDVªh iQSDVjh 1955 tcyiqj Hkkjh okf.kfT;d okgu
foÙk ea=kky; ls lacaf/r m|ksx
m|ksx LFkkiuk txg fVIi.kh
flD;ksfjVh isij fey 1967&68 gks'kaxkckn eqæk dkxt
djsalh uksV fçafVax çsl 1974 nsokl dkxth eqæk
vYdykWbM iQSDVjh 1975&76 uhep u'khys inkFkks±

jsy ea=kky; ls lacaf/r m|ksx
m|ksx LFkkiuk LFkku
jsyos dksp iQSDVjh 1975&76 Hkksiky
•uu ea=kky; ls lacaf/r m|ksx

m|ksx LFkku
ukWnZuZ dksy iQhYM fyfeVsM flaxjkSyh
fganqLrku dkWij çkstsDV eykt•aM (ckyk?kkV)
eSaxuht vksj bafM;k fyfeVsM ckyk?kkV
jk"Vªh; diM+k vkS|ksfxd fuxe ls lacaf/r m|ksx

m|ksx lky LFkku
n U;w Hkksiky VsDlVkby fyfeVsM 1938&39 Hkksiky
ghjk feYl fyfeVsM mTtSu 1934& 35 mTtSu
bankSj ekyok ;wukbVsM feYl fyfeVsM 1907&08 bankSj
Lons'kh dikl vkVk fey fyfeVsM 1928&29 bankSj
dY;k.key feYl fyfeVsM 1934&35 bankSj
cqjgkuiqj rkIrh feYl fyfeVsM 1906&07 cqjgkuiqj
Hkkjrh; •k| fuxe ls lacaf/r m|ksx

m|ksx lky LFkku
dikl cht lkWYoDl ,DlVsa'ku IykaV 1963&64 mTtSu
osQaæ ljdkj osQ LokfeRo okys vU; egRoiw.kZ ih,l;w

m|ksx lky LFkku
ljdkjh Mkd vkSj VsyhxzkiQ dk;Z'kkyk 1943&44 tcyiqj
Hkkjr gsoh bysDVªkWfuDl fyfeVsM 1961&62 Hkksiky
nwjlapkj iQSDVjh & tcyiqj
xzs&vk;ju iQkmaMªh & tcyiqj
xsy bafM;k fyfeVsM & xquk
jk"Vªh; rki fo|qr fuxe & fla?kjkSyh
z jkT; ljdkj osQ LokfeRo okys egRoiw.kZ lkoZtfud m|e
m|ksx mRiknu djuk LFkkiuk LFkku
ydM+h mipkj la;a=k ydM+h dh ydM+h 1952 bankSj
Xokfy;j peM+k dkj•kuk twrs] rEcw 1958 Xokfy;j
oSQysaMfjax IykaV isafVax] Cyhfpax 1962 mTtSu
lukon dfVax fey dikl dk /kxk 1963&64 lukon
jryke vYdksgy IykaV vkSj dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM baMLVªht vkRek] 'kjkc 1963&64 jryke
m|ksx 267
z eè; çns'k dk egRoiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd laLFkku z nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1956&61)
laLFkk ç/ku LFkkiuk iquxZfBr e-ç- vfLrRo esa vk;kA
dk;kZy; eq[; è;ku flapkbZ] fctyh] ck<+] Ñf"k vkSj lkeqnkf;d
eç jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe Hkksiky 1965 fodkl ij FkkA

eç y?kq m|ksx fuxe Hkksiky 1969 lHkh pkj Hkkxksa dh lHkh 4 vyx&vyx {ks=kh; ;kstukvksa
eç gFkdj?kk fuxe fyfeVsM Hkksiky 1976 dk ikyu fd;k x;kA

eç gLrf'kYi fodkl fuxe Hkksiky 1981 nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/ 1956 ls 1961 rd
eç •uu fuxe Hkksiky Fkh vkSj o"kZ 1956 esa eè; çns'k osQ xBu ls igys]
eç Ñf"k m|ksx fuxe Hkksiky pkj ?kVd bdkb;ksa us viuh nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks
eç fu;kZr fuxe Hkksiky 1977 vafre :i fn;k Fkk] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g Fkk fd
eç foÙk fuxe bankSj 1951 u, jkT; osQ xBu osQ ckn ;kstukvksa dks lesfdr fd;k
jk"Vªh; dikl fuxe bankSj 1970 x;k FkkA
z rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1961&66)
eè; çns'k dh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a çkFkfedrk okys {ks=k fctyh] flapkbZ] vkSj Ñf"k vkSj
z çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1951&56) lkeqnkf;d fodkl FksA jkT; dh igyh ,dhÑr ;kstukA
eq[; :i ls Ñf"k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl ij è;ku uksV% ;kstuk vodk'k (1966&69) & çR;sd o"kZ osQ
osQafær fd;kA f'k{kk] flapkbZ vkSj fctyh Hkh çeq• {ks=k fy, rhu vyx&vyx ;kstuk,a rS;kj dh xbZaA
Fks] ysfdu m|ksx ughaA z pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1969&74)
jkT; osQ lHkh 4 vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa blosQ rgr
mís'; fodkl çfØ;k esa rsth ykuk FkkA
vyx&vyx ;kstuk,a FkhaA
Ñf"k mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZjrk cuk, j•saA
vkj-,iQ- gSjksM us vius ekWMy osQ ekè;e ls fn•k;k
bl ;kstuk esa Hkh flapkbZ] m|ksxksa dks çkFkfedrk nh xbZA
fd fLFkj iwath mRiknu vuqikr vkSj cpr dh fuf'pr
ço`fÙk osQ lkFk fLFkj fodkl nj çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA z ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1974&79)
,d ckj fiQj Ñf"k lkeqnkf;d fodkl çeq• fpark dk
mUgksaus ;g Hkh foLrkj ls crk;k fd fdl çdkj çkÑfrd
lalk/uksa dh vf/dre lhek vFkZO;oLFkk dh fodkl fo"k; cu x;kA

bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; Ñf"k mRiknu vkSj
nj dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
eè;çns'k esa çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ rgr Ñf"k vkSj
mRikndrk esa lq/kj djuk FkkA
lkeqnkf;d fodkl ij yxHkx 20 djksM+ #i;s •pZ z NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1980&85)
fd, x,] tcfd flapkbZ vkSj fctyh ij 12-5 djksM+ flapkbZ] fctyh dks lokZsPp çkFkfedrk nh xbZA
#i;s vkSj mlosQ ckn f'k{kk ij yxHkx 10 djksM+ z lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1985&90)
#i;s •pZ fd, x,A çeq• O;; (oqQy dk 75» ls vf/d) flapkbZ fctyh
{ks=k O;; (#i;s) ij FkkA

Ñf"k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl 19-9 djksM+ z vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1992&97)
flapkbZ vkSj fctyh 12-4 djksM+ ;g ;kstuk xzkeh.k fodkl dks lefiZr FkhA
f'k{kk 9-3 djksM+ oqQy ctV osQ jktLo dk 50» $ bls vkoafVr fd;k
ifjogu vkSj lapkj 5 djksM+ x;k FkkA

lgdkjh lfefr;ksa 2-9 djksM+ z ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1997&2002)
lkekftd lsokvksa (LokLF;] f'k{kk vkfn) ij cM+k •pZ
m|ksx vkSj •fut 2-8 djksM+
fd;k x;kA
i'kqikyu vkSj ou 2-4 djksM+
lkFk gh ÅtkZ] flapkbZ] fctyh vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl ij
vkokl 0-11 djksM+ vf/d è;ku nsukA

z 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2002&07) 3- 5 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk ewy mís'; D;k Fkk\ (2015)
eq[; iQksdl lekt dY;k.k dk;ZØe ij FkkA (a) xjhch fuokj.k
z X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2007&12) (b) lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh esa lq/kj
bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; rst] lekos'kh vkSj lrr (c) lekos'kh fodkl
fodkl lqfuf'pr djuk gSA y{; o`f¼ nj 7-6» Fkh] (d) fo'ks"k fodkl
tcfd 9-4» gkfly dhA mÙkj (a)
z 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2012&17)
;kstuk dk eq[; iQksdl lkekftd&vkfFkZd {ks=k dks foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (eq[; ijh{kk)
etcwr djuk FkkA 1- eè; çns'k osQ dkxt m|ksx osQ egRoiw.kZ osQaæksa osQ uke
crk,a\ (2018)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
2- eè; çns'k esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ,oa muosQ çeq• m|ksxksa dk
z eè;çns'k esa çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ rgr Ñf"k vkSj foLrkj ls o.kZu djsa\ (2016)
lkeqnkf;d fodkl ij yxHkx 20 djksM+ #i;s •pZ fd, 3- eè;çns'k osQ lhesaV m|ksxksa dh ppkZ djsa\ (2015)
x,] tcfd flapkbZ vkSj fctyh ij 12-5 djksM+ #i;s vkSj
mlosQ ckn f'k{kk ij yxHkx 10 djksM+ #i;s •pZ fd, x,A vH;kl ç'u
z vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k ns'k esa 7 osa 1- ¶,d ftyk] ,d mRikn ;kstuk¸ osQ rgr p;fur ,eih
LFkku ij gSA dk igyk ftyk FkkA
z ghjk vkSj eSaxuht osQ mRiknu esa ,eih igys LFkku ij jgkA (a) ueZnkiqje (b) Hkksiky
z 6 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (1980&85) vkSj 7oha iapo"khZ; (c) tcyiqj (d) gjnk
;kstuk (1985 ls 90) osQ rgr ,eih osQ vkS|ksfxd {ks=k mÙkj (a)
esa rsth vkbZA
O;k[;k% ueZnkiqje ¶,d ftyk] ,d mRikn ;kstuk¸ osQ rgr
z ckueksj lhesaV dkj•kuk eqjSuk esa fLFkr gSA p;fur ,eih dk igyk ftyk Fkk
z eè; çns'k esa igyh dikl fey cqjgkuiqj esa 1906 esa 2- jkT; dk lcls cM+k vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dkSu lk gS\
LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA
(a) eaMhnhi (b) ihFkeiqj
z jkWd iQkWLiQsV eè; çns'k osQ >kcqvk ftys esa ik;k tkrk gS
(c) Xokfy;j (d) tcyiqj
vkSj moZjd m|ksx esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mÙkj (b)
z ihFkeiqj (/kj) esa fot; oqQekj baVjus'kuy us Mk;eaM
O;k[;k% ihFkeiqj (/kj) eç dk lcls cM+k vkS|ksfxd {ks=k gSA
dfVax vkSj ikWfyf'kax IykaV dh LFkkiuk dhA
;g Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k vkWVkseksckby lsDVj Hkh gSA
z lcls cM+h phuh fey lhgksj osQ cjykbZ esa fLFkr gSA
3- jkT; dk igyk ck;ks esFksus'ku IykaV dgk¡ LFkkfir fd;k
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) x;k Fkk\
(a) ueZnkiqje (b) Hkksiky
1- 12 oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vof/ gS\ (2017)
(c) tcyiqj (d) gjnk
(a) 2007&2012 (b) 2012&2017
mÙkj (b)
(c) 2010&2015 (d) 2006&2011
O;k[;k% çns'k dk igyk ck;ks esFksus'ku IykaV 23 fnlacj 2015
mÙkj (b) dks Hkksiky osQ fcV ekdZsV esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
2- eè; çns'k y?kq m|ksx fuxe dh LFkkiuk dc dh xbZ Fkh\ 4- eè; çns'k jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk fdl
(2016) o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh\
(a) 1958 (b) 1961 (a) 1960 (b) 1965
(c) 1963 (d) 1970 (c) 1968 (d) 1972
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (b)
m|ksx 269
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM ,d 8- eè; çns'k dk igyk esxk iQwM ikdZ (MFP) dgk¡ fLFkr
jkT; ljdkj dh daiuh gS] ftls 13 flracj] 1965 dks fuxfer gS\
fd;k x;k FkkA (a) •jxksu (b) •aMok
5- esxk ,dhÑr oL=k {ks=k vkSj ifj/ku (ih,e fe=k) ikdZ (c) jryke (d) >kcqvk
eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa LFkkfir fd;k tk,xk\
mÙkj (a)
(a) bankSj (b) /kj
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ igys esxk iQwM ikdZ (,e,iQih) dk
mn~?kkVu 12 iQjojh 2016 dks •jxksu ftys dh dlkjokM+
mÙkj (b)
rglhy osQ ikuok xkao esa fd;k x;k-
O;k[;k% ih,e esxk baVhxzsVsM VsDlVkby jhtu ,aM viSjy (ih,e
fe=k) ikdZ /kj ftys osQ Hksalksyk xkao esa 1]563 ,dM+ Hkwfe ij 9- ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k lks;kchu m|ksx dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
LFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSA (a) •jxksu (b) mTtSu
6- Hkkjr dk igyk xguk 'kqf¼dj.k osQaæ dgk¡ LFkkfir fd;k (c) jryke (d) bankSj
x;k gS\ mÙkj (b)
(a) Hkksiky (b) tcyiqj
O;k[;k% ,f'k;k esa lks;kchu dk lcls cM+k la;a=k mTtSu esa gSA
(c) bankSj (d) Xokfy;j
Hkkjr ,f'k;k esa lks;kchu dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS vkSj
mÙkj (b) oSf'od mRiknu esa bldk ;ksxnku 3-95 çfr'kr gSA
O;k[;k% Hkkjr dk igyk xguk 'kks/u osQaæ tcyiqj esa LFkkfir
fd;k x;k gSA 10- eè; çns'k osQ fdl 'kgj dks ¶eè; Hkkjr dk eSupsLVj¸
dgk tkrk gS\
7- eè; çns'k esa igyh dikl fey dc LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkh\
(a) Hkksiky (b) mTtSu
(a) 1908 (b) 1921
(c) 1906 (d) 1911 (c) jryke (d) bankSj
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (d)

O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa igyh dikl fey 1906 esa cqjgkuiqj O;k[;k% bankSj dks eè; Hkkjr dk eSupsLVj dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd
esa LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA bankSj eè; Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k diM+k mRiknd osQaæ gSA
v v v

eè; çns'k esa çkFkfed] f}rh;d
4 vkSj r`rh;d {ks=k
ifjp; jkT; dh Ñf"k esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku 1960&1961 esa 59-9» Fkk
eè; çns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk Ñf"k vk/kfjr gS] eè; çns'k dh tks 2020&21 esa ?kVdj 37-43» (orZeku esa 36-32 (vkfFkZd
72-37» vkcknh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgrh gSA eè; çns'k dh yxHkx loZs{k.k 2022&23)) gks x;k gSA ,eih ns'k esa lcls rsth ls
70» vkcknh Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa ij fuHkZj gSA ,eih çkÑfrd fodkl djus okys jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gSA
lalk/uksa] bZa/u] •fut vkSj tSo fofo/rk ls le`¼ gSA Hkkjr z fctyh
dh thMhih (2022&23) esa ,eih dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 4-8» gSA çfr O;fÙkQ vk/kj ij ,eih ekud esa fctyh dh •ir
2011 ls 2022 rd] thMh,lih 12-72 dh pØo`f¼ okf"kZd 1008 fdyksokV gS] tks jk"Vªh; vkSlr 1161 fdyksokV
o`f¼ nj ls c<+hA osQ djhc gSA
z eç dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr jkT; 2021 rd 2438 esxkokV dh LFkkfir lkSj ÅtkZ
2022&23 osQ fy, jkT; dh th,lMhih (ekStwnk dherksa {kerk osQ lkFk lkSj ÅtkZ osQaæ osQ :i esa fodflr gks
ij) & 11]51]049 djksM+ #i;s- jgk gSA ljdkj us cqansy•aM vkSj pacy {ks=kksa esa 2000
2022&23 esa O;; (½.k Hkqxrku dks NksM+dj) &
esxkokV dk lkSj ÅtkZ ikdZ LFkkfir djus dh ?kks"k.kk
2]47]715 djksM+ #i;sA dh gSA
nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k ÝyksfVax lksyj ikoj IykaV •.Mok
2022&23 osQ fy, çkfIr;ka (½`.k dks NksM+dj) &
1]95]204 djksM+ #i;s ftys osQ vksadkjs'oj esa fLFkr gSA (600 esxkokV)
tqykbZ 2020 esa] jkT; esa jhok vYVªk esxk lksyj fyfeVsM
2022&23 o"kZ esa jktdks"kh; ?kkVk &52]511 djksM+ #i;s
(th,lMhih dk 4-56»)A (vkj;w,e,l,y) dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;k vkSj blus

fnYyh esVªks jsy dkWjiksjs'ku dks lkSj ÅtkZ çnku djuk
2022&23 o"kZ esa jktLo ?kkVk &3]736 djksM+ #i;s
'kq: fd;k vkSj bldh oqQy {kerk 750 esxkokV gSA
(th,lMhih dk 0-32») gSA
fo'o cSad us bl ifj;kstuk dks foÙk iksf"kr fd;kA
eç dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fuEufyf•r Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr
fd;k tk ldrk gS& lelkef;dh
fofn'kk ftys osQ lkaph dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gSA eè; çns'k
z çkFkfed {ks=k & 47»
osQ igys lkSj 'kgj osQ :i esa fodflr djukA
z r`rh;d {ks=k & 34»
z fofuekZ.k {ks=k& 18»
z eç dh Ñf"k
,eih dh vFkZO;oLFkk Ñf"k vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk gS (jkT; dh
oqQy Hkwfe dk 50» •srh osQ v/hu gS)] Ñf"k u osQoy jkT;
dh cfYd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrh gSA eç dh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k dk egRo nks eq[; dkj.kksa ls gS &
z igyk] ;g fd ;g {ks=k eè; çns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
yxHkx 1@3 ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z f}rh;] jkT; dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx çR;{k ;k
vçR;{k :i ls Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA
eè; çns'k us ÅtkZ ij vius oqQy O;; dk 9» vkoafVr 20]000 ,dM+ ls vf/d {ks=kiQy okys 100 ls vf/d
fd;k gS] tks jkT;ksa }kjk ÅtkZ ij vkSlr O;; (4-8») Ñf"k iQkeZ fuos'kdksa osQ fy, yht ij miyC/ gSaA
ls dkiQh vf/d gSA (2023 dk ctV) z vkbZVh@vkbZVhbZ,l lsDVj
z ifjogu
z jsy ekxZ
eè; çns'k osQ ipkl ftys gSa tks nl laHkkxksa osQ varxZr
foHkkftr gSa tks Hkksiky] tcyiqj] bankSj] pacy] Xokfy;j]

jhok] lkxj] mTtSu] 'kgMksy vkSj ueZnkiqje gSaA
2019 esa eè; çns'k dk jkuh deykifr (gchcxat)
jsyos LVs'ku gokbZ vîós tSlh lqfo/kvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gqvkA

eè; çns'k esa jsyos VªSd dh yackbZ 5150 fdyksehVj gSA
ns'k esa lcls cM+s usVodZ osQ ekeys esa eç 5osa LFkku
ij gSA
eè; çns'k osQ 4 egkuxjksa esa vkbZVh ikdZ gSaA
,eih osQ fy, igyh oans Hkkjr Vªsu vçSy 2023 esa
;g vkbZVh ikdZ bankSj] Hkksiky] tcyiqj ,oa Xokfy;j
Hkksiky ls fnYyh osQ fy, 'kq: gqbZ FkhA
esa fLFkr gSaA
z lM+d usVodZ
z •uu
ns'k esa lcls cM+s usVodZ osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k pkSFks
eè; çns'k ljdkj us 1995 esa eè; çns'k •uu uhfr
LFkku ij gSA
cukbZA •uu vkSj •fut jkT; vkSj jk"Vª osQ fodkl esa
eè; çns'k osQ ikl vc rd yxHkx oqQy 2-11 djksM+
okgu iathÑr gSaA egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA

dks;yk vkSj yksgk] eè; çns'k osQ vf/d egRoiw.kZ
jkT; ls gksdj xqtjus okys 8858 fdyksehVj osQ 44 jk"Vªh;
•futksa esa ls gSa] eè; çns'k esa ik;k tkus okyk yksgk
jktekxks± esa fnYyh&eqacbZ] fnYyh&psUubZ] fnYyh&cSaxyksj]
mPp Js.kh dk gS] eè; çns'k osQ eaMyk] ckyk?kkV]
fnYyh&gSnjkckn dh eq[; ekxZ 'kkfey gSaA
>kcqvk] Xokfy;j] tcyiqj] fofn'kk] mTtSu 'kktkiqj
ctV 2023&24 esa lM+d ,oa iqy fuekZ.k osQ fy, 10
vkSj /kj ftyksa esa ykSg v;Ld osQ HkaMkj gSaA
gtkj 182 djksM+ dk çko/kuA
eSaxuht ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ •fut gS tks eè; çns'k esa
z vU; O;kolkf;d xfrfof/
ckyk?kkV esa ik;k tkrk gSA
eè; çns'k jkT; dk 31» fgLlk oukPNkfnr gS] ftlesa
,Y;qehfu;e osQ mRiknu esa vko';d ckWDlkbV tcyiqj
nqyZHk] ewY;oku vkS"k/h;&gcZy ikS/ksa dh çeq• :i ls
dh dVuh rglhy esa ik;k tkrk gSA
nksgu dh tkus okyh çtkfr;k¡ gSaA
eè; çns'k esa lhesaV osQ mRiknu osQ fy, vko';d pwuk
Hkkjr dk igyk vkWijs'ku xzhuiQhYM fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
iRFkj dk ,d cM+k HkaMkj gSA
bankSj esa gSaA
,u,eMhlh dh ghjs dh •nku eè; çns'k osQ iUuk esa
Hkkjr esa lhesaV dk rhljk lcls cM+k mRiknd gSaA
gS] tks Hkkjr dk ,dek=k jkT; gS tks gekjs ns'k osQ oqQy
oqQy 2]585 fefy;u Vu dks;ys osQ HkaMkj okys 12
ghjk lalk/u dk 90» fgLlk gSA
CykWdksa dh igpku dh xbZ gSA z vkS|ksfxd fodkl
144 dksy csM ehFksu fjtoZ miyC/ gSA
eç jkT; m|ksx fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM (,eih,lvkbZMhlh)
eè; çns'k ns'k esa frygu vkSj nkyksa dk nwljk lcls
jkT; esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ fy, osQaæh; ,tsalh gSA
cM+k mRiknd gS (çFke LFkku ij jktLFkku)A ;g jkT; esa esxk baÚkLVªDpj ifj;kstuk dk leUo;]
lzksr& Ñf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=kky; lfØ; vkSj dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djrk gSA m|ksx vkSj
dikl osQ fy, vuqdwy tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj lao/Zu foHkkx (DPIIT) osQ vuqlkj]
40]000 ls vf/d fctyh dj?ks diM+k m|ksx dks xfr 2000 ls 2019 esa eè; çns'k esa FDI çokg oqQy 4
ns jgs gSaA fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj (yxHkx) FkkA

eè; çns'k us Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fuos'k esa 7-2» z eè; çns'k us yxHkx uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ mRiknu esa vHkwriwoZ
fgLlsnkjh tqVkdj ikapoka LFkku gkfly fd;kA o`f¼ dh gSA o"kZ 2010 esa 160 esxkokV mRiknu {kerk ls
eç ljdkj us jkT; esa ,d çHkkoh vkSj LFkk;h fuos'k ysdj orZeku o"kZ (2023) esa 5462 esxkokV mRiknu rdA
ekgkSy cukus osQ fy, m|ksx çksRlkgu uhfr 2021 'kq:
dhA z Hkksiky esa lkSj ÅtkZ ij vk/kfjr dksYM LVksjst LFkkfir gSA
{ks=kh; larqyu lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, eè; çns'k z ns'k osQ oqQy fctyh mRiknu esa eè; çns'k dk ;ksxnku
ljdkj çns'k esa Hkksiky] Xokfy;j] bankSj] tcyiqj vkSj yxHkx 10» gSA
jhok dks xzksFk lsaVj osQ :i esa fodflr dj jgh gSA
z jkT; esa ÅtkZ •ir osQ vk¡dM+s Ñf"k {ks=k (43-2»)] ?kjsyw
egRoiw.kZ fcanq {ks=k (28-6»)] vkS|ksfxd bdkb;k¡ (18»)] vkSj okf.kfT;d
z lcls vf/d iou pfDd;k¡ bankSj esa fLFkr gSaA bdkbZ (6-6») gSaA
z xSl ,oa Mhty osQ lokZsÙke fo|qr la;a=k Xokfy;j] jkeiqj] z vif'k"V inkFkks± dk mi;ksx djosQ fctyh mRiknu djus
bankSj ,oa uhep esa LFkkfir gSaA okyk igyk la;a=k Hkksiky esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z eè; çns'k esa fctyh dk mRiknu 1905 esa Xokfy;j esa
z xUus dh •ksbZ dk mi;ksx djosQ fctyh mRiknu la;a=k
'kq: gqvkA
z flaxjkSyh (cS<+u) dks eè; çns'k dh ÅtkZ jkt/kuh dgk Xokfy;j esa LFkkfir fd, x, FksA
tkrk gSA z bankSj dk dLrwjck xzke iwjh rjg ls lkSj ÅtkZ ls lapkfyr gSA
v v v
eè; çns'k esa çkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d {ks=k 273

5 eè; çns'k esa i'kqikyu
i'kqikyu Ñf"k dh ,d 'kk•k gS tks Ñf"k i'kqvksa osQ mRiknu] jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl ifj;kstuk (2021)
ns•Hkky vkSj çtuu ls tqM+h gSA 1980&81 ls 2002&03 rd nw/ osQ laxzg.k] forj.k] caè;kdj.k vkSj foi.ku ls lacaf/r
i'kqikyu dk ;ksxnku fLFkj jgk gS tks jkT;ksa dh thMhih dk cqfu;knh <kaps osQ fodkl osQ fy, 26 ftyksa esa ifjpkyu fd;k
yxHkx 8&10 çfr'kr gSA x;kA
z ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (2022&23) esa i'kqikyu dk ;ksxnku z eqxhZ ikyu
% 5-93» lzksr& vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23
eqxhZ ikyu ikyrw i{kh gSa ftUgsa ekal] vaMs ;k ia• tSls mi;ksxh
z eè; çns'k dh 20 oha i'kq/u x.kuk fjiksVZ
i'kq mRiknksa dh dVkbZ osQ mís'; ls j•k tkrk gS vkSj eqxhZ ikyus
ueZnkiqje ftys esa i'kq ?kuRo lcls de (45) gSA
dh çfØ;k dks eqxhZ ikyu dgk tkrk gSA
eç dk i'kq ?kuRo 110 oxZ fdeh gSA
z eè; çns'k esa eqxhZikyu
i'kqvksa dh lokZf/d tula[;k lh/h ftys esa gSA
eç esa 9 iksYVªh tksu gSa] ftudk mís'; vaMk mRiknu
i'kqvksa dh lcls de tula[;k cqjgkuiqj ftys esa gSA
c<+kuk gSA
Vhdex<+ ftys esa lokZf/d i'kq ?kuRo gSA
jkT; i'kq ,oa oqQDoqQV fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk 1
Hkkjr esa eosf'k;ksa dh la[;k lcls T;knk ,eih esa gSA
uoEcj 1982 dks gqbZA
lzksr& vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23
>kcqvk dk dM+dukFk eqxkZ
Ms;jh i'kq tqykbZ 2018 esa thvkbZ VSx feyk (2022 rd) vanj ls
xk;] HkSal vkSj cdfj;k¡ eè; çns'k osQ eq[; Ms;jh i'kq fcYoqQy dkyk ckgj ls HkhA
gSaA dkyk ekal dks çksVhu ls Hkjiwj ekuk tkrk gS vkSj de olk
z eè; çns'k esa Ms;jh m|ksx okyk ekuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr dh yxHkx 10» xk;sa vkSj 7-5» HkSalsa ,eih esa
miyC/ gSaA
nw/ mRiknu osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa rhljs
LFkku ij gSA
eqjSuk vkSj ';ksiqj jkT; osQ 'kh"kZ nw/ mRiknd ftys gSaA
jkT; esa nw/ osQ mRiknu Lrj dks csgrj cukus osQ fy,
jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl cksMZ osQ rgr 1970 esa vkuan

ekWMy dh rtZ ij lgdkjh Ms;jh fodkl dk;ZØe
(1980 esa iquxZfBr) 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA
blosQ varxZr lkxj] bankSj] mTtSu] Hkksiky] jk;iqj vkfn
çkjafHkd nqX/ {ks=k FksA lq•rok fpdu osQlsyk iksYVªh lgdkjh lfefr
fdjriqj (ueZnkiqje) esa eqjkZ HkSal çtuu bdkbZ LFkkfir (ueZnkiqje) dk ,d çfl¼ fpdu czkaM gSA
dh xbZ gSA z eNyh ikyu
¶cqy enj iQkeZ¸ HknHknk (Hkksiky) esa fLFkr gSA jkT; esa eRL; ikyu {ks=k dk oqQy {ks=kiQy 4-25 yk•
lzksr& vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23 gsDVs;j gSA

jkT; esa oqQy eRL; mRiknu 2-93 yk• Vu (2021&22) vH;kl ç'u
gSA
1- >kcqvk osQ dM+dukFk eqxZs dks thvkbZ VSx fdl o"kZ feyk\
egk'khj eNyh dks eè; çns'k dh jkT; eNyh ?kksf"kr
(a) 2017 (b) 2018
fd;k x;k gSA
(c) 2022 (d) 2020
Hkkjr esa mRiknu esa eè; çns'k 16osa LFkku ij gSA
mÙkj (b)
lokZf/d eNyh mRiknu & tcyiqj (flouh f}rh;)
lzksr& vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23
O;k[;k% >kcqvk osQ dM+dukFk eqxZs dks tqykbZ 2018 esa thvkbZ
VSx feyk vkSj ;g 2022 rd oS/ gSA
,eih esa eRL; mRiknu dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, 2017&18
esa uhy Økafr ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA 2- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lh eç dh jkT; eNyh gS\
(a) egk'khj (b) dksuk
tynhi ;kstuk mu ifjokjksa dks •k| lqj{kk] fpfdRlk
LokLF; vkSj vU; lqfo/k çnku djus osQ fy, bafnjk lkxj (c) e`xy (d) ck;yj
tyk'k; (iquklk cka/) ls 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh ftudh çeq• mÙkj (a)
vkthfodk eNyh ikyu mRiknu gSA O;k[;k% egk'khj eNyh dks eè; çns'k dh jkT; eNyh ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA egk'khj Vksj çtkfr dh eNyh gSA
mPpre i'kqikyd
3- ,eih osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23 osQ vuqlkj jkT; esa
HkSal eqjSuk
nw/ dk 'kh"kZ mRiknd ftyk dkSu lk gS\
nq/k: eos'kh jhok
(a) eqjSuk vkSj ';ksiqj (b) fHkaM vkSj jryke
HksM+ f'koiqjh
(c) bankSj vkSj Hkksiky (d) flouh vkSj tcyiqj
ÅaV eanlkSj
cdjh /kj mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% ,eih osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23 osQ vuqlkj] eqjSuk
lelkef;dh
vkSj ';ksiqj jkT; esa 'kh"kZ nw/ mRiknd ftys gSaA
eè; çns'k i'kq/u chek ;kstuk 2023
4- eqjkZ HkSal çtuu bdkbZ eè; çns'k osQ fdl ftys esa LFkkfir
;g ;kstuk fdlkuksa osQ LokfeRo okys Lons'kh eosf'k;ksa dks
dh xbZ gS\
chek dojst çnku djrh gSA
(a) Hkksiky (b) flouh
ykHk& fdlh i'kq dh e`R;q gksus ij foÙkh; lgk;rkA
(c) ueZnkiqje (d) >kcqvk
ykHkkFkhZ& eè; çns'k osQ i'kqikyd
mÙkj (c)
uksMy foHkkx& jkT; i'kq/u vkSj oqQDoqQV fodkl fuxe]
O;k[;k% fdjriqj (ueZnkiqje) esa eqjkZ HkSal çtuu bdkbZ LFkkfir
eè; çns'kA
dh xbZ gS
5- eè; çns'k dh 20 oha i'kq/u tux.kuk fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj
i'kqvksa dh lokZf/d tula[;k fdl ftys esa gS\
(a) jhok (b) lh/h
(c) tcyiqj (d) jryke
mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dh 20 oha i'kq/u tux.kuk fjiksVZ osQ
vuqlkj i'kqvksa dh lcls vf/d vkcknh lh/h ftys esa gSA
v v v
eè; çns'k esa i'kqikyu 275

eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k xfrfof/;k¡
6 (mRiknu ls foi.ku rd)
eè; çns'k ,d Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk gS] ftlesa thoh, dk 35» ddZ js•k eè; çns'k osQ 14 ftyksa tSls&jryke] mTtSu]
fgLlk çkFkfed {ks=k] fo'ks"k :i ls Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa ls vkxj&ekyok] jktx<+] lhgksj] Hkksiky] fofn'kk] jk;lsu]
vkrk gSA jkT; esa oqQy Hkwfe dk yxHkx 49-43» •srh osQ lkxj] neksg] dVuh] tcyiqj] mefj;k vkSj 'kgMksy ls
v/hu gSA eè; çns'k dks ^lks;k çns'k* osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk gksdj xqtjrh gSA
tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ns'k esa lks;kchu dk lcls cM+k mRiknd
gSA (vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23) jkT; esa Ñf"k dks c<+kok nsus eè; çns'k dks mPpHkwfe dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bldk
osQ fy, 13 flrEcj 2006 dks jkT; Ñ"kd vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk vf/dka'k Hkkx leqæ ry ls yxHkx 300 ehVj Åij gSA
dh xbZ FkhA bl vk;ksx dk mís'; Ñf"k dks ,d ykHknk;d eè; çns'k Ñf"k Hkwfe ij fuHkZj jkT; gS vkSj bldh
O;olk; osQ :i esa c<+kok nsuk vkSj eè; çns'k esa fdlkuksa osQ tyok;q egk}hih; çdkj dh gSA
fy, lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr çnku djuk gSA jkT; osQ if'pe vkSj mÙkj&if'pe esa v/Z&'kq"d]
eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k {ks=k dk oxhZdj.k mÙkjh Hkkxksa esa mi&vkæZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkxksa esa vkæZ
z Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=kksa osQ vk/kj ij oxhZdj.k& tyok;q gSA
eè; çns'k esa 11 Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=k gSa jkT; esa nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu dh nksuksa 'kk•kvksa] tSls
eè; çns'k miks".kdfVca/h; tyok;q {ks=k esa fLFkr gS vjc lkxj vkSj caxky dh •kM+h] osQ ekè;e ls o"kkZ
vkSj ;gk¡ m".kdfVca/h; ekulwuh tyok;q ikbZ tkrh gSA gksrh gSA
feêðh] rkieku] o"kkZ vkSj iQlyksa ij vk/kfjr] bu {ks=kksa dk mYys• uhps nh xbZ rkfydk esa fd;k x;k gSA
ozQ- Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=k o"kkZ iQly {ks=k feêðh osQ çdkj ftyksa
1 >kcqvk ioZrh; {ks=k 800&1000 feeh dikl&Tokj eè;e xgjk dkyk >kcqvk] vyhjktiqj] /kj
2 NÙkhlx<+ dk mÙkjh 1200&1600 feeh pkoy yky] dkyh] ihyh lh/h] 'kgMksy] vuqiiqj] fMaMkSjh
iBkjh {ks=k feêðh
3 oSQewj iBkj vkSj 1000&1400 feeh xsgw¡&pkoy eè;e dkyh ,oa yky jhok] lruk] dVuh] mefj;k] iUuk
lriqM+k ioZr fefJr feêðh
4 foaè; iBkj 1200&1400 feeh xsgw¡ eè;e dkyh] xgjh xquk] Hkksiky] fofn'kk] neksg] jk;lsu]
dkyh feêðh lhgksj] v'kksduxj] lkxj
5 eè; ueZnk ?kkVh 1200&1600 feeh xsgw¡ {ks=k xgjh dkyh feêðh ujfl?kiqj] gjnk] gks'kaxkckn
6 fxnZ {ks=k 800&1000 feeh xsgwa&Tokj tyks<+ feêðh Hkkjr] eqjSuk] ';ksiqj] Xokfy;j]
f'koiqjh] xquk
7 cqUnsy•.M {ks=k 800&1400 feeh xsgwa&Tokj eè;e yky ,oa eè;e Nrjiqj] Vhdex<+] nfr;k] fuokM+h
dkyh feêðh
8 lriqM+k {ks=k 1000&1200 feeh xsgwa&Tokj mFkyh dkyh feêðh cSrwy] fNanokM+k
9 ekyok dk iBkj 800&1200 feeh dikl&Tokj eè;e xgjh dkyh feêðh jryke] bankSj] nsokl] uhep] eanlkSj]
mTtSu] cM+okuh] 'kktkiqj
10 fuekM+ dk eSnku 800&1000 feeh dikl&Tokj eè;e dkyh feêðh •aMok] •jxksu] cqjgkuiqj] gjnk] /kj
11 NÙkhlx<+ dk eSnku 1200&1600 feeh pkoy yky vkSj ihyh feêðh ckyk?kkV
eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k xfrfof/;k¡ (mRiknu ls foi.ku rd) 277

z eè; çns'k Ñf"k iQly pØ varjkZ"Vªh; eDdk vkSj xsgwa vuqla/ku defj;k] tcyiqj
vf/dre mit çkIr djus osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr {ks=k osQaæ
esa ,d fuf'pr Øe esa vkSj fuf'pr le; esa fofHkUu ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k lks;kchu mTtSu
çdkj dh iQlyksa dh •srh djus dh çfØ;k dks iQly çlaLdj.k la;a=k
pØ ;k iQly dk ekSle dgk tkrk gSA Ñf"k bathfu;fjax dkWyst tcyiqj
eè; çns'k esa ,d o"kZ esa 3 iQly ekSle ns•s tkrs gSa ckxokuh egkfo|ky; eanlkSj
vkSj os gSa •jhiQ] jch vkSj tk;nA igyk dksf'kdk le`¼ tSo&moZjd la;a=k Hkksiky
cqvkbZ dk dVkbZ dk i'kqvkgkj mRiknu la;a=k /kj
ekSle çeq• iQlysa
le; le; Hkkjr dh igyh ck;ks&iQkfeZax bdkbZ bankSj
•jhiQ twu tqykbZ vDVwcj & pkoy] lks;kchu] Tokj] tokgjyky usg: Ñf"k egkfo|ky; tcyiqj (1964)
uoacj eDdk] ewaxiQyh] nkysa jktekrk fot;kjkts flaf/;k Ñf"k Xokfy;j (2008)
jch vDVwcj & ekpZ xsgw¡] puk] tkS] elwj] fo'ofo|ky;
uoacj vylh] ljlksa Ms;jh jkT; osQaæ ifj;V (tcyiqj)
tk;n ekpZ vçSy twu rjcwt] ddM+h] •jcwtk] Ñf"k vfHk;kaf=kdh vuqla/ku osQaæ Hkksiky
vkfnA ukSxk¡o eRL; ikyu çf'k{k.k laLFkkuNrjiqj
z Ñf"k foHkkx }kjk oxhZdj.k egk'khj eRL; laj{k.k Hkksiky (osQjok
eè; çns'k dks ik¡p Ñf"k {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bu tyk'k;)
{ks=kksa dks {ks=k dh çeq• iQlyksa osQ vk/kj ij foHkkftr fd;k vVy fcgkjh oktisbZ jk"Vªh; lgdkjh bankSj
x;k gS vkSj uhps nh xbZ rkfydk esa mfYyf•r gS] fodkl ,oa vuqla/ku osQaæ
ozQ- {ks=k ftyksa z eè; çns'k Ñf"k dk çeq• fuxe
1 /ku iQly {ks=k ckyk?kkV] 'kgMksy] eaMyk] fMaMkSjh] fuxe LFkkiuk o"kZ
vuqiiqj] lh/h eç cht ,oa iQkeZ fodkl fuxe Hkksiky 1980
2 xsgw¡&pkoy iQly jhok] lruk] iUuk] tcyiqj] flouh] eç Ñf"k m|ksx fodkl fuxe 1969&70
{ks=k dVuh] lh/h eç jkT; HkaMkj.k fuxe 1958
3 xsgwa iQly {ks=k ujflagiqj] gks'kaxkckn] lhgksj] jk;lsu] y?kq fdlku fodkl ,tsalh 1971
Hkksiky] fofn'kk] lkxj] neksg Hkwfe fodkl fuxe 1977&78
4 xsgwa&Tokj iQly Xokfy;j] fHkaM] eqjSuk] ';ksiqj] jkT; i'kq ,oa oqQDoqQV fodkl fuxe 1982
{ks=k f'koiqjh] xquk] v'kksd uxj] Nrjiqj] lgdkjh Ms;jh fodkl dk;ZØe 1975
nfr;k] Vhdex<+] cSrwy] fNanokM+k]
cht çek.khdj.k osQ fy, ,eih jkT; ,tsalh 1980
fuokM+h
eç jkT; Ñf"k foi.ku la?k 1972
5 dikl&Tokj iQly eanlkSj] uhep] jryke] mTtSu]
eç jkT; lgdkjh Ms;jh iQsMjs'ku fyfeVsM 1980
{ks=k nsokl] bankSj] 'kkgtkiqj] jktx<+]
/kj] >kcqvk] •aMok] cqjgkuiqj] z eè; çns'k dh çeq• Ñf"k iQlysaA
•jxksu] cM+okuh] gjnk z xsgw¡
z ,eih Ñf"k ls tqM+s laLFkku vkSj vuqla/ku osQaæ ½rq & xsgw¡ jch ½rq dh iQly gSA
laLFkku@osQaæ txg mRiknu & xsgwa mRiknu vkSj cks, x, {ks=k nksuksa dh n`f"V
jk"Vªh; lks;kchu vuqla/ku osQaæ bankSj ls jkT; dh lcls egRoiw.kZ •k| iQly gSA
/ku (pkoy) vuqla/ku osQaæ cM+okuh jkT; us 2022&23 (vfxze vuqeku) esa 352-7 yk• Vu
dikl vuqla/ku osQaæ •jxksu xsgwa dk mRiknu fd;k gS] tcfd 2013&14 esa 174-8
jk"Vªh; vaxwj vuqla/ku osQaæ jryke yk• Vu (vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23) gqvk FkkA

orZeku esa eç dh eq[; iQly xsgwa gS] ftldh •srh mRiknu& Tokj osQ mRiknu esa egkjk"Vª çFke LFkku ij
102 yk• gsDVs;j esa dh tkrh gS vkSj lks;kchu dh (eè; çns'k rhljs LFkku ij)
txg ys yhA cks, x, {ks=kiQy vkSj mRiknu dh n`f"V ls Tokj lHkh
xsgw¡ cks;s tkus okys {ks=k vkSj xsgw¡ osQ mRiknu osQ ekeys vuktksa esa pkSFks LFkku ij gSA
esa ueZnkiqje ftyk 'kh"kZ ij gSA eè; çns'k esa 4000 gtkj gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij Tokj cksbZ
eç esa xsgwa dk {ks=kiQy oqQy cks, x, {ks=kiQy dk 17» tkrh FkhA
vkSj oqQy mRiknu 21» gSA
eè; çns'k us 2-17 yk• ehfVªd Vu (2021) Tokj dk
tSfod xsgw¡ {ks=k& lhgksj] lkxj] fofn'kk] mTtSuA xsgwa dh mRiknu fd;k vkSj ns'k esa nwljs LFkku ij jgkA
çfl¼ fdLesa 'kjcrh] yksdou] ueZnkpkj] lqtkrk 320]
Tokj vuqla/ku osQUæ eç osQ •jxksu ftys esa fLFkr gSA
jkt 77 vkfn gSaA
çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& •jxksu] cM+okuh vkSj
çeq• mRiknd ftys& ueZnkiqje] gjnk] ujflagiqj]
tcyiqj] dVuh] jhok] bankSj] nsokl] jryke] mTtSu] fNanokM+kA (lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23)
fofn'kk] 'kktkiqj] •jxksu vkfnA z nyguh iQlysa
(lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23) nkyksa osQ mRiknu esa Hkkjr çFke LFkku ij gSA
z pkoy Hkkjr esa nkyksa osQ mRiknu esa eè; çns'k çFke LFkku
½rq& pkoy ,d •jhiQ iQly gSA ij gSA

mRiknu& cks, x, {ks=kiQy vkSj mRiknu dh n`f"V ls jkT; esa çeq• nygu mit gSa& vjgj] puk] mM+n] ewax
pkoy lHkh vuktksa esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA vkSj elwjA

eè; çns'k esa o"kZ 2022&23 esa 35 yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe nkysa jch vkSj •jhiQ nksuksa ekSleksa esa mxkbZ tk ldrh gSaA
esa ls 131-8 yk• ehfVªd Vu pkoy dk mRiknu gqvkA jkT; esa nyguh iQlyksa dk oqQy cks;k x;k {ks=kiQy 52
2013&14 ls /ku dk mRiknu 53-2 yk• ls c<+dj yk• gsDVs;j gSA
131-8 yk• Vu gks x;k gS- eè; çns'k esa 62 yk• ehfVªd Vu nkyksa dk mRiknu
tSfod pkoy {ks=k& ckyk?kkV] eaMyk] jk;lsu] tcyiqj]
(2020&21) gqvkA
HkksikyA lzksr% fdlku dY;k.k rFkk Ñf"k fodkl
lcls vf/d pkoy mRiknd {ks=k& oSuxaxk ?kkVh] foHkkx] eè; çns'k] 2022
vkSj eSdy iBkj] c?ksy•aM iBkj] dVuh&tcyiqj {ks=k] z puk
jhok iBkj {ks=k
½rq& puk jch dh iQly gSA
çe• mRiknd ftys gSa& ckyk?kkV] dVuh] flouh
{ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls pus dks lks;kchu ,oa xsgw¡ osQ ckn
(lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23)
çns'k esa rhljk LFkku çkIr gqvkA
z eDdk
mRiknu& eè;çns'k esa 21-6 yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij
½rq& eDdk ,d •jhiQ iQly gSA
puk cks;k x;kA
eDosQ dks ¶vukt dh jkuh¸ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
eè; çns'k esa 36 yk• ehfVªd Vu pus dk mRiknu
mRiknu& cqvkbZ {ks=k ,oa mRiknu dh n`f"V ls eDdk
(2022)
lHkh vuktksa esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA
çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& fNanokM+k] jktx<+ vkSj mTtSuA
eè; çns'k esa o"kZ 2022&23 esa 47-86 ehfVªd Vu eDdk
dk mRiknu gqvkA (lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23)

çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& /kj] fNanokM+k] cM+okuhA z vjgj@rqvj
(lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23) ½rq& vjgj ,d •jhiQ iQly gSA
z Tokj rqvj ns'k dh nwljh lcls egRoiw.kZ nyguh iQly gSA
½rq& Tokj dh •srh jch ,oa •jhiQ nksuksa iQly osQ mRiknu& vjgj 2-19 yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij cksbZ xbZ
:i esa dh tkrh gSA vkSj 2-86 yk• ehfVªd Vu mRiknu gqvkA

çeq• mRiknd {ks=k gSa& ueZnk ?kkVh] lriqM+k vkSj z ewaxiQyh
foaè;kapy {ks=kA ekSle& ewaxiQyh ,d •jhiQ iQly gS ysfdu nf{k.kh
çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& fNanokM+k] ujflagiqj vkSj Hkkjr esa bldh •srh jch ekSle esa Hkh dh tkrh gSA
flaxjkSyh (lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23) ewaxiQyh jkT; dh rhljh egRoiw.kZ fryguh iQly gSA
z frygu mRiknu& eè;çns'k esa 357 gtkj ehfVªd Vu ewaxiQyh
vukt osQ ckn frygu eç dh eq[; iQly gSA bls jch
dk mRiknu gqvkA
vkSj •jhiQ nksuksa ekSleksa esa cks;k tkrk gSA
çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& f'koiqjh] fNanokM+k] cM+okuh
o"kZ 2017 esa frygu mRiknu esa eè; çns'k ns'k esa çFke
LFkku ij Fkk] vc nwljk LFkku çkIr gqvk gSA ;g ns'k
osQ oqQy frygu mRiknu dk yxHkx 27» iSnk djrk gSA z fry
jkT; esa frygu iQly dk oqQy cks;k x;k {ks=kiQy 82 ½rq& fry jch vkSj •jhiQ nksuksa iQlysa gSaA
yk• gsDVs;j gSA çeq• fry mRiknd {ks=k gSa& cqUnsy•.M {ks=k vkSj
eè; çns'k esa 55 yk• ehfVªd Vu mRiknu gqvkA c?ksy•.M {ks=kA

lzksr% fdlku dY;k.k rFkk Ñf"k çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& lh/h] Nrjiqj] Vhdex<+]
fodkl foHkkx] eè; çns'k] 2022
'kgMksy vkSj iUukA
z lks;kchu
z vylh dk cht
½rq& lks;kchu eq[;r% ,d •jhiQ iQly gS ysfdu
½rq& vylh jch dh iQly gSA
nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa bldh •srh jch ekSle esa Hkh dh
lokZf/d vylh mRiknd {ks=k gSa& jhok&iUuk iBkj
tkrh gSA
vkSj nf{k.kiwohZ eè; çns'kA
mRiknu& eè; çns'k ns'k esa lks;kchu dk vxz.kh mRiknd
çeq• vylh mRiknd ftys gSa& jhok] lkxj] neksg
gS tks oqQy lks;kchu mRiknu dk 51» (yxHkx) gSA
vkSj Vhdex<+A
eè; çns'k esa 66 yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij lks;kchu cks;k
x;k FkkA z okf.kfT;d iQlysa

os iQlysa tks cktkj esa cspus osQ fy, mxkbZ tkrh
eè; çns'k esa 54 yk• ehfVªd Vu lks;kchu dk mRiknu
(2021&22) gSa] O;kolkf;d iQlysa dgykrh gSaA eç dh çeq•

O;kolkf;d iQlysa dikl] xUuk vkfn gSaA
çeq• lks;kchu mRiknd {ks=k gSa& ekyok iBkj] ueZnk
z dikl
?kkVh vkSj cSrwy&fNanokM+k iBkjA
½rq& dikl ,d •jhiQ iQly gSA
çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& /kj] mTtSu vkSj eanlkSjA
Hkkjr dikl osQ mRiknu esa phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljs
LFkku ij gS vkSj fo'o esa dikl osQ oqQy mRiknu dk
z ljlksa yxHkx 23-7» mRiknu djrk gSA
½rq& ljlksa ,d jch dh iQly gSA
mRiknu& Hkkjr esa bl iQly osQ çeq• mRiknd xqtjkr]
eè;Hkkjr osQ iBkj dks ljlksa dk dVksjk dgk tkrk gSA egkjk"Vª vkSj rsyaxkuk gSaA
mRiknu& ns'k esa mRiknu dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k dikl dk oqQy iQly {ks=k ?kVdj 5-6 yk• gsDVs;j
jktLFkku vkSj gfj;k.kk osQ ckn rhljs LFkku ij gSA jg x;k gSA
eè; çns'k esa 7-5 yk• gsDVs;j esa ljlksa dh cqvkbZ eè; çns'k esa 7-98 yk• ehfVªd Vu dikl dk mRiknu
gqbZ FkhA gqvkA

eè; çns'k esa 13-07 yk• ehfVªd Vu ljlksa dk mRiknu lokZf/d dikl mRiknd {ks=k gSa& fuekM+ dk eSnku
gqvkA vkSj ekyok dk iBkjA

çeq• ljlksa mRiknd {ks=k gSa& pEcy ?kkVh {ks=kA çeq• dikl mRiknd ftys gSa& •jxksu] cM+okuh]
çeq• mRiknd ftys gSa& fHkaM] eqjSuk] eanlkSj] ';ksiqj /kj] •aMok vkSj cqjgkuiqjA
vkSj Xokfy;jA (lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23) (lzksr&vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2022&23)

z xUuk z Ñf"k iqjLdkj
mRiknu& czkthy osQ ckn Hkkjr xUus dk nwljk lcls eè; çns'k dks jkT; ljdkjksa dh ifj;kstuk Js.kh esa
cM+k mRiknd gSA iQkWeZ xsV ,si osQ fy, daI;wVj lkslk;Vh vkWiQ bafM;k
xUuk vf/drj ueZnk ?kkVh vkSj ekyok esa mxk;k tkrk }kjk 20osa lh,lvkbZ&,lvkbZth bZ&xouZsal vokMZ&2022
gSA ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA
lokZf/d xUuk mRiknd ftys gSa& ujflagiqj (;g oqQy
loZJs"B Ñf"k jkT; 2018& Hkkjr ljdkj us eç
mRiknu dk yxHkx 50» mRiknu djrk gS)] fNanokM+k] dks lexz :i ls lokZf/d Ñf"k mRiknu osQ fy, ;g
cqjgkuiqj] cSrwy vkSj nfr;kA iqjLdkj fn;kA
z esLVk
Ñf"k foKku osQ dne dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,
esLVk ,d js'ksnkj iQly gS vkSj bls twV osQ fodYi osQ
iafMr nhun;ky mikè;k; Ñf"k foKku çksRlkgu iqjLdkjA
:i esa ns•k tkrk gSA
(nfr;k ftyk)
lokZf/d mRiknd ftys gSa xquk] fHkaM] v'kksduxj] jhok
jk"Vªh; tSo fofo/rk iqjLdkj 2018& tSo fofo/rk
vkSj f'koiqjhA
lfefr fiFkkSjkx< (ftyk lruk) dks çnku fd;k x;kA
z viQhe
lfefr us pkoy dh 125 çtkfr;ksa dks lajf{kr fd;k gSA
mRiknu& eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa viQhe dk lcls cM+k
mRiknd gSA z Ñf"k deZ.k iqjLdkj esa eè; çns'kµ

lokZf/d xsgw¡ mRiknu Js.kh & çFke Js.kh
mRikfnr vf/dka'k viQhe dk mi;ksx nok,¡ cukus esa
fd;k tkrk gS oqQy •k|kUu Js.kh µ çFke Js.kh
çeq• viQhe mRiknd ftys& eanlkSj vkSj uhep 2012 ls 2018 rd xsgwa vkSj nky mRiknu Js.kh esa
(çeq• mRiknd) gSaA eç dks lokZf/d 6 ckj Ñf"k deZ.k iqjLdkj feykA
z xkatk (vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2023)
eè; çns'k osQ •aMok ftys esa xkats dh •srh ljdkj osQ eè; çns'k ljdkj dks 2021 esa 7oha ckj Ñf"k deZ.k
fu;a=k.k esa dh tkrh gSA iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
pjl (g'kh'k) xkats osQ ikS/s dk vdZ gSA
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
z elkys
eç ,dek=k ,slk jkT; gS ftldk lexz ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
elkyk mRiknu esa eç pkSFks LFkku ijA
esa Ñf"k ;ksxnku c<+dj 40» gks x;k gS] tcfd vf•y
eq[; :i ls mÙkj if'peh {ks=k tSls & >kcqvk] fNanokM+k]
Hkkjrh; Lrj ij ;g 18-8» FkkA
/kj] eanlkSj] jryke] jktx<+A
jkT; dh Ñf"k&thMhih o`f¼ vf•y Hkkjrh; Ñf"k&thMhih
'kkfey çeq• iQlysa lw•h fepZ] vnjd] yglqu vkSj
o`f¼ ls vf/d gSA lzksr% n bafM;u ,Dlçsl
/fu;k gSaA
z eè; çns'k dh Ñf"k dY;k.k ;kstuk,a
eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, çeq• ;kstuk,a uhps nh xbZ gSa]
eè; çns'k dh dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,a lwpuk
eq[;ea=kh fdlku dY;k.k ;kstuk z bls eq[;ea=kh fdlku lEeku fuf/ ;kstuk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
z 24 iQjojh 2019 dks ykWUp fd;k x;kA
z ;g ,d jkT; Lrjh; ;kstuk gS tks eè; çns'k osQ fdlkuksa dks 2 leku fdLrksa esa
çfr o"kZ çfr fdlku 4]000 #i;s dh vk; lgk;rk çnku djrh gSA
z ifjlheu& çfr fdlku vf/dre ikap ,dM+ Hkwfe rdA
z bldk mís'; fdlkuksa dks muosQ Ñf"k •pks± dks iwjk djus esa enn djuk gSA
,eih fdlku eksckby ,si z ,eih fdlku ,si ,d ,dhÑr eksckby IysViQkWeZ gS tks fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k ls
lacaf/r tkudkjh vkSj lsok,a çnku djus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k gSA

eq[;ea=kh fdlku ½.k ekiQh ;kstuk z bls eq[;ea=kh Ñ"kd C;kt ekiQh ;kstuk&2023 osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z bls ebZ 2023 esa lkxj ls ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr ljdkj 2 yk• rd osQ ½.k ekiQ dj nsxhA
eq[;ea=kh Ñ"kd m|eh ;kstuk z 2018 esa ykWUp fd;k x;kA
z bldk mís'; fdlkuksa osQ chp m|ferk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
z 50 gtkj & 2 djksM+ dk ½.kA u, m|e LFkkfir djus osQ fy, fdlku osQ csVs
;k csVh dks çnku fd;k tk,xkA
vf}rh; fdlku vkbZMh (UFID) z fdlkuksa ls lacaf/r fofHkUu fMftVy MsVkcsl dks feykdj ,d ,dhÑr fdlku
MsVkcsl cuk;k x;k gSA
z ;g LFkkuh; MsVk&lapkfyr ;kstuk vkSj iQly {ks=k vkSj mRiknu osQ lVhd vuqeku
esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
z çkÑfrd vkinkvksa dh fLFkfr esa] ;g ,dhdj.k nkok fuiVku esa rsth yk,xk]
nksgjko vkSj nsjh dks de djsxk] vkSj çklafxd tkudkjh rd vklku igqap
lqfuf'pr djosQ fdlkuksa dh vk; c<+kus esa enn djsxkA
Hkkokarj Hkqxrku ;kstuk z vDVwcj 2017 esa lkxj ls ykWUp fd;k x;kA
z fdlkuksa dks U;wure leFkZu ewY; ij Ñf"k mit çkfIr dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
lkFk gh eaMh njksa esa fxjkoV ls fdlkuksa dks lqj{kk dop çnku djuk vkSj nygu
rFkk frygu iQlyksa osQ mRiknu dk c<+kok nsuk gSA
z bl ;kstuk dks 'kq: esa 8 iQlyksa] T;knkrj frygu vkSj nkyksa rd c<+k;k x;k FkkA
eè; çns'k esa dk;Z dj jgh çeq• z ç/ku ea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk
osQUæh; çk;ksftr ;kstuk,a 18 iQjojh 2016 dks 'kq: dh xbZA
z ç/kuea=kh fdlku lEeku fuf/ (ih,e&fdlku)

24 iQjojh 2019 dks mÙkj çns'k osQ xksj•iqj esa 'kq: dh xbZA
ftu fdlkuksa osQ ikl 2 gsDVs;j ls de Hkwfe gS] mUgsa U;wure vk; lgk;rk
osQ :i esa çfr o"kZ 3 fdLrksa esa 6]000 #i;s fey jgs gSaA
z ijaijkxr Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk (ihosQohokbZ)
2015 esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
fdlkuksa dks 50]000 #i;s çfr gsDVs;j@3 lky dh foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr gksxhA
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk

29 ebZ 2007 dks 'kq: dh xbZA (Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=kksa osQ dk;kdYi osQ
fy, ykHkdkjh n`f"Vdks.k osQ :i esa uke fn;k x;kA (jÝrkj)

mís'; iQly mRikndrk esa lq/kj djuk vkSj fdlkuksa dks ykHk esa o`f¼ djuk
gSA osQaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp 60%40 ykxr&lk>kdj.k dks ykxw fd;kA
z jk"Vªh; Ñf"k foLrkj vkSj çkS|ksfxdh fe'ku (,Vh,e,)
2014 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA
bl ;kstuk dk mís'; Ñf"k foLrkj lsokvksa dks fdlku&lapkfyr vkSj
fdlku&tokcnsg cukdj muesa lq/kj djuk gSA

z jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk fe'ku
vDVwcj 2007 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k
mís'; pkoy] xsgwa vkSj nkyksa osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ djuk gSA

z e`nk LokLF; dkMZ ;kstuk
iQjojh 2015 esa lwjrx<+ (jktLFkku) ls 'kq: dh xbZA
;g fdlkuksa dks mudh feêðh osQ iks"kd rRoksa dh fLFkfr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh
çnku djrk gS vkSj bldh moZjrk vkSj LokLF; esa lq/kj djus osQ ckjs esa
fliQkfj'ksa djrk gSA
z Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k
2014 esa 'kq: dh xbZ
ç/ku ea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk (ih,eosQ,lokbZ)
2015 esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
ftldk mís'; flapkbZ dojst dk foLrkj djuk vkSj ty mi;ksx n{krk esa
lq/kj djuk gSA
lelkef;dh ,llh@,lVh fdlkuksa osQ ekeys esa] vuqnku ykxr dk

o"kZ 2023 dks Hkkjr esa cktjk o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA 75» (vf/dre 1 yk•) gSA
la;qÙkQ jk"Vª (;w,u) egklHkk vius esa 75osa l=k esa 2023 dks z •sr lM+d ;kstuk
varjkZ"Vªh; cktjk o"kZ (IYM2023) ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA cktjk 1 tuojh 2014 dks ykWUp fd;k x;kA
dks ¶JhvUu¸ ;k lcls vPNk vukt dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; bl ;kstuk dk mís'; lHkh xkaoksa vkSj •srksa rd lM+d
cktjk vuqla/ku laLFkku (vkbZvkbZ,evkj)] 1958 esa LFkkfirA dusfDVfoVh çnku djuk gSA
eq[;ea=kh Ñ"kd thou dY;k.k ;kstuk
flracj 2008 esa ykWUp fd;k x;kA
bldk mís'; fdlkuksa dks 'kkjhfjd {kfr osQ fy, vkfFkZd
lgk;rk çnku djuk gSA
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
z eè; çns'k ljdkj us o"kZ 2007 esa Ñf"k foHkkx dk uke
,eih ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd, x, vU; Ñf"k dk;ZØeA cnydj fdlku dY;k.k ,oa Ñf"k fodkl foHkkx dj
z Ñ"kd fe=k ;kstuk fn;k gSA
2005&06 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k z o"kZ 2023 dks Hkkjr esa cktjk o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k laca/h tkudkjh miyC/ djkukA z eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa dksnks oqQVdh (cktjk) osQ çeq•
çR;sd xkao ls ,d O;fÙkQ dks Ñ"kd fe=k osQ :i esa mRikndksa esa ls ,d gSA-
pquk tkrk gSA z eç esa tSfod •srh osQ rgr ns'k dk lcls cM+k {ks=k (1-48
z •sr rkykc ;kstuk yk• gsDVs;j) gS
2007 esa eujsxk ;kstuk osQ rgr 'kq: dh xbZA z Hkkjr dk igyk tSfod jkT; & flfDde
bldk mís'; fdlkuksa dks o"kkZ ty laj{k.k osQ fy, z eç dks 2012 ls 2018 rd xsgwa vkSj nky mRiknu Js.kh esa
çsfjr djuk gSA lokZf/d 6 ckj Ñf"k deZ.k iqjLdkj feykA
z cyjke rky ;kstuk z eè; çns'k esa 11 Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=k gSa
2007&2008 esa ykWUp fd;k x;kA z Hkkjrh; Ñf"k ½.k osQ ekeys esa ,eih 10osa LFkku ij gSA
jkT; ljdkj rky (rkykc) osQ fy, vuqnku çnku djrk z xsgw¡ cks;s tkus okys {ks=k vkSj xsgw¡ osQ mRiknu osQ ekeys esa
gS tks oqQy ykxr dk 50» (vf/dre 80 gtkj) gSA ueZnkiqje ftyk 'kh"kZ ij gSA

foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) fodYi
1- eè; çns'k dks fdrus Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr (i) a vkSj b nksuksa
fd;k x;k gS\ (2021) (ii) b vkSj c nksuksa
(a) 9 (b) 10 (iii) c vkSj a nksuksa
(c) 11 (d) 12 (iv) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ ugha
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (b)
2- eè; çns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk gS\ (2016) O;k[;k% jkT; esa dikl dk lcls vf/d mRiknu gksus osQ dkj.k
•jxksu] cM+okuh cqjgkuiqj vkSj •aMok dks eç dk liQsn lksuk
(a) ,d Ñf"k ç/ku (b) iwath ç/ku
okyk ftyk dgk tkrk gSA
(c) m|ksx çeq• (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ ugha
mÙkj (a) 3- jk"Vªh; fdlku fnol ;k fdlku fnol gj lky 23 fnlacj
dks fdl usrk dh t;arh osQ miy{; esa euk;k tkrk gS&
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk) (a) yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh (b) tokgjyky usg:
(c) pj.k flag (d) vVy fcgkjh oktisbZ
3- {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k dh rhu çeq• iQlyksa
osQ uke fyf•,\ (2019) mÙkj (c)
4- eè; çns'k osQ çeq• xUuk mRiknd ftys dk uke fy•sa\ O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; fdlku fnol ;k fdlku fnol Hkkjr osQ 5 osa
(2019) ç/ku ea=kh pkS/jh pj.k flag dh t;arh ij euk;k tkrk gSA og
fdlku usrk osQ :i esa yksdfç; FksA
5- eè; çns'k osQ çeq• lks;kchu mRiknd {ks=k dk laf{kIr
fooj.k nsa\ (2019) 4- fdl jkT; dks 20 osa CGI SIG bZ&xous±l iqjLdkj 2022
6- eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k vk/kfjr m|ksxksa dk o.kZu djs\a (2019) ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS\
(a) mÙkj çns'k (b) eè; çns'k
7- eè; çns'k osQ lks;kchu mRiknd {ks=k dk o.kZu djsa] blosQ
(c) iatkc (d) dukZVd
rhoz foLrkj dk dkjd crk,a\ (2019)
mÙkj (b)
8- eè; çns'k osQ Ñf"k tyok;q mi{ks=k dh igpku djsa\
(2017) O;k[;k% eè; çns'k dks jkT; ljdkjksa dh ifj;kstuk Js.kh esa
iQkeZ xsV ,si osQ fy, daI;wVj lkslk;Vh vkWiQ bafM;k }kjk 20
9- eç osQ iQly {ks=k dk o.kZu djsa\ (2016)
osa lh,lvkbZ ,lvkbZth bZ&xous±l vokMZ 2022 ls lEekfur
10- eè; çns'k Hkkjr osQ nky mRiknu {ks=kksa esa ls ,d gS viuh fd;k x;k gSA
fVIi.kh nsaA (2015)
5- dkSu lh cktjk dh iQly vf/drj jfo ekSle esa mxrh
vH;kl ç'u gS\
(a) Tokj (b) fiQaxj feysV
1- tSfod •srh vuqla/ku osQaæ eè; çns'k osQ fdl 'kgj esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\ (c) eksrh cktjk (d) dksMks cktjk
(a) tcyiqj (b) buMksj mÙkj (d)
(c) •aMok (d) jryke O;k[;k% dksnks cktjk vkerkSj ij jch ekSle esa mxk;k tkrk gSA
mÙkj (a) 6- la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk (UNGA) us o"kZ 2023 dks varjkZ"Vªh;
O;k[;k% tokgjyky usg: Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj esa o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k gS\
tSfod vuqla/ku osQUæ LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA (a) 'kkafr dk varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ
2- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk ftyk eè; çns'k osQ liQsn (b) uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ dk varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ
lksus okys ftys osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS\ (c) cktjk dk varjkZ"Vªh; o"kZ
(a) tcyiqj (b) cqjgkuiqj (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ ugha
(c) •aMok (d) vyhjktiqj mÙkj (c)

O;k[;k% la;qÙkQ jk"Vª egklHkk us 2023 dks varjjk"Vªh; cktjk (a) 2020 (b) 2021
o"kZ osQ :i esa ukfer djus okys Hkkjrh; çLrko dks eatwjh ns nhA (c) 2022 (d) 2023
7- igyk dksf'kdk le`¼ tSomoZjd la;a=k dgk¡ LFkkfir fd;k mÙkj (b)
x;k gS\ O;k[;k% eè; çns'k ljdkj dks 2021 esa yxkrkj 7oha ckj Ñf"k
(a) Hkksiky (b) fNanokM+k deZ.k iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA fdlh Hkh jkT; dks
(c) tcyiqj (d) Xokfy;j yxkrkj 7 ckj Ñf"k deZ.k iqjLdkj ugha feyk gSA
mÙkj (a) 10- RBI us Hkkjr osQ fdu nks jkT;ksa esa fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ
O;k[;k% Ñf"k m|ksx fodkl fuxe eè; çns'k }kjk Hkksiky esa (KCC) osQ fMftVyhdj.k osQ fy, ik;yV ifj;kstuk,¡
igyk lsy fjp tSo moZjd la;a=k LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA 'kq: dh gSa\
(a) mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj
8- e-ç- dk dkSu lk ftyk xsgw¡ cks;s x;s {ks=kiQy ,oa xsgw¡
(b) iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk
mRiknu dh n`f"V ls çFke LFkku ij gS\
(c) eè; çns'k vkSj rfeyukMq
(a) tcyiqj (b) fNanokM+k
(d) rfeyukMq vkSj osQjy
(c) ueZnkiqje (d) Xokfy;j
mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% ;g ifj;kstuk fjtoZ cSad buksos'ku gc (RBIH) }kjk
O;k[;k% ueZnkiqje eè; çns'k esa lcls cM+k xsgwa mRiknd vkSj
fodflr dh tk jgh gSA bldk mís'; m/kjdrkZvksa osQ fy,
lcls cM+s lks;kchu mRiknd ftyksa esa ls ,d gSA ykxr vkSj VuZ&vjkmaM le; dks de djosQ vkSj xzkeh.k vkcknh
9- eè; çns'k ljdkj dks fdl o"kZ 7 oha ckj Ñf"k deZ.k osQ fy, ½.k çokg esa lq/kj djosQ osQlhlh&vk/kfjr ½.k dks
iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k\ vkSj vf/d oqQ'ky cukuk gSA
v v v

eè; çns'k dk ctV ,oa
7 vkfFkZd loZs{k.k
la{ksi esa ctV lelkef;dh

th,lVh eqvkotk ekpZ 2026 rd c<+k
tc th,lVh is'k fd;k x;k Fkk] rks osQaæ ljdkj us jkT;ksa dks
ikap lky dh vof/ osQ fy, vius th,lVh jktLo esa 14»
pØo`f¼ okf"kZd o`f¼ dh xkjaVh nh FkhA bl Lrj ls jkT;
osQ th,lVh jktLo esa fdlh Hkh deh dks osQaæ }kjk jkT; dks
eqvkotk vuqnku çnku djosQ iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g xkjaVh
30 twu 2022 dks lekIr gks jgh gS (bls ekpZ 2026 rd c<+k
nsa)A 2018&22 osQ nkSjku] eè; çns'k us xkjaVhÑr ,lth,lVh
jktLo Lrj dks çkIr djus osQ fy, th,lVh eqvkotk vuqnku
ctV ikfjr vçSy] 2022 ij Hkjkslk fd;k gSA 2021&22 esa] eè; çns'k dks th,lVh
eqvkotk vuqnku osQ :i esa 11]121 djksM+ #i;s çkIr gksus
oqQy fofu;kstu 3]14]025 djksM+ #i;s
dk vuqeku gS] tks mlosQ Lo;a osQ dj jktLo dk yxHkx
oqQy O;; 2]81]554 djksM+ #i;s
17» gSA blfy,] twu 2022 osQ ckn] eè; çns'k esa jktLo
oqQy çkfIr;ka 2-81-660 djksM+ #i;s çkfIr;ksa osQ Lrj esa fxjkoV ns•h tk ldrh gSA
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk 55708 djksM+ (4-02»)
lzksrµ Thehindu- com
çkFkfed ?kkVk 3034491 djksM+ #i,
jktLo vf/'ks"k 412-60 djksM+ #i;s z osQaæ ls vuqnku vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk&
th,lMhih osQ eqdkcys jktdks"kh; 4-02» osQaæh; dj esa jkT; dk fgLlk (ns'k osQ foHkkT; jktLo
?kkVk dk 36») % 48]0184 djksM+

oqQy GDP (orZeku ewY;) 13]87]117 djksM+ osQaæ ls lgk;rk vuqnku% 44]113 djksM+
ctV dk vkdkj 2001 esa 16]393 djksM+ #i;s ls eè; çns'k osQ fy, dj dk fgLlk 2020&21 osQ fy,
c<+dj 3]14]025 djksM+ #i;s gks x;k gSA 2023 esaA 15 rd 7-886» r; fd;k x;k gSA
eè; çns'k dk çeq• dj jktLo th,lVh (37») gSA
;g 2001 dh rqyuk esa 15 xquk osQ ctV esa rCnhy
dksbZ u;k dj ugha gS vkSj fdlh Hkh dj dh nj esa dksbZ
gksrk gSA
o`f¼ ugha gqbZ gSA
z jkT; dh vk; dk L=kksr
z oqQy O;;
oqQy jktLo çkfIr& 2]25-710 djksM+ ctV dk vkdkj & 3]14]025 djksM+
djksa ls jkT; dk lzksr& th,lVh] fcØh dj] jkT; oqQy O;; & 2]81]554 djksM+
mRikn 'kqYd% 86500 djksM+ (oqQy jktLo esa ;ksxnku% oqQy jktLo O;; & 2]25]297 djksM+
47-32») oqQy O;; & 2]81]554 djksM+
jkT; dk xSj&dj lzksrµ xSj&feJ /krq /krq] •uu] oqQy iwathxr O;; & 56]256 djksM+
/krq m|ksx] okfudh vkfn µ 14913 djksM+ #i;sA lkoZtfud ½.k µ 55]549 djksM+
c<+rs çfrc¼ O;; z cdk;k nsunkfj;ka
cdk;k nsunkfj;ka ,d foÙkh; o"kZ osQ var esa oqQy m/kj
,d jkT; osQ çfrc¼ O;; esa vkerkSj ij osru] isa'ku vkSj
dk lap; gS] blesa lkoZtfud •krs ij dksbZ nsunkfj;ka
C;kt osQ Hkqxrku ij O;; 'kkfey gksrk gSA 2016&17 ls
Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
2021&22 rd eè; çns'k osQ fy, çfrc¼ O;; jktLo
2023&24 esa] cdk;k nsunkfj;ka th,lMhih dk 30»
çkfIr;ksa osQ 32» ls c<+dj 42» gks x;k gSA isa'ku O;; Hkh
2023&24 esa 23]011 djksM+ #i;s ls c<+dj 2030&31 esa gksus dk vuqeku gS] tks 2022&23 osQ la'kksf/r vuqeku
69]062 djksM+ #i;s gksus dk vuqeku gSA çfrc¼ O;; ij •pZ (th,lMhih dk 29») ls FkksM+k vf/d gSA
esa o`f¼ fodklkRed O;; osQ fy, de yphykiu NksM+rh gSA cdk;k nsunkfj;ka (th,lMhih dk »)
jktLo izkfIr;ksa osQ %
60% :i esa izfron~/ O;;
47% 42%
40% 39%
32% 33% 35%
20%
0%
2017-18
2016-17
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
js•kfp=k 1% jktLo ,oa jktdks"kh; larqyu

(th,lMhih dk »)
jktLo vkSj jktdks"kh; 'ks"k (th,lMhih dk»)
z mPpre O;; okys foHkkx
lkekftd lsok,a & 82]225 djksM+
lcls vf/d O;; osQ lkFk lekt lsok f'k{kk (38375
djksM+ #i;s) gSA

Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ & 21]038 djksM+
LokLF; & 30]741 djksM+
ÅtkZ & 18]301 djksM+
z vU; O;;
xzkeh.k fodkl & 12528 djksM+
,lVh mi ;kstuk & 36950 (23») djksM+

js•kfp=k 2% cdk;k nsunkfj;ksa osQ y{; (th,lMhih)
Source: PRS Legislative Research
,llh mi ;kstuk& 26087 (16-5») djksM+
z eè; çns'k ctV dk vkdkj (2000&01 ls 2022&23)
z fuoy ysu&nsu
o"kZ 2023&24 osQ fy, oqQy çkfIr;ka 2-81-660 djksM+
lkyksa oqQy O;;
#i;s vkSj oqQy O;; 281]554 djksM+ #i;s gSA 2000&2001 16]392
z jktdks"kh; fLFkfr 2004&2005 26]288
2009&2010 47]641
15osa foÙk vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuqlkj] 2022&23
esa jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dh lkekU; lhek 3-5 çfr'kr gSA 2014&2015 1]06]785
2019&2020 1]80]672
2023&24 esa jktdks"kh; ?kkVk vuqekfur 55]708 djksM+
#i;s gS] tks jkT; osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 4-02 2020&2021 1]96]319
çfr'kr gSA 2021&2022 2]17]813
eè; çns'k dk ctV ,oa vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 287

z fuf/;ksa dk vkoaVu xzkeh.k fodkl
;qok 'kfÙkQ ty thou fe'ku 7331 djksM+ #i;s
izf'k{kqrk ;kstuk 1000 djksM+ #i;s ç/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk 8000 djksM+ #i;s
Xykscy fLdy ikdZ 450 djksM+ #i;s ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk 1826 djksM+ #i;s
Lo&jkstxkj ;kstuk,a 252 djksM+ #i;s fueZy Hkkjr 300 djksM+ #i;s
•sy xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk 738 djksM+ #i;s jk"Vªh; vkthfodk fe'ku 660 djksM+ #i;s
eq[;ea=kh m|e Økafr 100 djksM+ #i;s jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh 3500 djksM+ #i;s
'kgjh vkthfodk fe'ku 100 djksM+ #i;s eq[;ea=kh vkokl ;kstuk 100 djksM+ #i;s
xzhu ctV jkT; foÙk vk;ksx dk vuqnku 1906 djksM+ #i;s
vaoqQj vfHk;ku 38 yk• 62 gtkj ikS/s
f'k{kk
bankSj xzhu ckWUM 244 djksM+ #i;s
lh,e mn; 3230 djksM+ #i;s
oujksi.k 1474 djksM+ #i;s
ih,e Jh 227 djksM+ #i;s
vkfnoklh fodkl esfMdy dkWyst dk fuekZ.k 400 djksM+ #i;s
lh,e jkbt Ldwy 665 djksM+ #i;s rduhdh dkWyst dk fuekZ.k 734 djksM+ #i;s
ikafMR; 728 djksM+ #i;s
fldy lsy ,uhfe;k 50 djksM+ #i;s z çeq• {ks=kksa ij jkT;ksa osQ O;; dh rqyuk
vkgj vuqnku ;kstuk 300 djksM+ #i;s uhps fn, x, xzkiQ esa eè; çns'k osQ Ng çeq• {ks=kksa
vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ Nk=kksa dks 200 djksM+ #i;s ij O;; dh rqyuk lHkh {ks=kksa ij mlosQ oqQy O;; osQ
vkokl vuqikr osQ :i esa dh xbZ gSA
jkstxkj & ;qokvksa osQ fy, ewy 60 djksM+ #i;s 21&22 osQ ctV vuqekuksa osQ vuqlkj 30 jkT;ksa (eè;
foÙkh; lgk;rk çns'k lfgr) }kjk ,d {ks=k osQ fy, vkSlr O;; dks
nsoj.; ;kstuk 100 fefy;u #i;s bafxr djrk gSA
dqy ctV esa f'k{kk ij dqy ctV esa xzkeh.k fodkl ij

O;; dk izfr'kr O;; dk izfr'kr
8%
16.1%
16.1%
15.2%
20%
14.8%
14.0%
15% 6% 5.6% 5.9% 5.6% 5.7%

4.5%
10% 4%
5% 2%
0% 0%
Average of all states
2021-22
2022-23(BE)
2022-23(RE)
2023-24(BE)
2022-23(BE)
2021-22
2022-23(RE)
2023-24(BE)
(2022-23BE)
(2022-23BE)


dqy ctV esa f'k{kk ij dqy ctV esa 'kgjh fodkl ij
O;; dk izfr'kr
4% O;; dk izfr'kr 3.5%
16.1%
16.1%
15.2%
20%
14.8%
14.0%
15% 3% 3.0% 2.7% 2.6%
2.4%
10% 2%
5% 1%
0% 0%
2021-22
2022-23(BE)
2022-23(RE)
2023-24(BE)
2021-22
2022-23(BE)
2022-23(RE)
2023-24(BE)
(2022-23BE)
(2022-23BE)

dqy ctV esa fctyh ij
dqy ctV esa lM+dksa vkSj iqyksa
O;; dk izfr'kr
12% 11.0% ij O;; dk izfr'kr
6%
10% 8.9% 9.3% 9.0% 4.5%
8% 4% 3.8% 3.3%
6% 4.8% 2.9% 3.1%
4% 2%
2%
0% 0%
2021-22
2022-23(BE)
2022-23(RE)
2023-24(BE)
2021-22
2022-23(BE)
2022-23(RE)
2023-24(BE)
(2022-23BE)
(2022-23BE)

Source: PRS Legislative Research
f'k{kk% eè; çns'k us 2022&23 esa f'k{kk osQ fy, vius lM+osQa vkSj iqy% eè; çns'k us lM+dksa vkSj iqyksa ij
oqQy O;; dk 16-1» vkoafVr fd;k gSA ;g lHkh jkT;ksa vius oqQy O;; dk 2-9» vkoafVr fd;k gS] tks jkT;ksa
}kjk f'k{kk osQ fy, vkSlr vkoaVu (15-2») (2021&22 }kjk vkSlr vkoaVu (4-7») ls dkiQh de gSA
osQ ctV vuqekuksa osQ vuqlkj) ls vf/d gSA ÅtkZ% eè; çns'k us ÅtkZ ij vius oqQy O;; dk 8-9»
LokLF;% eè; çns'k us LokLF; ij vius oqQy O;; dk vkoafVr fd;k gS] tks jkT;ksa }kjk ÅtkZ ij vkSlr O;;
5-7» vkoafVr fd;k gS] tks jkT;ksa }kjk LokLF; osQ fy, (4-4») ls dkiQh vf/d gSA
vkSlr vkoaVu (6») ls de gSA z Ñf"k
2022&23 esa Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ {ks=k osQ fy, 40]916
Ñf"k% jkT; us Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ xfrfof/;ksa osQ fy,
djksM+ #i;s dk çLrko gSA
vius oqQy O;; dk 6-9» vkoafVr fd;k gSA ;g jkT;ksa
jkT; ljdkj çns'k osQ Ñf"k mRiknksa dks jk"Vªh; vkSj
}kjk Ñf"k osQ fy, vkSlr vkoaVu (6-2») ls vf/d gSA varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa igpku fnykus osQ fy, çfrc¼ gSA
xzkeh.k fodkl% eè; çns'k us xzkeh.k fodkl ij vius fpUukSj /ku thvkbZ VSx çkIr gks x;k gSA
O;; dk 5-9» vkoafVr fd;k gSA ;g jkT;ksa }kjk xzkeh.k 'kjcrh xsgwa] fiifj;k rqvj] dkyh ewaN pkoy] thjk
fodkl osQ fy, vkSlr vkoaVu (5-7») ls ekewyh 'kadj pkoy thvkbZ&VSx çkIr djus dh çfØ;k py
vf/d gSA jgh gSA

z vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk osQ rgr foÙkh; o"kZ
2021&22 esa tuojh 2022 rd 3048 fdyksehVj lM+dksa
vkSj 140 IykaV dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk osQ
rgr foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa 4]584 fdyksehVj lM+dksa
vkSj 180 iqyksa osQ fuekZ.k dk y{; gSA
eq[;ea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk osQ rgr foÙkh; o"kZ
2021&22 esa tuojh 2022 rd 618 fdyksehVj lM+dksa

dk fuekZ.k iwjk fd;k x;k gSA
bl ;kstuk osQ rgr foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa 1]200
fdyksehVj lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k dk y{; j•k x;k gSA
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko osQ fy,
608 djksM+ #i;s dk çko/ku çLrkfor gSA
2019 esa 'kq: dh xbZ ;kstuk z fpfdRlk f'k{kk
bl ;kstuk esa fdlkuksa dks fo'ks"k gkWlZ ikoj osQ flapkbZ
ljdkjh fpfdRlk dh LFkkiuk dk dk;Z
iai osQ fy, çfr o"kZ ,d fuf'pr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku dkWyst çxfr ij gS ';ksiqj] jktx<+] flouh] eaMyk]
djuk gksrk gSA flaxjkSyh] uhep] eanlkSj] neksg] Nrjiqj
10 gkWlZ ikoj osQ iai osQ fy,& 750 #i;s çfr o"kZA
tYn gh çns'k esa ljdkjh {ks=k osQ 22 esfMdy dkWyst
10 gkWlZ ikoj ls vf/d osQ iai osQ fy,& 1500 #i;s lsok,a nsus yxsaxsA
çfr o"kZA çns'k esa 9 futh esfMdy dkWyst lapkfyr gks jgs gSaA
z lM+osQa vkSj bekjrsa orZeku esa miyC/ 2350 ,echch,l lhVksa dks c<+kdj
pkyw foÙk o"kZ esa vc rd yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx }kjk 3250 dj fn;k x;k gSA
yxHkx 2]200 fdyksehVj lM+d fuekZ.k vkSj mUu;u] z i;ZVu
yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx }kjk 1]150 fdyksehVj lM+d
uohdj.k dk dk;Z fd;k x;k gSA
21 cM+s iqy vkSj jsyos vksoj fczt Hkh iwjs gks pqosQ gSaA
o"kZ 2022&23 osQ fy, lM+d fuekZ.k vkSj lM+d
j•j•ko osQ fy, ctV vuqeku Øe'k% 8590 djksM+

vkSj 2443 djksM+ FkkA
foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa (4000$ fdyksehVj dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tkuk gS) yxHkx 3000 fdeh ubZ lM+d dk;Z]

1250 fdeh lM+d uohdj.k dk;Z] 88 u, iqy 'kkfey fojklr laifÙk;ksa dks lajf{kr djus vkSj mu LFkkuksa dks
gSaA i;ZVdksa osQ fy, vkd"kZd cukus osQ fy,] futh fuos'kdksa
vVy çxfr iFk] ueZnk çxfr iFk osQ lkFk gh eka ueZnk
dks fodflr djus osQ fy, iêðs ij fn;k x;k gS tks gSa%
osQ mn~xe LFky ls çkjaHk gksdj ueZnk çxfr iFk dk rktegy (Hkksiky)
fuekZ.k Hkh var rd fd;k tk,xkA xksfoanx<+ (jhok)
'kkldh; Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k esa rsth ykus osQ fy, ubZ jktx<+ iSysl (Nrjiqj)
daiuh eè;çns'k Hkou fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM dk xBu ek/ox<+ (lruk)
fd;k x;k gSA i;ZVdksa dks okVj LiksV~lZ dh lqfo/k çnku djus osQ fy,
fuekZ.k dk;ks± dh xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, ,d bafnjk lkxj vkSj xka/h lkxj osQ fy, ,yvks, osQ fy,
vyx xq.koÙkk vk'oklu ifj"kn dk xBu djus dk ykblsal tkjh dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj ef.k•sM+k tyk'k;
çLrko gSA osQ fy, dkjZokbZ çxfr ij gSA

z dksfoM viMsV z 'kgjh fodkl ;kstuk,a&
jkT; esa dksfoM ls igys 35 ftyk vLirky FksA ç/kuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk ('kgjh) &
vc ;g lqfo/k lHkh 52 ftyk vLirkyksa esa miyC/ gSA
esfMdy dkWystksa vkSj ftyk vLirkyksa esa baVsaflo osQ;j
;wfuV esa csM dh la[;k 601 Fkh] tks

bls lkr xquk c<+kdj 4]446 dj fn;k x;k gSA
bu LokLF; laLFkkuksa esa ,y,evks (fyfDoM esfMdy
vkWDlhtu) dh {kerk 89 ehfVªd Vu Fkh] ftls c<+kdj

395 ehfVªd Vu dj fn;k x;kA
blosQ vykok] 223 ih,l, la;a=k Hkh LFkkfir fd, ;g ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj osQ lg;ksx
x, gSaA ls gSA
lHkh ftyk vLirkyksa esa lhVh LoSQu e'khusa yxkbZ tk 5-68 yk• vkoklh; bdkb;ksa dh ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k
jgh gSaA fd;k x;k gSA

vc rd 8 o"kZ ls vf/d vk;q osQ ukxfjdksa dks 11 blesa 9 yk• ;wfuV cukus dk y{; gSA
djksM+ 28 yk• 77 gtkj Mkst yxkbZ tk pqdh gSA z jk"Vªh; 'kgjh vkthfodk fe'ku
Vhdkdj.k dh igyh •qjkd 98-03 çfr'kr vkSj nwljh
o"kZ 2023&24 esa 95]000 'kgjh xjhcksa dk çf'k{k.k
•qjkd 95-4 çfr'kr yksxksa dks nh tk pqdh gSA
Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa esa 60 gtkj] 12 gtkj dks jkstxkj@
lelkef;dh LojkstxkjA
vkWijs'ku xaxk
;wØsu esa iQals Hkkjrh;ksa dh okilh vkWijs'ku xaxk osQ ekè;e
ls laHko gqbZ gSA
eè; çns'k esa 500 fuoklh lqjf{kr ?kj ykSV vk, gSaA
,u,p,iQ,l &5 loZs{k.k
ç/kuea=kh ekr` oanuk ;kstuk ykxw djus esa gekjk çns'k yxkrkj
rhljh ckj igys LFkku ij gSA
dksfoM&19 egkekjh osQ dkj.k vius ekrk&firk dh e`R;q osQ
dkj.k vukFk gq, cPpksa dh enn osQ fy, cky lsok ;kstuk
ykxw dh xbZ gSA lzksr ,u,p,iQ,l &5 loZs{k.k z eq[;ea=kh vkokl ;kstuk (viuk ?kj)
;g dk;ZØe bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk dh rtZ ij dk;kZfUor
z cPpksa dk ctV fd;k tk jgk gSA
gekjh ljdkj 18 lky ls de mez osQ yM+osQ vkSj 2007&08 esa 'kq: gqvkA
yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, vyx ls cky ctV is'k dj jgh gSA mís';% cM+h la[;k esa vkoklghu ifjokjksa dks vkokl
eè;çns'k esa bl ckj vk;k cky ctV cPpksa osQ lqjf{kr çnku djukA blls igys ç/kuea=kh xzkeksn; xzkeh.k
Hkfo"; dk vk/kj cusxkA vkokl ;kstuk osQ uke ls ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA bl
eè;çns'k ljdkj }kjk igyh ckj is'k fd;k x;k cky
;kstuk ls mu vkoklghu yksxksa dks ykHk gqvk gS tks
ctV cPpksa osQ Hkfo"; dks csgrj vkSj lqjf{kr cukus esa bafnjk vkokl ;kstuk osQ nk;js esa ugha vkrs gSaA
ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxkA z m|ksx
cky ctV osQ fy, 57]800 djksM+ dk çko/ku fd;k
foÙk o"kZ 2021&22 osQ nkSjku 21]865 djksM+ #i;s dh
x;k gSA 311 ifj;kstukvksa dks eatwjh nh xbZ gS] ftlls yxHkx
blls ljdkj dks cPpksa ij osQafær ;kstukvksa dks vf/d 60 gtkj O;fÙkQ;ksa dks çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i ls jkstxkj
lkFkZd vkSj çHkkoh cukus esa lqfo/k gksxhA feysxkA

çns'k esa 11 u, vkS|ksfxd {ks=k fodflr fd, tk jgs gSaA z foÙk o"kZ 2016&17 esa lcls T;knk thMhih xzksFk jsV 16-43»
ftyk Hkksiky esa cxjkSnk vkSj cSjfl;kA FkhA
lhgksj ftys osQ cfn;k•sM+h vkSj f>ysyk z 31 ekpZ] 2021 rd jkT; dk 'kq¼ lkoZtfud ½.k 209019-
/kj ftys esa fryxkjk] 47 djksM+ vuqekfur gSA
ftyk jryke esa tokjk] z eè; çns'k dh vkfFkZd fodkl nj
esxk vkS|ksfxd ikdZ (pj.k 1)] vkSj] ujflagiqj ftys fiQDLM çkbl & 7-06» (Hkkjr 7»)
esa ujflagiqj vkS|ksfxd {ks=k]
orZeku ewY; ij & 16-34» (Hkkjr 15-9»)
dVuh ftys osQ ykerjk]
z ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn
ftyk bankSj esa eksguk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
o"kZ 2022&23 osQ fy, ,eih osQ thMh,lih ls lacaf/r
mTtSu esa esfMdy fMokbl ikdZ µ eatwjh
vkadM+s uhps fn, x, gSa&
z laLÑfr vkSj /kfeZd VªLV vkSj cankscLrh
vksadkjs'oj esa vkfnxq# 'kadjkpk;Z dh fo'kky çfrek
çorZu&fcanq MkVk
vkSj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj dh osnkarihB dh LFkkiuk çLrkfor ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn 1]151]049 djksM+ #i;sA
gS] blosQ fy, 370 djksM+ #i;s çLrkfor gSaA (2022&23)
Jh egkdky egkjkt eafnj ifjlj osQ foLrkj osQ fy,] th,lMhih o`f¼ (fLFkj ewY;) 64]3124 djksM+ (7-06»)
ftldh vuqekfur ykxr 700 djksM+ gS] çxfr ij gSA th,lMhih o`f¼ (orZeku 13]22]821 djksM+ (16-43»)
;g ifj;kstuk eafnj osQ HkO; vkSj fnO; Lo:i dks ,d
ewY;)
ubZ vkHkk nsxhA
jktLo foHkkx }kjk miyC/ djkbZ tkus okyh HkkSfrd
çkFkfed {ks=k dh o`f¼ 5-24»
Hkw&vfHkys• iqfLrdk dks lekIr dj Hkwys• iksVZy osQ f}rh;d {ks=k dh o`f¼ 5-42»
ekè;e ls dEI;wVjhÑr Hkw&vfHkys• iqfLrdk miyC/
r`rh;d {ks=k dh o`f¼ 9-99»
djkuk çkjaHk dj fn;k x;k gSA
Hkwfe vf/dkj iqfLrdk vc fu/kZfjr 'kqYd osQ Hkqxrku
z çfr O;fÙkQ vk;&
ij vkWuykbu vkSj yksd lsok osQaæ vkSj vU; vf/Ñr çfr O;fÙkQ vk; ls lacaf/r vkadM+s uhps fn, x, gSa&
lsok çnkrkvksa osQ ekè;e ls çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA çorZu&fcanq MkVk
Hkw&vfHkys•ksa osQ dEI;wVjhdj.k esa çns'k fiNys nks o"kks±
ls ns'k esa çFke LFkku ij gSA fLFkj ewY;ksa esa çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 65]023 djksM+ #i;sA
vfookfnr /ekZarj.k vkSj vfookfnr foHkktu osQ ekeyksa
(2022&23)
osQ Rofjr lek/ku dh lqfo/k vke turk dks miyC/ orZeku ewY;ksa esa çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 1]40]583 djksM+ #i;sA
djkus dh n`f"V ls lkbcj rglhy dh ifjdYiuk dh (2022&23)
xbZ gSA
fLFkj ewY;ksa ij çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa 5-67»
eç dk vkfFkZd loZs{k.k (2022&23) o`f¼ çfr'kr
z Hkkjrh; ljdkj osQ ckn] eè; çns'k ljdkj us Hkh foÙkh; orZeku ewY;ksa ij çfr O;fÙkQ vk; esa 15-62»
o"kZ 2014&15 ls vk/kj o"kZ 2011&12 dks viuk;k gSA o`f¼ çfr'kr
z Hkkjr dks 5 fVªfy;u MkWyj dh vFkZO;oLFkk cukus osQ
ekuuh; ç/kuea=kh osQ ladYi esa eè;çns'k us 550 fcfy;u z eè; çns'k dh jktdks"kh; fLFkfr
MkWyj dk ;ksxnku nsus dk y{; j•k gSA jktdks"kh; ?kkVk & th,lMhih dk 55]208 djksM+
z Hkkjr osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa eè; çns'k dk ;ksxnku 4-8 (4-02»)
çfr'kr gSA ;g foÙk o"kZ 2021&22 esa 4-56» Fkk vkSj 2020&21
z çns'k dh çfr O;fÙkQ vk; 1 yk• 40 gtkj 583 #i;s gSA foÙk o"kZ esa 5-21» Fkk] tks vc rd dk mPpre gSA
z fyaxkuqikr 2015&16 esa 927 ls c<+dj orZeku esa 956 gks jktLo vf/'ks"k & 413 djksM+
x;k gSA thMh,lih osQ fy, jkT; dh jktdks"kh; ns;rk & 27-10»

z eè; çns'k esa dj (a) 7-7» (b) 8-7»
uhps nh xbZ rkfydk eè; çns'k esa djksa dh fLFkfr n'kkZrh (c) 9-5» (d) 11-5»
gS & mÙkj (d)
çorZu&fcanq MkVk 2- vVy çxfr iFk fdlls lacaf/r gS\ (2021)
vuqekfur jktLo çkfIr;ka ` 2]25]709-90 djksM+ (a) eanlkSj&uhep {ks=k (b) /kj&>kcqvk {ks=k
eè; çns'k dj laxzg ` 86-499-98 djksM+ (c) eaMyk& tcyiqj (d) Xokfy;j& pacy {ks=k
osQaæh; djksa esa eè;çns'k dh ` 80]183-67 djksM+ mÙkj (d)
fgLlsnkjh
3- eè; çns'k osQ fdl {ks=k dh lkSj ÝyksfVax ifj;kstuk {kerk
e-ç- dk xSj&dj jktLo ` 14]913-10 djksM+
600 esxkokV çLrkfor gS\ (2021)
osQaæ ls çkIr lgk;rk vuqnku ` 44]113-15 djksM+
(a) xka/h lkxj (b) vksadkjs'oj
C;kt dk Hkqxrku oqQy jktLo çkfIr;ksa dk 10»
(c) vejdaVd (d) cjxh
jktLo vf/'ks"k SGDP dk 0-03»
mÙkj (b)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
vH;kl ç'u
z eè; çns'k us 2022&23 esa f'k{kk osQ fy, vius oqQy O;;
1- fdl jkT; ljdkj us igyh ckj vyx cky ctV is'k
dk 16-1» vkoafVr fd;k gSA
fd;k gS\
z eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk igyh ckj is'k fd;k x;k cky ctV
(a) ,eih (b) Åij
z cky ctV osQ fy, 57]800 djksM+ dk çko/ku fd;k
(c) egkjk"Vª (d) vksfM'kk esa
x;k gSA
z vksadkjs'oj esa vkfn xq# 'kadjkpk;Z ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dk mÙkj (a)
osnkarihB çLrkfor gSA O;k[;k% eè; çns'k ljdkj us igyh ckj viuh okf"kZd foÙkh;
z 2023&24 esa eè; çns'k dk jktdks"kh; ?kkVk jkT; thMhih ;kstuk osQ fgLls osQ :i esa 2023 esa ,d vyx ^cky ctV*
dk 4-02» gS is'k fd;kA ljdkj us 220 ;kstukvksa osQ fy, 57]803 djksM+
z o"kZ 2023&24 osQ ctV esa eq[;ea=kh Ldwy ;kstuk osQ fy, #i;s vkoafVr fd, gSa] ftUgsa 18 lky ls de mez osQ cPpksa
oqQy 665 djksM+ #i;s vkoafVr fd, x, gSaA ij yf{kr f'k{kk lfgr 17 foHkkxksa osQ rgr ykxw fd;k tk,xkA
z jkT; us Ñf"k osQ fy, vius oqQy O;; dk 6-9» vkoafVr 2- 2022& 23 osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k osQ vuqlkj fu/kZfjr ewY;
fd;k gSA ij eç dh vkfFkZd fodkl nj vuqekfur gS\
z eè; çns'k us ÅtkZ ij vius oqQy O;; dk 8-9» vkoafVr (a) 7.09% (b) 7.06%
fd;k gS (c) 7% (d) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
z eè; çns'k us LokLF; ij vius oqQy O;; dk 5-7» vkoafVr mÙkj (b)
fd;k gS O;k[;k% o"kZ 2022&23 osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k osQ vuqlkj fLFkj
z 'kjcrh xsgwa] fiifj;k rqvj] dkyh ewaN pkoy] thjk 'kadj ewY; ij eç dh vkfFkZd fodkl nj o"kZ 2021&22 (ç-) dh
pkoy thvkbZ&VSx çkIr djus dh çfØ;k py jgh gSA rqyuk esa 7-06 çfr'kr vuqekfur gSA
z 'kkldh; Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k esa rsth ykus osQ fy, ubZ daiuh
3- vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk fdl o"kZ 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh\
eè;çns'k Hkou fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM dk xBu fd;k
x;k gSA (a) 2018 (b) 2019
(c) 2021 (d) 2022
foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) mÙkj (b)
1- 2020&21 osQ vkfFkZd loZ{s k.k osQ vuqlkj foÙkh; o"kZ 2020 O;k[;k% vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk 2019 esa 'kq: dh xbZ FkhA
osQ fy, okLrfod fodkl nj vkbZ,e,iQ varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk bl ;kstuk esa fdlkuksa dks fo'ks"k gkWlZ ikoj osQ flapkbZ iaiksa osQ
dks"k osQ vuqekuksa ij vk/kfjr ekuh tkrh gS\ (2021) fy, çfr o"kZ ,d fuf'pr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA

4- 2023&24 osQ ctV osQ vuqlkj eç dk çeq• dj jktLo 8- isijysl ctV is'k djus okyk Hkkjr dk igyk jkT; gS\
gS\ (a) rfeyukMq (b) dukZVd
(a) vk;dj (b) th,lVh (c) egkjk"Vª (d) eè; çns'k
(c) fcØh dj@oSV (d) mRikn dj mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (b) O;k[;k% osQaæ ljdkj osQ ckn ,eih jkT; ljdkj isijysl ctV
O;k[;k% vuqeku gS fd th,lVh ljdkj osQ vius dj jktLo is'k djus okyh igyh jkT; cu xbZ gSA
(37» 'ks;j) dk lcls cM+k lzksr gSA eè; çns'k dk] blosQ ckn 9- eè; çns'k foKku] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkj uhfr 2022
fcØh dj@oSV (23»)] vkSj jkT; mRikn 'kqYd (16») vkrk gSA fdlosQ }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ gS\
5- eè; çns'k ljdkj us gky osQ ctV esa LokLF; {ks=k ij (a) foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx
vius oqQy O;; dk ________ » vkoafVr fd;k gS\ (b) eè; çns'k lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh lao/Zu ,tsla h (MAP-IT)
(a) 5.01% (b) 6.2% (c) lw{e] y?kq ,oa eè;e m|e foHkkx
(c) 5.7% (d) 7.2% (d) eè; çns'k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ifj"kn
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (a)
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k us LokLF; ij vius oqQy O;; dk 5-7» O;k[;k% eè; çns'k ljdkj osQ foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx
vkoafVr fd;k gS] tks vU; jkT;ksa }kjk LokLF; osQ fy, vkSlr }kjk eè; çns'k foKku] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkj uhfr 2022 'kq:
vkoaVu (6») ls de gSA dh xbZ gSA ;g eè; çns'k dh igyh uhfr gS tks lekt esa
6- gky osQ ctV 2023&24 osQ vuqlkj eè; çns'k dk oSKkfud lksp dk fuekZ.k djus] uokpkj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dks
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk vuqekfur gS\ etcwr djus] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh (,l,aMVh) l{ke m|ferk
vkSj ukxfjd lsokvksa dks c<+kok nsus] ikjaifjd Kku ç.kkfy;ksa dks
(a) 4.1% (b) 5.6%
lajf{kr djus vkSj tehuh Lrj osQ lekos'ku vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dks
(c) 6.8% (d) 4.02%
çksRlkfgr djus dh ifjdYiuk djrh gSA vuqla/ku vkSj uokpkj
mÙkj (d) ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=kA
O;k[;k% 2023&24 esa jktdks"kh; ?kkVk #- vuqeku osQ vuqlkj 10- eè; çns'k bZ&fMfLVªDV iksVZy dc ykWUp fd;k x;k Fkk\
55]708 djksM+] tks jkT; dh thMhih dk 4-02 çfr'kr gSA
(a) 2010 (b) 2011
7- ,eih dk dkSu lk 'kgj ,eih osQ igys lkSj 'kgj osQ :i (c) 2012 (d) 2014
esa fodflr fd;k x;k gS\ mÙkj (c)
(a) •tqjkgks (b) eSaus Hkstk
O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; bZ&xous±l ;kstuk (,ubZthih 2-0) osQ rgr
(c) lkaph (d) /kj ftyk@mi&ftyk Lrj dh lsokvksa dh bysDVªkWfud fMyhojh osQ
mÙkj (c) fy, jkT; fe'ku eksM ifj;kstukvksa osQ rgr o"kZ 2012 esa eè;
O;k[;k% ;wusLdks dh fo'o /jksgj LFky jk;lsu ftys esa fLFkr çns'k bZ&ftyk iksVZy ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA iksVZy dk mís';
lkaph dks eè; çns'k osQ igys lkSj 'kgj osQ :i esa fodflr yksd lsok osQaæ osQ ekè;e ls ukxfjd lsokvksa osQ vkosnu vkSj
fd;k tk jgk gSA forj.k dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
v v v

Hkkx- 7
fofo/
eè; çns'k dh tutkrh; çÑfr]
1 jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijaijk;sa
ifjp; z xksaM tutkfr gSµ eè; çns'k esa lcls cM+s tutkrh;
z eè; çns'k] eè;Hkkjr dk ,d jkT;] fofo/ çdkj osQ lewgksa esa ls ,d gSA
vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dk ?kj gS] ftuesa ls çR;sd dh viuh z muosQ ikl ,d vuwBh dykRed ijaijk gS] tks viuh tfVy
fof'k"V laLÑfr] ijaijk,¡ vkSj thou 'kSyh gSA tutkrh; dyk osQ fy, tkuh tkrh gS] tks vDlj nhokjksa]
z bu tutkfr;ksa dk ,d le`¼ bfrgkl gS tks lfn;ksa rd iQ'kks± vkSj vU; lrgksa dks ltkrh gSA
iQSyk gqvk gS vkSj jkT; osQ lkaLÑfrd rkus&ckus dk vfHkUu z xksaMksa osQ ikl gS& mudh viuh Hkk"kk] xksaMh] vkSj ikjaifjd
vax gSaA :i ls Ñf"k vkSj ou&lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA
z Hkkjr esa lcls vf/d vkfnoklh vkcknh okyk jkT; eè; ewy
çns'k gSA
z ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd xksaM eè;Hkkjr osQ ewy fuokfl;ksa
z eè; çns'k esa tutkrh; tula[;k oqQy tula[;k dk 21-1» esa ls ,d gSa] ftldh tM+sa gtkjksa lky iqjkuh gSaA
gS] tks yxHkx 15]316]784 djksM+ yksx gSaA
z le; osQ lkFk] muesa fof'k"V lkaLÑfrd] Hkk"kkbZ vkSj
z eè; çns'k osQ çeq• vkfnoklh lewg 'kkfey gSa& xksaM]
lkekftd fo'ks"krk,a fodflr gqbZa tks mUgsa {ks=k osQ vU;
Hkhy] cSxk] dksjdw] Hkkfj;k] gYck] dksy] ekfj;k vkSj
lewgksa ls vyx djrh gSaA
lgfj;kA
z buesa cSxk] Hkkfj;k vkSj lgfj;k dks fo'ks"k :i ls vf/d Hkk"kk vkSj lapkj
fiNM+h tutkrh; lewg (ihohVhth) osQ :i esa vf/lwfpr z xksaM tutkfr dh viuh Hkk"kk gS ml dks ¶xksaMh¸ dgk
fd;k x;k gSA tkrk gSA
z eè; çns'k esa vkfnoklh vkcknh jkT; osQ nf{k.kh vkSj iwohZ z ;g æfoM+ Hkk"kk ifjokj ls lacaf/r gS vkSj bldh dbZ
fgLlksa esa osQafær gSA cksfy;k¡ gSaA
z eè; çns'k esa vkfnoklh yksxksa dks xjhch] vf'k{kk vkSj z xksaMh mudh lkaLÑfrd igpku dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gS
cqfu;knh lqfo/kvksa rd igqap dh deh lfgr dbZ pqukSfr;ksa vkSj leqnk; osQ Hkhrj lapkj osQ fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA tkrk gSA
z eè; çns'k osQ oqQN çeq• vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dh ppkZ uhps dyk vkSj f'kYi
nh xbZ gS%
xksaM
z xksaM viuh tfVy vkSj thoar tutkrh; dyk osQ fy,

çfl¼ gSaA
z os fof'k"V isafVax cukrs gSa ftUgsa ¶xksaM dyk¸ osQ uke tqM+k gS vkSj blesa xk;u] u`R; vkSj vPNh iQly osQ fy,
ls tkuk tkrk gS] ftlesa vDlj tfVy iSVuZ] tkuoj vkSj çkFkZuk dh tkrh gSA
çÑfr&Fkhe okys :ikadu 'kkfey gksrs gSaA z iksyk egksRlo% xksaMksa }kjk euk;k x;k eq[;:i ls o`Qf"k
z ;s dykÑfr;k¡ ikjaifjd :i ls cukbZ tkrh gSa çkÑfrd R;kSgkj gSA tks fd eè;izns'k osQ ckyk?kkV ftys esa euk;k
jaxksa dk mi;ksx djosQ nhokjsa] iQ'kZ vkSj vU; lrgsaA tkrk gSA
/kfeZd fo'okl laxhr vkSj u`R;
z xksaM tutkfr;ksa osQ ikl ,d le`¼ vkSj vf}rh; /kfeZd z xksaMksa dh ,d thoar laxhr vkSj u`R; ijaijk gSA
fo'okl ç.kkyh gSA
z muosQ çn'kZu esa os Mªe] ckalqjh] vkSj rkj okys ok|;a=k
z os rjg&rjg dh iwtk djrs gSa nsork vkSj vkRek,a tks tSls midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
çÑfr] taxyksa vkSj tkuojksa ls tqM+s gSaA
z muosQ u`R; vDlj y;c¼ gksrs gSa vkSj çÑfr vkSj muosQ
z ;s ekU;rk,¡ vDlj muosQ nSfud thou vkSj çFkkvksa ls tqM+h
nSfud thou ls muosQ laca/ dks n'kkZrs gSaA
gksrh gSaA
z lSyk] djek xksaM osQ çeq• yksd u`R; gSaA
z yksd nsork& BkoqQjnso] ekrkckbZ] c/s'oj] •Sjekrk]
lwjtnso] nwYgknso çeq• nsork gSaA
xksaM osQ milewg
� eqfM+;k � nksykZ � •rqyokj
� xMck � jkt xksaM � ij/ku
� /qoZs � Hkrjk
R;kSgkj vkSj vuq"Bku

z xksaMh yksdksRlo% ;g ,d çeq• lkaLÑfrd R;kSgkj gS tgka Ñf"k ,oa vkthfodk
xksaM yksx viuh ikjaifjd dyk] laxhr] u`R; vkSj f'kYi dk z xksaM eq[; :i ls fuokZg Ñf"k esa layXu gSa] tSls iQlyksa dh
çn'kZu djrs gSaA ;g leqnk; osQ fy, ,d lkFk vkus] viuh •srh djrs gSa cktjk] nkysa] vkSj lfCt;k¡A
fojklr dk t'u eukus vkSj viuh lkaLÑfrd çFkkvksa dks z os Hkwfe dks iquthZfor djus dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy, fofHkUu
c<+kok nsus dk volj gSA {ks=kksa esa tkdj LFkkukarfjr •srh dk Hkh vH;kl djrs gSaA
z gjsyh R;kSgkj% gjsyh ,d Ñf"k R;kSgkj gS tks xksaM tutkfr z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] ouksit ,d=k djuk vkSj f'kdkj djuk
}kjk cqvkbZ osQ ekSle dh 'kq#vkr dks fpfÉr djus osQ mudh vkthfodk osQ egRoiw.kZ lk/u gSaA
fy, euk;k tkrk gSA blesa i`Foh vkSj Ñf"k midj.kksa dh
iwtk djuk vkSj vPNh iQly osQ fy, vk'khokZn ekaxuk lkeqnkf;d lajpuk
'kkfey gSA z :f<+oknh çÑfr vkSj dBksj cfgfoZokg% xksaM lekt
dh :f<+oknh çÑfr ikjaifjd ewY;ksa vkSj çFkkvksa osQ
z xkSjh iwtk% ;g R;kSgkj nsoh xkSjh] ikoZrh osQ Lo:i dks
ikyu dks çfrfcafcr dj ldrh gSA vkarfjd çtuu dks
lefiZr gSA blesa vuq"Bkuksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd çn'kZuksa osQ lkFk
jksdus vkSj lkekftd laca/ksa dks cuk, j•us osQ fy, dbZ
nsoh dh feêðh dh ewfrZ dh iwtk 'kkfey gSA
tutkrh; leqnk;ksa esa l[r cfgfoZokg] ;k fdlh osQ dchys
z uok•kuk egksRlo% cLrj {ks=k esa euk;k tkus okyk uok•kuk ;k lkekftd lewg osQ ckgj fookg dh çFkk ,d vke
,d f'kdkj mRlo gS tgka xksaM iq#"k vius f'kdkj dkS'ky fo'ks"krk gSA
dk çn'kZu djrs gSaA bl R;kSgkj esa laxhr] u`R; vkSj vuq"Bku z xqnuk (VSVw) vkSj vkHkw"k.k% efgykvksa osQ chp xqnuk vkSj
'kkfey gksrs gSa tks vius iwoZtksa dks J¼katfy nsrs gSaA xguksa osQ çfr vkd"kZ.k ,d lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fÙkQ gS tks
z dekZ egksRlo% ;g R;kSgkj xksaM lfgr dbZ vkfnoklh mudh igpku vkSj lkSan;Z laca/h çkFkfedrkvksa dks c<+krk gSA
leqnk;ksa }kjk euk;k tkrk gSA ;g dje o`{k dh iwtk ls ;s vyadj.k vDlj lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd vFkZ j•rs gSaA

z jkt xksaM vkSj /qj xksaM esa foHkktu% jktiwrksa osQ lkFk forj.k
muosQ ,sfrgkfld laca/ksa vkSj lSU; Hkwfedkvksa osQ vk/kj z Hkhy tutkfr eè; çns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fc•jh gqbZ gS]
ij jkt xksaM vkSj /qj xksaM osQ chp foHkktu lkekftd >kcqvk] vyhjktiqj] cM+okuh] /kj] •jxksu] vkSj Hkh
oxhZdj.k dh tfVyrk vkSj leqnk; osQ Hkhrj mudh mRifÙk vU; ftyksa esa egRoiw.kZ mifLFkfr gSA
dks js•kafdr djrk gSA z os vU; jkT;ksa tSls xqtjkr] jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª vkSj
z ?kksVqy ijaijk (;qok Nk=kkokl)% ?kksVqy ijaijk xksaM vkSj NÙkhlx<+ esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA
eqfj;k tutkfr lfgr oqQN vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa osQ chp ikbZ ikjaifjd O;olk;
tkus okyh ,d egRoiw.kZ lkaLÑfrd çFkk gSA ?kksVqy ,d z ,sfrgkfld :i ls] Hkhy eq[; :i ls f'kdkfj;ksa vkSj
lkeqnkf;d LFkku osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS tgka ;qok ckrphr laxzgdrkZvksa dk leqnk; ls FksA
djrs gSa] viuh lkaLÑfrd fojklr osQ ckjs esa lh•rs gSa vkSj z mUgksaus cktjk] eDdk] vkSj nkysa iQlysa mxkus osQ fy,
lkekftd dkS'ky fodflr djrs gSaA ikjaifjd rjhdksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, LFkkukarfjr •srh dk
z tkfr iapk;r osQ eqf•;k (xksfV;k)% tkfr iapk;r usrk] vH;kl fd;kA
ftls ¶xksfV;k¸ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] leqnk; osQ Hkhrj z le; osQ lkFk] dbZ Hkhyksa us LFkk;h Ñf"k vkSj vU;
vf/dkj vkSj çHkko dh fLFkfr j•rk gSA bl Hkwfedk esa vkthfodk dh vksj #• fd;k gSA
laHkor% fu.kZ; ysuk] fooknksa dks lqy>kuk vkSj ikjaifjd Hkhyksa dh mi tutkfr;k¡
ekunaMksa dks dk;e j•uk 'kkfey gSA z Hkqfy;k
pqukSfr;k¡ z Hkhy
z eh.kk
z Hkwfe vf/dkj] fodkl ifj;kstukvksa osQ dkj.k foLFkkiu
z fHkykyk
vkSj f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky rd igqap dh deh ls
z jkBok] vU; mitkfr;k rM+oh Hkhy
lacaf/r pqukSfr;k¡A dbZ vU; vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dh rjg]
z Mqaxjh Hkhy
xksaMksa us Hkh bldk lkeuk fd;k gSA
z oqQduk
z bu eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus vkSj mudh laLÑfr dks lajf{kr
djus osQ ç;kl fd, x, gSaA Hkhyksa dh cksyh
z fcy@fHkYy% Hkhyh] ftls fHkyksMh ;k fHky cksyh osQ uke
Hkhy tutkfr ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] Hkhy leqnk; osQ chp lcls vf/d
cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk gSA
z jroh@jkBoh% ;g cksyh eè; çns'k] xqtjkr vkSj jktLFkku
osQ {ks=kksa esa jrok Hkhy milewg }kjk cksyh tkrh gSA
z Hkkxfy;k% eè; çns'k esa Hkkxfy;k Hkhyksa dh viuh cksyh
gS] ftls Hkkxfy;k osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ftlesa vf}rh;
Hkk"kkbZ fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
z oqQduk% oqQduk xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkSj eè; çns'k osQ oqQN
fgLlksa esa oqQduk Hkhyksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gSA ;g viuh
'kCnkoyh vkSj O;kdj.k osQ lkFk ,d fof'k"V cksyh gSA
z ikj/h% ikj/h Hkhy mi&lewg dh ,d vyx cksyh gS tks
ifjp;
mudh •kukcnks'k thou'kSyh vkSj fofHkUu leqnk;ksa osQ lkFk
z lcls cM+s vkSj lcls çeq• leqnk;ksa esa ls ,d eè; ckrphr ls çHkkfor gSA
çns'k esa Hkhy tutkfr gSA z rM+oh Hkhyh% rM+oh Hkhyksa dh viuh cksyh gS] tks mudh
z muosQ ikl ,d le`¼ lkaLÑfrd fojklr] fof'k"V ijaijk,a fof'k"V lkaLÑfrd çFkkvksa vkSj HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ls
vkSj ftl Hkwfe ij os jgrs gSa mlls xgjk laca/ gSA çHkkfor gSA
eè; çns'k dh tutkrh; çÑfr] jhfr&fjokt vkSj ijaijk;sa 299

lkeqnkf;d vkokl
z 'kCn iQkY;k okLro esa Hkhy leqnk; esa ?kjksa ;k vkoklksa
osQ lewg dks lanfHkZr djus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
z ?kjksa dks ¶iQkY;k¸ esa lewfgr djus dh ;g vo/kj.kk n'kkZrh
gS fd Hkhy lekt dh lkekftd ,oa lkeqnkf;d çÑfr]
tgka ifjokj vDlj fudVrk esa jgrs gSa vkSj lalkèkuksa]
ijaijkvksa vkSj vkilh lg;ksx dks lk>k djrs gSaA
z ¶iQY;k¸ ç.kkyh leqnk; vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dks mtkxj
z vuq"Bkfud mi;ksx% fiFkkSjk isafVax vuq"Bkuksa vkSj lekjksgksa
djrh gS tks Hkhy thou 'kSyh dk vfHkUu vax gSA osQ fgLls osQ :i esa cukbZ tkrh gSaA mUgsa R;kSgkjksa vkSj 'kkfn;ksa
Hkhyksa osQ R;kSgkj tSls voljksa osQ nkSjku çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS] tgka mudk
mi;ksx nsork dh mifLFkfr vkSj vk'khokZn dks vkeaf=kr djus
z xy% ¶xy¸ R;kSgkj Hkhy leqnk; }kjk nsoh dkyh dh iwtk
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vkSj vk'khokZn ikus osQ fy, euk;k tkrk gSA blesa vuq"Bku]
z leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh% fiFkkSjk isafVax cukuk leqnk; osQ
u`R; vkSj nsork dks çlkn p<+kuk 'kkfey gSA
Hkhrj ,d lg;ksxkRed ç;kl gSA ,d cM+s fiFkkSjk fHkfÙkfp=k
z Hkxksfj;k% ¶Hkxksfj;k¸ R;kSgkj Hkhy leqnk; osQ lcls çeq• dks fpf=kr djus osQ fy, dbZ dykdkj feydj dke dj
R;kSgkjksa esa ls ,d gSA blesa eaxuh vkSj Hkkxus dh çFkk ldrs gSa] ftlls ;g ,d lkeqnkf;d xfrfof/ cu tk,xhA
'kkfey gS] tgka ;qok iq#"k vkSj efgyk,a viuk lkFkh pqurs
gSa vkSj Hkkx tkrs gSaA ;fn nksuksa i{k lger gksrs gSa] rks os
çeq• dykdkj
R;kSgkj osQ ckn fookg djrs gSaA z isek iQR;k% isek iQR;k ,d çfl¼ Hkhy dykdkj gSa ftUgksaus
viuh vlk/kj.k fiFkkSjk isafVax osQ fy, igpku gkfly dh
z uckbZ% ¶uckbZ¸ R;kSgkj Hkhy leqnk; }kjk ubZ iQly osQ
gSA muosQ dke dks varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij çnf'kZr fd;k x;k
ekSle dk Lokxr djus osQ fy, euk;k tkrk gSA gS] ftlls Hkhy dyk dh n`';rk vkSj ljkguk esa ;ksxnku
z pyko.kh% Hkhyksa }kjk lkaiksa dk lEeku djus vkSj muls feyk gSA
lqj{kk ikus osQ fy, ¶pyko.kh¸ R;kSgkj euk;k tkrk gS] tks z Hkwjh ckbZ% Hkwjh ckbZ ,d vkSj çfl¼ Hkhy dykdkj gSa tks
mudh ekU;rkvksa esa fo'ks"k egRo j•rk gSA viuh fiFkkSjk isafVax osQ fy, e'kgwj gSaA mudh dyk dks
z tk=kk% ¶tk=kk¸ R;kSgkj laHkor% /kfeZd ;k lkaLÑfrd nh?kkZvksa vkSj çn'kZfu;ksa esa çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gS] ftlls Hkhy
tqywlksa vkSj esyksa dh O;kid vo/kj.kk dk lanHkZ gS ftlesa dykRed ijaijkvksa dh lqanjrk vkSj lkaLÑfrd egRo dh
Hkhy Hkkx ysrs gSaA tk=kk esa vDlj ijsM] laxhr] u`R; vkSj vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr djus esa enn feyh gSA
nsorkvksa ;k vU; vkè;kfRed gfLr;ksa dks lefiZr fofHkUu Hkhyksa dk u`R;
lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/;k¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA z Hkxksfj;k u`R;% Hkxksfj;k u`R; dk Hkxksfj;k mRlo ls xgjk
fiFkkSjk isafVax laca/ gSA ;g R;kSgkj osQ mRlo osQ nkSjku iq#"kksa vkSj
efgykvksa nksuksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk ,d thoar vkSj
z 'kSyh vkSj fo"k;&oLrq% fiFkkSjk isafVax dh fo'ks"krk muosQ
ÅtkZoku u`R; gSA u`R; esa vDlj y;c¼ xfrfof/;ka] rkyh
thoar jax] cksYM iSVuZ vkSj vuq"Bkfud vkSj ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa
ctkuk vkSj vkuane; ekgkSy 'kkfey gksrk gSA
dk fp=k.k gSA ;s isafVax vDlj vkfnoklh jhfr&fjoktksa]
z nksgk u`R;% nksgk u`R; Hkhy efgykvksa }kjk fofHkUu voljksa
/kfeZd lekjksgksa vkSj vkfnoklh ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa osQ n`';ksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa osQ nkSjku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ikjaifjd
dks n'kkZrh gSaA o`Ùk u`R; gS ftlesa efgyk,a ,d o`Ùk cukdj yksd xhr
z vkè;kfRed egRo% fiFkkSjk isafVax dk mi;ksx fiFkkSjk nso xkrs gq, y;c¼ dneksa ls vkxs c<+rh gSaA u`R; dh fo'ks"krk
dh iwtk esa fd;k tkrk gS] tks Hkhy vkSj jkBok leqnk;ksa }kjk çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ chp lqanj xfrfof/;ka vkSj rkyesy gSA
iwts tkus okys nsork gSaA ekuk tkrk gS fd ;s isafVaXl nsork z cM+ok Mkal% cM+ok u`R; Hkhy tutkfr osQ varxZr cM+ok
osQ vk'khokZn vkSj lqj{kk dk vkÞoku djrh gSaA leqnk; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA cM+ok ikjaifjd iqtkjh vkSj

fpfdRld gSaA mudk u`R; fofHkUu vuq"Bkuksa vkSj lekjksgksa /uq"k iwtk% /uq"k dh iwtk Hkhy /kfeZd çFkkvksa dh
dk ,d fgLlk gS] ftlesa vDlj çrhdkRed b'kkjs vkSj ,d fof'k"V fo'ks"krk gSA /uq"k 'kfÙkQ] lqj{kk vkSj lqj{kk
ea=kksPpkj 'kkfey gksrs gSaA dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA
z /wej u`R;% /wej u`R; ,d ÅtkZoku vkSj mRlkgh u`R; z fganw /eZ vkSj thouoknh ekU;rk,¡%
gS ftlesa tksjnkj pky vkSj in;k=kk 'kkfey gksrh gSA ;g 90» ls vf/d Hkhy fganw /eZ dk ikyu djrs gSaA
R;kSgkjksa] 'kkfn;ksa vkSj vU; mRlo osQ voljksa ij fd;k gkyk¡fd] fganw /eZ osQ muosQ laLdj.k dks vDlj vkil
tkrk gSA u`R; vDlj leqnk; osQ thou vkSj thou 'kfÙkQ esa tksM+k tkrk gS& thooknh ekU;rk,¡] tgk¡ vkRek,¡]
osQ mRlo dks n'kkZrk gSA nsork vkSj çÑfr vkil esa tqM+s gq, gSaA
z xkSjh u`R;% xkSjh u`R; nsoh xkSjh dks lefiZr gS] tks moZjrk dbZ Hkhy mu vkRekvksa esa fo'okl djrs gSa tks isM+ksa]
vkSj le`f¼ dk çrhd gSA ;g u`R; Hkhy efgykvksa }kjk pêðkuksa vkSj ty fudk;ksa tSls çkÑfrd rRoksa esa fuokl
vuq"Bkuksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa osQ ,d Hkkx osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA djrh gSaA ln~Hkko vkSj dY;k.k lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,
blesa y;c¼ dne] gkFk lapkyu vkSj HkfÙkQ dh vfHkO;fÙkQ bu vkRekvksa dks vDlj çlUu fd;k tkrk gSA
'kkfey gSA z bLyke esa ifjorZu%
le; osQ lkFk oqQN Hkhyksa us bLyke /eZ viuk fy;kA
Hkhy laxhr
ftu yksxksa us /eZ ifjorZu fd;k mUgsa rM+oh Hkhy dgk
z jko.kgêðk% ckal vkSj ykSdh ls cuk ,d rkj ok|;a=k] tkrk gSA /ekZarj.k osQ dkj.k ikjaifjd Hkhy ekU;rkvksa
jko.kgêðk Hkhy laxhr dk ,d çeq• ok|;a=k gSA osQ lkFk bLykeh çFkkvksa dk feJ.k gks x;k gSA
z ranwj% ,d rkj ok| ;a=k osQ leku] ranwj dks /uq"k dk mi;ksx z vks>k vkSj mipkjd%
djosQ ctk;k tkrk gS vkSj xwatrh /qusa iSnk djrk gSA Hkhy leqnk; osQ ikl gS& ikjaifjd fpfdRld vkSj
z ckalqjh% e/qj /qusa cukus osQ fy, fofHkUu vkdkjksa dh tknwxj tks vuq"Bku djrs gSa] mipkj çnku djrs gSa vkSj
ckalqfj;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkRekvksa ls laokn djrs gSaA
z Mªe% <ksyd vkSj <ksyk tSls rky ok|;a=kksa dk mi;ksx ;s O;fÙkQ vkè;kfRed larqyu vkSj dY;k.k cuk, j•us
vkerkSj ij y; vkSj rky çnku djus osQ fy, fd;k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
tkrk gSA
Hkhyksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh pqukSfr;k¡
Hkhyksa dh /kfeZd çFkk,¡ z gkf'k;kdj.k vkSj HksnHkko% Hkhyksa dks vDlj viuh
z nsork vkSj iwtk% Lons'kh igpku osQ dkj.k lkekftd HksnHkko vkSj gkf'k,
'khryk% nsoh 'khryk dk vkÞoku vDlj chekfj;ksa]
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA blls f'k{kk] LokLF; ns•Hkky]
fo'ks"kdj pspd ls cpko osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA jkstxkj osQ volj vkSj cqfu;knh lsokvksa rd igqap lhfer
gks ldrh gSA
vafcdk% vafcdk nsoh Hkhy leqnk; }kjk iwth tkus okyh
z Hkwfe ,oa lalk/u foLFkkiu% dbZ Hkhy leqnk; ,sls {ks=kksa
,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ nsoh gSaA og çtuu {kerk] le`f¼
esa jgrs gSa tks çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ls le`¼ gSa] ftlls
vkSj ekr` lqj{kk ls tqM+h gSA
mudh Hkwfe fodkl ifj;kstukvksa] •uu vkSj vU; lalk/u
cSjkgk% cSjk nso dks ,d lqj{kkRed nsork osQ :i
fu"d"kZ.k xfrfof/;ksa osQ dkj.k foLFkkiu osQ çfr laosnu'khy
esa iwtk tkrk gS tks leqnk; dks nq"V vkRekvksa vkSj gks tkrh gSA blls vkthfodk dk uqdlku gksrk gS vkSj
udkjkRed çHkkoksa ls cpkrk gSA lkaLÑfrd fo?kVu gksrk gSA
egknso% Hkxoku f'ko] ftUgsa egknso osQ uke ls tkuk z xjhch vkSj vkthfodk pqukSfr;k¡% Hkhy vDlj vkfFkZd
tkrk gS] Hkhy /kfeZd çFkkvksa esa ,d çeq• LFkku j•rs :i ls oafpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgrs gSaA xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk]
gSaA og l`tu] fouk'k vkSj ifjorZu ls tqM+k gSA dkS'ky çf'k{k.k vkSj LFkk;h vkthfodk fodYiksa rd igqap
y{e.knso% jkek;.k osQ ,d egku ik=k y{e.knso dk vHkko xjhch osQ pØ dks dk;e j• ldrk gSA
dh Hkh mudh ohjrk vkSj oiQknkjh osQ fy, iwtk dh z LokLF; ns•Hkky vlekurk,¡% dbZ Hkhy leqnk;ksa osQ ikl
tkrh gSA i;kZIr LokLF; lqfo/kvksa vkSj lsokvksa rd igqap ugha gSA

blls jksdh tk ldus okyh chekfj;ksa vkSj LokLF; laca/h z os eq[; :i ls eè; çns'k jkT; esa fuokl djrs gSa vkSj
vlekurkvksa dh nj vf/d gks ldrh gSA vklikl osQ jkT;ksa esa Hkh de la[;k esa ekStwn gSa&mÙkj çns'k]
z 'kSf{kd ck/k,¡% Hkk"kk vkSj lkaLÑfrd ck/kvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk NÙkhlx<+ vkSj >kj•aMA
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk rd lhfer igqap Hkhy cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd çeq• ,dkxzrk
miyfC/ esa ck/k cu ldrh gSA blls mudh Hkfo"; dh z eè; çns'k osQ ftyseaMyk esa cSxk&pd {ks=k vkSj ckyk?kkV
laHkkouk,a vkSj volj çHkkfor gksrs gSaA esa cSxk dh lokZf/d tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA
z lkekftd lsokvksa dk vHkko% Hkhy leqnk;ksa esa LoPN z os bu ftyksa osQ iwohZ Hkkx esa ?kus igkM+h taxyksa esa fuokl
ikuh] LoPNrk vkSj fctyh tSlh cqfu;knh lsokvksa dh djrs gSaA
vDlj deh gksrh gS] ftlls muosQ thou dh lexz xq.koÙkk mi&tkfr
çHkkfor gksrh gSA z cSxk tutkfr dh vyx&vyx mitkfr;k¡ gSa] ftuesa 'kkfey
z lkaLÑfrd {kj.k% rsth ls vk/qfudhdj.k vkSj eq[;/kjk gSa fc>okj] ujksfr;k] Hkjksfr;k] ukgj] jk;eSuk vkSj
dh laLÑfr osQ laidZ esa vkus ls ikjaifjd Hkhy lkaLÑfrd dBeSukA
çFkkvksa] Hkk"kkvksa vkSj Kku dk {kj.k gks ldrk gSA tula[;k vkadM+s
z tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj i;kZoj.kh; Hks|rk% tyok;q z Hkkjr dh 2011 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj cSxk tutkfr dh
ifjorZu Hkhy tSls Lons'kh leqnk;ksa ij çfrdwy çHkko Mky la[;k gS¾ 17]387 O;fÙkQA
ldrk gS] tks vDlj viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k vkSj
•srh osQ rjhosQ vkSj çÑfr osQ çfr lEeku
çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA
z cSxk tutkfr ou {ks=kksa esa LFkkukarj.k •srh djrh gSA
z ekuo rLdjh vkSj 'kks"k.k% oqQN Hkhy leqnk;] fo'ks"k :i
z os çÑfr dk lEeku djrs gq, /jrh dh tqrkbZ djus ls cprs
ls detksj ifjfLFkfr;ksa okys] ekuo rLdjh vkSj 'kks"k.k dk
gSa] mudk ekuuk gS fd ¶i`Foh ekrk¸ osQ ckj&ckj mi;ksx
f'kdkj gks ldrs gSaA ls mUgsa uqdlku gksxkA
cSxk tutkfr z ;g n`f"Vdks.k] csoj ;k ^nfg;k* •srh osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA tks vkØkedrk osQ ctk; J¼k dh xgjh Hkkouk ls
mRiUu gksrk gSA
z mudh v/Z •kukcnks'k thou'kSyh vkSj •srh osQ rjhdksa
dks ouksa dh dVkbZ osQ foijhr] laj{k.k çFkkvksa osQ :i esa
ekuk x;k gSA
ikjaifjd thou 'kSyh vkSj O;olk;
z cSxk •qn dks taxy osQ yksxksa osQ :i esa ns•rs gSa vkSj
thfodk osQ fy, ou lalk/uksa ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA
z muosQ ikl ,d oqQ'ky ydM+gkjk vkSj f'kdkjh gksus dk
ifjp;
bfrgklA
z cSxk tutkfr Hkkjr osQ eè; çns'k esa çeq• Lons'kh leqnk;ksa
z nwljksa osQ fy, Je djus esa vfuPNqd gksdj] os taxy dh
esa ls ,d gSA mit ij thou ;kiu djrs gSa vkSj 'kkjhfjd Je dks viuh
z muosQ ikl ,d vuks•kiu gS& lkaLÑfrd fojklr] fof'k"V xfjek ls uhps ekurs gSaA
ijaijk,¡] vkSj {ks=k esa taxyksa vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ls
?kfu"B laca/A
lkekftd vyxko vkSj çFkk,¡
z cSxk tutkfr osQ ikl xksaMksa dh rjg vU; tutkrh; lewg
HkkSxksfyd forj.k osQ lkFk Hkh U;wure laidZ gSA
z cSxk tutkfr dks ikaMk uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tks eè; z muosQ leqnk; esa vU; tutkfr;ksa osQ lkFk esy&tksy vijk/
Hkkjr esa ik;k tkus okyk ,d tkrh; lewg gSA ekuk tkrk gSA

z ifjokj esa fdlh dh e`R;q osQ ckn] os ?kj NksM+ nsrs gSa vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj laj{k.k ç;kl
,d u;k ?kj cukrs gSaA z 1960 osQ n'kd ls] cSxk tutkfr dks tcju csn•yh dk
cSxk tutkfr osQ R;kSgkj lkeuk djuk iM+k gS] ftls vDlj laj{k.k mís';ksa osQ fy,
z djek vkSj ljgqy nks eq[; R;kSgkj] >kj•aM dh cSxk mfpr Bgjk;k tkrk gS] ysfdu muosQ leqnk;ksa osQ fy,
tutkfr }kjk euk;k tkrk gSA ljgqy olar ½rq osQ nkSjku gkfudkjd gksrk gSA
euk;k tkrk gS tc 'kky isM+ ij u;s iÙks vkrs gSaA z ;s fu"dklu muosQ thou osQ rjhosQ dks ckf/r djrs gSa vkSj
z djek ioZ Ñf"k dk ioZ gS] vkSj >kj•aM] eè; çns'k vkSj mudh HkykbZ ij udkjkRed çHkko Mkyrs gSaA
fcgkj dh cSxk tutkfr osQ lkFk&lkFk vU; yksxksa osQ fy, z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] mudh •srh ;ksX; Hkwfe ij mPp tkfr
Hkh cgqr ifo=k gSA leqnk;ksa }kjk vfrØe.k osQ lkFk Hkh la?k"kZ gqvk gSA
z jkl uok R;ksgkj] gj 9 lky esa euk;k tkrk gSA
Hkwfe LokfeRo vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj
cSxk tutkfr dk /eZ z vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij] vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; jkT; vkfnoklh Hkwfe
z fca>okj mitkfr ekuh tkrh gSA dh •jhn ij çfrca/ yxkrs gSa] ysfdu fupys ç'kklfud
z BkoqQj nso muosQ LFkkuh; nsork gSaA Lrj ij vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk Hkz"V vkpj.k ls Hkwfe LokfeRo esa
z blosQ vykok] vusd fganw nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk cSxk cnyko gks ldrk gSA
yksxksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA dksjdw tutkfr
jgL;e; cSxk tutkfr;ksa dk u`R; vkSj laxhr
z /kfeZd R;kSgkjksa vkSj lekjksgksa] tUe] fookg vkSj e`R;q ls
ysdj thou dh çR;sd ?kVuk laxhr vkSj u`R; esa 'kkfey
gksus dk ,d volj gSA
z cSxk vius u`R; vkSj xk;u osQ fy, Mªe] ckalqjh vkSj vU;
ok|;a=kksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSaA
z cSxkvksa osQ u`R; :iksa esa rkiM+h] jhuk] lSyk ;k n'kgjk
vkSj nwljs vU; 'kkfey gSaA
z dekZ] cSxk tutkfr osQ lHkh u`R; dh tuuh gSA
ifjp; vkSj HkkSxksfyd forj.k
xksnuk ijaijk z dksjdw tutkfr eè; çns'k dk ,d çeq• tkrh; lewg gS]
tks eq[; :i ls gks'kaxkckn] cSrwy] fNanokM+k] gjnk]
iwohZ fuekM+] •jxksu] gjlwn (•aMok)] cqjgkuiqj lfgr
fofHkUu ftyksa esa fuokl djrh gSA
vFkZ vkSj mRifÙk
z ¶dksjdw¸ 'kCn dk vFkZ crk;k x;k gS ¶iq#"kksa dk lewgA¸
z dksjdw tutkfr eqaMk ;k dksysfj;u tutkfr dh 'kk•k
z cSxk efgyk,a vius tfVy xqnus osQ fy, tkuh tkrh gSa!
ekuh tkrh gSA
z xksnuk mudh laLÑfr dh ,d fof'k"V fo'ks"krk gSA
z cSxkvksa esa xqnuk (VSVw) dykdkj vks>k] cnuh vkSj nsokj mi&tkfr
vkfn tutkfr;ksa ls lacaf/r gSa ftudks xks/fju dgk tkrk gSA z dksjdw dks vDlj jktiwr ewy dk ekuk tkrk gSA
z xksnuk dk Kku ijaijkxr :i ls eka ls csfV;ksa dks fn;k z mudh pkj eq[; mitkfr;k¡ gSa % iFkfj;k] :ek] ckscbZ
tkrk gSA vkSj nqyfj;kA

HkkSfrd mifLFkfr nsork vkSj iwtk
z dksjdw lkekU;r% 'kkjhfjd :i ls etcwr gksrs gSa vkSj z os paæek] egknso (Hkxoku f'ko)] nksxaM nsork] eqnkZ
mudk jax lkaoyk gSA nso vkSj es?kukn dh nsorkvksa dh rjg iwtk djrs gSaA
z mudh 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krkvksa esa pkSM+h ukd vkSj gksaB] my>s z dkys tknw esa fo'okl] ftls ¶Vksuk VksVdk¸ osQ uke ls tkuk
gq, cky] dkyh vk¡•sa vkSj NksVk dn 'kkfey gSaA tkrk gS] muesa ekStwn gSA
lkekftd lajpuk vkSj çFkk,¡ vkfFkZd fØ;kdyki
z dksjdw lekt iq#"k&ç/ku lajpuk dk ikyu djrk gS tgka z Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gS vkSj ¶>we •srh¸ (LFkkukarj.k dh •srh)
iq#"k ifjokj vkSj lekt nksuksa esa çeq• Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA djrs gSaA
z ,d vR;f/d lEekfur iq#"k dks ¶ifM;kj vkSj Hkwfe;k¡ z ou mRikn ,d=k] tkuojksa dk f'kdkj] eRL; ikyu vkSj
(iqjksfgr)¸ osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA i'kqikyu Hkh djrs gSaA
varxkZs=k (leku xks=k) fookg fuf"k¼ gSA
z
vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
z nqYgusa nwYgs }kjk •jhnh tkrh gSaA
z xjhch] Hkq•ejh] oqQiks"k.k] lkgwdkjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa }kjk
z flMksyh izFkk dksjdw turkfr dk e`rd laLdkj gSA cM+s iSekus ij 'kks"k.k osQ fy, tkuk tkus okyk ;g leqnk;
fookg ç.kkfy;k¡ vkaf'kd :i ls •jkc çkÑfrd lalk/u vk/kjksa osQ dkj.k
z dksjdw tutkfr fofHkUu fookg ç.kkfy;ksa dk ikyu djrh nSfud thou esa dbZ lkekftd&vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
gS ftuesa 'kkfey gSa% djrk gSA
(a) yetuk ;k yelsuk% nkekn fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa z vkfFkZd :i ls detksj vkSj Hkkjr dh lcls fiNM+h vkSj
llqj osQ lkFk jgrk gSA xjhc tutkfr;ksa esa ls ,dA
(b) jkth ckth% çse fookgA lgfj;k tutkfr
(c) fo/ok fookgA
(d) gB fookgA
diM+s vkSj vkHkw"k.k

z iq#"k /ksrh] caMh (cfu;ku)] vkSj flj dk rkSfy;k
(vaxksNk) igurs gSaA
z efgyk ifj/ku ygaxk vkSj pksyhA
z efgykvksa dks vkHkw"k.k iguus dk 'kkSd gksrk gSA
vkgkj ,oa Hkkstu
z igkM+h bykdksa esa jgus osQ dkj.k budk vkgkj gksrk gS
cktjk] oqQVdh] eDdk] vkSj Tokj (cktjk)A ifjp; vkSj HkkSxksfyd forj.k
z ¶ypdk¸ ,d v/ZBksl Hkkstu gS ftldk lsou mudk isV
z lgfj;k tutkfr eè; çns'k dk ,d tkrh; lewg gSA
Hkjus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
z os eqjSuk] ';ksiqj] fHkaM] Xokfy;j] nfr;k] f'koiqjh]
vkokl fofn'kk vkSj xquk vkSj jktLFkku osQ ckjka ftys esa fuokl
z ?kj ,d&nwljs osQ vkeus&lkeus ,d ykbu esa cuk, tkrs gSaA djrs gSaA
z ckal] ydM+h] feêðh vkSj ?kkl dk mi;ksx dj edkuksa dk z mÙkjh eè; çns'k osQ Xokfy;j vkSj pacy {ks=k esa yxHkx
fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA 3-5 yk• lgfj;k fuokl djrs gSaA
R;kSgkj vkSj /kfeZd çFkk,¡ uke mRifÙk
z fganw /eZ ls çHkkfor gksdj os iksyk] nso n'kgjk] fnokyh] z vjch 'kCn ^lsgjk* ;k ^taxy*] ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd
eè; n'kgjk vkSj gksyh tSls R;kSgkj eukrs gSaA ¶lgfj;k¸ uke dh mRifÙk blh ls gqbZ gSA

z mUgsa ^lgj* uke fn;k x;k (ftldk vFkZ gS ^taxy*)A z os êdj lØkafr]* ^lkouh vekoL;k*] ^tUek"Veh^] ^j{kk
eqfLye 'kkldksa }kjk] ^lgfj;k* 'kCn dk çpyu gqvk] tks ca/u*] ^fnokyh*] ^gksyh*] vkSj ^rstk n'keh* tSls R;kSgkj
taxy osQ fuokfl;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA eukrs gSaA
,sfrgkfld le>kSrk lgfj;k Lokax u`R;

z ekuk tkrk gS fd lgfj;k jktLFkku esa lcls igys clus z lgfj;k] eè; çns'k vkSj jktLFkku dk ,d tkrh; lewg]
okyksa esa ls ,d FksA vius lkaLÑfrd u`R; osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS ftls ¶lgfj;k
Lokax¸ dgk tkrk gSA
z eqfLye 'kkldksa us mUgsa taxy esa jgrs gq, ik;k vkSj rnuqlkj
mudk ukedj.k fd;kA z lgfj;k Lokax ,d fganw R;kSgkj gksyh osQ eghus esa fd;k tkus
okyk ,d egRoiw.kZ u`R; gSA
z tutkfr dh mRifÙk osQ ckjs esa ,sfrgkfld fooj.k lhfer gSaA
z urZd eaMfy;k¡ cukrs gSa vkSj çn'kZu djus osQ fy, ,d xk¡o
lekt vkSj thou'kSyh ls nwljs xk¡o dh ;k=kk djrs gSaA
z lgfj;k vke rkSj ij vyx&vyx cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gSa ftUgsa z u`R; dk ;g :i ,d lkeqnkf;d xfrfof/ gS tks lgfj;k
xk¡o esa ¶lgjkuk¸ dgk tkrk gSA leqnk; osQ lnL;ksa dks ,d lkFk ykrk gSA
z os fganw /eZ dk vuqlj.k vkSj vkpj.k djrs gSa] vkSj ok|;a=k vkSj laxhr
gM+ksrh ls çHkkfor cksyh cksyrs gSaA z lgfj;k Lokax ikjaifjd laxhr ok|;a=kksa dh y;c¼ rky ij
z eq[; vkthfodk xfrfof/;ksa esa rsanw iÙks] 'kgn] iQy vkSj çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
lfCt;k¡] taxy dh ydM+h] xksan bdêòk djuk vkSj cspuk z <ksy (Mªe)] ukxjh (,d çdkj dk Mªe)] vkSj eVdh
'kkfey gSA (feêðh dk crZu) tSls midj.k vkerkSj ij u`R; osQ
z oqQN lgfj;k cls gq, Ñ"kd gSa] tcfd vU; Hkwfeghu etnwj fy, laxhre; i`"BHkwfe çnku djus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
vkSj ou mit bdêòk djus okys gSaA tkrk gSA
z os NksVs ifjokjksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj fookg vkerkSj ij 15 lky
dh mez osQ ckn gksrh gSA
z lqlaxr fookg vkSj esyksa esa vk;ksftr lekjksg fookg
'kkfey gSaA
z xk¡o osQ eqf•;k dks dksroky dgrs gSaA
Hkkstu
z lgfj;k ekSleh ou iQyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dk lsou djrs gSa
ftUgsa ^danewy* dgk tkrk gSA
z os ^lsatuk*] îQkax*] ^fcpksfV;k*] ^dUuk*] ^calh*]
^pjsFkk*] vkfn tSlh lfCt;ka •krs gSaA f'k{kk
z os taxyksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh ,d fo'ks"k ?kkl dk cht z lgfj;k vkfnoklh esa lk{kjrk nj cgqr de (osQoy 3&4
^lkok* dk lsou Hkh djrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx vkVk] pikrh çfr'kr osQ lkFk) gSA
vkSj fofHkUu O;atu cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA z mudh f'k{kk esa lq/kj osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj dh vksj ls
R;kSgkj ç;kl tkjh gSaA
z lgfj;k tutkfr fganw /eZ dk ikyu djrh gS vkSj lgfj;k tutkfr dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;k¡
nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrh gSA z lgfj;k vkfnokfl;ksa dh çkFkfed vkfFkZd xfrfof/ Ñf"k gSA
z nsoh&nsork& ^rstkth*] ^/kdM+ ckck*] ^nsoh nqxkZ*] ^Hkxoku z os vius •srksa esa •srh djrs gSa ;k nwljksa osQ •srksa ij
guqeku*] ^ykyckbZ*] vkSj ^cstklu*A •sfrgj etnwj osQ :i esa dke djrs gSaA

z lgfj;k viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, 'kgjh cktkjksa esa cspus osQ z bl tutkfr dks dksysfj;u vkSj HkqaMkjh tutkfr osQ uke ls
fy, fofHkUu çdkj osQ ouksit dk laxzg djrs gSaA Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
z taxy esa ik;k tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;k¡] tM+sa] iQy vkSj HkkSxksfyd forj.k
vU; lalk/u bu mRiknksa esa 'kkfey gSaA z dksy tutkfr Hkkjr Hkj osQ dbZ jkT;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS]
z eNyh idM+uk& ;g lgfj;k tutkfr osQ fy, vkthfodk ftuesa 'kkfey gSa%
dk ,d vU; lzksr gSA eè; çns'k
z os eNyh idM+us dh xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu gSa] tks mudh fcgkj

vkfFkZd vkthfodk esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA mÙkj çns'k
z lgfj;k ou lalk/uksa ij fuHkZj gSa tSls danewy (taxyh •kus NÙkhlx<

;ksX; dan) vkSj iQky (taxyh iQy)A vle
z bu lalk/uksa dks taxy ls ,d=k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj budk z eè; çns'k esa] os tSls ftyksa esa ekStwn gSa& lruk] jhok]
mi;ksx thfodk vkSj vk; l`tu nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k lh/h] flaxjksyh vkSj tcyiqjA
tkrk gSA
mi&tkfr
z lgfj;k vkfnokfl;ksa dks taxy ls vkS"k/h; tM+h&cwfV;ksa dh
z eè; çns'k dh vU; tutkfr;ksa dh rjg dksy tutkfr esa
igpku djus vkSj mUgsa bdêòk djus esa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly gSA
Hkh fofHkUu mitkfr;k¡ gSa%
z os tM+h&cwfV;k¡ bdêòk djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa cktkjksa esa csprs gSa]
jsofj;k] jkSrsys
ftlls mudh vkfFkZd HkykbZ esa ;ksxnku gksrk gSA
jkSfr;k
z 'kgn laxzg djuk lgfj;k leqnk; dk ,d vkSj dkS'ky gSA
BkoqQj
z os taxy esa e/qefD•;ksa osQ NÙks ls 'kgn bdêòk djrs gSa eksuklh
vkSj mls cspdj vk; vftZr djrs gSaA
pkSjks
dksy tutkfr lkekftd laLFkk

z dksy tutkfr viuh iapk;r LFkkfir djrh gS] ftls
¶xksfg;k¸ dgk tkrk gSA
z iapk;r osQ eqf•;k osQ ikl ¶pkS/jh¸ dh mikf/ gksrh gSA
z tutkfr ijaijkxr :i ls lapkj osQ fy, eqaMk eqgkojs dk
mi;ksx djrh Fkh] ysfdu vc os ck?ksyh cksyh dk mi;ksx
djrs gSaA
e`R;q vuq"Bku
z fdlh vkfnoklh dh e`R;q ij dksy tutkfr nkg&laLdkj
djrh gSA
z muosQ ikl tykus dh fof/ ls tqM+s fof'k"V vuq"Bku gSA
ifjp; ,oa ,sfrgkfld egRo thoulkFkh laca/ ç.kkyh
z dksy tutkfr dks Hkkjr dh lcls iqjkuh tutkfr;ksa esa ls z efgykvksa osQ fy, fookg ;ksX; vk;q yxHkx 15&16 o"kZ
,d ekuk tkrk gS] ;gka rd fd dksykfj;u ;k eqaMk lewg gS] tcfd iq#"kksa osQ fy, ;g 17&18 o"kZ gSA
ls Hkh igysA z tutkfr esa fofHkUu fookg ç.kkfy;k¡ gSa] ftuesa 'kkfey gSa%
z dksy vkSj fdjr dk mYys• ½Xosn vkSj iqjk.kksa esa feyrk eaxuh fookg
gS] ½Xosn esa mUgsa ¶dksYgkVh¸ osQ :i esa lacksf/r fd;k jkth ckth
x;k gSA fo/ok iqufoZokg

z buesa eaxuh fookg dks vf/d ilan fd;k tkrk gSA u`R;&dksYMgdk u`R;
O;olk; ,oa vkthfodk z ¶dksYMgdk¸ u`R; Hkkjr osQ ,d egRoiw.kZ tkrh; lewg
dksy tutkfr dk ,d çfl¼ ikjaifjd u`R; gSA
z Ñf"k dksy tutkfr dk çkFkfed O;olk; gSA
z ;g u`R; dksy leqnk; osQ Hkhrj lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd
z os thfodk osQ fy, i'kqikyu esa Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA egRo j•rk gSA
z dbZ dksy O;fÙkQ Hkwfeghu gSa vkSj viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, z dksYMgdk u`R; fofHkUu mRlo osQ voljksa] lkeqnkf;d
ou mRiknksa ij vf/d fuHkZj gSaA lekjksgksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa osQ nkSjku fd;k tkrk gSA
z os thfodksiktZu osQ fy, ou mRikn ,d=k djrs vkSj z ;g tutkfr dh lkaLÑfrd igpku] fojklr vkSj ,drk dh
csprs gSA Hkkouk dks n'kkZrk gSA
jgus dh O;oLFkk vkthfodk pqukSfr;k¡
z dksy yksx xk¡oksa osQ fudV lewg esa jguk ilan djrs gSaA z ou mRiknksa ij fuHkZjrk% thfodk osQ fy, ou mRiknksa ij
fuHkZj dksy tutkfr dks cnyrh ou uhfr;ksa] igqap çfrca/ksa
z bu lewgksa dks ¶dksYgku Vksyk¸ vkSj iwjs xkao dks ¶dksYgku¸
vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fxjkoV ls lacaf/r pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
dgk tkrk gSA djrh gSA
z gky gh eè;çns'k ljdkj }kjk jhok ftys osQ R;ksFkj rg'khy z vkfFkZd Hks|rk% fofo/ vkthfodk fodYiksa vkSj f'k{kk
es rel unh osQ fdukjs (dksyx<+h) dh LFkkiuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh deh dksy tutkfr dks vkfFkZd :i ls detksj cuk
dh gSA ldrh gS] ftlls mudh lexz lkekftd&vkfFkZd HkykbZ
çHkkfor gks ldrh gSA
iks'kkd
z dksy uj vkerkSj ij /ksrh] oqQrkZ vkSj lkiQk (Vksih) mjk¡o tutkfr
igurs gSaA
z efgyk,a ikjaifjd ifj/ku /ksrh vkSj caMh igurh gSaA
z tutkfr dh efgykvksa dks vkHkw"k.kksa dk 'kkSd gksrk gSA
/kfeZd fo'okl
z dksy tutkfr fganw laLÑfr vkSj fofHkUu fganw R;kSgkjksa
dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA
z os vkfnoklh nsoh&nsorkvksa nwYgk nso vkSj cSje nso dh Hkh
iwtk djrs gSaA
z mudk Hkwr&çsr vkSj tknw&Vksuk esa n`<+ fo'okl gSA
ifjp;
R;kSgkj
z mjk¡o tutkfr] oqQ#• ;k oqQ#•&lsBh osQ uke ls Hkh tkuh
z dksy tutkfr fofHkUu fganw R;kSgkj eukrh gS% tkrh gSA ,d Lons'kh tkrh; lewg gS tks eq[; :i ls eè;
gfj;kyh vekoL;k çns'k jkT; lfgr Hkkjr osQ eè; vkSj iwohZ fgLlksa esa ik;k
rht tkrk gSA ;gka vksjkao tutkfr ls lacaf/r fofHkUu igyqvksa
dk voyksdu fn;k x;k gS%
uojkf=k
z mjk¡o tutkfr cM+k æfoM+ tkrh; lewg gS] vkSj Hkkjr osQ
n'kgjk çeq• vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
fnokyh z mudh viuh vuwBh lkaLÑfrd çFkk,a] Hkk"kk vkSj ijaijk,a gSa
gksyh tks mUgsa vU; leqnk;ksa ls vyx djrh gSaA

HkkSxksfyd LFkku u`R;
z jkT;ksa >kj•aM] NÙkhlx<+] fcgkj] if'pe caxky] z >wej% fofHkUu voljksa osQ nkSjku fd;k tkus okyk ,d
vksfM'kk vkSj eè; çns'k osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa Hkh esa mjk¡o vkuane; u`R;] vDlj Mªe vkSj ckalqjh tSls ikjaifjd
tutkfr dh egRoiw.kZ mifLFkfr gSA ok|;a=kksa osQ lkFkA
z eè; çns'k esa] os eq[; :i ls 'kgMksy] vuwiiqj] lh/h] z Ngw% ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa vkSj yksddFkkvksa dh dgkfu;ksa dks
,aM flaxjkSyh tSls {ks=kksa esa fuokl djrs gSaA n'kkZus okyk ,d ikjaifjd udkciks'k u`R;A
dyk vkSj f'kYi
Hkk"kk
z mjk¡o dkjhxj tfVy ckal vkSj csar osQ dke] feêðh osQ crZu]
z vksjk¡o yksx eq[;r% oqQ#• Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa] tks æfoM+ Hkk"kk isafVax vkSj ikjaifjd xgus lfgr dyk vkSj f'kYi osQ fofHkUu
ifjokj ls lacaf/r gSA :iksa dks cukus esa oqQ'ky gSaA
z gkyk¡fd] fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd dkjdksa vkSj 'kgjhdj.k z os vDlj vius vkl&ikl ik, tkus okyh çkÑfrd lkefxz;ksa
osQ dkj.k] ;qok ih<+h rsth ls {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fganh dh dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
vksj LFkkukarfjr gks jgh gSA jhfr&fjokt vkSj laLÑfr
/eZ z mjk¡o lekt ,d vkfnoklh ifj"kn osQ bnZ&fxnZ laxfBr gS
ftls ¶iapk;r¸ osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tks fooknksa dks
z vf/dka'k mjk¡o yksx ljukokn ;k ljuk /eZ dk ikyu
lqy>kus vkSj lkekftd lkSgknZ cuk, j•us esa egRoiw.kZ
djrs gSa tks ltho vkLFkk çÑfr] iwoZtksa vkSj vkRekvksa dk Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
lEeku djrk gSA z dchys cfgfoZokg& vksjkao osQ chp ;g ,d vke çFkk
z os çkÑfrd rRoksa ls tqM+s fofHkUu nsorkvksa taxy] ufn;k¡] gS] tgka O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vius xks=k osQ ckgj fookg djuk
igkM+ vkSj •xksyh; fiaM vkSj vkRekvksa esa fo'okl djrs vko';d gksrk gSA
gSaA z ikjaifjd ifj/kuksa esa d<+kbZ vkSj euosQ ls lts jaxhu ifj/ku
'kkfey gSaA
R;kSgkj
is'kk
z ljgqy% ;g lky o`{k osQ lEeku esa euk;k tkus okyk ,d
z mjk¡o tutkfr dk ikjaifjd O;olk; fo'ks"kdj LFkkukarj.k
çeq• R;kSgkj gSA ;g u, lky dh 'kq#vkr dk çrhd gS
dh •srh (ftls ¶>we¸ ;k ¶dkVdj tykvks¸ •srh osQ
vkSj blesa lky o`{k dh iwtk] ikjaifjd u`R; vkSj lkeqnkf;d :i esa tkuk tkrk gS) jgk gSA
nkor 'kkfey gSA z os f'kdkj djuk] ydM+h bdêòk djuk vkSj eNyh
z dekZ% 'kjn ½rq osQ nkSjku euk;k tkus okyk djek nsork idM+uk tSlh xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkh layXu jgrs gSaA
djek dh iwtk dks lefiZr R;kSgkj gSA bl R;kSgkj osQ nkSjku lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr
yksx ikjaifjd /quksa ij xkrs vkSj u`R; djrs gSaA z mjk¡o tutkfr dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa fiNys
oqQN o"kks± esa 'kgjhdj.k] vk/qfudhdj.k] vkSj ljdkjh
uhfr;ka vkfn dkjdksa osQ dkj.k ifjorZu ns•k x;k gSA
z dbZ yksx ikjaifjd O;olk;ksa ls nwj pys x, gSa vkSj vc
etnwjh] NksVs O;olk; vkSj vU; vkthfodk xfrfof/;k¡
esa yxs gq, gSaA
z mjk¡o tutkfr dks Hkwfe vf/dkj] fodkl ifj;kstukvksa osQ
dkj.k foLFkkiu] xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky
rd igqap dk vHkko vkfn ls lacaf/r pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+k gSA

z fofHkUu fodkl dk;ZØeksa vkSj igyksa osQ ekè;e ls vksjkao z ;g tutkfr ngst çFkk dk ikyu djrh gS] tgka nwYgs dk
tutkfr dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks Åij mBkus osQ ifjokj fookg osQ nkSjku nqYgu osQ ifjokj dks ,d jkf'k dk
fy, ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa nksuksa }kjk ç;kl Hkqxrku djrk gSA
fd, x, gSaA z fo/ok iqufoZokg& vxfj;k tutkfr esa Hkh bldk çpyu
gSA
vxfj;k tutkfr
fookg dh ç.kkyh
z vxfj;k yksx xks=k O;oLFkk dk ikyu djrs gSa] tgka ,d
gh xks=k (dchys) esa fookg dh vuqefr ugha gSA
z ;g çFkk djhch fj'rsnkjksa osQ chp fookg dks jksdus esa enn
djrh gS vkSj leqnk; osQ Hkhrj vkuqoaf'kd fofo/rk cuk,
j•rh gSA
z mUgksaus fookg dh pkj eq[; ç.kkfy;k¡ viukbZ gSa% jkthckth]
iSFkqy] eaxuh vkSj mnkfy;kA
z çR;sd ç.kkyh esa fof'k"V jhfr&fjokt vkSj vuq"Bku 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA
mRifÙk
z vxfj;k tutkfr dks xksaM tkfr dh mi tutkfr ekuk /kfeZd fo'okl
tkrk gSA z vxfj;k yksxksa dh /kfeZd ekU;rk,¡ fofo/ gSa vkSj os fofHkUu
nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs gSaA
z ¶vxfj;k¸ uke fganh 'kCn ¶vkx¸ ls fy;k x;k gS]
z os ftu nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs gSa muesa oqQN 'kkfey gSa
ftldk vFkZ gS vfXuA nwYgk nso] cw<+k nso] yksgklj] BkoqQj nso] c<+;k nso]
z ;g uke yksgs dks xykus vkSj bl çfØ;k esa ç;qÙkQ Hkfêð;ksa 'khrykekrk vkSj ?kqjykikVA
ls muosQ tqM+ko dks n'kkZrk gSA os viuh ykSg v;Ld dks
R;kSgkj
fi?kykdj midj.k cukus esa fo'ks"kKrk fy, tkus tkrs gSaA
z vxfj;k tutkfr dbZ R;kSgkj eukrh gS tks muosQ fy,
HkkSxksfyd forj.k lkaLÑfrd vkSj /kfeZd egRo j•rs gSa%
uok•kuh
z vxfj;k tutkfr eq[;r% bu ftyksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS&
n'kgjk
ckyk?kkV] lh/h] 'kgMksy] eaMyk vkSj fMaMksjhA
fnokyh
HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,sa gksyh
z vxfj;k O;fÙkQ;ksa dh vkerkSj ij dkyh Ropk vkSj cky dekZ iwtk] vkSj vU;A
gksrk gSA muosQ psgjs vDlj pkSM+s vkSj ukd piVh gksrh gSA
u`R;
lkekftd fo'ks"krk,¡
z vxfj;k efgyk,a ikfjokfjd ekeyksa osQ çca/u esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkrha gSa vkSj fofHkUu lkekftd vkSj /kfeZd
dk;ks± esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA
z os Ñf"k xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa] tSls •srksa ij dke djuk]
tykÅ ydM+h bdêòk djuk] ihus dk ikuh ykuk vkSj z u`R; vxfj;k ijaijk vkSj laLÑfr dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA os
?kjsyw dke&dkt laHkkyukA R;kSgkjksa vkSj vU; voljksa ij fofHkUu u`R; djrs gSaA
z vxfj;k ,diRuhRo dk ikyu djrs gSa] ysfdu muosQ z vxfj;k tutkfr }kjk fd;s tkus okys oqQN ikjaifjd u`R;ksa
lkaLÑfrd <kaps osQ Hkhrj cgqfookg dh vuqefr gSA esa 'kkfey gSa%

dekZ ifjp;@bfrgkl
lSyk z ifudk tutkfr 'kgMksy ftyk esa fuokl djrh gSA
lqvk gkfnZyh z ;s eè; çns'k] eè; Hkkjr] eSdy ioZr ls ,sfrgkfld laca/
fcyek vkSj xksaM yksxksa osQ lkFk lacaf/r gSA
nnfj;k z mudh mRifÙk vfuf'pr gS] oqQN lzksr æfoM+ fojklr dk
lq>ko nsrs gSaA
/eZ ,oa laLÑfr
z vxfj;k tutkfr dh ,d fof'k"V /kfeZd fo'okl ç.kkyh
tutkfr osQ vkarfjd foHkktu
gSA buosQ çeq• nsork gSa yksgklqjA budk okl tyrh Hkfêð;ksa z ifudk tutkfr nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS% dchjiaFkh vkSj
esa ekuk tkrk gSA Hkêðh yksgk xykus osQ fy, mi;ksx dh 'kkÙkQA
tkrh gSA z dchjiaFkh% os 'kjkc vkSj ekal ls nwj jgus dh lar dchj
z vius nsork dks çlkn osQ :i esa] vxfj;k yksx dkys eqxZs dh f'k{kkvksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA os ifo=krk vkSj vPNs
vkpj.k ij tksj nsrs gSaA
dh cfy p<+krs gSaA
z lkÙkQ% vf/d tutkrh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks çnf'kZr djrs gq,]
z mM+n dh nky (,d çdkj dh nky) mudh laLÑfr esa
mudh ikjaifjd thou'kSyh gS vkSj os f'kdkj] laxzg vkSj
fo'ks"k egRo j•rh gS vkSj bls ,d ifo=k çrhd ekuk tkrk
cqukbZ esa layXu gSaA
gSA os bls nqYgu dh dher osQ :i esa is'k djrs gSa vkSj
vU; mís';ksa osQ vykok esgekuksa osQ Lokxr osQ fy, bldk thou 'kSyh
mi;ksx djrs gSaA z eSdy ioZr mudks fuokl LFkku çnku djrs gSa] ftuesa
z lqvj dk ek¡l vxfj;k yksxksa dk ilanhnk Hkkstu gSA mitkÅ unh ?kkfV;k¡ Ñf"k dk leFkZu djrh gSaA
z os viuh ewy vxfj;k Hkk"kk osQ lkFk fganh vkSj NÙkhlx<+h z dchjiaFkh% •srh esa layXu& pkoy] xsgwa] puk] Tokj] eDdk]
tSlh Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx djosQ laokn djrs gSaA fry vkSj ljlksa tSlh iQlysa vkSj dbZ vkSj O;olk;ksa esa
mRÑ"Vrk j•rs gSaA
vkfFkZd fo'ks"krk,¡ z lkÙkQ% f'kdkj] laxzg.k vkSj cqukbZ ij Hkjkslk djrs gSa]
z vxfj;k tutkfr dh çkFkfed vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gkyk¡fd e'khu ls cuk diM+k muosQ O;kikj dks çHkkfor
gSa& yksgk xykuk] vkStkj cukuk vkSj •uu djukA djrk gSA
z os jkstejkZ dh ftanxh esa bLrseky gksus okys midj.k vkSj z os vU; tutkfr;ksa osQ lkFk cgq&tkrh; xkaoksa esa jgrs
oLrq,a cukus osQ fy, ykSg v;Ld dks fi?kykus esa oqQ'ky gSaA gSa] oSokfgd jhfr&fjoktksa osQ lkFk ,d gh lewg osQ Hkhrj
z •uu xfrfof/;ksa esa layXu gksus ls mudh vkthfodk esa feyu ij jksd gSA
Hkh ;ksxnku gksrk gSA ekU;rk,¡ vkSj çFkk,¡
ifudk tutkfr z fgUnw /eZ% 12oha 'krkCnh esa igpkuh xbZ ifudk tutkfr
fofHkUurkvksa osQ lkFk fganw /eZ dk ikyu djrh gSaA
z dchjiaFkh% ckgjh vuq"Bkuksa] ewfrZ iwtk vkSj tkfr Hksn dks
vLohdkj dj 'kq¼rk] ifo=krk vkSj ln~xq.kksa ij è;ku ij
tksj nsars gSaA dchj dh f'k{kkvksa okys ifo=k xzaFk i<+rs gSaA
z lkÙkQ% vuq"Bkuksa ij ikjaifjd è;ku cuk, j•rs gq, xzke
nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs gSaA
lkaLÑfrd çFkk,a
z fookg% ,d gh lewg esa fookg dk fu"ks/A yM+fd;ksa osQ
;kSou rd igq¡pus ls igys gh fookg gks tkrs gSaA

z dyk vkSj f'kYi% diM+k cqukbZ esa oqQ'ky] e'khu ls cuk HkkSxksfyd forj.k
diM+k bl O;kikj dks pqukSrh nsrk gSA z ikj/h tutkfr eq[; :i ls eè; çns'k osQ eè; {ks=k] fo'ks"k
z lkeqnkf;d laxBu% ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa osQ uke ij lewgksa :i ls Hkksiky] jk;lsu] v'kksduxj] xquk vkSj lhgksj ftyksa
esa laxfBr fd;k x;kA esa fuokl djrh gSA
cqukbZ laLÑfr mi&tutkfr;k¡
z ifudk tutkfr fof'k"V cqukbZ laLÑfr fy, tkuh tkrh z ikj/h tutkfr dks vkxs foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS vkB
gS] tks mudh ikjaifjd çFkkvksa dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA mi&tutkfr;ka] çR;sd dh viuh vyx igpku vkSj
z cqukbZ ifudk leqnk; osQ Hkhrj lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
vkSj vkfFkZd egRo j•rh gSA z buesa ls oqQN mi&tutkfr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa iQkal&ikj/h]
phrk&ikj/h] Hkhy&ikj/h] yaxksVh&ikj/h] xkSlkbZ&ikj/h]
lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyw
vkSj dkjhxj&ikj/hA
z is'kk% dchjiaFkh •srh] i'kqikyu] O;olk; vkSj f'k{k.k esa
layXu gSaA lÙkQk f'kdkj] laxzg.k vkSj cqukbZ ij fuHkZj gSaA lkaLÑfrd çHkko
z vkfFkZd fodkl% oqQN ifudk cktkj osQ voljksa dk ykHk z ikj/h tutkfr dh laLÑfr fofHkUu leqnk;ksa tSls fd çHkko
mBkrs gq, O;olk; vkSj O;kikj esa 'kkfey gSaA fn•krh gS ejkBh] xqtjkrh vkSj jktiwrA
z ;s çHkko laHkor% mudh lkaLÑfrd çFkkvksa dh fofo/rk
ikj/h tutkfr vkSj le`f¼ esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
/kfeZd fo'okl
z ;g tutkfr nsoh dh iwtk djrh gS ikj/h nsoh] tks mudh
lkaLÑfrd vkSj /kfeZd tM+ksa ls ,d etcwr laca/ dk
laosQr nsrk gSA
z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] os Hkxoku egknso osQ çfr J¼k j•rs gSa]
ftuosQ ckjs esa ekuk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus mUgsa f'kdkj dh
dyk fl•kbZ FkhA
vkfFkZd vkthfodk
z f'kdkj djuk ikj/h tutkfr dk eq[; O;olk; gSA
uke dh mRifÙk z os blosQ fy, tkus tkrs gSa tkuojksa vkSj if{k;ksa dks
z ¶ikj/h¸] ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd bldh mRifÙk ¶ij/q¸ idM+uk vkSj cspuk] tks muosQ vkfFkZd Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk
'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vuqokn gS ¶f'kdkj djukA¸ ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA
z ;g uke tutkfr dh laLÑfr vkSj vkthfodk osQ ,d lkekftd igyqvksa
egRoiw.kZ igyw osQ :i esa f'kdkj osQ lkFk muosQ ,sfrgkfld
z ikj/h tutkfr dh cfLr;ksa dks vDlj dgk tkrk gS
tqM+ko dks n'kkZrk gSA
¶ikj/hokM+k]¸ muosQ lkeqnkf;d thou 'kSyh dk laosQr
cgsfy;k leqnk; ls lacaf/r nsukA
z ikj/h tutkfr cgsfy;k leqnk; dk fgLlk gS] bl leqnk; z os ftu ikjaifjd vkoklksa esa jgrs gSa] mudh fo'ks"krk fcuk
osQ Hkhrj vU; lewgksa osQ lkFk lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd f•M+fd;ksa okyh >ksifM+;k¡ gSa] tks mudh vuwBh LFkkiR; 'kSyh
laca/ksa dks lk>k djukA vkSj O;kogkfjd vko';drkvksa dks n'kkZrh gSaA

è;ku nsus ;ksX; egRoiw.kZ fcanq /kfeZd fofo/rk
z ikj/h tutkfr dk ,p osQ lkFk ,sfrgkfld laca/ ,dtqVrk z catkjk yksx fofHkUu /eks± ls çHkkfor gSa& fganw /eZ vkSj
us mudh igpku] laLÑfr vkSj vkfFkZd çFkkvksa dks fl• /eZA
çHkkfor fd;k gSA z os iwtk djrs gSa vkSj fookg osQ nkSjku xq# xzaFk lkfgc vkSj
z ikj/h leqnk; osQ Hkhrj mi&tutkfr;ksa dh fofo/rk mudh vjnkl dk ikB djrs gSaA
lkekftd lajpuk dh tfVyrkvksa dks mtkxj djrh gSA z fganw nsoh&nsork jke] Ñ".k vkSj vU; Hkh mudh /kfeZd
çFkkvksa dk fgLlk gSAA
z ejkBh] xqtjkrh vkSj jktiwr leqnk;ksa osQ lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa
dk feJ.k mUgsa js•kafdr djrk gS fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa osQ vkfFkZd vkthfodk
lkFk ckrphr djus dk •qykiuA z O;kikfjd ijaijk,¡% catkjksa esa O;kikj djus] fofHkUu mRiknksa
dks cspus osQ fy, fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh ;k=kk djus dh
catkjk tutkfr
,sfrgkfld ijaijk gSA
z Ñf"k ,oa etnwjh% O;kikj osQ vykok] os viuh vkthfodk
cuk, j•us osQ fy, Ñf"k vkSj etnwjh esa Hkh layXu gSaA
lkekftd fo'ks"krk,a
z VkaMs cfLr;k¡% catkjk leqnk; vDlj vLFkk;h cfLr;k¡ dgrs
gSa ¶VkaMs¸ xk¡oksa osQ ckgj fLFkr gSA
z dchyk usr`Ro% dchyk (milewg) osQ eqf•;k dks ¶uk;d¸
dgk tkrk gSA
è;ku nsus ;ksX; egRoiw.kZ fcanq
•kukcnks'k thou 'kSyh vkSj dchyk ijaijk z catkjk yksxksa dh •kukcnks'k thou'kSyh us mudh laLÑfr
z catkjk yksx vius •kukcnks'k thou'kSyh fy, tkus tkrs vkSj ijaijkvksa dks vkdkj fn;k gS] thou osQ ,d vuks•s
rjhosQ dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
gSa] vkSj mudh laLÑfr dchyk ijaijk ls dkiQh çHkkfor gSA
z mudh Hkkxhnkjh çkjafHkd Jàxkj dh çFkk,¡ lqanjrk vkSj
mRifÙk vkSj HkkSxksfyd forj.k vkRe&ns•Hkky esa muosQ ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku ij çdk'k
z ekuk tkrk gS fd jktLFkku ls mRiUu catkjk yksxksa dh Mkyk x;k gSA
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa O;kid mifLFkfr gSA z u`R; :i vkSj R;kSgkj viuh thoar lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fÙkQ
z os eq[; :i ls ik, tkrs gSa& Hkkjr osQ if'peh ekyok] vkSj lkeqnkf;d ca/u çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
fuekM+ vkSj eaMyk {ks=k esaA z mudh vkfFkZd xfrfof/;k¡] ftuesa 'kkfey gSa& O;kikj vkSj
lkaLÑfrd igyw Je vkfn muosQ lkekftd& vkfFkZd Hkj.k&iks"k.k esa
;ksxnku djrs gSaA
z Jàxkj vkSj da?kh% catkjk efgykvksa esa esdvi osQ çfr #fp
gS] vkSj mUgsa da?kh osQ igys mi;ksx dk Js; fn;k tkrk gS] eè; çns'k osQ detksj tutkrh; lewg
tks lkSan;Z çFkkvksa esa muosQ 'kq#vkrh ;ksxnku dks n'kkZrk gSA z detksj tutkrh; lewg D;k gSa\
z u`R; :i% catkjk tutkfr ryokj] MaMk&csyh vkSj xjck vuqlwfpr tutkfr (,lVh) Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk ,d
MkafM;k tSls u`R; :iksa osQ fy, çfl¼ gS] tks mudh lewg gS ftUgsa Lons'kh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ljdkj }kjk
lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fÙkQ dk vfHkUu vax gSaA mUgsa fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA
z R;kSgkj% catkjs fnokyh vkSj gksyh tSls çeq• fganw R;kSgkjksa Hkkjrh; tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk fgLlk
osQ lkFk&lkFk x.kxkSj tSls egRoiw.kZ R;kSgkj Hkh eukrs gSaA yxHkx 8-6» gSA

ihohVhth ,lVh dk ,d mi&lewg gS] ftUgksaus ,dkar 3- 'kks"k.k osQ çfr laosnu'khyrk% ihohVhth dk vDlj
esa jguk pquk gS vkSj ljdkjh ;kstukvksa osQ fdlh Hkh ckgjh yksxksa }kjk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] tks mudh f'k{kk
lkekftd ykHk ls oafpr gSaA vkSj lalk/uksa dh deh dk iQk;nk mBkrs gSaA os rLdjh
ogk¡ gSa Hkkjr esa 75 ihohVhth] 18 jkT;ksa vkSj ,d vkSj tcju Je osQ çfr Hkh laosnu'khy gSaA
osQaæ 'kkflr çns'k esa iQSyk gqvk gSA 4- HksnHkko% ihohVhth dks vDlj vU; leqnk;ksa ls
ljdkj us ihohVhth osQ thou dks csgrj cukus osQ fy,
HksnHkko dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA mUgsa f'k{kk vkSj
dbZ ;kstuk,a vkSj dk;ZØe ykxw fd, gSa] ysfdu muosQ LokLF; ns•Hkky tSlh cqfu;knh lsokvksa rd igqap ls
lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djus osQ fy, oafpr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k mUgsa fgalk vkSj nqO;Zogkj
vkSj Hkh cgqr oqQN djus dh t:jr gSA
dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+ ldrk gSA
z NÙkhlx<+ lfgr eè; çns'k esa 7 fo'ks"k :i ls detksj
tutkrh; lewg (ihohVhth) gSa% egRoiw.kZ fcanq
1- vcw>ekfM;k
z ?kksVqy çFkk xksaM tutkfr dh gSA
2- cSxk
z xkSj u`R; eqfM;k tutkfr ls lEcaf/r gSA
3- Hkfj;k
z eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k dk çfr'kr lcls
4- igkM+h dksjck
vf/d vyhjktiqj esa gSA
5- dekj
z vxfj;k tutkfr ^yksgklqj* dks vius nsork osQ :i esa
6- lgfj;k
iwtrh gSA
7- fcjgksj
z tutkrh; laxzgky; Hkksiky esa fLFkr gSA
z bu lewgksa dks dbZ dkjdksa osQ dkj.k vU; vuqlwfpr
z bafnjk xka/h tutkrh; fo'ofo|ky; vejdaVd esa fLFkr gSA
tutkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d vlqjf{kr ekuk tkrk gS]
ftuesa 'kkfey gSa% z xksaM tutkfr dh viuh Hkk"kk gS ftls ¶xksaMh¸ dgk tkrk gSA
lekt dh eq[;/kjk ls mudk vyxko
z lSyk] djek] HknkSuh] fcjpk] dgjok] ltuh] lqvk] nhokuh
mudh lk{kjrk vkSj f'k{kk dk fuEu Lrj
xksaM osQ çeq• yksd u`R; gSaA
ou lalk/uksa ij mudh fuHkZjrk
z oqQduk xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkSj eè; çns'k osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa
oqQdukHkhyksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gSA ;g viuh 'kCnkoyh vkSj
'kks"k.k vkSj HksnHkko osQ çfr mudh laosnu'khyrk
O;kdj.k osQ lkFk ,d fof'k"V cksyh gSA
z eè; çns'k ljdkj us bu ihohVhth osQ thou dks csgrj
cukus osQ fy, dbZ ;kstuk,a vkSj dk;ZØe ykxw fd, gSa] z ¶iQY;k¸ 'kCn dk ç;ksx okLro esa Hkhy leqnk; esa ?kjksa ;k
ftuesa 'kkfey gSa% vkoklksa osQ lewg dks lanfHkZr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
1- f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ns•Hkky rd igqap çnku djuk z fiFkkSjk isafVax eq[; :i ls Hkhy tutkfr;ksa }kjk cukbZ
tkrh gSA
2- vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk
3- muosQ vf/dkjksa vkSj fgrksa dh j{kk djuk z cSxk tutkfr] ftls ikaMk osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] eè;
Hkkjr esa ik;k tkus okyk ,d tkrh; lewg gSA
z eè; çns'k esa ihohVhth osQ lkeus pqukSfr;k¡%
z cSxk efgyk,a vius tfVy xqnus (VSVw) osQ fy, tkuh tkrh
1- de lk{kjrk nj% eè; çns'k esa ihohVhth osQ chp
gSa tks muosQ 'kjhj osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa dks <drs gSaA
lk{kjrk nj osQoy 25» gS] tcfd jkT; dk vkSlr
72» gSA f'k{kk dh deh osQ dkj.k muosQ fy, ukSdjh z lgfj;k] eè; çns'k vkSj jktLFkku dk ,d tkrh; lewg]
<wa<uk vkSj eq[;/kjk osQ lekt esa Hkkx ysuk eqf'dy vius lkaLÑfrd u`R; :i ¶lgfj;kLokax¸ osQ fy, tkuk
gks tkrk gSA tkrk gSA
2- ou lalk/uksa ij fuHkZjrk% dbZ ihohVhth viuh z ifudk tutkfr nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr gS% dchjiaFkh vkSj
vkthfodk osQ fy, ou lalk/uksa ij fuHkZj gSaA gkyk¡fd] lÙkQkA
ouksa dh dVkbZ vkSj vU; i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k bu lalk/uksa z catkjk leqnk;ksa dh vDlj vLFkk;h cfLr;k¡ gksrh gSa ftUgsa
rd mudh igqap dks •rjs esa Mky jgs gSaA ¶VkaMs¸ dgk tkrk gS] tks xk¡oksa osQ ckgj fLFkr gksrh gSa

z NÙkhlx<+ lfgr eè; çns'k esa 7 fo'ks"k :i ls detksj 6- bafnjk xka/h tutkrh; fo'ofo|ky; eè; çns'k osQ fdl
tutkrh; lewg (ihohVhth) gSa% 'kgj esa fLFkr gS\ (2021)
1- vcw>ekfM;k (a) egs'oj (b) ckyk?kkV
2- cSxk (c) vejdaVd (d) Hkxoku
3- Hkfj;k mÙkj (c)
4- igkM+h dksjck 7- Jherh nqxkZ ckbZ O;ke fdl tutkrh; dyk ls lEcaf/r
5- dekj gSa\ (2021)
6- lgfj;k (a) xksaM ijaijk (b) Hkhy ijaijk
7- fcjgksj (c) lgfj;k ijaijk (d) cSxk ijaijk
mÙkj (a)
1- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk dFku çfl¼ <ksdjk dyk osQ 8- VaVÔk Hkhy dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\ (2020)
fy, lgh ugha gS\ (2022) (a) fctkfu;k (b) x.kir
(a) ;g dyk cSryw osQ Hkjsok vkfnoklh leqnk; ls tqMh+ gSA (c) raæk (d) rkafr;k vkSj raæk
(b) ;g ,d vykSg /krq eksfYMax dyk gSA mÙkj (d)
(c) ;g fookg lekjksg ls tqM+h ,d ltkoVh diM+k 9- eè; çns'k esa lcls vke tutkfr dkSu lh gS\(2020)
dyk gSA
(a) dksy (b) Hkhy
(d) lHkh dFku lR; gSaA
(c) dksjdw (d) xksaM
mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (b)
2- vkuan flag ';ke vkSj /uS;k ckbZ fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl
dyk osQ dykdkj gSa\ (2022) 10- eè; çns'k tutkrh; laxzgky; fdl 'kgj esa fLFkr gS\
(a) <ksdjk dyk (b) xksaM isafVax
(2020)
(c) fiFkkSjk isafVax (d) ckx fçafVax (a) fNanokM+k (b) jryke
mÙkj (b) (c) Hkksiky (d) bankSj
3- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl tutkfr dks vDlj lEeku osQ mÙkj (c)
lkFk ¸•qfV;k iVsy¸ osQ :i esa lacksf/r fd;k tkrk gS\ 11- eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k dk çfr'kr
(2022) lokZf/d fdl ftys esa gS\ (2016)
(a) lgfj;k (b) cSxk (a) cM+okuh (b) /kj
(c) Hkwfe;k (d) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ ugha (c) fNanokM+k (d) >kcqvk
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (b)
4- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl ftys esa cSxk fodkl ,tsalh ugha 12- dkSu lh tutkfr ^yksgklqj* dks vius nsork osQ :i esa
gS\ (2021)
iwtrh gS\ (2016)
(a) jk;lsu (b) ckyk?kkV
(a) Hkhy (b) dksjdw
(c) 'kkgMksy (d) eaMyk
(c) vxfj;k (d) xksaM
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (c)
5- eè; çns'k esa foeqÙkQ tkfr (foeqÙkQ tutkfr) fnol fdl
frfFk dks euk;k tkrk gS\ (2021) 13- Hkhy tutkfr dh tula[;k lcls vf/d gS\ (2015)
(a) 15 tqykbZ (b) 21 ekpZ (a) eè; çns'k esa (b) jktLFkku esa
(c) 15 flrEcj (d) 31 vxLr (c) egkjk"Vª esa (d) xqtjkr esa
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (a)

14- ?kksVqy çFkk fdl tutkfr ls lacaf/r gS\ (2014) 2- xksaM tutkfr dkSulh Hkk"kk cksyrh gS vius leqnk; osQ
(a) cSxk (b) lgfj;k vkarfjd laokn osQ fy,\
(c) Hkhy (d) xksaM (a) fganh (b) ejkBh
(c) xksaMh (d) mnZw
mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (c)
15- xkSj u`R; fdl tutkfr ls lEcaf/r gS (2014)
O;k[;k% xksaM tutkfr dh viuh Hkk"kk ¶xksaMh¸ gS] ftldk
(a) n.Mkfe efM;k (b) eqfj;k
leqnk; osQ vkarfjd laokn osQ fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(c) dksjdw (d) cSxk
3- xksaMh yksdksRlo vkSj Hkxksfj;k R;kSgkj fdl çdkj osQ
mÙkj (b) mnkgj.k gSa\
(a) /kfeZd jLesa (b) Ñf"k çFkk,¡
(c) lkaLÑfrd R;kSgkj (d) f'kdkj dh ijaijk
1- Hkkjr esa ^Hkhy* tutkfr osQ dCts okys HkkSxksfyd {ks=k mÙkj (c)
dkSu ls gSa\ (2014) O;k[;k% xksaMh yksdksRlo ,d lkaLÑfrd R;kSgkj gS tgk¡ xksaM
2- Hkkjr esa ^Fkk:* tutkfr osQ dCts okys HkkSxksfyd {ks=k yksx viuh ikjaifjd dyk vkSj lkaLÑfrd çFkkvksa dks çnf'kZr
dkSu ls gSa\ (2016) djrs gSaA Hkxksfj;k R;kSgkj fookg osQ vk;kstu vkSj nkSM+&nkSM+ dh
3- detksj tutkrh; lewgksa osQ fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa eè; çns'k esa ijaijk dks 'kkfey djrk gS] tgk¡ ;qod vkSj ;qofr;k¡ vius pqus
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A(2016) x, lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk nkSM+dj fookg djrs gSaA
4- eè; çns'k esa ,llh vkSj ,lVh dh rqyukRed fLFkfr 4- fdl nsork dks xksaM tutkfr osQ le`¼ /kfeZd vkLFkkvksa
ls tksM+k tkrk gS\
(;nkSl igyqvksa esa) Li"V djsaA (2016)
(a) xkSjh (b) f'ko
5- eè; Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa osQ HkkSxksfyd forj.k dk o.kZu
(c) fo".kq (d) ;h'kq
djsaA (2017)
mÙkj (a)
6- vuqlwfpr tutkfr (vR;kpkj fuokj.k) vf/fu;e] 1989
O;k[;k% xksaM tutkfr çkÑfrd /kjk] taxy vkSj tkuojksa ls
dh foiQyrk osQ dkj.k fyf•,A (2017) lacaf/r fofHkUu nsorkvksa vkSj vkRekvksa dh iwtk djrh gS] ftuesa
7- eè;çns'k osQ vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dk mYys• djrs gq, mudh xkSjh nsoh Hkh 'kkfey gSA
leL;kvksa dk o.kZu djsaA (2018) 5- dkSu lk R;ksgkj cqvkbZ osQ ekSle dh 'kq#vkr dk çrhd
8- eè; çns'k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ forj.k dk o.kZu gS vkSj blesa i`Foh vkSj Ñf"k midj.kksa dh iwtk dh tkrh
djsaA (2019) gS\
(a) Hkxksfj;k R;kSgkj (b) uok•uk R;kSgkj
vH;kl ç'u (c) xkSjh iwtk (d) gjsyh R;kSgkj
1- xksMa tutkfr osQ fy, dkSulh fo'ks"k dyk ijaijk gS ftldh mÙkj (d)
igpku gS\ O;k[;k% gjsyh R;kSgkj xksaM tutkfr }kjk cqvkbZ osQ ekSle dh
(a) crZu cukuk (b) vkHkw"k.k cukuk 'kq#vkr dks fpfÉr djus osQ fy, euk;k tkrk gS vkSj blesa
(c) iRFkj dh ewfrZdyk (d) xksaM dyk i`Foh vkSj Ñf"k midj.kksa dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA
mÙkj (d) 6- xksaM tutkfr osQ chp euk, tkus okys iksyk R;kSgkj dk
O;k[;k% xksaM tutkfr viuh fo'ks"k dyk ijaijk ¶xksaM dyk¸ osQ eq[; fcanq D;k gS\
fy, tkuh tkrh gS] ftlesa fofo/ uewus] tkuojksa vkSj çkÑfrd (a) f'kdkj dkS'ky (b) lkai dh iwtk
Fkheksa dh tfVy vkHkw"k.k curs gSaA bu vkHkw"k.kksa dks fofHkUu l=kksa] (c) Ñf"k tkuoj (d) dyk vkSj f'kYi çn'kZuh
iQ'kks± vkSj vU; lrgksa ij çkÑfrd jaxksa ls cuk;k tkrk gSA mÙkj (c)

O;k[;k% iksyk R;kSgkj Ñf"k tkuojksa vkSj vU; ?kjsyw tkuojksa osQ 9- eè; çns'k esa dkSuls tutkfr;ksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls
fy, lefiZr ,d Ñf"k R;kSgkj gS] ftlesa mudh ltkoV vkSj vkifÙkxzLr tutkfr lewg (PVTGs) esa Js.khc¼ fd;k
mudh HkykbZ dh iwtk gksrh gSA x;k gS\
7- dkSulh tutkfr viuh fiFkkSjk fp=kdyk osQ fy, çfl¼ gS] (a) xksaM] Hkhy vkSj dksy tutkfr;k¡
ftlesa /kfeZd vkSj ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa dk fp=k.k gksrk gS\ (b) vkcq> lgfj;k] cSxkl vkSj Hkkfj;k tutkfr;k¡
(a) Hkhy tutkfr (b) dksy tutkfr (c) eqfj;k] xMck vkSj jkt xksaM tutkfr;k¡
(c) ifudk tutkfr (d) ihohVhth (d) ifudk] Hkhykyk vkSj rMoh Hkhyh tutkfr;k¡
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (b)
O;k[;k% fiFkkSjk fp=kdyk,¡ Hkhy tutkfr ls lacaf/r gSa vkSj O;k[;k% vcw>ekfM;k] cSxk vkSj Hkkfj;k oqQN ,slh vkifÙkxzLr
buesa /kfeZd vkSj ikSjkf.kd fo"k;ksa dk fp=k.k mTToy jaxksa vkSj tutkfr lewgksa (PVTGs) esa 'kkfey gSa tks eè; çns'k esa gSaA
lkglh iSVuks± esa gksrk gSA 10- eè; çns'k esa PVTGs fdl çdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
8- Hkhy leqnk; esa fiFkkSjk fp=kdykvksa dk mís'; D;k gS\ djrs gSa\
(a) mPp lk{kjrk nj vkSj f'k{kk dh igqap
(a) R;kSgkjksa osQ nkSjku euksjatu
(b) vR;f/d /u vkSj lalk/uksa dh igqap
(b) jktuhfrd vfHkO;fÙkQ
(c) uxjh; vkthfodkvksa dh vko';drk vkSj i;kZoj.k
(c) nsork dh Ñik dks vkeaf=kr djuk
laca/h lalk/uksa dh vko';drk
(d) /u dh çn'kZuh (d) 'kks"k.k] fuEu lk{kjrk nj vkSj taxy lalk/uksa dh
mÙkj (c) vko';drk
O;k[;k% fiFkkSjk fp=kdyk,¡ fiFkkSjk nsork dh iwtk osQ fy, ç;qÙkQ mÙkj (d)
gksrh gSa] rkfd R;kSgkjksa vkSj vuq"Bkuksa osQ nkSjku mudh Ñik vkSj O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa PVTGs osQ lkeuk 'kks"k.k] fuEu lk{kjrk
lqj{kk dks vkeaf=kr fd;k tk losQA nj vkSj taxy lalk/uksa dh vko';drkvksa ls gksrk gSA
v v v

2 eè; çns'k dh ;kstuk,¡
eq[; ea=kh lh•ks dekvks ;kstuk z othiQk jkf'k 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj osQ vk/kj ij fHkUu
gksrh gS%
12oha ikl O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ fy, 8]000 #i;sA
vkbZVhvkbZ ikl O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ fy, 8]500 #i;sA
fMIyksek /kjdksa osQ fy, 9]000 #i;sA
Lukrd ;k mPp f'k{kk /kjdksa osQ fy, 10]000 #i;sA
z othiQk p;fur ikBÔØe osQ fy, U;wure 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk

ekunaM osQ vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr fd;k tk,xkA
mís'; vkSj egRo ;qokvksa osQ fy, ykHk

z ekuuh; eq[;ea=kh osQ n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuq:i] jkT; ljdkj z m|ksx mUeq• çf'k{k.k-
}kjk iathÑr vkS|ksfxd vkSj O;kolkf;d laLFkkuksa dks f'kf{kr z uohure rduhdksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa osQ ekè;e ls çf'k{k.kA
;qokvksa dks vkWu&n&tkWc&Vªsfuax (vkstsVh) çnku djus osQ z O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k osQ nkSjku othiQk-
fy, ¶eq[;ea=kh lh•ks vkSj dekvks ;kstuk¸ ykxw dh xbZ gSA z jkT; O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k ifj"kn (,llhohVh) osQ ekè;e
z bl igy dk mís'; m|ksxksa vkSj O;kolkf;d laLFkkuksa dks ls eè; çns'k jkT; dkS'ky fodkl vkSj jkstxkj l`tu cksMZ
;qokvksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls çf'kf{kr djus osQ fy, çsfjr (,eih,l,lMhbZthch) }kjk çek.kuA
djuk gSA
z fu;fer jkstxkj osQ voljksa osQ fy, ;ksX;rk çkIr djukA
;kstuk fooj.k
eè; çns'k foØekfnR; Nk=ko`fÙk ;kstuk 2023
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr çR;sd o"kZ ,d yk• rd ;qokvksa dks
ykHkkfUor djus dh ;kstuk gS vkSj vko';drkvksa osQ vk/kj mís';
ij bl la[;k dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA z eè; çns'k foØekfnR; Nk=ko`fÙk ;kstuk dk mís'; vkfFkZd
z çR;sd ik=k ;qok jkT; ljdkj ls 1 yk• #i;s rd dk :i ls fiNM+s ifjokjksa osQ mu Nk=kksa dks fu%'kqYd mPp f'k{kk
othiQk çkIr djus dk gdnkj gksxkA çnku djuk gS ftUgksaus 12oha d{kk dh ijh{kk esa 60» ls
z ;qokvksa osQ fy, ik=krk ekunaM% vf/d vad çkIr fd, gSaA
vk;q% 18 ls 29 o"kZ
ik=krk
fuokl% eè; çns'k dk LFkkuh; fuoklhA
z Nk=k eè; çns'k osQ fuoklh gksus pkfg,A
'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk% 12oha@vkbZVhvkbZ ;k mPprj mÙkh.kZA
z Nk=kksa dks 12oha d{kk dh ijh{kk esa 60» ls vf/d vad
;kstuk osQ rgr p;fur ;qok dks ¶Nk=k&çf'k{k.kkFkhZ¸
çkIr gksus pkfg,A
dgk tk,xkA
z Nk=kksa dks lkekU; Js.kh ls lacaf/r gksuk pkfg, vkSj muosQ
LVkbisaM (othiQk) forj.k ekrk&firk dh okf"kZd vk; 120]000 #i;s (mPp f'k{kk
z eè; çns'k osQ ;qokvksa dks çf'k{k.k osQ lkFk&lkFk ekfld osQ fy,) ;k 54]000 #i;s (Lukrd f'k{kk osQ fy,) ls
othiQk Hkh feysxkA de gksuh pkfg,A
ykHk fn;k x;kA blosQ ckn] lgk;rk dks c<+kdj 55]000 #i;s
z ftu Nk=kksa dks Nk=ko`fÙk osQ fy, pquk tk,xk mUgsa mudh dj fn;k x;kA
f'k{kk dh ykxr dks doj djus esa enn djus osQ fy, mís';
ekfld othiQk feysxkA z eq[;ea=kh dU;k fookg ;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís'; uofookfgr
z Nk=ko`fÙk Nk=k dh i<+kbZ dh vof/ osQ fy, ekU; gksxhA tksM+ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk gSA
z ,eoh,l,l vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s ifjokjksa osQ es/koh Nk=kksa z bl lgk;rk esa foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj migkj nksuksa 'kkfey
osQ ekrk&firk ij foÙkh; cks> dks de djus esa enn dj gSa] ftldk y{; muosQ fookfgr thou dks 'kq: djus osQ
ldrk gSA egRoiw.kZ pj.k osQ nkSjku mudk leFkZu djuk gSA
z ,eoh,l,l Nk=kksa dks foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dk vè;;u fodkl vkSj foLrkj
djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrk gS] tks ns'k osQ fodkl
z 2006 ykWUp% bl ;kstuk dks 'kq#vkr esa eq[;ea=kh dU;knku@
osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ {ks=k gSaA
fudkg ;kstuk osQ :i esa is'k fd;k x;k Fkk] tks tksM+ksa dks
z ,eoh,l,l gkf'k, ij jgus okys leqnk;ksa osQ Nk=kksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djrh FkhA
foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djosQ lkekftd U;k; vkSj lekurk
z uke ifjorZu (2015)% uoacj 2015 esa] bl ;kstuk dks
dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA
eq[;ea=kh dU;k fookg vkSj fudkg ;kstuk osQ :i esa iqu%
oqQy feykdj czkaMsM fd;k x;k] tks ;qok yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh dks c<+kok
z eè; çns'k foØekfnR; Nk=ko`fÙk ;kstuk vkfFkZd :i ls nsus ij viuk è;ku osQafær djrh gSA
fiNM+s ifjokjksa osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy, mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus dk z foÙkh; lao/Zu (2015)% uke cnyus osQ lkFk gh] tksM+ksa
,d mÙke volj gSA dh csgrj lgk;rk djus osQ mís'; ls foÙkh; lgk;rk
z Nk=ko`fÙk Nk=kksa dks foÙkh; ck/kvksa dks nwj djus vkSj viuh 28]000 #i;s ls c<+kdj 51]000 #i;s dj nh xbZA
iwjh {kerk çkIr djus esa lgk;rk djsxhA z gkfy;k lao¼Zu (2023)% pkyw o"kZ esa] uofookfgrksa dks
eè; çns'k eq[;ea=kh dU;k fookg ;kstuk leFkZu nsus dh ljdkj dh çfrc¼rk dks js•kafdr djrs
gq,] lgk;rk dks 51]000 #i;s ls c<+kdj 55]000 #i;s
(lh,e fudkg ;kstuk eè; çns'k)
dj fn;k x;k gSA
ifjp;
dk;kZUo;u%
z bl dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, lkekftd
U;k; vkSj vf/dkfjrk foHkkx ftEesnkj gSA
z muosQ ç;kl lkekftd U;k; vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys
leqnk;ksa osQ dY;k.k dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, lefiZr gSaA
;kstuk osQ rgr ykHk çkIr djus osQ fy, ik=krk ekunaM%
z fuokl dh vko';drk% oj ;k o/w osQ ekrk&firk eè;
çns'k osQ fuoklh gksus pkfg,A
z U;wure vk;q% 'kknh djus okys tksM+ksa osQ fy, o/q dh
vk;q de ls de 18 o"kZ vkSj oj dh mez de ls de
21 lky gksuh pkfg,A
z ljdkjh igy] ftls 'kq: esa 2006 esa eq[;ea=kh dU;knku@ z lexz fookg iksVZy ij iathdj.k% o/q dk uke lexz
fudkg ;kstuk osQ :i esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] uoacj 2015 fookg iksVZy ij iathÑr gksuk pkfg,A
esa bl ;kstuk dk uke eq[;ea=kh dU;k fookg vkSj fudkg z foÙkh; vleFkZrk% tks efgyk,a fujkfJr gSa vkSj Lo;a
;kstuk fd;k x;kA iqufoZokg djus esa vkfFkZd :i ls l{ke ugha gSa os ik=k gSaA
z bl ifjorZu osQ lkFk&lkFk] çnku dh tkus okyh foÙkh; blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] dkuwuh rkSj ij rykd ys pqdh efgyk,a
lgk;rk dks 28]000 #i;s ls c<+kdj 51]000 #i;s dj Hkh bl ;kstuk osQ ykHk osQ fy, ik=k gSaA

eè; çns'k eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk xzkeh.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fu%'kqYd lkbfdy forj.k
(eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk ,eih) ;kstuk
ifjp; ifjp;
z eè; çns'k ljdkj us tUe ls gh cPpksa esa ân; laca/h z fu%'kqYd lkbfdy forj.k ;kstuk osQ varxZr eè; çns'k osQ
chekfj;ksa dk eqÝr bykt miyC/ djkus osQ fy, eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okys ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa 9oha d{kk esa
cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA i<+us okys Nk=kksa dks lkbfdysa çnku dh tkrh gSaA
z foÙkh; o"kZ 2011 esa eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt flag pkSgku }kjk z ;g ;kstuk mu Nk=kksa osQ fy, ykxw gS tks ljdkjh ekè;fed
'kq: dh xbZ ;g dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk cPpksa esa ân; laca/h fo|ky;ksa@mPp fo|ky;ksa osQ fcuk xkaoksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj
chekfj;ksa dks lacksf/r djus vkSj mudh mfpr fpfdRlk viuh i<+kbZ osQ fy, nwljs xkao ;k dLcs esa tkrs gSaA
ns•Hkky lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ gSA z bl ;kstuk dk mís'; Nk=kksa dks Ldwy vkus&tkus osQ fy,
eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk ,eih 2023 dk lkbfdy çnku djosQ mudh f'k{kk dks lqfo/ktud cukuk gSA
voyksdu% ;kstuk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a%
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr] ân; laca/h leL;kvksa osQ lkFk iSnk 1- ik=krk ekinaM%
gq, cPpksa dks eqÝr fpfdRlk mipkj feysxkA Nk=k 9oha d{kk esa i<+ jgk gksA
z ;g ;kstuk eq[; :i ls xjhch js•k (chih,y Js.kh) ls uhps Nk=k dk fuokl fdlh ,sls xkao esa gksuk pkfg, tgka
vkus okys ifjokjksa dks yf{kr djrh gS tks foÙkh; ck/kvksa dksbZ ljdkjh ekè;fed fo|ky;@mPp fo|ky; u gksA
osQ dkj.k la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA tks Nk=k nwjnjkt osQ bykdksa ;k Vksyksa ls Ldwy igqapus
z ykHk osQ fy, ik=k gksus osQ fy,] ifjokjksa esa 0 ls 15 o"kZ dh osQ fy, 2 fdyksehVj ls vf/d dh nwjh r; djrs gSa]
vk;q dk ,d cPpk gksuk pkfg,] tks ân; laca/h chekfj;ksa os Hkh lkbfdy osQ fy, ik=k gSaA
ls ihfM+r gksA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okyh vkSj Ldwy ls 2 fdyksehVj
ykHk vkSj dojst% ls vf/d nwjh ij fLFkr Nk=kkokl esa i<+us okyh Nk=kkvksa
z eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk ljdkjh vkSj vf/Ñr dks Hkh lkbfdy çnku dh tk,xhA
futh vLirkyksa esa 1 yk• #i;s rd dk eqÝr bykt çnku 2- ,deq'r ykHk%
djrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 9oha d{kk esa ços'k osQ nkSjku osQoy ,d
z eç ljdkj }kjk lR;kiu osQ ckn] cPps dk bykt ljdkjh ckj lkbfdy feysxhA
;k futh LokLF; lqfo/kvksa esa fcuk fdlh 'kqYd osQ fd;k 9oha d{kk esa nksckjk ços'k djus okys Nk=k lkbfdy
tk,xkA çko/ku osQ fy, ik=k ugha gksaxsA
Hkfo"; osQ foLrkj% 3- lkbfdy vkoaVu%
z blosQ vykok] eè; çns'k ljdkj FkSyslhfe;k vkSj e/qesg dU;k Nk=kkoklksa esa jgus okyh Nk=kkvksa dks lkbfdysa
ls ihfM+r cPpksa osQ fy, eqÝr bykt çnku djus dh fn'kk vkoafVr dh tk,axhA
esa Hkh dke dj jgh gSA tc Nk=k Nk=kkokl NksM+rs gSa] rks mUgsa lkbfdy Nk=kkokl
z bu 'krks± osQ fy, ,d vyx ;kstuk tYn gh is'k dh tk,xhA esa okil nsuh gksxhA
ykHk% 4- lkbfdy fof'k"Vrk,¡%
9oha d{kk esa i<+us okys Nk=kksa dks 20 bap osQ ifg;s
z eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk ,eih ân; laca/h
leL;kvksa okys cPpksa] fo'ks"kdj vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr okyh lkbfdysa feysaxhA
i`"BHkwfe okys cPpksa dks vko';d fpfdRlk lgk;rk çnku 5- dk;kZUo;u le;js•k%
djus dh ljdkj dh çfrc¼rk dks çnf'kZr djrh gSA fu%'kqYd lkbfdy forj.k ;kstuk o"kZ 2004&05 ls
z ;g igy u osQoy cPpksa osQ LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k esa lapkfyr gSA
;ksxnku nsrh gS cfYd fpfdRlk •pks± osQ cks> ls ncs ifjokjksa o"kZ 2016&17 ls iwoZ ik=k cPpksa dks :i;s dh /ujkf'k
dk mRFkku Hkh djrh gSA çnku dh tkrh FkhA lkbfdy •jhnus osQ fy, #- 2400A
eè; çns'k dh ;kstuk,¡ 319

o"kZ 2016&17 ls efgyk fodkl fuxe osQ ekè;e ls z ;g n`f"Vdks.k fdlkuksa dh O;kid dojst lqfuf'pr djrk
lkbfdy miyC/ djk;h tk jgh gSA gS vkSj ;kstuk osQ ykHkksa dks vuqdwfyr djrk gSA
'kS{kf.kd l=k 2019&20 osQ çFke fnu lkbfdyksa dk eè; çns'k dfiy/kjk ;kstuk% ty lqj{kk vkSj Ñf"k
forj.k 24 twu 2019 dks gqvkA
dks c<+kuk
eè; çns'k cyjke rkykc ;kstuk ifjp;
igy dk 'kqHkkjaHk z eè; çns'k dfiy/kjk ;kstuk fdlkuksa dks ykHk igqapkus osQ
z rkykc vkSj ugj fuekZ.k osQ ekè;e ls fdlkuksa osQ •srksa esa fy, jkT; ljdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ ,d csgn iQk;nsean
ikuh dh miyC/rk c<+kus osQ fy, eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt flag igy gSA
pkSgku }kjk eè; çns'k cyjke rkykc ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ z ;g ;kstuk ty lqj{kk vkSj csgrj Ñf"k mRikndrk ij osQafær
FkhA gSA ;kstuk dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
rkykc ,oa oqQvk¡ fuekZ.k
z ljdkj dh ;kstuk 400 ehVj ty HkaMkj.k {kerk okys dPps
rkykc vkSj oqQ,a cukus dh gS-
z bu ty fudk;ksa dks flapkbZ mís';ksa osQ fy, fMtkbu fd;k
x;k gS] ftldk y{; Ñf"k mit vkSj mRikndrk dks c<+kok
nsuk gSA
z bl ;kstuk esa flapkbZ e'khujh osQ çko/ku Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
o"kkZ ty laxzg.k
fdlkuksa osQ fy, ykHk
z 16 ehVj dh xgjkbZ okys rkykc o"kkZ ty ,d=k djus esa
z ,eih cyjke rkykc ;kstuk&2023 flapkbZ osQ cqfu;knh <kaps l{ke gksaxsA
vkSj ty çca/u esa lq/kj ij è;ku osQafær djrs gq, fdlkuksa
z bl laxzfgr ty dk mi;ksx fdlku t:jr osQ le; flapkbZ
dks i;kZIr ykHk çnku djrh gSA
osQ fy, dj ldrs gSaA
rkykc fuekZ.k gsrq vuqnku
lekos'kh n`f"Vdks.k
z ;g ;kstuk fdlkuksa dks rkykc cukus] oqQ'ky flapkbZ osQ fy,
z bl ;kstuk dk y{; vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa] vkfFkZd :i
fo'oluh; ty vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, foÙkh;
ls oafpr ifjokjksa] ifjR;ÙkQ efgykvksa] fo/okvksa vkSj NksVs
vuqnku çnku djrh gSA
iSekus osQ fdlkuksa lfgr lekt osQ gkf'k, ij jgus okys
lkekU; Js.kh osQ fdlku oxks± rd bldk ykHk igqapkuk gSA
z lkekU; oxZ osQ fdlku rkykc fuekZ.k osQ fy, vf/dre ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ykHk
40» rd dh lfClMh dk ykHk mBk ldrs gSa] ftlesa
z bl ;kstuk osQ 'kq: gksus ls ty Lrj esa o`f¼ gksxh] ikuh
lfClMh dh jkf'k vf/dre 80]000 #i;s rd gksrh gSA
dh deh ls gksus okyh Hkwfe {kfr esa deh vk,xhA
z ;fn fuekZ.k ykxr bl lhek ls vf/d gS] rks fdlkuksa dks
z xjhc fdlkuksa dks i;kZIr flapkbZ lalk/uksa rd igqap çkIr
vfrfjÙkQ •pZ ogu djuk gksxkA
gksxh] ftlls mudh Ñf"k xfrfof/;ksa dks leFkZu feysxkA
vkfFkZd :i ls detksj fdlkuksa osQ fy, lfClMh z fo/ok efgyk fdlkuksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa] vkfFkZd :i
z vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr fdlku rkykc fuekZ.k osQ fy, 75» ls oafpr ifjokjksa vkSj rykd'kqnk efgykvksa lHkh dks ;kstuk
dh mPp lfClMh] vf/dre 1 yk• #i;s rd osQ ik=k gSaA osQ lekos'kh çko/kuksa ls ykHk gksxkA
z bl lfClMh ls ijs dksbZ Hkh vfrfjÙkQ ykxr fdlkuksa dh foÙkh; lgk;rk
ftEesnkjh gksxhA z ;kstuk osQ ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ljdkj ls Rs 230]000 dh foÙkh;
dk;kZUo;u ftEesnkjh lgk;rk feysxhA
z bl ;kstuk dk dk;kZUo;u jkT; osQ Ñf"k foHkkx osQ nk;js esa z bl vuqnku dk mís'; fdlkuksa dks rkykc vkSj oqQ,¡ cukus]
vkrk gS] tks ftyk vkSj CykWd Lrj ij y{; fu/kZfjr djsxkA mudh flapkbZ lqfo/kvksa dks c<+kus esa lgk;rk djuk gSA

çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk (2009 ls çjEHk)% eè; çns'k z ;ksX; Nk=k bl ;kstuk osQ fy, vkWuykbu vkosnu çfØ;k osQ
esa f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls yM+fd;ksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk ekè;e ls vkosnu dj ldrs gSaA
z bl ;kstuk dk ykHk vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj
ifjp;
xjhch js•k ls uhps osQ yksxksa lfgr vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr
z çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk ,d fo'ks"k :i ls fMtkbu dh xbZ oxks± osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy, gSA
igy gS tks eq[; :i ls eè; çns'k dh yM+fd;ksa ij yf{kr
gS tks f'k{kk gkfly djus vkSj Hkfo"; esa oqQN lkFkZd gkfly eè; çns'k esa Ñf"k Jfedksa osQ fy, eq[;ea=kh etnwj
djus dh bPNk j•rh gSaA lqj{kk ;kstuk
z mudh 'kSf{kd vkdka{kkvksa esa ck/k Mkyus okyh vkfFkZd ifjp;
pqukSfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq,] eè; çns'k ljdkj ik=k
z eq[;ea=kh etnwj lqj{kk ;kstuk eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk jkT;
yM+fd;ksa dks 500 #i;s dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk çnku djrh gSA
osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa iathÑr etnwjksa vkSj muosQ vkfJr lnL;ksa
z bl ;kstuk osQ ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks nl eghus dh vof/ osQ fy, rd fofHkUu ykHkdkjh ;kstukvksa dk foLrkj djus osQ fy,
Nk=ko`fÙk feyrh gS] ftlls mUgsa mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus esa ,d lefiZr igy gSA
lgk;rk feyrh gSA
ik=krk ekinaM
ik=krk ekinaM 1- fuokl dh vko';drk% vkosnd osQ ikl xzke iapk;r esa
z ;kstuk osQ fy, ik=k gksus osQ fy,] Nk=k dks 12oha d{kk de ls de 5 o"kZ dk fu;fer fuokl gksuk pkfg,A
esa U;wure 60» ;k mlls vf/d vad çkIr djus pkfg,A
2- Je {kerk% vkosnd osQ ikl Je dk;Z esa layXu gksus dh
z bl Nk=ko`fÙk osQ ekè;e ls çnku dh tkus okyh foÙkh; {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
lgk;rk lh/s ykHkkFkhZ osQ cSad •krs esa LFkkukarfjr dh
3- fof'k"V xfrfof/;ksa esa layXurk% etnwj dks Ñf"k] •srh]
tk,xhA
okfudh] ckxokuh ;k eNyh idM+us tSlh xfrfof/;ksa esa
çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk osQ mís'; 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A
z bl ;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís'; mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus okyh 4- dksbZ Hkwfe LokfeRo ugha% u rks vkosnd vkSj u gh muosQ
yM+fd;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk gSA ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa osQ ikl dksbZ Ñf"k Hkwfe gksuh pkfg,A
z ;g ;kstuk fo'ks"k :i ls mu yM+fd;ksa dh enn osQ fy, 5- vk;q ekunaM% vkosnd dh vk;q 18 ls 59 o"kZ osQ chp
cukbZ xbZ gS tks vius ifjokj dh •jkc vkfFkZd fLFkfr osQ gksuh pkfg,A
dkj.k f'k{kk çkIr djus esa vleFkZ gSaA 6- vU; ;kstukvksa ls cfg"dkj% vkosnd dks jkT; ljdkj
z bl ;kstuk dk ykHk mu yM+fd;ksa dks fn;k tkrk gS ftUgksaus }kjk nh tkus okyh vU; ykHkdkjh ;kstukvksa] tSls eè; çns'k
12oha d{kk esa 60» ;k mlls vf/d vad çkIr fd, gSaA Hkou vkSj vU; lfUuekZ.k deZdkj dY;k.k cksMZ osQ rgr
foÙkh; lgk;rk iathÑr ugha gksuk pkfg,A
z bl Nk=ko`fÙk ls ykHkkfUor gksus okyh yM+fd;ksa dks nl eghus eq[;ea=kh etnwj lqj{kk ;kstuk osQ ykHk
rd 500 #i;s çfr ekg dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk feyrh gSA z ekr`Ro vodk'k lgk;rk%
z ;g foÙkh; lgk;rk mUgsa vius fgrksa osQ vuq:i f'k{kk çkIr xHkZorh efgykvksa dks 45 fnuksa osQ Je osru osQ cjkcj
djus vkSj viuh Hkfo"; dh laHkkoukvksa esa lq/kj djus dh ekr`Ro vodk'k lgk;rk feysxhA
vuqefr nsrh gSA uotkr f'k'kqvksa osQ firk 15 fnuksa osQ Je osru osQ
eè; çns'k çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk 2023 osQ ykHk cjkcj fir`Ro vodk'k lgk;rk osQ ik=k gksaxsA
z bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; yM+fd;ksa dks foÙkh; ck/kvksa osQ z Nk=ko`fÙk@es/koh Nk=k iqjLdkj%
fcuk mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus esa l{ke cukuk gSA iathÑr Jfedksa osQ cPpksa dks ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls
z ik=k Nk=kksa dks nl eghus rd 500 #i;s ;k lkykuk 5]000 fofHkUu foHkkxksa }kjk nh tkus okyh Nk=ko`fÙk vkSj es/koh
#i;s dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk feysxhA Nk=k iqjLdkj rd igqap çkIr gksxhA
z bl Nk=ko`fÙk osQ ekè;e ls çnku dh tkus okyh foÙkh; ç/kuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk osQ ykHkkFkhZ Jfedksa
lgk;rk lh/s ykHkkFkhZ osQ cSad •krs esa LFkkukarfjr dh osQ cPpksa dks Hkkjrh; chek fuxe dh 'kSf{kd Nk=ko`fÙk
tk,xhA osQ ekè;e ls foÙkh; lgk;rk Hkh çkIr gksxhA

z fookg lgk;rk% ekftZu jkf'k
eq[;ea=kh dU;knku@;kstuk osQ rgr iathÑr Jfedksa ;k z vkosndksa dks ifj;kstuk ykxr dk 30» ekftZu euh dk
mudh 18 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr dj pqdh csfV;ksa dks ;ksxnku djuk vko';d gS] ftldh Åijh lhek 2-00 yk•
fookg ;k iqufoZokg osQ fy, fookg çksRlkgu lgk;rk #i;s gSA
çnku dh tk,xhA
C;kt lfClMh
z esfMdy lgk;rk%
z m|ferk dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,] 7 lky rd dh vof/
nhun;ky vaR;ksn; mipkj ;kstuk osQ rgr fpfdRlk
osQ fy, ifj;kstuk ykxr dk 5» (çfr o"kZ vf/dre
lgk;rk çnku dh tk,xhA
25]000 #i;s rd) C;kt lfClMh nh tk,xhA
jkT; chekjh lgk;rk ;kstuk osQ rgr xaHkhj chekfj;ksa
vkSj bykt osQ fy, lgk;rk Hkh feysxhA ykHkkFkhZ

eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk lqyHk gksxh- z ;g ;kstuk fo'ks"k :i ls gkf'k, ij jgus okys leqnk;ksa osQ
z chek ykHk lgk;rk% vkosndksa osQ fy, miyC/ gSA
iathÑr etnwjksa dks ¶vke vkneh chek ;kstuk¸ chek
z vko';d ekunaMksa esa eè; çns'k fuokl] 5oha d{kk dh
;kstuk }kjk doj fd;k tk,xkA U;wure 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk] 18 ls 45 o"kZ osQ chp dh
ykHk esa çkÑfrd e`R;q osQ ekeys esa 30]000 #i;s]
vk;q] jk"Vªh;Ñr cSadksa@foÙkh; laLFkkuksa@lgdkjh cSadksa osQ
nq?kZVuk esa e`R;q osQ ekeys esa 75]000 #i;s] nq?kZVuk esa lkFk fMiQkWYV dk dksbZ bfrgkl ugha vkSj ljdkjh ;kstukvksa
,d vax osQ uqdlku osQ ekeys esa 37]500 #i;s vkSj ls ½.k ;k vuqnku dh dksbZ fiNyh jlhn 'kkfey ugha gSA
nq?kZVuk esa nks vaxksa osQ uqdlku osQ ekeys esa 75]000 z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ osQoy ,d ckj gh ½.k
#i;s 'kkfey gSaA çkIr dj ldrk gSA
z vaR;sf"V lgk;rk% ykHk
laLFkkxr çlo osQ fy, tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk osQ rgr
z bl ;kstuk esa {ks=kksa dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk 'kkfey gS] ftlesa
ekrkvksa dks lgk;rk çnku dh tk,xhA iQksVksdkWih] iQksVksxzkiQh] vkWiQlsV fçafVax] vkWVkseksckby vkSj
laLFkkuksa osQ ckgj cPps dks tUe nsus okyh xjhch js•k eksVjlkbfdy ejEer] bysfDVªdy vkSj bysDVªkWfuDl ?kjsyw
ls uhps dh efgykvksa dks lgk;rk osQ :i esa 500 ejEer] Hkkjh okgu ejEer] Vk;j ejEer] VsaV gkml lsok,a
#i;s feysaxsA vkfn tSlh xfrfof/;ka 'kkfey gSaA
eq[;ea=kh Lojkstxkj ;kstuk z bu igyksa osQ ekè;e ls] eq[;ea=kh Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk
mís'; lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjn`'; dk mRFkku djuk vkSj
ifjp;
{ks=k osQ oafpr ;qokvksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk gSA
,eih eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk (eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ
;kstuk)
ifjp;
z eè; çns'k eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk ekpZ 2014 esa eè;
çns'k jkT; esa eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt flag pkSgku }kjk 'kq: dh
xbZ FkhA
z viuh LFkkiuk osQ ckn ls] bl ;kstuk esa 4-90 djksM+ ik=k
z eq[;ea=kh Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ,d nwjn'khZ igy gS ftldk O;fÙkQ 'kkfey gSaA bl igy osQ rgr] ik=k ifjokjksa dks 1
mís'; eè; çns'k {ks=k esa vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr vkSj #i;s çfr fdyksxzke dh fj;k;rh nj ij pkoy vkSj xsgwa
vYila[;d leqnk;ksa osQ ;qokvksa osQ chp Lo&jkstxkj] lsok feyrk gSA
m|eksa vkSj O;kolkf;d LFkkiuk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA z vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk osQ rgr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
z ;g ;kstuk cSafdax laLFkkuksa osQ ekè;e ls ½.k vkSj ekftZu osQ lkFk&lkFk çkFkfedrk Js.kh esa vkus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks
euh forj.k dh lqfo/k çnku djosQ lapkfyr gksrh gSA Hkh doj djrh gSA

vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk (,ih,y) vUu ;kstuk% pqdkus dk volj çnku djrk gSA cSad ik=k O;fÙkQ;ksa dks
z bl Js.kh esa fcuk fuf'pr vk; okys O;fÙkQ] vukFk] cqtqxZ 10] 12 ;k 15 o"kks± osQ fy, ½.k nsrs gSaA
ukxfjd] fnO;kax O;fÙkQ] fujkfJr fo/ok,a vkfn 'kkfey gSaA z ,eih eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k vkokl ;kstuk osQ rgr bPNqd
z bl ;kstuk osQ ekè;e ls] ;ksX; ifjokjksa dks 35 fdyksxzke ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks vius vkokl dk fuekZ.k fu/kZfjr vkokl
vukt dk ekfld vkoaVu çkIr gksrk gSA ekufp=k osQ vuqlkj djuk gksxkA
çkFkfedrk Js.kh (chih,y) ifjokj% z eq[;ea=kh vkokl fe'ku osQ rgr eè; çns'k osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
z bl Js.kh esa fjD'kk pkyd] ukbZ] ukSdk lapkyd] ?kjsyw esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks viuk ?kj cukus osQ fy, 1-20 yk• #i;s
dkexkj] efgyk,a] eNqvkjs] lgdkjh lfefr osQ lnL;] lkFk çnku fd, tk jgs gSaA
gh vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ lnL; tSls eè; çns'k eq[;ea=kh vkokl ;kstuk (xzkeh.k vkokl
O;olk; 'kkfey gSaA fe'ku) osQ ykHk%
z bu ik=k ifjokjksa dk çR;sd lnL; gj eghus 5 fdyksxzke z xzkeh.k vkokl fe'ku dk mís'; eè; çns'k osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
vukt ikus dk gdnkj gSA
esa jgus okys vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr O;fÙkQ;ksa dks LFkk;h
eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk dh fo'ks"k fo'ks"krk,a% vkokl çnku djuk gS] ftuosQ ikl viuk iDdk ?kj ugha
z vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk 2008 esa eè; çns'k esa 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh] gSA 2023 rd ik=k O;fÙkQ;ksa dks viuk iDdk edku miyC/
'kq#vkr esa xjhch js•k ls uhps (chih,y) osQoy 75 yk• djk;k tk;sxkA
ifjokjksa dks ykHk feykA z eq[;ea=kh vkokl fe'ku osQ rgr eè; çns'k osQ gj xjhc
z blosQ 'kq#vkrh pj.k esa ik=k ifjokjksa dks 3 #i;s çfr dks viuk iDdk edku feysxkA
fdyksxzke dh nj ls xsgwa vkSj 4-50 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke dh z eè; çns'k esa vius Lo;a osQ iDosQ ?kj osQ fcuk lHkh
nj ls pkoy miyC/ djk;k x;k FkkA vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr O;fÙkQ bl ;kstuk ls ykHkkfUor gksus
z ekpZ 2013 rd] bl ;kstuk dks chih,y ifjokjksa dks 'kkfey osQ ik=k gksaxsA
djus osQ fy, c<+k fn;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ckn esa] vaR;ksn;
z ;g dk;ZØe eè; çns'k dh xzkeh.k vkcknh osQ vkfFkZd :i
ifjokjksa dks Hkh 'kkfey djus osQ fy, bldk nk;jk c<+k;k
ls detksj oxks± dks viuk ?kj cukus osQ fy, ½.k çnku
x;k FkkA
djus dh lqfo/k çnku djrk gSA
z forj.k njksa dks la'kksf/r dj pkoy osQ fy, 2 #i;s çfr
fdyksxzke vkSj xsgwa osQ fy, 1 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke dj z eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k vkokl ;kstuk 2023 osQ rgr] ,eih esa
fn;k x;kA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fuoklh tks cs?kj gSa ;k iDosQ ?kj dh deh
z tuojh 2014 ls chih,y vkSj ,ih,y ifjokjksa dks pkoy gS] os viuk ?kj cukus osQ fy, lfClMh okyk ½.k çkIr
vkSj xsgwa nksuksa 1 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls forfjr dj ldrs gSaA
fd, x,A eq[;ea=kh vkokl ;kstuk 2023 osQ fy, ik=krk%
z ekpZ 2014 ls] ;g ;kstuk 1 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke dh nj z ykHkkFkhZ xzkeh.k eè; çns'k dk LFkk;h fuoklh gksuk pkfg,A
ls pkoy vkSj xsgwa osQ vykok 4 yhVj feêðh dk rsy] 1 z eè; çns'k osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa LFkk;h fuoklh ifjokj ftuosQ
fdyksxzke phuh vkSj 1 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke ij vk;ksMhu ikl O;fÙkQxr iDdk ?kj ugha gS] ik=k gSaA
;qÙkQ ued çnku dj jgh gSA
z ;g ;kstuk osQoy eè; çns'k osQ vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr
z eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís'; gkf'k, ij
ukxfjdksa osQ fy, gSA
jgus okys ifjokjksa osQ fy, •k| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuk]
vko';d •k| inkFkks± dks muosQ fy, lqyHk vkSj fdiQk;rh z ;fn vki bl ;kstuk dk ykHk mBkuk pkgrs gSa] rks lqfuf'pr
cukuk gSA djsa fd vkosnu djus okys ifjokj osQ ikl 1 gsDVs;j
(3-954 ch?ks) ls vf/d Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe u gksA
eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k vkokl fe'ku 2023 z ykHkkFkhZ ifjokj osQ ikl tehu gksuh pkfg, ;k ?kj cukus
ifjp; osQ fy, tehu •jhnus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
z eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k vkokl fe'ku 2023 O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mudh z ykHkkFkhZ dks fdlh vU; ;kstuk osQ rgr vkokl dk ykHk
vk; osQ vk/kj ij mudh {kerk osQ vuqlkj vius ½.k u feyk gksA

eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk z bl ;kstuk dk ykHk mBkus osQ fy,] O;fÙkQ;ksa dks vkf/dkfjd
ifjp; osclkbV osQ ekè;e ls uy dusD'ku osQ fy, vkosnu djuk
gksxkA vkosnu çfØ;k dk fooj.k bl ys• esa çnku fd;k
z eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt
flag pkSgku }kjk nwjnjkt osQ bykdksa esa efgykvksa dks ikuh tk,xkA
osQ fy, yach nwjh r; djus dh vko';drk dks •Re djus eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk ik=krk%
osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA z bl ;kstuk dk ykHk osQoy eè; çns'k jkT; osQ fuokfl;ksa
z bl igy osQ rgr lHkh ik=k ifjokjksa osQ ?kjksa esa uy osQ osQ fy, miyC/ gSA
ikuh dh O;oLFkk miyC/ djk;h tk;sxhA
z osQoy os ?kj ftuesa orZeku esa uy ty dusD'ku dh deh
z ,eih uy ty ;kstuk dks eè; çns'k jkT; ljdkj }kjk
gS] os gh bl ;kstuk dk ykHk çkIr djus osQ ik=k gSaA
2200 djksM+ #i;s dk ctV vkoafVr fd;k x;k gSA
z ;kstuk dk ykHk mBkus osQ fy,] vkosndksa dks uy osQ ikuh
z bl ;kstuk dk mís'; efgykvksa dks uy osQ ekè;e ls ikuh
dh miyC/rk osQ lkFk gSaMiai dk mi;ksx djosQ eSU;qvy osQ dusD'ku osQ fy, ,d vkosnu tek djuk gksxkA
:i ls ikuh fudkyus dh vko';drk dks çfrLFkkfir eq[;ea=kh ykMyh cguk ;kstuk
djuk gSA
ifjp;
,eih uy ty ;kstuk osQ mís';%
z eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís'; xzkeh.k
vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=kksa esa uy dusD'ku osQ ekè;e ls LoPN
is;ty rd vklku igqap çnku djuk gS tgka lqfo/ktud
ty vkiwfrZ dh deh gSA
z bl igy ls jkT; osQ yxHkx 60 yk• ifjokjksa dks ykHk
feyus dh mEehn gSA
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr] eè; çns'k ljdkj bu lHkh ?kjksa
rd uy dk ikuh igqapkus osQ fy, ty vkiwfrZ osQ fy,
ikbiykbu fcNk,xh] ftlls ikuh vklkuh ls miyC/ gks
losQA z eq[;ea=kh ykMyh cguk ;kstuk efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd
eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk osQ ykHk vkSj fo'ks"krk,a% Lora=krk dks c<+kus vkSj efgykvksa vkSj vkfJr cPpksa nksuksa
osQ LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k Lrj esa lq/kj osQ fy, eè; çns'k
z eq[;ea=kh f'kojkt flag pkSgku osQ usr`Ro okyh eè; çns'k
ljdkj us jkT; osQ yksxksa dks lqjf{kr is;ty dh lqfo/k ljdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ ,d ;kstuk gSA
çnku djus osQ fy, uy ty ;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA z bl ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk 28 tuojh 2023 dks dh xbZ Fkh
z uy ty ;kstuk osQ ykxw gksus ls vc efgykvksa dks Hkwfexr vkSj blosQ rgr efgykvksa dks 1]000 #i;s dh ekfld
lzksrksa ls gSaMiai dk mi;ksx dj gkFk ls ikuh fudkyus dh jkf'k çnku dh tkrh Fkh vc bls c<kdj 1250 :i;s dj
t:jr ugha iM+sxhA fn;k x;k gSA
z ;g ;kstuk ;g lqfuf'pr djsxh fd jkT; osQ nwjnjkt osQ ;kstuk osQ ykHk gSa
bykdksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks uy osQ ekè;e ls LoPN
z efgykvksa vkSj vkfJr cPpksa osQ fy, csgrj LokLF; vkSj
is;ty miyC/ gksA
iks"k.kA
z ,eih uy ty ;kstuk ls jkT; osQ yxHkx 60 yk• yksxksa
dks ykHk gksus dh mEehn gSA z efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd l'kfÙkQdj.kA
z bl ;kstuk osQ liQy dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj }kjk z fu.kZ; ysus esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+hA
2200 djksM+ #i;s dk vkoafVr ctV fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA z ySafxd vlekurk esa dehA

;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u fuEufyf•r pj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls vVy x`g T;ksfr ;kstuk
fd;k tk;sxk% ifjp; vkSj ukedj.k
z efgykvksa dk iathdj.k% tks efgyk,a ;kstuk dk ykHk z eè; çns'k ljdkj us miHkksÙkQkvksa dks fj;k;rh njksa ij
ysus dh bPNqd gSa] mUgsa lacaf/r ftyk dk;kZy; esa viuk fctyh miyC/ djkus osQ fy, ¶vVy x`g T;ksfr ;kstuk¸
iathdj.k djkuk gksxkA (ftls igys bafnjk x`g T;ksfr ;kstuk osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk
z nLrkost çLrqr djuk% iathdj.k iQkWeZ osQ lkFk efgykvksa Fkk) 'kq: dh gSA
dks fuEufyf•r nLrkost tek djus gksaxs% fctyh miHkksÙkQkvksa dks ykHk
vk/kj dkMZ
z bl ;kstuk dk mís'; eè; çns'k esa miHkksÙkQkvksa dks fj;k;rh
cSad osQ •krs dk fooj.k njksa ij fctyh çnku djuk gSA
vk; çek.k i=k z bl igy ls fo'ks"k :i ls xjhch js•k ls uhps jgus okys
z /ujkf'k tkjh djuk% efgykvksa osQ cSad •krksa esa gj eghus yksxksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA
dh 1 rkjh• dks 1]000 #i;s dh ekfld jkf'k tkjh dh dojst vkSj vkf/dkfjd ykWUp
tk,xhA
z ¶vVy x`g T;ksfr ;kstuk¸ vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij eè; çns'k
vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk jkT; osQ lHkh fctyh miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ fy, 'kq: dh xbZ gSA
z bl ;kstuk dk y{; jkT; osQ çR;sd fctyh miHkksÙkQk dks
;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr%
ykHk igqapkuk gSA
z eè; çns'k ljdkj us ¶vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk¸ 'kq:
dh gSA 100 ;wfuV rd osQ fy, ÝySV fcy
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr 100 ;wfuV rd fctyh dk mi;ksx
dk;kZUo;u foHkkx% djus okys miHkksÙkQkvksa dks osQoy 100 #i;s dk ,deq'r
z vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk dks ykxw djus dh ftEesnkjh fcy nsuk gksxkA
eè; çns'k osQ ÅtkZ foHkkx dh gS- z bl ykHk dk mís'; miHkksÙkQkvksa ij foÙkh; cks> dks de
;kstuk dk eq[; mís';% djuk gSA
z ;kstuk dk çkFkfed mís'; jkT; Hkj esa ehVj okys vkSj 100 bdkb;ksa ls Åij mi;ksx
xSj&ehVj okys lHkh Ñf"k miHkksÙkQkvksa dks fctyh dh z ;fn dksbZ miHkksÙkQk ,d eghus esa 100 ;wfuV ls vf/d
miyC/rk lqfuf'pr djuk gSA fctyh dk mi;ksx djrk gS] rks mUgsa ekStwnk fctyh njksa osQ
ik=krk ekinaM% vuqlkj fcy fn;k tk,xkA
z vkosnd eè; çns'k dk fuoklh gksuk pkfg,A z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr 100 ;wfuV ls vf/d mi;ksx osQ fy,
z fiQDLM iQkeZ iai miHkksÙkQk ;k 10 gkWlZ ikoj rd dh {kerk dksbZ fo'ks"k fj;k;rsa çnku ugha dh tkrh gSaA
okys fdlku ik=k gSaA çkFkfed mís';
vkosnu çfØ;k% z ¶vVy x`g T;ksfr ;kstuk¸ dk eq[; mís'; vkfFkZd :i
ls oafpr ifjokjksa] fo'ks"kdj xjhch js•k ls uhps jgus okys
z ik=k O;fÙkQ eè; çns'k vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk osQ ykHk
ifjokjksa dks lLrh fctyh çnku djosQ vkfFkZd lgk;rk
osQ fy, ÅtkZ foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;ksa osQ ekè;e ls vkosnu
djuk gSA
dj ldrs gSaA
z bl ;kstuk dks ykxw djus dk ,d vU; y{; eè; çns'k
;kstuk osQ ykHk% osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ chp ftEesnkj ÅtkZ •ir dks çksRlkfgr
z 10 gkWlZikoj rd dh {kerk okys xSj&ehVj okys fiQDLM djuk gSA
iQkeZ iai miHkksÙkQkvksa dks çfr o"kZ 750 #i;s çfr gkWlZikoj z bldk mís'; fctyh osQ mi;ksx dks vf/dre 100 ;wfuV
dh ,d fuf'pr nj ij fctyh miyC/ gksxhA rd lhfer djuk gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd ifjokj
z 10 gkWlZ ikoj rd dh {kerk okys ehVj okys Ñf"k bl ;kstuk ls ykHkkfUor gks losQa vkSj lkFk gh lexz ÅtkZ
miHkksÙkQkvksa dks fj;k;rh njksa ij fctyh feysxhA laj{k.k esa Hkh ;ksxnku ns losQaA

de •ir okys ifjokjksa dks ykHk djksM+ #i;s dk ctV vkoafVr fd;k gSA ;g iQafMax ik=k
z ;g ;kstuk de fctyh •ir okys ifjokjksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ fy, çf'k{k.k vkSj othiQk forj.k dk leFkZu
:i ls iQk;nsean gSA djsxhA
z 100 ;wfuV rd ,d ÝySV nj ij fctyh dk çko/ku mUgsa z f'k{kqrk osQ fy, othiQk% dkS'ky fodkl osQ vykok] ik=k
osQoy 100 #i;s osQ ekewyh fcy dk Hkqxrku djus dh ;qok fofHkUu m|ksxksa osQ Hkhrj çf'k{kqrk dk;ZØeksa esa layXu
vuqefr nsrk gS] ftlls mUgsa i;kZIr foÙkh; jkgr feyrh gSA gksus osQ fy, 1]00]000 #i;s dk othiQk çkIr djus osQ
Hkh gdnkj gksaxsA
eq[;ea=kh dkS'ky lao/Zu ;kstuk z nj[okLr foLrkj% ljdkj eq[;ea=kh dkS'ky çf'k{kq ;kstuk
ifjp; osQ fy, foLr`r vkosnu çfØ;k vkSj lacaf/r fn'kkfunZs'k
mfpr le; ij tkjh djsxhA
z eq[;ea=kh dkS'ky çf'k{kq ;kstuk eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk 'kq:
dh xbZ ,d egRoiw.kZ igy gS ftldk mís'; jkT; osQ ik=krk ekinaM
;qokvksa dks l'kÙkQ cukuk gSA z eè; çns'k dk dkuwuh fuoklh gksuk pkfg,A
z 1 ekpZ] 2023 dks jkT; osQ ctV osQ fgLls osQ :i esa 'kq: z U;wure 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A
dh xbZ ;g ;kstuk ;qok O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ewY;oku dkS'ky ls z vk;q vko';drk% vkosndksa dh vk;q 15 o"kZ ls vf/d
ySl djosQ mudh jkstxkj {kerk dks c<+kus osQ fy, fMtkbu gksuh pkfg,A
dh xbZ gSA ykHk
mís'; z m|ksxksa esa çf'k{kqrk osQ fy, 1 yk• #i;s rd dk ekSfæd
othiQk] mudh foÙkh; Lora=krk dks c<+kuk vkSj dkS'ky
z eq[;ea=kh dkS'ky çf'k{kq ;kstuk dk çkFkfed y{; eè;
fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djukA
çns'k osQ ;qokvksa dks O;kolkf;d vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk çnku
djuk gS] ftlls mUgsa ukSdjh osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k tk losQ egRoiw.kZ fcanq
vkSj m|ksxksa esa çHkkoh <ax ls ;ksxnku nsus esa l{ke cuk;k
tk losQA z eè; çns'k foØekfnR; Nk=ko`fÙk ;kstuk vkfFkZd :i ls
fiNM+s ifjokjksa osQ mu Nk=kksa dks eqÝr mPp f'k{kk çnku
çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa djus osQ fy, gS] ftUgksaus 12oha d{kk dh ijh{kk esa 60»
z dkS'ky lao/Zu% ;g ;kstuk ;qokvksa dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ls vf/d vad çkIr fd, gSaA
vkSj rduhdh dkS'ky çnku djus ij osQafær gS] ftlls os z eq[;ea=kh dU;k fookg ;kstuk uofookfgr tksM+ksa dks foÙkh;
fofHkUu m|ksxksa ls lacaf/r O;kogkfjd Kku çkIr dj losQaA lgk;rk çnku djus osQ fy, gSA
z foÙkh; lgk;rk% bl ;kstuk osQ rgr] ik=k ;qokvksa dks z rkykc vkSj ugj fuekZ.k osQ ekè;e ls fdlkuksa osQ •srksa esa
m|ksx&fof'k"V çf'k{kqrk dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, `1 ikuh dh miyC/rk c<+kus osQ fy, eè; çns'k cyjke rkykc
yk• rd dk othiQk feysxkA ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh
z ik=krk ekinaM% eè; çns'k eq[;ea=kh dkS'ky çf'k{kq ;kstuk z eè; çns'k dfiy/kjk ;kstuk ty lqj{kk vkSj csgrj Ñf"k
osQ fy, vgZrk çkIr djus osQ fy,] vkosndksa dks fuEufyf•r mRikndrk ij osQafær gSA
ekunaMksa dks iwjk djuk gksxk% z eq[;ea=kh Lojkstxkj ;kstuk vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr vkSj
eè; çns'k dk fuoklh gksuk pkfg,A
vYila[;d leqnk;ksa osQ ;qokvksa osQ chp Lojkstxkj dks
c<+kok nsrh gSA
U;wure Lrj dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A
z eq[;ea=kh ykMyh cgu ;kstuk efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd
vk;q vko';drk% vkosndksa dh vk;q 15 o"kZ ls vf/d
Lora=krk c<+kus vkSj efgykvksa vkSj vkfJr cPpksa nksuksa osQ
gksuh pkfg,A LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k Lrj esa lq/kj osQ fy, 'kq: dh xbZ
z okf"kZd ykHkkFkhZ% bl ;kstuk dk y{; cM+h la[;k esa ,d ;kstuk gSA
;qokvksa dks çf'kf{kr vkSj l'kÙkQ cukuk gSA vuqeku gS fd z vkdka{kk ;kstuk vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh
jkT; osQ ,d yk• (100]000) ;qok gj lky çf'k{k.k ysaxsA ijh{kk osQ fy, dksfpax nsus ls lacaf/r gSA
z ctV vkoaVu% eq[;ea=kh dkS'ky çf'k{kq ;kstuk osQ liQy z 1]000 #i;s çfr ekg eè; çns'k ljdkj dh ¶ykMyh cgu
dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, ljdkj us 1]000 ;kstuk¸ osQ rgr ik=k efgykvksa dks fn;k tk,xkA

foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) 7- 11 vDVwcj 2014 dks yksduk;d t;çdk'k ukjk;.k dh
t;arh ij dkSu lk dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk\(2015)
1- eè; çns'k ljdkj dh ¶ykMyh cguk ;kstuk¸ osQ rgr
(a) LoPN Hkkjr vkanksyu
ik=k efgykvksa dks fdruh jkf'k nh tk,xh\ (2022)
(b) fMftVy bafM;k
(a) ` 1]000 (b) ` 2]000
(c) lkaln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk
(c) ` 500 (d) ` 2]500
(d) ç/kuea=kh tu/u ;kstuk
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (c)
2- eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk fdl o"kZ 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh\(2021)
8- çR;{k udn gLrkarj.k ;kstuk dc 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh\
(a) 2000 (b) 1995
(2014)
(c) 1993 (d) 1991
(a) tuojh 2013 (b) fnlacj] 2012
mÙkj (b)
(c) uoacj] 2012 (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
3- vkdka{kk ;kstuk lacaf/r gSA (2020)
mÙkj (a)
(a) çfr;ksxh ijh{kk osQ fy, vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ Nk=kksa
osQ fy, dksfpax 9- Hkkjrh; ç/ku ea=kh us vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij ¶LoPN Hkkjr
fe'ku¸ ykWUp fd;kA (2014)
(b) vuqlfw pr tutkfr osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, •sy çf'k{k.k
(a) x.kra=k fnol (b) xka/h t;arh
(c) vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ Nk=kksa osQ chp m|ferk dks
c<+kok nsuk (c) i;kZoj.k fnol (d) Lora=krk fnol
(d) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha mÙkj (b)

mÙkj (a)
4- jk"Vªh; LokLF; fe'ku dh tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk dk eq[;
1- êlkyk {ks=k foLrkj ;kstuk* esa dkSu lh elkyk iQlysa
mís'; D;k gS\ (2020)
'kkfey gSa\ (2020)
(a) yksxksa dks lqjf{kr ;kSu rjhdksa dk mi;ksx djus osQ
fy, çksRlkfgr djuk 2- eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ çeq• igy crk,a] eè;
çns'k dh efgyk uhfr] 2015 osQ laca/ esaA (2020)
(b) xjhc yksxksa dks vkJ; çnku djuk
3- ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk (ih,eth,lokbZ) osQ mís';
(c) fo/ok efgykvksa dks isa'ku çnku djuk
D;k gSa\ (2018)
(d) ekr` ,oa uotkr e`R;q nj esa deh ykuk
4- jkT; osQ fodkl osQ fy,- e-ç- ljdkj-}kjk mBk;s x;s
mÙkj (d)
uohure dneksa dh ppkZ djsaA (2015)
5- egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e dc
5- eujsxk osQ ckjs esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\ xzkeh.k xjhcksa dh
ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk\ (2016)
leL;k dk lek/ku djus esa ;g dgka rd liQy jgh
(a) 2007 (b) 2005 gS\ (2015)
(c) 2010 (d) 2004
6- ,lth,lokbZ (Lo.kZt;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk) ij ,d
mÙkj (b) laf{kIr uksV fy•saA (2015)
6- ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk osQ mís'; gSa\ (2016) 7- eè; çns'k esa cky LokLF; dk;ZØe dh ppkZ djsaA
(a) xkaoksa dks eq[; lM+d ls tksM+uk (2014)
(b) iDdh lM+d 8- eè; çns'k esa efgykvksa dk mipkjkRed LokLF; dk;ZØe
(c) a vkSj b nksuksa dh ppkZ djsaA (2014)
(d) dksbZ Hkh mi;qÙkQ ugha 9- ¶egkRek xka/h jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/fu;e¸
mÙkj (c) dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsaA (2014)

vH;kl ç'u (b) fdlkuksa osQ •srksa esa ty dh miyC/rk dks c<+kok
1- eq[;ea=kh Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS\ nsuk
(c) lkiQ ihus osQ ikuh dh vklku igq¡p dh lqfuf'pr
(a) fdlkuksa osQ ifjokjksa dks eqÝr LokLF; lsok,a çnku
djuk djuk
(b) vkRe&jkstxkj vkSj O;olkf;d m|eksa dks çksRlkfgr (d) vkRe&jkstxkj vkSj O;olkf;d m|eksa dks çksRlkfgr
djuk djuk
(c) xzkeh.k Nk=kksa dks eqÝr lkbfdy forfjr djuk mÙkj (c)
(d) fdlkuksa osQ •srksa esa ty dh miyC/rk dks c<+kok O;k[;k% eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; lkiQ ihus
nsuk osQ ikuh dh vklku igq¡p dks xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa nksuksa esa
mÙkj (b) uy la;kstu osQ ekè;e ls lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh Lojkstxkj ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; vkfFkZd 5- eq[;ea=kh ykMyh cguk ;kstuk ls dkSu ykHkkfUor gks ldrk
:i ls detksj vkSj vYila[;d ;qokvksa osQ chp vkRe&jkstxkj] gS\
lsok m|eksa vkSj O;olkf;d LFkkiuk dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA (a) 18 ls 45 o"kZ osQ iq#"k
(b) lHkh efgyk,¡
2- eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk osQ rgr] ;g ;kstuk
eq[; :i ls fdl fpfdRlk fLFkfr ij osQafær gS\ (c) 21 ls 60 o"kZ dh fookfgr] fo/ok] rykd'kqnk
efgyk,¡
(a) 'okluyh fodkj
(d) osQoy fo/ok efgyk,¡
(b) cPpksa esa ân; lacaf/r chekfj;k¡
mÙkj (c)
(c) e/qesg
O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh ykMyh cguk ;kstuk osQ rgr 21 ls 60 o"kZ
(d) ekufld LokLF; leL;k,¡ dh fookfgr] fo/ok] rykd'kqnk ik=k efgykvksa dks çfrekg ,d
mÙkj (b) gtkj dh jkf'k çnku tkrh FkhA vc bls c<kdj 1250 :i;s
O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk cPpksa osQ tUe ls dj fn;k x;k gSA
gh ân; lacaf/r chekfj;ksa osQ fy, eqÝr fpfdRlk mipkj çnku 6- eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk osQ rgr] ik=k ifjokjksa dks pkoy
djus osQ fy, gS] ftldk mís'; cPpksa osQ ân; lacaf/r jksxksa vkSj xsgwa dh lfClMhr nj D;k gS\
dks le; ij fpfdRlk lsok,¡ miyC/ djuk gSA (a) fdyksxzke dh nj ij 2 #i;s
3- eè; çns'k dh eq[;ea=kh foØekfnR; LdkWyjf'ki ;kstuk (b) fdyksxzke dh nj ij 5 #i;s
dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS\ (c) fdyksxzke dh nj ij 1 #i;s
(a) xjhc ifjokjksa dks eqÝr mPp f'k{kk çnku djuk (d) fdyksxzke dh nj ij 10 #i;s
(b) efgykvksa dks Lora=krk dh çksRlkguk djuk mÙkj (c)
(c) eè; çns'k osQ xjhc ifjokjksa osQ Nk=kksa dks ekfld O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk osQ rgr] ik=k ifjokjksa dks
fLVisaM çnku djuk pkoy vkSj xsgwa dh lfClMhr nj 1 #i;s çfr fdyksxzke gksrh gSA
(d) efgykvksa dks foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k esa i<+kbZ 7- eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk dk eq[; è;ku fdl
djus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr djuk ij gS\
(a) uofookfgr tksM+ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk
mÙkj (c)
(b) fdlkuksa osQ •srksa esa ty dh miyC/rk dks c<+kok
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k foØekfnR; LdkWyjf'ki ;kstuk mu Nk=kksa
nsuk
osQ fy, eqÝr mPp f'k{kk çnku djus dk mís'; j•rh gS tks
(c) cPpksa osQ ân; lacaf/r chekfj;ksa osQ eqÝr fpfdRlk
ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ ckn 60» ls vf/d vad çkIr djrs gSa vkSj mipkj çnku djuk
vkfFkZd :i ls detksj ifjokjksa ls lacaf/r gksrs gSaA
(d) vkRe&jkstxkj vkSj O;olkf;d m|eksa dks çksRlkfgr
4- eè; çns'k uy ty ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS\ djuk
(a) uofookfgr tksM+ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk mÙkj (c)

O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh cky ân; mipkj ;kstuk uotkr f'k'kqvksa (d) vkRe&jkstxkj vkSj O;olkf;d m|eksa dks çksRlkfgr
ls gh 'kq: gksdj mudh tUe ls gh ân; lacaf/r chekfj;ksa osQ djuk
fy, eqÝr fpfdRlk mipkj çnku djrh gSA mÙkj (c)
8- eè; çns'k esa vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk osQ dk;kZUo;u O;k[;k% çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; cfPp;ksa dks mPp
osQ fy, fdl foHkkx dh ftEesnkjh gS\ f'k{kk dh vksj çksRlkfgr djuk gS vkSj mUgsa l'kÙkQ cukuk gSA
(a) LokLF; foHkkx (b) f'k{kk foHkkx
10- eè; çns'k eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k vkokl ;kstuk dk çeq• y{;
(c) ÅtkZ foHkkx (d) Ñf"k foHkkx D;k gS\
mÙkj (c) (a) lkiQ ihus osQ ikuh dh vklku igq¡p dh lqfuf'pr
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa vVy fdlku T;ksfr ;kstuk osQ dk;kZUo;u djuk
dh ftEesnkjh ÅtkZ foHkkx dh gSA (b) cPpksa osQ ân; lacaf/r chekfj;ksa osQ eqÝr fpfdRlk
9- eè; çns'k dh çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; mipkj çnku djuk
(c) eè; çns'k esa gj xjhc O;fÙkQ dks •qn dk iDdk
D;k gS\
edku çnku djuk
(a) fdlkuksa osQ •srksa esa ty dh miyC/rk dks c<+kok
(d) vkRe&jkstxkj vkSj O;olkf;d m|eksa dks çksRlkfgr
nsuk djuk
(b) vkfFkZd :i ls detksj ifjokjksa dks ekfld fLVisaM mÙkj (c)
çnku djuk O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k vkokl ;kstuk dk çeq• y{; eè;
(c) cfPp;ksa dks f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls l'kfÙkQdj.k çnku çns'k osQ xjhc O;fÙkQ;ksa dks mudk •qn dk LFkk;h vkokl çnku
djuk djuk gSA
v v v

3 eè; çns'k osQ •sy laxBu ,oa iqjLdkj
eè; çns'k fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku (,eihlh,) ,lksfl,'ku us ujsaæ fgjokuh] jkts'k pkSgku] ve;
z lac¼rk vkSj Hkkxhnkjh% •qjkfl;k] ueu vks>k] bZ'oj ikaMs] vos'k •ku] osadVs'k
,eihlh, Hkkjrh; fØosQV daVªksy cksMZ (chlhlhvkbZ)
vÕ;j vkSj iwtk oL=kdkj tSls çfl¼ Hkkjrh; fØosQVjksa
ls lac¼ ,d çeq• fØosQV lapkyu çkarh; bdkbZ gSA osQ fØosQV esa Hkfo"; dks vkdkj nsus esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
;g chlhlhvkbZ }kjk vk;ksftr fofHkUu ?kjsyw fØosQV
z varjkZ"Vªh; LFky%
,eihlh, Hkkjr dh ,dek=k çkarh; bdkbZ gS ftldk nks
VwukZesaVksa esa fu;fer :i ls Hkkx ysrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV eSnkuksa ij fu;a=k.k gS% ,d bankSj esa
z ,sfrgkfld egRo%
vkSj nwljk Xokfy;j esaA
,eihlh,] chlhlhvkbZ ls lac¼ lcls iqjkuh laLFkkvksa
bankSj esa ^gksYdj LVsfM;e* ,eihlh, }kjk fodflr ,d
esa ls ,d gS] ftldh tM+sa 1940 osQ n'kd ls pyh
laifÙk gSA
vk jgh gSaA
,lksfl,'ku Xokfy;j esa viuk Lo;a dk LVsfM;e
fØosQV dks çkjaHk esa çkarh; 'kkldksa }kjk laj{k.k fn;k
fodflr djus ij Hkh dke dj jgk gS] ftlosQ vkus
x;k Fkk] ftlesa ^gksYdj* Vhe us la?k dh uhao j•us esa
okys o"kks± esa rS;kj gksus dh mEehn gSA
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA
z vk;ksftr eSp%
1957 esa jkT; osQ xBu osQ ckn bldk uke cnydj
,eihlh, us fofHkUu varjkZ"Vªh; eSpksa dh liQyrkiwoZd
êè; çns'k fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku* djus ls igys bls
estckuh dh gS] ftuesa 3 VsLV eSp] 27 ,d fnolh;
'kq#vkr esa êè; Hkkjr fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku* osQ uke ls
varjkZ"Vªh; (ouMs)] 3 Vh20 varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj 9 bafM;u
tkuk tkrk FkkA
çhfe;j yhx (vkbZih,y) eSp 'kkfey gSaA
z HkkSxksfyd foLrkj%
,eihlh, iwjs eè; çns'k jkT; dks doj djrk gS] tks
y{ehckbZ jk"Vªh; 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk laLFkku
Hkkjr dk nwljk lcls cM+k jkT; gS] ftlesa yxHkx 3-08 (,y,uvkbZihbZ)] Xokfy;j
yk• oxZ fdyksehVj {ks=k esa yxHkx 50 ftys 'kkfey gSaA z LFkkiuk ,oa i`"BHkwfe%
z mís';%
,eihlh, dk eq[; è;ku fØosQV dks c<+kok nsus] çFke
Js.kh vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa osQ fy, fØosQVjksa dks

fodflr djus vkSj ;qok çfrHkkvksa dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ
fy, lqyHk cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djus ij jgk gSA
z fØosQVjksa dh fojklr%
,eihlh, osQ ikl gksydj Vhe ls ysdj fØosQVjksa dks
rS;kj djus dh ,d le`¼ fojklr gSA vxLr 1957 esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ f'k{kk ,oa laLÑfr
Hkkjrh; VsLV Vhe osQ igys dIrku duZy lhosQ uk;Mw ea=kky; }kjk LFkkfirA
,eihlh, ls FksA ewy :i ls Lora=krk laxzke osQ 'krkCnh o"kZ esa y{ehckbZ
fons'kh /jrh ij VsLV 'krd yxkus okys igys Hkkjrh; dkWyst vkWiQ fiQftdy ,tqosQ'ku (,ylhihbZ) osQ :i
dIrku ,l eq'rkd vyh ,eihlh, ls tqM+s FksA esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
bldk uke >k¡lh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ osQ uke ij j•k eè; çns'k efgyk gkWdh vdkneh
x;k] tks 1857 esa Hkkjr osQ çFke Lora=krk laxzke dh
,d çeq• usr`RodrkZ FkhaA
z lac¼rk vkSj fodkl%
foØe fo'ofo|ky;] mTtSu osQ ,d lac¼ dkWyst osQ
:i esa 'kq: gqvkA

ckn esa 1964 esa thokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j ls
lac¼ gqvkA
jk"Vªh; egRo dk ntkZ fn;k x;k vkSj 1973 esa bldk
uke cnydj y{ehckbZ us'kuy dkWyst vkWiQ fiQftdy z LFkku%

,tqosQ'ku (LNCPE) dj fn;k x;kA eè; çns'k osQ Xokfy;j esa fLFkr gSA
1982 esa thokth fo'ofo|ky; dks ¶Lok;Ùk z LFkkiuk%
egkfo|ky;¸ dk ntkZ çnku fd;k x;kA
eè; çns'k ljdkj osQ •sy vkSj ;qok dY;k.k foHkkx
z fo'ofo|ky; dk ntkZ ekuk tk,xk% }kjk 2006 esa LFkkfirA
Hkkjr ljdkj] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk
z mís';%
flracj 1995 esa ;wthlh vf/fu;e] 1956 osQ rgr
bldk mís'; jkT; osQ Hkhrj ;qok efgyk gkWdh f•ykfM+;ksa
¶ekun fo'ofo|ky;¸ osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZA
dks mPp xq.koÙkk okyk çf'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku
bldk uke cnydj y{ehckbZ jk"Vªh; 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk
djuk gSA
laLFkku (,y,uvkbZihbZ) dj fn;k x;kA
z mYys•uh; miyfC/;k¡%
z vf}rh; fLFkfr vkSj osQfUær%
jkT; esa efgyk gkWdh osQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrs gq, dbZ
nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k esa egRoiw.kZ mifLFkfr osQ lkFk
çfrHkk'kkyh gkWdh f•ykM+h rS;kj fd,A
Hkkjr esa 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ,dek=k ¶ekun
çeq• miyfC/% çfrHkk vk;Z dks 13oha gkWdh bafM;k
fo'ofo|ky;¸A
lhfu;j efgyk jk"Vªh; pkSafi;uf'ki 2023 dh loZJs"B
z f'k{k.k dk;ZØe%
fMiQsaMj osQ :i esa ekU;rk feyhA
laLFkku dk eq[; mís'; Lukrd vkSj LukrdksÙkj ikBÔØeksa
z efgyk gkWdh esa ;ksxnku%
osQ ekè;e ls xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kd vkSj usr`RodrkZ rS;kj
fo'ks"k çf'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k osQ volj çnku djosQ
djosQ 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dh fLFkfr dks c<+kuk gSA
efgyk gkWdh dks vkxs c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
1957 esa igyk rhu o"khZ; cSpyj vkWiQ fiQftdy
fuHkkrk gSA
,tqosQ'ku (chihbZ) ikBÔØe vkSj 1963 esa nks o"khZ;
efgyk ,FkyhVksa dks gkWdh osQ çfr vius tquwu dks vkxs
ekLVj vkWiQ fiQftdy ,tqosQ'ku (,eihbZ) 'kq: fd;k
x;kA c<+kus vkSj mPp Lrj ij çfrLi/kZ djus osQ fy, l'kÙkQ
cukrk gSA
1980 esa 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk esa ,d o"khZ; ekLVj vkWiQ
fiQykWliQh (,e-fiQy-) dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr dhA lkef;dh

'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkSj •sy esa fofHkUu çek.ki=k@fMIyksek@ eè; çns'k gkWdh vdkneh iQkbuy esa SAI&vdkneh dks
ihth fMIyksek ikBÔØe vkSj ih-,p-Mh- dk;ZØe çnku 3&0 ls gjkdj nwljh gkWdh bafM;k lc twfu;j efgyk
djrk gSA vdkneh jk"Vªh; pkSfEi;uf'ki 2022 dh fotsrk cuhA
z {ks=kh; osQaæ% gkWdh bafM;k dh vkf/dkfjd osclkbV
'kS{kf.kd l=k 2009&10 ls xqokgkVh (vle) esa mÙkj
iwoZ {ks=kh; osQaæ dh LFkkiuk dhA eè; çns'k iq#"k gkWdh vdkneh
osQaæ B.P.Ed.] M.P.Ed.] vkSj Ph.D çnku djrk gSA z txg%
ikBÔØeA Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA
eè; çns'k osQ •sy laxBu ,oa iqjLdkj 331

z LFkkiuk% rhjankth dkS'ky vkSj çfrHkk osQ fodkl ij osQafær gSA bldk
eè; çns'k ljdkj osQ •sy vkSj ;qok dY;k.k foHkkx mís'; jkT; osQ Hkhrj rhjankth esa mRÑ"Vrk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj
}kjk 2005 esa LFkkfirA iks"k.k djuk gSA
çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa%
z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2013 esa LFkkfir dh xbZA bl vdkneh dh
LFkkiuk gky gh esa gqbZ gSA
z txg% tcyiqj] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA
z eq[; fcanq% vdkneh dk çkFkfed mís'; bPNqd rhjanktksa
osQ chp rhjankth dkS'ky vkSj çfrHkk osQ fodkl dks c<+kok
nsuk gSA
z fodkl% vdkneh rhjanktksa dks fo'ks"k çf'k{k.k çnku djrh
z mís';% gS] ftlls mUgsa vius dkS'ky vkSj rduhdksa dks fu•kjus esa
bldk mís'; jkT; osQ Hkhrj ;qok iq#"k gkWdh f•ykfM+;ksa enn feyrh gSA
dks mPp xq.koÙkk okyk çf'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku eè; çns'k 'kwfVax vdkneh
djuk gSA
voyksdu% eè; çns'k 'kwfVax vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2007 esa gqbZ
z çf'k{k.k lqfo/k% Fkh vkSj ;g Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh 'kwfVax •syksa
O;kid çf'k{k.k cqfu;knh <kaps ls lqlfTtrA
esa dkS'ky vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djus osQ fy, lefiZr gS] ftldk
lqfo/kvksa esa ,d lefiZr gkWdh LVsfM;e] O;k;ke'kkyk y{; oqQ'ky iq#"k vkSj efgyk fu'kkuscktksa dks rS;kj djuk gSA
vkSj fLofeax iwy 'kkfey gSaA
z vuqHkoh çf'k{kd (dksp)%
;qok iq#"k f•ykfM+;ksa dks 'kh"kZ Lrj dh çf'k{k.k çnku
djus osQ fy, çf'kf{kr vuqHkoh çf'k{kdksa dh ,d Vhe

dks fu;qÙkQ djrk gSA
z f•ykfM+;ksa dk fodkl%
;qok gkWdh f•ykfM+;ksa osQ dkS'ky osQ iks"k.k vkSj fodkl
ij è;ku osQafær djrk gSA

bldk mís'; fofHkUu gkWdh çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa mRÑ"V çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa%
çn'kZu djus esa l{ke oqQ'ky ,FkyhV rS;kj djuk gSA z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2007 esa LFkkfir] vdkneh ,d n'kd ls
z mYys•uh; miyfC/;k¡% vf/d le; ls dk;Zjr gSA
dbZ çfrHkk'kkyh gkWdh f•ykfM+;ksa dks rS;kj fd;k vkSj z txg% eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa fLFkr gSA
jkT; esa iq#"k gkWdh osQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA z eq[; fcanq% vdkneh dk çkFkfed mís'; fofHkUu 'kwfVax
çeq• miyfC/% fufru fFkeS;k] 2020 VksD;ks vksyafid fo"k;ksa esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fl•kuk vkSj çf'k{k.k nsuk gSA
esa dkaL; ind thrus okyh Hkkjrh; Vhe dk fgLlkA z dkS'ky fodkl% vdkneh vius çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ chp 'kwfVax
z Nk=ko`fÙk% dkS'ky] lVhdrk vkSj ifj'kq¼rk dks fu•kjus ij è;ku osQafær
foÙkh; ck/kvksa dk lkeuk djus okys çfrHkk'kkyh djrh gSA
f•ykfM+;ksa dks Nk=ko`fÙk çnku djrk gS] ftlls mPp
eè; çns'k ty ØhM+k vdkneh
xq.koÙkk okyk çf'k{k.k lHkh osQ fy, lqyHk gks tkrk gSA
voyksdu% eè; çns'k ty ØhM+k vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2007
eè; çns'k rhjankth vdkneh esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh
voyksdu% eè; çns'k rhjankth vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2013 jksbax] oSQuksbax vkSj d;kfdax lfgr fofHkUu ty ØhM+k fo"k;ksa esa
esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g tcyiqj] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh dkS'ky vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djus osQ fy, lefiZr gSA

çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa% z txg% eè; çns'k osQ ,d çeq• 'kgj Xokfy;j esa fLFkr gSA
z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2007 esa LFkkfir] vdkneh dbZ o"kks± ls z cSMfeaVu iQksdl% vdkneh dk eq[; mís'; cSMfeaVu osQ
dk;Zjr gSA •sy esa fo'ks"k f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djuk gSA
z txg% eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa fLFkr gSA z dkS'ky lao/Zu% vdkneh dk y{; cSMfeaVu esa vius
z eq[; fcanq% vdkneh dk çkFkfed è;ku fofHkUu ty çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ rduhdh vkSj lkefjd dkS'ky dks c<+kuk gSA
ØhM+k xfrfof/;ksa esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku z dkS'ky fodkl% ;g jkT; osQ Hkhrj cSMfeaVu çfrHkkvksa
djuk gSA dh igpku vkSj iks"k.k osQ fy, ,d eap osQ :i esa dk;Z
z vuq'kklu% vdkneh esa laHkor% jksbax] oSQuksbax vkSj d;kfdax djrk gSA
lfgr dbZ ty ØhM+k fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
eè; çns'k ey•aHk vdkneh
eè; çns'k ?kqM+lokjh vdkneh
voyksdu% eè; çns'k ?kqM+lokjh vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2007
esa gqbZ FkhA ;g Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh jkT;
osQ Hkhrj ?kqM+lokjh osQ •sy dks c<+kok nsus] ?kqM+lokjh esa dkS'ky
vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djus osQ fy, lefiZr gSA
voyksdu% eè; çns'k ey•aHk vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2018 esa

gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g eè; çns'k osQ mTtSu esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh
ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; •sy ey•aHk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj çf'k{k.k nsus
osQ fy, lefiZr gSA
çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa%
z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2007 esa LFkkfir] vdkneh ,d egRoiw.kZ çeq• fo'ks"krk,a%
vof/ ls dk;Zjr gSA z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2018 esa LFkkfir] vdkneh vis{kkÑr ubZ gSA
z txg% eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa fLFkr gSA z txg% eè; çns'k osQ ,d 'kgj mTtSu esa fLFkr gSA
z mís';% vdkneh dk çkFkfed mís'; ?kqM+lokjh esa f'k{kk z ey•aHk% vdkneh dk çkFkfed mís'; ikjaifjd Hkkjrh;
vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djuk gSA •sy ey•aHk esa O;fÙkQ;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj çf'kf{kr
z lqfo/k,¡% vdkneh laHkor% lokjh {ks=k] vLrcy vkSj djuk gSA
lokjh midj.k lfgr vPNh rjg ls lqlfTtr lqfo/k,a z ikjaifjd •sy% ey•aHk ydM+h osQ MaMs ls fd;k tkus okyk
çnku djrh gSA O;k;ke vkSj dykckth dk ,d vuks•k vkSj çkphu :i gSA
eè; çns'k cSMfeaVu vdkneh eè; çns'k ,FkysfVDl vdkneh
voyksdu% eè; çns'k cSMfeaVu vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2010 esa
voyksdu% eè; çns'k ,FkysfVDl vdkneh dh LFkkiuk 2016
gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g eè; çns'k osQ Xokfy;j esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh
esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA vdkneh
cSMfeaVu osQ •sy esa dkS'ky vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djus ij osQafær
gS] ftldk y{; jkT; osQ Hkhrj çfrHkk'kkyh cSMfeaVu f•ykfM+;ksa fofHkUu VªSd vkSj iQhYM Li/kZvksa esa dkS'ky fodflr djus] jkT;
dk iks"k.k djuk gSA osQ Hkhrj ,FkysfVd çfrHkk dks iksf"kr djus osQ fy, lefiZr gSA
çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa% çeq• fo'ks"krk,sa%

z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2010 esa LFkkfir] vdkneh dkiQh le; ls z LFkkiuk o"kZ% 2016 esa LFkkfir] vdkneh vis{kkÑr ubZ gSA
py jgh gSA z txg% eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa fLFkr gSA

z ,FkysfVDl iQksdl% vdkneh dk çkFkfed è;ku fofHkUu larks"k VªkWiQh% ,eih,iQ, ,d çfrf"Br jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ
VªSd vkSj iQhYM Li/kZvksa esa f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku çnku VwukZesaV larks"k VªkWiQh osQ fy, eè; çns'k iQqVckWy Vhe
djuk gSA dks rS;kj djrk gS vkSj eSnku esa mrkjrk gSA
z dkS'ky lao/Zu% vdkneh dk y{; vius çfrHkkfx;ksa osQ iQsMjs'ku di% ,eih,iQ, Vhe iQsMjs'ku di esa
,FkysfVd dkS'ky] rduhd vkSj çn'kZu dks c<+kuk gSA Hkkx ysrh gS] tks ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; Lrj dh
z çfrHkk dk iks"k.k% ;g jkT; osQ Hkhrj ,FkysfVd çfrHkkvksa çfr;ksfxrk gSA
dh igpku vkSj iks"k.k osQ fy, ,d eap osQ :i esa dk;Z vkbZ&yhx f}rh; fMohtu% ,eih,iQ, Vhe vkbZ&yhx
djrk gSA f}rh; fMohtu esa çfrLi/kZ djrh gS] tks iQqVckWy çfrHkk
z vuqHkoh çf'k{kd (dksp)% vdkneh laHkor% VªSd vkSj osQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
iQhYM Li/kZvksa esa fo'ks"kKrk okys vuqHkoh çf'k{kdksa dks eè; çns'k vksyafid ,lksfl,'ku (,eihvks,)
fu;qÙkQ djrh gSA
z çfrLi/hZ rS;kjh% vdkneh ftyk] jkT;] jk"Vªh; vkSj
laHkkfor varjkZ"Vªh; ,FkysfVDl çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysus
osQ fy, ,FkyhVksa dks rS;kj djrh gSA
eè; çns'k iQqVckWy ,lksfl,'ku (,eih,iQ,)
z 'kklh fudk;% ,eih,iQ, Hkkjr osQ eè; çns'k esa iQqVckWy
dh 'kklh fudk; gSA
z lac¼rk% ;g Hkkjr esa iQqVckWy osQ fy, jk"Vªh; 'kklh
fudk;] vf•y Hkkjrh; iQqVckWy egkla?k (,vkbZ,iQ,iQ) z 'kklh fudk;% ,eihvks, Hkkjr osQ eè; çns'k esa •syksa osQ
ls lac¼ gSA fy, 'kklh fudk; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
z ftEesnkfj;k¡% z lac¼rk% Hkkjr esa vksyafid •syksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; 'kklh
VwukZesaVksa dk vk;kstu% ,eih,iQ, eè; çns'k jkT; osQ fudk;] Hkkjrh; vksyafid la?k (vkbZvks,) ls lac¼A
Hkhrj fofHkUu iQqVckWy VwukZesaV vkSj yhx osQ vk;kstu z Hkwfedk vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡%
osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA çpkj vkSj fodkl% iwjs eè; çns'k esa •syksa dks c<+kok
Vhe p;u vkSj çf'k{k.k% ;g fofHkUu jk"Vªh; vkSj nsus vkSj fodflr djus osQ fy, ftEesnkjA
{ks=kh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, eè; çns'k ,FkyhV p;u vkSj çf'k{k.k% jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
iQqVckWy Vhe dk p;u vkSj çf'k{k.k djrk gSA çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, ,FkyhVksa dh igpku]
z LFkkiuk% 1945 esa LFkkfir] ,eih,iQ, dk eè; çns'k esa p;u vkSj çf'k{k.kA
iQqVckWy xfrfof/;ksa dh ns•js• dk ,d yack bfrgkl gSA z LFkkiuk% 1952 esa LFkkfir] ,eihvks, dk jkT; esa •sy
z eq[;ky;% ,eih,iQ, dk eq[;ky; eè; çns'k osQ tcyiqj xfrfof/;ksa dh ns•js• dk ,d yack bfrgkl gSA
esa fLFkr gSA z eq[;ky;% ,eihvks, dk eq[;ky; eè; çns'k osQ tcyiqj
z VwukZesaV vkSj yhx% esa fLFkr gSA
eè; çns'k çhfe;j yhx% ,eih,iQ, jkT; osQ iQqVckWy z lac¼ bdkb;k¡% ,eihvks, osQ ikl 33 fofHkUu •syksa osQ
Dycksa osQ fy, bl yhx dk vk;kstu djrk gSA fy, lac¼ bdkb;ka gSa] tks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa fodkl vkSj
eè; çns'k efgyk yhx% eè; çns'k esa efgyk iQqVckWy Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, lefiZr ,d yhxA z vk;ksftr dk;ZØe%
eè; çns'k ;qok yhx% ;qok çfrHkkvksa dks viuk dkS'ky eè; çns'k jkT; •sy% ,eihvks, ,FkyhVksa dks fofHkUu
fn•kus vkSj çfrLi/kZ djus dk ,d eapA •syksa esa çfrLi/kZ djus osQ fy, ,d eap çnku djus
z Vhe çfr;ksfxrk,¡% osQ fy, bu •syksa dk vk;kstu djrk gSA

eè; çns'k Ldwy xsEl% Ldwy Lrj osQ ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, lfpu rsaMqydj
viuh çfrHkk fn•kus vkSj çfrLi/kZ djus dk ,d eapA fojkV dksgyh
z çfrHkk'kkyh ,FkyhV% egsUæ flag /ksuh
mYys•uh; miyfC/;k¡% ,eihvks, us fufru fFkeS;k rsanqydj us ;gha ij viuk igyk ouMs nksgjk 'krd
tSls çfrHkk'kkyh ,FkyhVksa osQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS] yxk;k FkkA
ftUgksaus 2020 VksD;ks vksyafid esa dkaL; ind thrk FkkA
,s'kckx LVsfM;e
z fodkl osQ çfr çfrc¼rk% ,eihvks, eè; çns'k esa •syksa
dks c<+kok nsus vkSj Hkkxhnkjh osQ fy, lekos'kh volj çnku
djus osQ fy, çfrc¼ gSA
eè; çns'k osQ LVsfM;e

dIrku :i flag LVsfM;e
z LFkku & Xokfy;j] eè; çns'k
z mRifÙk vkSj ifjorZu
z txg% Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA

z •sy% ,d iQhYM gkWdh LVsfM;e eq[; :i ls gkWdh eSpksa
osQ fy, cuk;k x;k gSA
z {kerk% 15]000 ls vf/d yksxksa dh cSBus dh {kerkA
z ewy% 1931 esa fufeZr vkSj bldk uke Hkksiky osQ ,s'kckx
{ks=k osQ uke ij j•k x;kA
z cgq&•sy LFky% ewy :i ls gkWdh osQ fy, cuk;k x;k]
;g vc fØosQV vkSj iQqVckWy tSls vU; •syksa dh Hkh
ewyr% ,d gkWdh LVsfM;e
estckuh djrk gSA
1980 osQ n'kd esa bls fØosQV LFky esa ifjofrZr dj
z lqfo/k,¡%
fn;k x;kA
uohu fcNkbZ xbZ ikWyh ?kkl ls lqlfTtrA
bldk uke Hkkjrh; gkWdh f•ykM+h vkSj 1928 vksyafid
fnu&jkr osQ eSpksa osQ fy, ÝyMykbV ç.kkyh dh
Lo.kZ ind fotsrk :i flag osQ uke ij j•k x;k gS
lqfo/k gSA
z eSpksa dh estckuh
x`gLFkku% fo'o lhjht gkWdh dh ,d Vhe] Hkksiky
12 ,dfnolh; eSpksa dh estckuh dh
ckn'kkg osQ fy, ?kjsyw LFky osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
mn~?kkVu ouMs% 22 tuojh 1988 dks Hkkjr cuke
çeq• VwukZesaV%
osLVbaMht
vkscSnqYyk xksYM di gkWdh VwukZesaV lfgr egRoiw.kZ
21 j.kth VªkWiQh eSpksa dh estckuh dh
gkWdh VwukZesaV dh estckuh djrk gSA
1996 esa igyk Ms&ukbV j.kth VªkWiQh iQkbuy
pkSFkh gkWdh bafM;k lhfu;j efgyk jk"Vªh; pkSfEi;uf'ki
z {kerk ,oa lqfo/k,a 2014 (fMohtu ch) dk iQkbuy vk;ksftr fd;k
{kerk% 18]000 n'kZd
x;kA
fnu&jkr osQ eSpksa osQ fy, ÝyM ykbV ls lqlfTtr
mYys•uh; feyku%
viuh cYysckth osQ vuqdwy fip osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS

LVsfM;e esa Hkksiky ckn'kkg cuke fnYyh fotkM~lZ]
z mYys•uh; fØosQVj oYMZ lhjht gkWdh 2009 tSls mYys•uh; eSpksa dh

çfl¼ fØosQVjksa }kjk çLrqr çn'kZu% estckuh dh xbZ gSA

rkR;k Vksis LVsfM;e ckc&,&vyh LVsfM;e
z LFkku% eè; çns'k osQ Hkksiky esa VhVh uxj LiksV~lZ dkWEIysDl z txg% eè; çns'k osQ Hkksiky osQ fu;keriqjk {ks=k esa fLFkr gSA
osQ Hkhrj fLFkr gSA z fØosQV LFky% fofHkUu fØosQV vk;kstuksa osQ fy, ,d
z cgqmís';h; LFky% ,d cgqeq•h LVsfM;e tks dbZ •syksa fØosQV eSnkuA
vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dh lqfo/k çnku djrk gSA
z {kerk% 10]000 n'kZdksa rd dh {kerkA
z eè; çns'k fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku dk ?kj% fØosQV vk;kstuksa
z ÝyMykbV~l% fnu&jkr osQ eSpksa dks l{ke djus okyh
dh estckuh djrk gS vkSj eè; çns'k fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku
osQ fy, vk/kj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ÝyMykbV ls lqlfTtrA
z {kerk% LVsfM;e esa 25]000 n'kZd cSB ldrs gSaA z ewy% 1985 esa fufeZrA
z ÝyMykbV~l% ÝyMykbV ls lqlfTtr] tks bls fnu&jkr osQ z ukedj.k% bldk uke 16oha lnh osQ eqfLye lar
eSpksa osQ fy, mi;qÙkQ cukrk gSA ckc&,&vyh osQ uke ij j•k x;k] ftuosQ ckjs esa ekuk
z ewy% 1985 esa fufeZrA tkrk gS fd os Hkksiky esa jgrs FksA
z ukedj.k% bldk uke 1857 osQ Hkkjrh; foæksg esa viuh z LokfeRo% Hkksiky ftyk fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku osQ varxZr
Hkwfedk osQ fy, tkus tkus okys çeq• Lora=krk lsukuh rkR;k vkrk gSA
Vksis osQ uke ij j•k x;k gSA z mi;ksx% ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; nksuksa fØosQV eSpksa osQ fy,
z fØosQV VwukZesaV% ,d LFky osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
j.kth VªkWiQh] nyhi VªkWiQh vkSj bZjkuh VªkWiQh lfgr z VwukZesaV dk bfrgkl%
egRoiw.kZ fØosQV VwukZesaV dh estckuh djrk gSA ?kjsyw fØosQV ifjn`'; esa ;ksxnku djrs gq,] j.kth VªkWiQh
2000 esa Hkkjr cuke vkWLVªsfy;k ,d fnolh; varjkZ"Vªh;
eSpksa dh estckuh djrk gSA
eSp lfgr varjkZ"Vªh; eSpksa dh Hkh estckuh dh gSA
oqQN ,d fnolh; varjkZ"Vªh; eSpksa dh estckuh dh gS]
z cgqeq•h vk;kstu LFky% lcls gkfy;k 2007 esa Hkkjr cuke JhyadkA
fØosQV osQ vykok] LVsfM;e iQqVckWy] gkWdh vkSj
z uohuhdj.k ;kstuk,¡%
,FkysfVDl tSls dbZ vU; •syksa dks lek;ksftr djrk gSA
orZeku esa bldh lqfo/kvksa vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps esa lq/kj
iQqVckWy Hkkxhnkjh%
osQ fy, uohuhdj.k dh vko';drk gSA
vkbZ&yhx f}rh; fMohtu esa Hkkx ysus okys iQqVckWy
Hkksiky ftyk fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku LVsfM;e dks vk/qfud
Dyc Hkksiky ,iQlh osQ fy, ?kjsyw eSnku osQ :i esa
dk;Z djrk gSA cukus vkSj n'kZdksa dh lqfo/k c<+kus osQ fy, uohuhdj.k
z egRo ,oa yksdfç;rk% dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gSA
Hkksiky esa •sy vk;kstuksa osQ fy, lqO;ofLFkr vkSj
z orZeku fLFkfr%
yksdfç; LFkyA uohuhdj.k vko';drkvksa osQ dkj.k orZeku esa çeq•
;g 'kgj osQ fy, xkSjo dk lzksr gS] tks blosQ le`¼ fØosQV eSpksa osQ fy, mi;ksx esa ugha gSA
bfrgkl vkSj •sy laLÑfr dks n'kkZrk gSA uohuhdj.k osQ ckn iqu% çeq•rk çkIr djus dh vk'kk gSA

usg: LVsfM;e vk/qfudhdj.k ;kstuk,¡%
tqykbZ 2023 esa] LVsfM;e osQ LFkku ij ,d u,
vk/qfud •sy ifjlj dh ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA

u, dkWEIysDl dh ykxr yxHkx 300 djksM+ #i;s
gksxh vkSj ;g vkmVMksj vkSj buMksj •sy lqfo/kvksa

dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk is'k djsxkA
çfrLFkkiu dk dkj.k%
LVsfM;e dks cnyus dk fu.kZ; bldh fcxM+rh fLFkfr
osQ dkj.k fy;k x;k gSA

m"kkjkts gksYdj LVsfM;e
z txg% bankSj osQ eè; esa fLFkr] fofHkUu •sy ifjljksa ls

f?kjk gqvkA
z cgqmís';h; LFky% vusd •syksa vkSj vk;kstuksa dh lqfo/k
çnku djus okyk ,d cgqeq•h LVsfM;eA
z {kerk% 25]000 n'kZdksa rd dh O;oLFkkA
z ÝyMykbV~l% fnu&jkr osQ eSpksa dks l{ke djus okyh
ÝyMykbV ls lqlfTtrA
z ewy% 1965 esa LFkkfirA
z iwoZ uke% iwoZ esa egkjkuh m"kkjkts VªLV fØosQV xzkmaM osQ
z ukedj.k% bldk uke Hkkjr osQ igys ç/ku ea=kh tokgjyky
uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
usg: osQ uke ij j•k x;kA
z ukeifjorZu% 1 tuojh 2010 dks eè; çns'k fØosQV
z •sy vkSj vk;kstu%
,lksfl,'ku }kjk bankSj jkT; ij 'kklu djus okys gksYdj
fØosQV] iQqVckWy] •ks •ks vkSj ckLosQVckWy osQ fy,
jktoa'k osQ uke ij bldk uke cny fn;k x;kA
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA z fØosQV LFky% eq[;r% ,d fØosQV LVsfM;e-
lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa vkSj laxhr dk;ZØeksa dk Hkh
z {kerk% blesa yxHkx 30]000 n'kZd 'kkfey gSaA
vk;kstu djrk gSA
z ÝyMykbV~l% ÝyMykbV ls lqlfTtr] fnu&jkr osQ eSpksa
fØosQV VwukZesaV%
osQ fy, mi;qÙkQA
j.kth VªkWiQh] nyhi VªkWiQh vkSj bZjkuh VªkWiQh lfgr
z fip fLFkfr% mPp Ldksfjax eSpksa osQ fy, vuqdwy] cYysckth
egRoiw.kZ fØosQV VwukZesaV dh estckuh djrk gSA osQ vuqdwy fip osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
1997 esa Hkkjr cuke Jhyadk ,d fnolh; varjkZ"Vªh;
z varjkZ"Vªh; eSp%
eSp lfgr varjkZ"Vªh; eSpksa dh estckuh dhA 5 ouMs (2006] 2008] 2011] 2015 vkSj 2017 esa)]
fofHkUu •sy vk;kstu LFky%
2 VsLV (2016 vkSj 2019 esa)] vkSj 3 Vh20 varjkZ"Vªh;
LVsfM;e fofHkUu •syksa vkSj vk;kstuksa osQ fy, ,d (2017] 2020 vkSj 2022 esa) dh estckuh dhA
xfr'khy vkSj vuqdwyuh; LFky osQ :i esa dk;Z oqQy 9 vkbZih,y eSp •sys x,A
djrk gSA 4 vDVwcj] 2022 rd Vhe bafM;k dk thr dk fjdkWMZ
egRo ,oa yksdfç;rk% 100» Fkk] tc os ,d T&20 eSp esa nf{k.k vÚhdk
bankSj esa •sy vk;kstuksa osQ fy, ,d lqO;ofLFkr vkSj ls gkj x,A
çfl¼ LFkyA mn~?kkVu varjkZ"Vªh; eSp 15 vçSy] 2006 dks gqvk Fkk
'kgj osQ le`¼ bfrgkl vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr dk vkSj LVsfM;e us baXySaM osQ nkSjs osQ eSpksa dh Hkh estckuh
çrhd gSA dh FkhA

z ?kjsyw eSnku% eè; çns'k •sy iqjLdkj
eè; çns'k fØosQV Vhe osQ fy, ?kjsyw eSnku osQ :i esa
dk;Z djrk gSA foØe iqjLdkj

z cgq&•sy mi;ksx% ifjp;
iQqVckWy vkSj ,FkysfVDl lfgr vU; •sy vk;kstuksa osQ z foØe iqjLdkj Hkkjr osQ eè; çns'k dk lokZsPp •sy
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA iqjLdkj gSA bldh 'kq#vkr 1972 esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g jkT;
z yksdfç;rk% osQ mRÑ"V f•ykfM+;ksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA
fØosQV ç'kaldksa osQ chp ,d yksdfç; LFkyA z iqjLdkj esa 2 yk• #i;s dk udn iqjLdkj] ,d Cystj vkSj
Hkfo"; esa Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ fØosQV LFky cus jgus dh
,d çrhd fpUg 'kkfey gSA
mEehn gSA ;g iqjLdkj pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa fn;k tkrk gS%
z ,dy •sy% mu ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus varjkZ"Vªh;
iafMr jfo'kadj 'kqDy LVsfM;e çfr;ksfxrkvksa ;k ofj"B Lrj osQ jk"Vªh; VwukZesaV esa ind
thrs gSaA
z Vhe osQ •sy% mu ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus varjkZ"Vªh;
çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx fy;k gS ;k ofj"B Lrj osQ jk"Vªh;
VwukZesaV esa ind thrs gSaA
z iSjk&•sy% fodykax ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus varjkZ"Vªh;
çfr;ksfxrkvksa ;k ofj"B Lrj osQ jk"Vªh; VwukZesaV esa ind
thrs gSaA
z vU; •sy% eè; çns'k esa •syksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsus
z txg% tcyiqj] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA okys ,FkyhVksa osQ fy,A
z fØosQV LFky% fofHkUu fØosQV vk;kstuksa dh lsok nsus okyk iqjLdkj osQ fy, ik=k gksus osQ fy,] ,d f•ykM+h dks gksuk pkfg,
,d fØosQV LVsfM;eA eè; çns'k dk ewy fuoklhA
z ?kjsyw eSnku% eè; çns'k fØosQV Vhe osQ fy, ?kjsyw eSnku z O;fÙkQxr •syksa osQ fy,% f•ykM+h dks fiNys ikap o"kks±
osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA esa ls nks o"kks± osQ Hkhrj varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa de ls
z {kerk% blesa yxHkx 30]000 n'kZd cSB ldrs gSaA de ,d ind ;k ofj"B Lrj osQ jk"Vªh; VwukZesaV esa de ls
de nks ind thrs gksA
z ukedj.k% bldk uke eè; çns'k osQ igys eq[;ea=kh iafMr
z Vhe •syksa osQ fy,% f•ykM+h dks ml Vhe dk fgLlk
jfo'kadj 'kqDy osQ uke ij j•k x;kA
gksuk pkfg, ftlus varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx
z LFkkiuk ,oa uohuhdj.k%
fy;k gks ;k fiNys ikap o"kks± esa ls nks o"kks± osQ Hkhrj ofj"B
1956 esa fufeZrA
Lrj osQ jk"Vªh; VwukZesaV esa de ls de ,d ind thrk gksA
varjkZ"Vªh; ekudksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, 2006 esa
iqufuZfeZr fd;k x;kA foØe iqjLdkj fotsrk 2022

z cgqeq•h mi;ksx% f•ykM+h dk uke •sy 'kgj
fØosQV osQ vykok] LVsfM;e lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe] laxhr jktw flag ?kqM+lokjh Hkksiky
dk;ZØe vkSj vU; dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djrk gSA vkfnR; nqcs lkWÝV&Vsful nsokl
z vPNh rjg ls cuk, j•k vkSj çfrf"Br% uhrw oekZ D;kfsax&osQuksbax lhgksj
,d lqO;ofLFkr LVsfM;e tcyiqj osQ fy, xkSjo dk
Hkwj{kk nqcs ow'kq v'kksduxj
fo"k; gSA izxfr nqcs 'kwfVax jk;lsu
'kgj esa ,d çeq• fØosQV vkSj lkaLÑfrd LFky osQ :i
lqcks/ pkSjfl;k lkWÝVcky bankSj
esa egRo j•rk gSA vkos'k [kku fozQosQV bankSj

f•ykM+h dk uke •sy 'kgj çns'k esa 11 f•ykfM+;ksa dks ,dyO; iqjLdkj 2022 ls
uhjt jk.kk gkWdh Xokfy;j lEekfur fd;k x;k gS
/uat; nqcs Vsful (fnO;kax oxZ) mTtSu f•ykM+h dk uke x`guxj •sy
jktohj flag iaokj Vsful (fnO;kax oxZ) mTtSu vkLFkk Mkaxh Hkksiky oSQuksbax
veu flag fc"V Hkksiky eqDosQckth
,dyO; iqjLdkj
çKk flag Hkksiky iQsaflax
ifjp; fjfrdk Mkaxh jktx<+ lsfyax
z ,dyO; iqjLdkj dh 'kq#vkr o"kZ 1994 esa eè; çns'k vfHk"ksd ifjgkj nsokl lkWÝV Vsful
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ FkhA
nhis'k y'djh mTtSu ftEukLV
z blesa 1 yk• #i;s dk iqjLdkj] ,d Cystj vkSj ,d çrhd
iyd 'kekZ bankSj rSjkdh
fpUg 'kkfey gSA çR;sd o"kZ] ljdkj bl dk;ZØe osQ ekè;e
vk'kh pkSdls Hkksiky 'kwfVax
ls vf/dre 15 iqjLdkj çnku djrh gSA
•q'kcw Xokfy;j gkWdh
iqjLdkj dbZ Jsf.k;ksa esa forfjr fd, tkrs gSa% lkSE;k frokjh Hkksiky fØosQV
z O;fÙkQxr •sy% 9 iqjLdkj baæthr ukxj mTtSu ey•ac
z Vhe •sy% 3 iqjLdkj
z iSjk&,FkyhV% 1 iqjLdkj fo'okfe=k iqjLdkj
z vU; •sy% 1 iqjLdkj ifjp;
z lkgfld •sy% 1 iqjLdkj z fo'okfe=k iqjLdkj dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1996 esa dh xbZ FkhA
ik=krk ekinaM ,dyO; iqjLdkj çkIr djus okyksa dh z ;g iqjLdkj mu •sy çf'k{kdksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk gS
lwph bl çdkj gS% ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysus
z çkIrdrkZ eè; çns'k dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg, vkSj mldh okys ,FkyhVksa dks çf'kf{kr fd;k gSA
vk;q 21 o"kZ ls de gksuh pkfg,A
z çf'k{kdksa dks vius ,FkyhVksa dks fiNys ikap o"kks± esa jk"Vªh;
z ,dy •sy% ,sls ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus fiNys ikap o"kks±
;k varjkZ"Vªh; Li/kZvksa esa de ls de nks Lo.kZ] pkj jtr ;k
esa de ls de nks o"kks± esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij de ls de
,d ind ;k twfu;j Lrj dh jk"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa eè; Ng dkaL; ind thrus osQ fy, ekxZn'kZu djuk pkfg, FkkA
çns'k osQ fy, de ls de nks ind thrs gSaA iqjLdkj fooj.k
z Vhe osQ •sy% mu ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus fiNys ikap z 'kq#vkr esa bl iqjLdkj esa 20]000 #i;s dk udn iqjLdkj
o"kks± esa de ls de nks o"kks± esa twfu;j Lrj dh jk"Vªh; fn;k tkrk FkkA
pkSafi;uf'ki esa ,d ckj Hkkjr dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gS ;k
,d ind thrk gSA z orZeku esa] udn iqjLdkj 200]000 #i;s gSA
z iSjk&,FkysfVDl% ,sls fnO;kax ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] iqjLdkj esa ,d Cystj] VkbZ] çrhd] çek.k
fiNys ikap o"kks± esa de ls de nks o"kks± esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj i=k vkSj vU; çrhd 'kkfey gSaA
ij de ls de ,d ind ;k twfu;j Lrj dh jk"Vªh; z ;g iqjLdkj ,d o"kZ esa vf/dre rhu O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fn;k
çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa eè; çns'k osQ fy, de ls de nks ind tkrk gSA
thrs gksaA
iqjLdkj çkIr djus osQ ekunaM bl çdkj gSa%
z vU; •sy% eè; çns'k esa •syksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsus
okys ,FkyhVksa osQ fy,A 1- dksp dks jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysus
z lkgfld •sy% mu ,FkyhVksa osQ fy, ftUgksaus ioZrkjksg.k] okys ,FkyhVksa dk ekxZn'kZu fd;k gksA
VªSfdax vkSj dk;kfdax tSls lkgfld •syksa esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu 2- ,FkyhVksa dks fiNys ikap o"kks± esa de ls de nks Lo.kZ] pkj
fd;k gSA jtr ;k Ng dkaL; ind ftrk;k gksA

fo'okfe=k iqjLdkj 2022 okf"kZd ekU;rk%
çf'k{kd (dksp) 'kgj •sy z ;g iqjLdkj çfr o"kZ vf/dre 1 O;fÙkQ dks fn;k tkrk gSA
j'eh ekyoh; Hkksiky csMfeaVu z ;g vlk/kj.k eYy•ac f•ykfM+;ksa dks çLrqr fd;k tkrk
gS tks •sy esa mRÑ"Vrk çnf'kZr djrs gSaA
eè; çns'k ykbiQVkbe vphoesaV iqjLdkj
fiNys iqjLdkj fotsrk%
ifjp; z igyk çHkk"k tks'kh iqjLdkj 2013 esa vt; oÙkQkfj;k dks
z eè; çns'k ykbiQVkbe vphoesaV vokMZ dk uke gkWdh fn;k x;k FkkA
f•ykM+h :i flag osQ uke ij j•k x;k gS vkSj ;g mu z vU; o"kZ osQ iqjLdkj%
lsokfuo`Ùk ,FkyhVksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk gS ftUgksaus •sy osQ
o"kZ f•ykM+h
fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu fd;k gSA
2020 oS".koh dgkj
z bl iqjLdkj dk mís'; mu O;fÙkQ;ksa osQ ;ksxnku dks lEekfur
2021 eqtkfgn csx
djuk vkSj ekU;rk nsuk gS ftUgksaus viuk thou •sy osQ
2022 oS".koh dgkj
fy, lefiZr dj fn;k gSA
z bldh 'kq#vkr o"kZ 2002 esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj blesa 2 yk• #i;s eè; çns'k esa vU; f•ykfM+;ksa dks nh tkus okyh jkf'k
dk udn iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gSA jkT; Lrjh; çfr;ksfxrk esa%
çkIrdrkZ vkSj ekU;rk z jkT; Lrjh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa thrus okys 19 o"kZ ls de
z ;g iqjLdkj mu lsokfuo`Ùk ,FkyhVksa dks fn;k tkrk gS vk;q osQ f•ykfM+;ksa dks 2]000 #i;s dk iqjLdkj fn;k
ftUgksaus •syksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA tkrk gSA
z bl iqjLdkj dk uke çfl¼ gkWdh f•ykM+h dIrku :i flag z jkT; Lrj ij Vhe Li/kZvksa esa thrus ij çR;sd lnL; dks
osQ uke ij j•k x;k gSA 500 #i;s feyrs gSaA
z bl iqjLdkj osQ çkIrdrkZvksa dks •sy osQ çfr mudh varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh çfr;ksfxrk esa%
vkthou çfrc¼rk vkSj mudh vuqdj.kh; miyfC/;ksa osQ z varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ind fotsrk ,FkyhVksa] tks jkT; osQ
fy, igpkuk tkrk gSA f•ykM+h Hkh gSa] dks lEekfur vkSj ekU;rk nh tkrh gSA
:i flag LVsfM;e varjkZ"Vªh; ind fotsrkvksa osQ fy, iqjLdkj%
z iqjLdkj osQ uke :i flag osQ lEeku esa] :i flag LVsfM;e z ;g iqjLdkj mu ,FkyhVksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk gS ftUgksaus
dh LFkkiuk Xokfy;j esa dh xbZ FkhA varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa dh ofj"B ;k dfu"B Jsf.k;ksa esa
z ;g LVsfM;e gkWdh osQ {ks=k esa :i flag osQ mYys•uh; Hkkx fy;k gSA
;ksxnku osQ fy, ,d J¼katfy gSA ofj"B oxZ%
ykbiQVkbe vphoesaV iqjLdkj osQ fotsrk z lhfu;j oxZ esa Lo.kZ ind fotsrkvksa dks 2 yk• #i;s dk
udn iqjLdkj feyrk gSA
o"kZ uke •sy
z jtr ind fotsrkvksa dks 1-5 yk• #i;s feyrs gSaA
2021 cyohj flag oqQ'kokgk µ
z dkaL; ind fotsrkvksa dks 1 yk• #i;s feyrs gSaA
2022 vfuy /wij Vsful
twfu;j oxZ%
çHkk"k tks'kh iqjLdkj z twfu;j Js.kh osQ ,FkyhVksa dks fuEufyf•r udn iqjLdkj
LFkkiuk feyrs gSa%
z çHkk"k tks'kh iqjLdkj dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 2013 esa dh xbZ FkhA z Lo.kZ ind fotsrkvksa dks 1 yk• #i;sA
z ;g iqjLdkj fo'ks"k :i ls ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; •sy eYy•ac z jtr ind fotsrkvksa dks 75]000 #i;sA
osQ f•ykfM+;ksa osQ fy, gSA z dkaL; ind fotsrkvksa dks 50]000 #i;sA

fofHkUu •syksa esa eè; çns'k osQ çfl¼ f•ykM+h z 1932 esa baXySaM osQ fo#¼ Hkkjr osQ igys VsLV eSp osQ fy,
fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;kA
fØosQV%
z vius MsC;w VsLV dh igyh ikjh esa 40 ju cuk,A
eè;çns'k esa fØosQV dh etcwr fLFkfr vkSj le`¼ bfrgkl gSA
jkT; us ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV nksuksa esa dbZ çfrHkk'kkyh z mudh dksf'k'kksa osQ ckotwn Vhe ikjh vkSj 52 juksa ls eSp
gkj xbZA
fØosQVjksa dk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA eè; çns'k esa fØosQV osQ ckjs esa
oqQN eq[; ckrsa bl çdkj gSa% vfxze dfBu ijh{kk,¡%
1- j.kth VªkWiQh Vhe% eè; çns'k dh j.kth VªkWiQh esa çeq• z Hkkjr osQ fy, rhu vkSj VsLV •sysA
mifLFkfr gS] tks Hkkjr dk çeq• ?kjsyw fØosQV VwukZesaV gSA z 'kq#vkrh liQyrk dks ckn osQ eSpksa esa nksgjkus osQ fy,
eè; çns'k fØosQV Vhe bl VwukZesaV esa çfrLi/kZ djrh gS la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA
vkSj fiNys oqQN o"kks± esa mYys•uh; çn'kZu fd;k gSA yack çFke Js.kh dfj;j%
2- eè;izns'k 2021&22 eqEcbZ dks gjkdj j.kth VªkWiQh dk z 1963 rd çFke Js.kh fØosQV •syuk tkjh j•kA
fotsrk cukA z 37-59 dh cYysckth vkSlr vkSj 79 foosQV osQ lkFk
5- f•ykM+h dk ;ksxnku% ve; •qjkfl;k] ueu vks>k vkSj fjVk;j gq,A
gjçhr flag tSls fØosQVjksa us •sy osQ fofHkUu çk:iksa esa Hkkjr
lEeku vkSj ekU;rk%
dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gS vkSj jkT; esa fØosQV osQ fodkl esa
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA z 1966 esa çfrf"Br iÁ Hkw"k.k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
z 1933 esa o"kZ osQ fotMu fØosQVjksa esa ls ,d osQ :i esa
lh-osQ- uk;Mw ekU;rk çkIrA
eq'rkd vyh
tUe vkSj i`"BHkwfe%

tUe vkSj i`"BHkwfe% z eq'rkd vyh (17 fnlacj] 1914 & 18 twu] 2005) ,d
z 31 vDVwcj] 1895 dks tUe ukxiqj] egkjk"VªA çfrf"Br Hkkjrh; fØosQVj FksA
z çfl¼ Hkkjrh; fØosQVj vkSj fØosQV ç'kkldA z tUe&bankSj] eè; çns'kA
fØosQV dfj;j% çFke Js.kh inkiZ.k vkSj 'kkunkj oSQfj;j%
z 1916 esa fganw Vhe osQ fy, çFke Js.kh esa inkiZ.k fd;kA z 1930 esa çFke Js.kh fØosQV esa inkiZ.k fd;kA
z vkØked cYysckth vkSj NDosQ yxkus dh {kerk osQ fy, z Hkkjr osQ lcls 'kkunkj cYyscktksa esa ls ,d osQ :i esa mHkjsA
tkus tkrs gSaA z 1931 esa viuk igyk çFke Js.kh 'krd cuk;kA
z nk,a gkFk osQ cYysckt] lVhd eè;e xfr osQ xsancktA z 24 'krdksa osQ lkFk dfj;j esa oqQy 13]213 ju cuk,A
z Hkkjrh; fØosQV osQ fodkl esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA VsLV MsC;w vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; dfj;j%
çFke VsLV dIrku% z 1934 esa baXySaM osQ f•ykiQ VsLV fØosQV esa Hkkjr osQ fy,
z Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; fØosQV Vhe osQ igys dIrku osQ :i esa MsC;w fd;kA
dk;Z fd;kA z 11 VsLV •sys] 612 ju cuk,A

z 1936 fØosQV fo'o di esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k osQ ujsaæ nhipan fgjokuh
fo#¼ 107 ju cuk,A
lsokfuo`fÙk vkSj lEeku%
z 1952 esa fØosQV ls laU;kl ys fy;kA
z 1995 esa Hkkjr dk rhljk lcls cM+k ukxfjd iqjLdkj iÁ
Hkw"k.k çkIr gqvkA
eq'rkd vyh VªkWiQh%
z eq'rkd vyh VªkWiQh dk uke] Hkkjr esa ,d çfrf"Br ?kjsyw çkjafHkd thou vkSj i`"BHkwfe%
Vh20 VwukZesaVA z ujsaæ nhipan fgjokuh dk tUe 18 vDVwcj 1968 dks gqvkA
z ;g VwukZesaV Hkkjrh; fØosQV esa muosQ çHkko'kkyh ;ksxnku z dgk ls& xksj•iqj] mÙkj çns'k] HkkjrA
dks ;kn djrk gSA
çFke Js.kh fØosQV esa mn~Hko%
fu/u vkSj fojklr% z 1984&85 esa eè; çns'k osQ fy, çFke Js.kh esa inkiZ.k
z eq'rkd vyh dk 2005 esa 90 o"kZ dh vk;q esa bankSj esa fd;kA
fu/u gks x;kA z tYn gh mUgksaus •qn dks ?kjsyw fØosQV esa ,d çeq• fLiuj
z mudh fojklr ,d fØosQV yhtsaM vkSj jksy ekWMy osQ :i osQ :i esa LFkkfir dj fy;kA
esa dk;e gSA
VsLV vkSj ouMs dfj;j%
panw ljoVs z 17 VsLV •sys] 66 foosQV gkfly fd,A
z 18 ,dfnolh; eSpksa esa lfØ;] 23 foosQV fy,A
z Hkkjrh; ouMs Vhe osQ fu;fer lnL; osQ :i esa ;ksxnku
fn;kA
lsokfuo`fÙk osQ ckn dh Hkkxhnkjh%
z fØosQV ls laU;kl ysus osQ ckn Hkkjrh; Vhe osQ fy, fLiu
xsanckth dksp osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;kA
çkjafHkd thou vkSj i`"BHkwfe% z orZeku esa y•uÅ esa xq# xksfcan flag LiksV~lZ dkWyst esa
fØosQV osQ funs'kd osQ in ij gSaA
z panw ljoVs (22 tqykbZ] 1920 & 23 fnlacj] 2003) ,d
çfrf"Br Hkkjrh; fØosQVj FksA laè;k vxzoky
z tUe&lkxj] eè; çns'kA
varjkZ"Vªh; inkiZ.k vkSj baXySaM nkSjk%
z 1946 esa Hkkjrh; Vhe osQ baXySaM nkSjs osQ fy, pquk x;kA
z nkSjs osQ nkSjku ukS VsLV •sys] ftlesa 26-63 dh vkSlr ls
33 foosQV fy,A
z mYys•uh; çn'kZu% vksoy esa pkSFks VsLV esa 106 ju ij
10 foosQVA
fujarj oSQfj;j vkSj lsokfuo`fÙk%
z 1951 esa viuk vkf•jh VsLV eSp •sykA
z 1965 rd çFke Js.kh fØosQV •syuk tkjh j•kA
z vius çFke Js.kh dfj;j esa 24-17 dh vkSlr ls oqQy 1]159 ifjp;
foosQV gkfly fd;sA z laè;k vxzoky Hkkjrh; efgyk fØosQV Vhe dh iwoZ dIrku gSaA

z dgk ls¾bankSj] eè; çns'k] mUgksaus efgyk fØosQV esa ,d z Vh20bZ MsC;w% fnlacj 2014 esa baXySaM osQ f•ykiQ Hkkjr osQ
egRoiw.kZ O;fÙkQ osQ :i esa çflf¼ çkIr dhA fy, viuk varjkZ"Vªh; Vh20 MsC;w fd;kA
VsLV eSp vkSj miyfC/;k¡% çn'kZu dh eq[; ckrsa%
z 1984 ls 1995 rd 13 VsLV eSp •sysA z VsLV MsC;w çHkko% vius MsC;w VsLV eSp esa 3 foosQV fy,]
z VsLV esa 50-45 dh 'kkunkj vkSlr ls 1110 ju cuk,- ftlesa nf{k.k vÚhdh dIrku feXukWu Mq çht dk foosQV
z VsLV eSpksa esa 4 'krd ntZA Hkh 'kkfey FkkA
z 1986 esa baXySaM osQ f•ykiQ dfj;j dk loZJs"B 190 ju z 2017 fo'o di% 2017 efgyk fØosQV fo'o di thrus
dk Ldksj gkfly fd;kA okyh Hkkjrh; efgyk jk"Vªh; fØosQV Vhe dh lnL;A
z muosQ 190 ju us csêðh LuksckWy }kjk 1935 ls cuk, x, z vxz.kh foosQV ysus okys% VwukZesaV esa 17 foosQV gkfly
189 osQ fiNys efgyk VsLV fØosQV fjdkWMZ dks rksM+ fn;kA djosQ Hkkjr osQ vxz.kh foosQV ysus okys xsanckt osQ :i
gkyk¡fd] ckn esa mudh miyfC/ Msful ,usV (1987 esa esa mHkjsA
193) us ihNs NksM+ nhA iwtk oL=kdkj
,d fnolh; varjkZ"Vªh; (ouMs)% ifjp;
z 21 efgyk ouMs eSpksa esa fgLlk fy;kA z iwtk oL=kdkj ,d Hkkjrh; efgyk fØosQVj gSa tks eè; çns'k
z ouMs esa 31-50 dh vkSlr cuk, j•rs gq, 567 ju cuk,A vkSj Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; Vhe osQ fy, •syrh gSaA
iqjLdkj vkSj ekU;rk,¡% z og ,d vkWyjkmaMj gSa] nk,a gkFk ls cYysckth djrh gSa
z fØosQV esa muosQ egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dks Lohdkj djrs gq, vkSj vkWiQ fLiu xsanckth djrh gSaA
1987 esa vtZqu iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
z •sy esa mudh miyfC/;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, 2003 esa
iÁ Jh ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
jkts'ojh xk;dokM+
tUeLFkku vkSj çkjafHkd fØosQV oSQfj;j%

z oL=kdkj dk tUe gqvk Fkk& 'kgMksy] eè; çns'kA
z mUgksaus 2013 esa ?kjsyw fØosQV esa inkiZ.k fd;k vkSj 2016 esa
Hkkjr osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV esa inkiZ.k fd;kA
çn'kZu dh eq[; ckrsa%
ifjp;
z 2021 efgyk fØosQV fo'o di% ikfdLrku osQ f•ykiQ
z jkts'ojh xk;dokM+ ,d Hkkjrh; fØosQVj gSa tks Hkkjrh; iQkbuy eSp esa fot;h ju cuk,A
efgyk jk"Vªh; fØosQV Vhe dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSaA
z muosQ çn'kZu us efgyk fØosQV fo'o di esa Hkkjr dh thr
z 14 ekpZ 1989 dks tUeh] mUgsa xsanckth vkSj cYysckth nksuksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy, igpkuk tkrk gSA
vos'k •ku
varjkZ"Vªh; inkiZ.k vkSj le;js•k%
z efgyk ouMs esa inkiZ.k% vDVwcj 2014 esa ckaXykns'k osQ
f•ykiQ efgyk ,d fnolh; varjkZ"Vªh; (WODI) esa Hkkjr osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV esa inkiZ.k fd;kA
z VsLV MsC;w% uoacj 2014 esa nf{k.k vÚhdk osQ f•ykiQ VsLV
fØosQV dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA

ifjp; z muosQ nknkth osQ ekxZn'kZu osQ dkj.k mUgsa ,d fØosQV
z vos'k •ku ,d Hkkjrh; varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQVj gSaA vdkneh esa nkf•yk ysuk iM+kA
z 13 fnlacj 1996 dks tUes] mUgksaus viuh fØosQV {kerkvksa z 'kq#vkr esa ,d xsanckt osQ :i esa 'kq#vkr dh] vaMj&15
osQ fy, igpku gkfly dh gSA Lrj rd vkxs c<+us osQ ckn mUgksaus viuk è;ku cYysckth
vaMj&19 fØosQV fo'odi esa Hkkxhnkjh% ij osQafær dj fn;kA
z fnlacj 2015 esa] mUgsa 2016 vaMj&19 fØosQV fo'o di osQ fØosQVj txg
fy, Hkkjr dh Vhe osQ ,d fgLls osQ :i esa pquk x;k FkkA lh-osQ- uk;Mw ukxiqj] egkjk"Vª
varjkZ"Vªh; inkiZ.k% eq'rkd vyh bankSj] eè;çns'k
z vos'k •ku us iQjojh 2022 esa Hkkjrh; fØosQV Vhe osQ fy, panw ljoVs lkxj] eè;çns'k
varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV esa inkiZ.k fd;kA ujsUæ fgjokuh xksj•iqj] mÙkjçns'k
z blus varjkZ"Vªh; fØosQV osQ ofj"B Lrj esa muosQ ços'k dks laè;k vxzoky bankSj] eè;çns'k
fpfÉr fd;kA jkts'ojh xk;dokM+ dksYgkiqj] egkjk"Vª
xsanckth 'kSyh vkSj rkdr% iwtk oL=kdkj 'kgMksy] eè; çns'k
vkos'k •ku bankSj] eè;çns'k
z og nk,a gkFk osQ rst&eè;e xsanckt gSaA
jtr ikVhnkj bankSj] eè;çns'k
z vos'k •ku viuh çHkko'kkyh xfr osQ fy, tkus tkrs gSa]
tks yxHkx 145 fdeh çfr ?kaVs dh xfr cuk, j•rs gSaA eè; çns'k esa gkWdh
z mudh lcls rst fMyhojh 149 fdeh çfr ?kaVs dh jÝrkj z gkWdh dh yksdfç;rk%
ls ntZ dh xbZ gSA gkWdh eè; çns'k esa ,d •sy osQ :i esa egRoiw.kZ
jtr euksgj ikVhnkj yksdfç;rk j•rh gSA

jkT; esa oqQ'ky gkWdh f•ykM+h rS;kj djus dk ,d le`¼
bfrgkl gSA
z vksyafid miyfC/;k¡%
eè; çns'k esa vksyafid fotsrk gkWdh Vheksa osQ dbZ
lnL; gSaA
jkT; osQ çfrHkk'kkyh f•ykfM+;ksa us vksyafid gkWdh {ks=k
ifjp; esa Hkkjr dh liQyrk esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

z jtr euksgj ikVhnkj ,d Hkkjrh; fØosQVj gSa ftUgksaus •sy z :i flag xksYM gkWdh di%
esa viuh igpku cukbZ gSA eè; çns'k dk ,d 'kgj] Xokfy;j] :i flag xksYM
z mUgsa ?kjsyw fØosQV esa eè; çns'k vkSj bafM;u çhfe;j yhx gkWdh di dh estckuh djrk gSA
(vkbZih,y) esa jkW;y pkSysatlZ cSaxyksj dk çfrfuf/Ro djus ;g VwukZesaV •sy dk t'u eukrk gS vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa
osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA ls çfrHkkfx;ksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA
çkjafHkd thou% :i flag& Hkkjrh; gkWdh f•ykM+h vkSj vksyafid
jtr ikVhnkj dk tUe 1 twu 1993 dks bankSj] eè; Lo.kZ ind fotsrk
çns'k esa gqvk FkkA z ifjp;%
muosQ firk ,d O;olk;h gSa vkSj bl i`"BHkwfe us fØosQV
:i flag ,d çfrf"Br Hkkjrh; gkWdh f•ykM+h Fks] ftUgsa
esa mudh ;k=kk dks çHkkfor fd;kA •sy esa muosQ ;ksxnku osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
fØosQV dh 'kq#vkr vkSj çxfr% og ml Hkkjrh; iQhYM gkWdh Vhe dk fgLlk Fks ftlus
z ikVhnkj dh fØosQV ;k=kk de mez esa 'kq: gqbZA og 8 lky 1932 vkSj 1936 osQ vksyafid •syksa esa Hkkjr osQ fy,
dh mez esa ,d fØosQV Dyc esa 'kkfey gks x,A Lo.kZ ind gkfly fd, FksA

z og 1956] 1960 vkSj 1964 osQ vksyafid esa Hkkjrh; Vhe
osQ xksydhij FksA
z mudh Hkkxhnkjh us bu vksyafid esa Hkkjr dh nks Lo.kZ ind
vkSj ,d jtr ind thrus dh miyfC/;ksa esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
,sfrgkfld miyfC/ & xksydhij ls dIrku cus%
z y{e.k us fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; gkWdh Vhe osQ dIrku osQ :i esa
usr`Ro djus okys igys xksydhij cudj bfrgkl jp fn;kA
ekU;rk,¡ vkSj iqjLdkj%
os egku f•ykM+h è;kupan osQ lkFk lxs HkkbZ FksA z muosQ vlk/kj.k ;ksxnku dks Hkkjr ljdkj us iqjLdkjksa osQ
z dfj;j osQ eq[; va'k% ekè;e ls Lohdkj fd;k%
vksyafid miyfC/;k¡% :i flag dh lcls mYys•uh;
(i) vtZqu iqjLdkj% •sy esa mudh miyfC/;ksa osQ fy,
miyfC/;k¡ vksyafid •syksa esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh ls vkb±A igpkuk x;kA
Lo.kZ ind% og 1932 vkSj 1936 osQ vksyafid •syksa
(ii) iÁ Jh% Hkkjr osQ lokZsPp ukxfjd iqjLdkjksa esa ls ,d]
esa Lo.kZ ind thrus okyh Hkkjrh; iQhYM gkWdh Vhe iÁ Jh ls lEekfurA
osQ lnL; FksA foosd lkxj çlkn & Hkkjrh; iQhYM gkWdh f•ykM+h
z 1932 vksyafid çn'kZu%
xksy Ldksfjax fo'ks"krk,a% :i flag osQ mYys•uh;
çn'kZu esa 1932 osQ vksyafid osQ nkSjku tkiku osQ

f•ykiQ rhu xksy djuk 'kkfey FkkA
ykWl ,aftYl xzh"edkyhu vksyafid% mUgksaus 1932
osQ ykWl ,aftYl xzh"edkyhu vksyafid esa la;qÙkQ jkT;

vesfjdk osQ f•ykiQ nl xksy fd,A
ekun dIrku 'kadj y{e.k & Hkkjrh; gkWdh xksydhij
vkSj dIrku ifjp;%
z foosd lkxj çlkn ,d mYys•uh; Hkkjrh; iQhYM gkWdh
f•ykM+h gSa] tks feMiQhYMj osQ :i esa viuh çfrHkk dk
çn'kZu djrs gSaA
z og feMiQhYMj osQ :i esa viuh Hkwfedk esa xoZ ls Hkkjrh;
jk"Vªh; Vhe dk çfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA
çkjafHkd thou vkSj tUe%
z foosd lkxj çlkn dk tUe 25 iQjojh 2000 dks bVkjlh]
ifjp; eè; çns'k] Hkkjr esa gqvk FkkA
og eè; çns'k jkT; ls gSaA
z ekun dIrku 'kadj y{e.k ,d çfrf"Br Hkkjrh; gkWdh
f•ykM+h Fks] ftUgsa •sy esa muosQ mYys•uh; ;ksxnku osQ MsC;w vkSj fjdkWMZ%
fy, tkuk tkrk gSA z tuojh 2018 esa] çlkn us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Vhe osQ fy,
z mUgksaus egRoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; vk;kstuksa osQ nkSjku Hkkjrh; inkiZ.k djus okys nwljs lcls de mez osQ f•ykM+h cudj
gkWdh Vhe osQ xksydhij osQ :i esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ,d mYys•uh; miyfC/ gkfly dhA
vksyafid ind% z mudk MsC;w 17 lky 10 eghus vkSj 22 fnu dh mez esa
z y{e.k dk dfj;j dbZ vksyafid •syksa rd iQSykA gqvk FkkA

ekU;rk vkSj miyfC/;k¡% eè; çns'k esa cSMfeaVu VwukZesaV
z FIH jkbftax LVkj vkWiQ n bZ;j (2019)% foosd lkxj ifjp;%
çlkn dks 2019 gkWdh LVklZ vokM~lZ esa FIH jkbftax LVkj z cSMfeaVu eè; çns'k esa ,d •sy osQ :i esa egRoiw.kZ
vkWiQ n bZ;j iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA yksdfç;rk j•rk gSA
z FIH ;ax Iys;j vkWiQ n bZ;j (2020&21)% mUgksaus z jkT; fofHkUu çfrf"Br VwukZesaVksa dh estckuh djrk gS tks
2020&21 FIH Iys;j vkWiQ n bZ;j vokM~lZ esa çfrf"Br f•ykfM+;ksa vkSj mRlkgh yksxksa dks leku :i ls vkdf"kZr
FIH ;ax Iys;j vkWiQ n bZ;j dk f•rkc vftZr fd;kA djrs gSaA
çeq• VwukZesaV%
e/q ;kno & Hkkjr efgyk iQhYM gkWdh Vhe dh iwoZ
z ;'k di% ;g VwukZesaV eè; çns'k esa vk;ksftr gksus okys
dIrku çeq• cSMfeaVu vk;kstuksa esa ls ,d gSA
z xqykc jk; pîôk di% ,d vkSj çfl¼ VwukZesaV tks çfrLi/hZ
cSMfeaVu dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
lrr fojklr%
z jktsaæ flag di% ;g VwukZesaV jkT; esa thoar] cSMfeaVu osQ
ifjn`'; esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z jk/s';ke di% bl vk;kstu ls çfrLi/hZ cSMfeaVu dh
fojklr dks vkxs c<+k;k x;k gSA
ifjp;% eè; çns'k osQ cSMfeaVu f•ykM+h
z e/q ;kno Hkkjrh; iQhYM gkWdh esa ,d çfrf"Br O;fÙkQ gSa] z lehj oekZ%
ftUgksaus ,d f•ykM+h] dIrku vkSj dksp osQ :i esa egRoiw.kZ
;ksxnku fn;k gSA
z mUgksaus •sy ij vfeV çHkko NksM+k gSA
miyfC/;k¡ vkSj ekU;rk%
z dIrkuh% ;kno us Hkkjr dh efgyk jk"Vªh; iQhYM gkWdh
Vhe osQ dIrku osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;kA
z ,f'k;kbZ •syksa osQ dkaL; ind fotsrk% mUgksaus •sy esa miyfC/;k¡% iwoZ esa cSMfeaVu esa fo'o esa 12osa LFkku
viuh çfrHkk dk çn'kZu djrs gq, 1986 osQ ,f'k;kbZ •syksa ij jgsA
esa dkaL; ind thrkA varjkZ"Vªh; 'kh"kZd% çfrf"Br 2018 bafM;k vksiu lfgr
vtZqu iqjLdkj çkIrdrkZ% dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; f•rkc thrsA

egRo% lehj oekZ us oSf'od cSMfeaVu eap ij viuh
z muosQ vlk/kj.k ;ksxnku osQ fy,] e/q ;kno dks 2000 esa
Nki NksM+h gSA
çfrf"Br vtZqu iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
z lkSjHk oekZ%
z ;g iqjLdkj mUgsa Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr }kjk çnku fd;k x;kA
gkWdh f•ykM+h txg
:i flag Xokfy;j] eè; çns'k
'kadj y{e.k bankSj] eè; çns'k
foosd lkxj çlkn bVkjlh] eè; çns'k
e/q ;kno Hkksiky] eè; çns'k

miyfC/;k¡% iwoZ esa cSMfeaVu esa fo'o esa 15osa LFkku orZeku jSafdax% fo'o jSafdax 75 gSA
ij jgsA varjkZ"Vªh; 'kh"kZd% mYys•uh; miyfC/;ksa esa 2022
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kh"kZd% dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; f•rkc thrs] fo'ks"k teZu vksiu thruk 'kkfey gSA
:i ls 2017 baMksusf'k;k ekLVlZA cSMfeaVu f•ykM+h txg
çHkko% lkSjHk oekZ dh liQyrk ,d çfrLi/hZ cSMfeaVu
lehj oekZ bankSj] eè; çns'k
f•ykM+h osQ :i esa muosQ dkS'ky dks mtkxj djrh gSA
lkSjHk oekZ /kj] eè; çns'k
z fç;ka'kq jktkor%
fç;ka'kq jktkor /kj] eè; çns'k
vkfnR; tks'kh bankSj] eè; çns'k
vf{kr ikaMs y•uÅ] mÙkj çns'k
eè; çns'k osQ varjkZ"Vªh; ind fotsrk

z T;ksfr ikaMs%
jSafdax vkSj {kerk% orZeku esa fo'o esa 100osa LFkku

ij gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kh"kZd% liQyrk gkfly dh] ftlesa 2022
lS;n eksnh baVjus'kuy thruk Hkh 'kkfey gSA

z vkfnR; tks'kh%
•sy% rhjankth
og dh gS Xokfy;j] eè; çns'kA
miyfC/;k¡% eè; çns'k dh jgus okyh T;ksfr ikaMs us
fofHkUu varjkZ"Vªh; rhjankth çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkjr dk

çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gS vkSj fo'o rhjankth ;qok pkSafi;uf'ki
fo'ks"kKrk% vkfnR; tks'kh cSMfeaVu osQ ;qxy fo'ks"kK
tSls vk;kstuksa esa ind thrs gSaA
gSaA
jSafdax% orZeku esa fo'o jSafdax 50 gSA
z vaoqQj feÙky%
varjkZ"Vªh; 'kh"kZd% gky gh esa 2022 fLol vksiu
lfgr dbZ varjkZ"Vªh; f•rkc thrsA

z vf{kr ikaMs%
•sy% 'kwfVax
og Hkksiky] eè; çns'k ls gSaA
miyfC/;k¡% ewy :i ls eè; çns'k osQ jgus okys vaoqQj
feÙky ,d çfl¼ Hkkjrh; fu'kkusckt gSa] ftUgksaus fo'o
;qxy fo'ks"kKrk% vf{kr ikaMs McYl cSMfeaVu esa 'kkWVxu pkSafi;uf'ki] fo'o di vkSj ,f'k;kbZ •syksa tSlh
ekfgj gSaA çfrf"Br 'kwfVax çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa ind thrs gSaA

z lq•su Ms% •sy% oqQ'rh
og gfj;k.kk osQ jksgrd dh jgus okyh gSa] ysfdu
mUgksaus eè; çns'k esa jsyos dk çf'k{k.k vkSj çfrfuf/Ro

fd;k gSA
miyfC/;k¡% lk{kh efyd ewy :i ls gfj;k.kk dh jgus
okyh gSa] ysfdu mUgksaus eè; çns'k esa jsyos dk çf'k{k.k

vkSj çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gSA og oqQ'rh esa vksyafid dkaL;
•sy% HkkjksÙkksyu
ind fotsrk gSa vkSj mUgksaus fofHkUu varjkZ"Vªh; oqQ'rh
og if'pe caxky ls gSa] ysfdu mUgksaus HkkjksÙkksyu
çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa ind thrs gSaA
çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa eè; çns'k dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gS
z ueu raoj%
miyfC/;k¡% tcfd lq•su Ms ewy :i ls eè; çns'k
osQ ugha gSa] mUgksaus HkkjksÙkksyu çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa jkT;

dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gSA mUgksaus dkWeuosYFk xsEl vkSj
,f'k;u xsEl tSls vk;kstuksa esa ind thrs gSaA
z nhid oqQekj%
•sy% 'kwVj
LFkku% lruk] eè; çns'k •sy% eqDosQckth

miyfC/;k¡% eè; çns'k osQ ,d vkSj çfrHkk'kkyh rhjankt og mÙkj çns'k osQ >k¡lh osQ jgus okys gSa] ysfdu mUgksaus
nhid oqQekj us varjkZ"Vªh; rhjankth çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ckWfDlax esa eè; çns'k dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gSA
fy;k gS vkSj fofHkUu VwukZesaVksa esa Hkkjr osQ çn'kZu esa miyfC/;k¡% eè; çns'k osQ eqDosQckt ueu raoj us
;ksxnku fn;k gSA varjkZ"Vªh; eqDosQckth VwukZesaV esa Hkkx fy;k gS vkSj
;wFk oYMZ pkSafi;uf'ki tSls vk;kstuksa esa ind gkfly
fd, gSaA
z çxfr nqcs%
z vi.kkZ oqQekj%
•sy% 'kwfVax
og dh gS lkxj] eè; çns'k lsA
miyfC/;k¡% eè; çns'k dh fu'kkusckt vi.kkZ oqQekj us •sy% 'kwfVax iSjk LiksVZ
'kwfVax çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkjr dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gS og gS Vhdex<+] gfj;k.k lsA
vkSj vkbZ,l,l,iQ twfu;j fo'o di tSls vk;kstuksa esa miyfC/;k¡% eè; çns'k dh fnO;kax fu'kkusckt çxfr
ind vftZr fd, gSaA nqcs us 'kwfVax iSjk •sy osQ {ks=k esa mRÑ"V çn'kZu fd;k
z lk{kh efyd% gS vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; iSjk 'kwfVax Li/kZvksa esa ind thrs gSaA
z yfyrk ckcj%

•sy% ,FkysfVDl (LVhiypst) •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl 2022 esa okWVj LiksV~lZ esa eè;
og egkjk"Vª ls gSa] ysfdu mUgksaus jsyos dk çfrfuf/Ro çns'k dk ncnck jgk
fd;k gS vkSj eè; çns'k esa çf'k{k.k fy;k gSA z iq#"kksa dh d;kd flaxy 1000 ehVj% eè; çns'k osQ
miyfC/;k¡% yfyrk ckcj] gkykafd ewy :i ls eè; fufru oekZ us Lo.kZ ind thrkA
çns'k dh ugha gSa] mUgksaus jsyos dk çfrfuf/Ro fd;k gS z iq#"kksa dh oSQuks Mcy 1000eh% eè; çns'k osQ nsosaæ flag
vkSj jkT; esa çf'k{k.k fy;k gSA og ,f'k;kbZ •syksa dh vkSj uhjt oekZ us Lo.kZ ind thrkA
ind fotsrk gSa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ,FkysfVDl Li/kZvksa esa z efgyk d;kd flaxy 1000eh% eè; çns'k dh •q'kcw
Hkkx ys pqdh gSaA lSuh us thrk Lo.kZ indA
eè; çns'k esa gky dh •sy laca/h ?kVuk,¡ z efgyk oSQuks Mcy 1000 ehVj% eè; çns'k dh iwtk tkV
vkSj #fpjk fo'odekZ us Lo.kZ ind thrkA
eè; çns'k dh igyh vkWuykbu xsfeax vdkneh
z çeq• fcanq%
z eè; çns'k igyh vkWuykbu xsfeax vdkneh 'kq: djsxkA
1- •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl 2022 esa ty •syksa esa eè; çns'k
vdkneh dks ,eih LVsV bZLiksV~lZ vdkneh dgk tk,xkA
us lHkh pkj Lo.kZ ind thrsA
;g fLFkr gksxk Hkksiky] eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh esaA
2- igyh ckj Hkksiky esa vk;ksftr oSQuksbax vkSj d;kfdax
;g icth eksckby] Úh iQk;j vkSj oSyksjsaV lfgr Li/kZ esa çns'k osQ ,FkyhVksa us ind thrsA
fofHkUu çdkj osQ bZLiksV~lZ xsEl esa çf'k{k.k çnku djsxkA 3- fufru oekZ us iq#"kksa dh d;kd flaxy 1000 ehVj
vdkneh vuqHkoh bZLiksV~lZ is'ksojksa ls çf'k{k.k vkSj Li/kZ esa eè; çns'k osQ fy, igyk Lo.kZ ind thrkA
lykg Hkh çnku djsxhA 4- iq#"kksa dh oSQuks Mcy 1000 ehVj Li/kZ esa nsosanj flag
z vdkneh 'kh"kZ f•ykfM+;ksa dk p;u djus osQ fy, vkSj uhjt oekZ us Lo.kZ ind thrkA
bZLiksV~lZ VwukZesaV vk;ksftr djsxhA 5- eè; çns'k us efgykvksa dh d;kd flaxy 1000 ehVj
;g VwukZesaV eè; çns'k osQ lHkh xselZ osQ fy, •qyk Li/kZ vkSj efgykvksa dh oSQuks Mcy 1000 ehVj Li/kZ
jgsxkA esa Hkh Lo.kZ ind thrsA
VwukZesaV esa vPNk çn'kZu djus okys f•ykfM+;ksa osQ fy,
vdkneh esa 80» lhVsa vkjf{kr jgsaxhA egRoiw.kZ fcanq

z vdkneh dk y{; ,f'k;kbZ •syksa esa çfrfuf/Ro okys z eè; çns'k efgyk gkWdh vdkneh eè; çns'k osQ Xokfy;j
•syksa dks c<+kok nsuk gSA esa fLFkr gSA
vdkneh ,f'k;kbZ •syksa esa çfrfuf/Ro djus okys z eè; çns'k iq#"k gkWdh vdkneh Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa
bZLiksV~lZ •syksa dks c<+kok nsus ij è;ku osQafær djsxhA fLFkr gS
blesa Dota 2] yhx vkWiQ yhtsaM~l vkSj dkmaVj&LVªkbd% z eè; çns'k 'kwfVax vdkneh Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gS
Xykscy vkWiQsaflo tSls xse 'kkfey gSaA z eè; çns'k vksyafid ,lksfl,'ku dk eq[;ky; eè; çns'k
osQ tcyiqj esa fLFkr gSA
ikaposa •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl 2022 eè; çns'k esa
z dIrku :i flag LVsfM;e]Xokfy;j gSbldk uke Hkkjrh;
z fnukad% 30 tuojh] 2023
gkWdh f•ykM+h vkSj 1928 vksyafid Lo.kZ ind fotsrk :i
z LFkku% VhVh uxj LVsfM;e] Hkksiky flag osQ uke ij j•k x;k gS
z mn~?kkVudrkZ% •sy ea=kh vuqjkx BkoqQj vkSj eè; çns'k osQ z foØe iqjLdkj Hkkjr osQ eè; çns'k dk lokZsPp •sy
lh,e f'kojkt flag pkSgku iqjLdkj gSA bldh 'kq#vkr 1990 esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g jkT;
z laLdj.k% 5ok¡ osQ mRÑ"V f•ykfM+;ksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA
z fiNyk uke% •syks bafM;k Ldwy xsEl z fo'okfe=k iqjLdkj mu •sy çf'k{kdksa dks çnku fd;k tkrk
z mís';% LFkkuh; Lrj ij •sy çfrHkkvksa dks •kstdj mUgsa gS ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa Hkkx ysus
jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; •sy vk;kstuksa osQ fy, rS;kj djukA okys ,FkyhVksa dks çf'kf{kr fd;k gSA

z çHkk"k tks'kh iqjLdkj fo'ks"k :i ls ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; •sy 7- eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk uhps mfYyf•r •sy çf'k{kdksa dks
eYy•ac osQ f•ykfM+;ksa osQ fy, gSA fn;k tkus okyk lokZsPp iqjLdkj dkSu lk gS\ (2020)
(a) foØe iqjLdkj (b) æks.kkpk;Z iqjLdkj
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) (c) fo'okfe=k iqjLdkj (d) ,dyO; iqjLdkj
1- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lk la;kstu lgh <ax ls lqesfyr mÙkj (a)
gS\ (2022)
8- •sy ,oa ;qok dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk LFkkfir eè; çns'k
1- jaxkLokeh di&iksyks rhjankth vdkneh fLFkr gS\ (2020)
2- 'kh'k egy VªkWiQh&fØosQV (a) >kcqvk (b) bankSj
3- ;knfoUæ di&gkWdh (c) tcyiqj (d) Hkksiky
4- jksolZ di&iQqVckWy mÙkj (c)
(a) 1]2]3 vkSj 4 (b) 2]3 vkSj 4
9- O;fÙkQxr vksyfa id ind thrus okyh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk
(c) 1]3 vkSj 4 (d) 1]2 vkSj 3 dkSu gS\ (2020)
mÙkj (b) (a) lkfu;k fetkZ (b) ih- oh- fla/q
2- o"kZ 2020 osQ fy, gkWdh osQ fy, ykbiQVkbe æks.kkpk;Z (c) lkbuk usgoky (d) d.kZe eYys'ojh
iqjLdkj fdls fn;k x;k\ (2022) mÙkj (d)
(a) ljiky flag (b) twM iQsfyDl lscsfLV;u
10- iQqVckWy dks vksyafid •syksa esa dc 'kkfey fd;k x;k\
(c) jkses'k iBkfu;k (d) ektZcku ikVslh (2016)
mÙkj (c) (a) 1920 ,aVoiZ (b) 1896] ,Fksal
3- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdlus iQhiQk fo'o di&2022 esa (c) 1908] yanu (d) 1900 isfjl
¶xksYMu ckWy¸ iqjLdkj thrk\ (2022) mÙkj (d)
(a) dwdk eksfMªd (b) fy;ksusy eslh
11- fdl eSnku dks fØosQV dk eDdk dgk tkrk gS\ (2016)
(c) jksukYMks (d) fM,xks iQksykZu
(a) ykWMZl (b) bZMu xkMZUl
mÙkj (b)
(c) esycuZ fØosQV xzkmaM (d) xzhuikdZ
4- eè; çns'k dh f•ykM+h fpadh ;kno •sy ls tqM+h gSaA
mÙkj (a)
(2021)
(a) gkWdh (b) rSjuk
12- iksyks Vhe esa fdrus f•ykM+h gksrs gSa\ (2015)
(a) 7 (b) 4
(c) 'kwfVax (d) fØosQV
mÙkj (c) (c) 8 (d) 6
mÙkj (b)
5- eè;çns'k osQ f•ykM+h foosd lkxj fdl •sy ls tqM+s gSaA
(2021) 13- jk"Vªh; •sy fnol fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl fnu euk;k
(a) gkWdh (b) rhjankth tkrk gS\ (2015)
(c) 'kwfVax (d) fØosQV (a) 29 tqykbZ (b) 20 flrEcj
mÙkj (a) (c) 29 vxLr (d) 29 flrEcj
6- varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr gS\ mÙkj (c)

(2020) 14- ,s'kckx LVsfM;e fdl 'kgj esa fLFkr gS\ (2015)
(a) eSfMªM (b) fo;uk (a) Hkksiky (b) tcyiqj
(c) yqlkus (d) ftusok (c) Xokfy;j (d) bankSj
mÙkj (c) mÙkj (a)

15- laè;k vxzoky fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl •sy ls lacaf/r vH;kl ç'u
gSa\ (2015) 1- eè; çns'k fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku (MPCA) dk eq[; mís';
(a) gkWdh (b) fØosQV D;k gS\
(c) pkl (d) Vscy Vsful (a) jkT; esa iQqVckWy dks çksRlkfgr djuk
mÙkj (b) (b) Vsful f•ykfM+;ksa dk fodkl djuk
16- eè; çns'k fØosQV ,lksfl,'ku dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ fLFkr (c) fØosQV dks çksRlkfgr djuk] fØosQVjksa dk fodkl
gS\ (2015) djuk] vkSj <kapk cukuk
(a) bankSj (b) Xokfy;j (d) lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu djuk
(c) tcyiqj (d) Hkksiky mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (a) O;k[;k% MPCA dk eq[; mís'; fØosQV dks çksRlkfgr djus]
17- gkWdh bafM;k yhx dh 'kq#vkr fdl o"kZ gqbZ\ (2014) is'ksojksa dk fodkl çFke&Js.kh vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; çfr;ksfxrkvksa osQ
(a) 2011 (b) 2010 fy, djus] vkSj ;qok çfrHkkvksa dks vkdf"kZr djus dh gSA
(c) 2012 (d) 2013 2- y{ehckbZ us'kuy baLVhVÔwV vkWiQ fiQftdy ,tqosQ'ku
mÙkj (d) (LNIPE) dk uke fdl egku ,sfrgkfld O;fÙkQ osQ uke
18- ^fyczks* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl •sy esa ij j•k x;k gS\
fd;k tkrk gS\ (2014) (a) egkRek xka/h
(a) gsUMcksy (b) okyhcky (b) tokgjyky usg:
(c) lkWÝVckWy (d) ckLosQVcky (c) >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ
mÙkj (b) (d) lqHkk"k paæ cksl
19- CySd iyZ fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl •sy ls lacaf/r gS\ mÙkj% (c)
(2014) O;k[;k% LNIPE dk uke >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ osQ uke
(a) xksYiQ (b) iQqVckWy ij j•k x;k gS] tks 1857 esa Hkkjr osQ igys Lora=krk laxzke esa
(c) Luwdj (d) ?kqM+nkSM+ egRoiw.kZ O;fÙkQ FkhA
mÙkj (b) 3- eè; çns'k efgyk gkWdh voSQMeh dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
20- gksYdj VªkWiQh fdl •sy ls lacaf/r gS\ (2014) (a) Hkksiky (b) Xokfy;j
(a) cSMfeaVu (b) fczt (c) bankSj (d) tcyiqj
(c) dcîóh (d) fØosQV mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (b) O;k[;k% eè; çns'k efgyk gkWdh voSQMeh Xokfy;j] eè; çns'k
21- çHkk"k tks'kh iqjLdkj fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl Hkkjrh; esa fLFkr gSA
ikjaifjd •sy osQ fy, eè; çns'k ljdkj }kjk fn;k tkrk 4- dkSulh voSQMeh ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; •sy êy•EHk* dks
gS\ (2014) çksRlkfgr djus vkSj çf'k{k.k nsus ij eq[; è;ku osQafær
(a) dcîóh (b) •ks&•ks djrh gS\
(c) vkR;k ikVÔk (d) eYy•ac (a) eè; çns'k cSMfeaVu voSQMeh
mÙkj (d) (b) eè; çns'k 'kwfVax voSQMeh
22- fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl •sy esa cksul ykbu vafdr gS\ (c) eè; çns'k gkWlZ jkbfMax voSQMeh
(2014) (d) eè; çns'k ey•EHk voSQMeh
(a) dcîóh (b) jXch mÙkj (d)
(c) •ks&•ks (d) twMks O;k[;k% eè; çns'k ey•EHk voSQMeh ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; •sy
mÙkj (a) êy•EHk* dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj çf'k{k.k nsus ij osQafær gSA

5- eè; çns'k vksyafid ,lksfl,'ku dk eq[;ky; fdl cM+s (c) LFkkuh; Lrj ij •sy çfrHkk dks igpkuuk vkSj çf'kf{kr
'kgj esa fLFkr gS\ djuk
(a) Hkksiky (b) bankSj (d) varjkZ"Vªh; •sy çfr;ksfxrkvksa dk vk;kstu djuk
(c) tcyiqj (d) Xokfy;j mÙkj (c)
mÙkj (c) O;k[;k% •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl dk mís'; LFkkuh; Lrj ij
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k vksyafid ,lksfl,'ku dk eq[;ky; tcyiqj] •sy çfrHkk dks igpkuuk vkSj mUgsa jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; •sy
eè; çns'k esa fLFkr gSA çfr;ksfxrkvksa osQ fy, çf'kf{kr djuk gSA
6- eè; çns'k dk lcls mPp •sy iqjLdkj D;k gS\ 9- ikapos •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl 2022 dks fdl 'kgj esa
vk;ksftr fd;k x;k Fkk\
(a) foØe iqjLdkj (b) fo'ofe=k iqjLdkj
(a) bankSj (b) Xokfy;j
(c) çHkk"k tks'kh iqjLdkj (d) •syks bafM;k iqjLdkj
(c) Hkksiky (d) tcyiqj
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% foØe iqjLdkj eè; çns'k esa mRÑ"V f•ykfM+;ksa dks O;k[;k% ikapos •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl 2022 dks Hkksiky] eè;
fn;k tkus okyk lcls mPp •sy iqjLdkj gSA çns'k esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA
7- fdl •sy esa fufru fFkEeS;k us 2020 VksD;ks vksyafid esa 10- dkS u lh voS Q Meh PUBG Mobile, Free Fire, vkS j
czkWUt esMy thrk Fkk\ Valorant tSls bLiksV~lZ •syksa esa çf'k{k.k vkSj çf'k{k.k
(a) gkWdh (b) rhjankth çnku djrh gS\
(c) 'kwfVax (d) cSMfeaVu (a) eè; çns'k 'kwfVax voSQMeh
mÙkj (a) (b) eè; çns'k tyØhM+k voSQMeh
(c) eè; çns'k rhjankth voSQMeh
O;k[;k% fufru fFkEeS;k us 2020 VksD;ks vksyafid esa gkWdh esa
(d) ,eih LVsV bZLiksV~lZ voSQMeh
czkWUt esMy thrk FkkA
mÙkj (d)
8- •syks bafM;k ;wFk xsEl dk D;k mís'; gS\
O;k[;k% ,eih LVsV bLiksV~lZ voSQMeh PUBG Mobile, Free
(a) ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; •sy dks çksRlkfgr djuk Fire] vkSj Valorant tSls bLiksV~lZ •syksa esa çf'k{k.k vkSj
(b) f•ykfM+;ksa dks Nk=ko`fÙk çnku djuk çf'k{k.k çnku djrh gSA
v v v

4 eè; çns'k esa LokLF;
eè; çns'k esa LokLF; lsok ifjn`';% ,d O;kid ;kstuk,a 'kq: djuk] LFkk;h LokLF; ns•Hkky lq/kjksa osQ çfr
voyksdu çfrc¼rk çnf'kZr djuk 'kkfey gSA
z fo'kky HkkSxksfyd mifLFkfr% eè; çns'k Hkkjr osQ 9-38» z lexz LokLF; lsok fodkl% eè; çns'k dk LokLF; lsok
Hkwfe {ks=k dks doj djrk gS] tks vius fo'kky vkdkj vkSj ifjorZu lqyHk fpfdRlk f'k{kk] foLrkfjr LokLF; cqfu;knh
tula[;k o`f¼ osQ dkj.k vf}rh; LokLF; ns•Hkky pqukSfr;ka <kaps vkSj vuq:i ljdkjh igy dk çek.k gSA
is'k djrk gSA z Hkfo"; osQ fy, vk'kkokn% jkT; dk lfØ; #• LoLFk
z etcwr lkoZtfud LokLF; <kapk% pqukSfr;ksa osQ ckotwn] Hkfo"; osQ fy, vk'kkokn dks n'kkZrk gS] tks LokLF; lsokvksa
jkT; us vius fuokfl;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks c<+kus osQ fujarj ç;klksa ls çsfjr gSA
vko';drkvksa dks lacksf/r djrs gq,] lkoZtfud LokLF;
osQ fy, çHkkoh <ax ls etcwr O;oLFkk,¡ LFkkfir dh gSaA eè; çns'k osQ çeq• LokLF; laosQrd% ,d utj esa
(NHSRC Data 2021)
z esfMdy ,tqosQ'ku gc% dbZ esfMdy dkWystksa dh mifLFkfr
oqQ'ky is'ksojksa dks rS;kj djosQ LokLF; lsokvksa dks le`¼ Modhya
Indicators India
Pradesh
djrh gS tks jkT; osQ LokLF; lsok dk;Zcy esa ;ksxnku
Infant Mortality rate (IMR)3 46 30
djrs gSaA
Cude Dath rate (CDR)3 6.6 6
z mUur LokLF; volajpuk% igqap ij tksj nsus osQ lkFk]
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)3 24.5 19.7
jkT; us mUur LokLF; lqfo/k,a fodflr dh gSa] ftlls
;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk losQ fd LokLF; lsok,a 'kgjh vkSj Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)3 173 113
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa igqap ;ksX; gSaA Neo Natal Mortality Rate (NNMR)4 35 23
z çHkkoh ljdkjh igy% fofHkUu ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa osQ Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR)4 56 36
dk;kZUo;u us j.kuhfrd LokLF; ns•Hkky ;kstuk osQ Still Birth Rate4 5 4

ldkjkRed çHkko dks çnf'kZr djrs gq, e`R;q nj dks 15-2» Total Fertility Rate (TRR)4 2.7 2.2
ls ?kVkdj 10-2» djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA Life expectancy at birth5 6.5 69.4
z xzkeh.k LokLF; lsok pqukSfr;k¡% lexz çxfr osQ ckotwn] Sex Ratio at Birth4 925 899
xzkeh.k {ks=k vHkh Hkh mPp f'k'kq vkSj ekr` e`R;q nj ls tw>
Indicators Numbers (Total)
jgs gSa] tks yf{kr gLr{ksi dh vko';drk dks n'kkZrk gSA
Numer of district Hospitals2 51
z lapkjh jksx çHkko% ,d mYys•uh; fpark ;g gS fd
fpfdRlh; :i ls çekf.kr ekSrksa esa ls 35» esa lkekU; Number of Sub District Hospital2 84
lapkjh jksxksa dk ;ksxnku gS] tks jksx dh jksdFkke vkSj çca/u Number of government
(Center + State) Medical College6 14
dh vko';drk dks js•kafdr djrk gSA
Number of Private (Society + Trurst)
z j.kuhfrd ;kstuk,¡% jkT; osQ lfØ; n`f"Vdks.k esa xzkeh.k 9
Medical Colleges5
ekr` ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj dks lacksf/r djus osQ fy, osQafær
Rural2 Required (R) In place (P) Shortfall (S) (%)
Number of Community Helth Centres (CHC) 565 309 45.31
Number of Primary Health Centres (PHC) 2,260 10,226 27.51
Number of Sub Centres (SC) 14,106 10226 2751
DH SDH CHC
Number of Functional First Referral Units (FRUS)
51 52 45
Urban2 Required (R) In Place (P) Shortfall (S) (%)
Number of CHC 481 277 57.43
Tribal2 Required (R) In Place (P) Shortfall (S) %
Number of CHC 202 86 57.43
Number of PHC 811 320 60.54
Number of SC 5,407 2,999 44.53
Madhya Pradesh India

Child Helth & Nutrition10
(NFHS 5) (NFHS 5)
Prevalence of diarrhoea (reported) in the last 2 weeks preceding the survey (%) 6.4 7.3
Children with diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks who received oral rehydration salts 65.2 60.6
(ORS) (%)
Children under 5 years who are underweight (weight-for-age)(%) 33 32.1
Madhya Pradesh India
Child Immunization10
(NFHS 5) (NFHS 5)
Children age 12-23 months fully vaccinated based on information from vaccination
88.3 83.8
card only (%)
Children age 12-23 months who have received BCG (%) 95.4 95.2
Children age 12-23 months who have received first dose of measles containing
88 87.9
vaccine (%)
eè; çns'k osQ çeq• vLirky ;g rsth ls ,d çfl¼ oSQalj laLFkku osQ :i esa
eè; çns'k Hkkjr osQ oqQN lcls vPNs vLirkyksa dk ?kj gS] fodflr gqvk gS vkSj lqij Lis'kfyVh LokLF; lsok,¡
çnku djrk gSA
futh vkSj ljdkjh nksuksa rjg ls ;s vLirky lLrh njksa ij fo'o
z xka/h esfMdy dkWyst (th,elh)] Hkksiky%
Lrjh; fpfdRlk lsok,a çnku djrs gSa] vkSj iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ
;g ,d çfrf"Br esfMdy dkWyst vkSj vLirky gS
ejht vDlj eè; çns'k dh fpfdRlk mRÑ"Vrk osQ dkj.k ;gka
ftldh LFkkiuk 1955 esa gqbZ FkhA
bykt pkgrs gSaA
blesa ,d esfMdks&yhxy laLFkku] {ks=kh; us=k laLFkku
;gka eè; çns'k osQ oqQN lcls çeq• vLirky gSa% vkSj ân; foKku osQaæ gSA
z ckWEcs gkWfLiVy] bankSj% ;g fo'o Lrjh; fpfdRlk mipkj osQ fy, vk/qfud
bl vLirky dh LFkkiuk 1950 osQ n'kd esa ijksidkjh midj.kksa ls lqlfTtr gS vkSj oafprksa osQ fy, eqÝr
Jh jkes'oj nkl fcM+yk }kjk dh xbZ FkhA fpfdRlk mipkj Hkh çnku djrk gSA
;g ukeek=k 'kqYd ij vk/qfud mipkj rduhd çnku
z Jh vjfcanks baLVhVÔwV vkWiQ esfMdy lkbalst (SAIMS)]
djrk gS vkSj jk"Vªh; vLirky çR;k;u cksMZ (,u,ch,p) bankSj%
bl vLirky dh LFkkiuk HkaMkjh lewg }kjk ykxr çHkkoh
}kjk ekU;rk çkIr gSA
fpfdRlk ns•Hkky çnku djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z tokgjyky usg: oSQalj vLirky (ts,ulh,p)]
;g ân; laca/h leL;kvksa ls ysdj lkekU; chekfj;ksa
Hkksiky%
rd fofo/ çdkj osQ fpfdRlh; eqíksa ij è;ku osQafær
bl vLirky dh LFkkiuk 1995 esa iwoZ jk"Vªifr MkW-
djrk gSA SAIMS iksLV&MkWDVjy Nk=kksa osQ fy,
'kadj n;ky 'kekZ us dh FkhA fpfdRlk f'k{kk Hkh çnku djrk gSA

z vf•y Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku laLFkku (,El) Hkksiky 10]111 mi&LokLF; osQaæ
,El Hkksiky dh 2012 esa LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA 1]415 çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæ
bl vLirky dh LFkkiuk ç/kuea=kh LokLF; lqj{kk 353 lkeqnkf;d LokLF; osQaæ
;kstuk (ih,e&,l,l;w) ;kstuk osQ rgr dh xbZ FkhA 135 flfoy vLirky
bldk mís'; r`rh;d mipkj esa xq.koÙkk osQ varj dks
52 ftyk vLirky
ikVuk vkSj fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ 'kh"kZ Lrj dh LokLF;
3- fpfdRlk f'k{kk igy%
ns•Hkky çnku djuk gSA
ç/kuea=kh LokLF; lqj{kk ;kstuk (ih,e,l,lokbZ) osQ
,El Hkksiky vkink çca/u f'k{kk Hkh çnku djrk gS
igys pj.k osQ rgr fofHkUu ftyksa osQ 7 u, esfMdy
vkSj mUewyu dk;ZØeksa ij jkT; ljdkj osQ lkFk lg;ksx
dkWystksa esa ,echch,l vkSj iksLV&xzstq,V ikBÔØe 'kq:
djrk gSA
gks x, gSaA
z Hkksiky eseksfj;y gkWfLiVy ,aM fjlpZ lsaVj
orZeku esa] jkT; esa 12 ljdkjh esfMdy dkWyst lapkfyr
(ch,e,pvkjlh)] Hkksiky%
gSa] ftuesa 2]055 ,echch,l lhVsa vkSj 957 LukrdksÙkj
bl vLirky dh LFkkiuk lqçhe dksVZ }kjk fo'ks"k :i
ls Hkksiky xSl =kklnh ihfM+rksa dks mUur ns•Hkky çnku lhVsa miyC/ gSaA
djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA 'kkldh; MsaVy dkWyst bankSj esa 63 lhVsa gSaA
blesa LokLF; lsokvksa osQ fy, vk/qfud rduhd okyh 4- ih,e,l,lokbZ dk nwljk pj.k%
ijLij tqM+h bdkb;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA ih,e,l,lokbZ osQ nwljs pj.k esa lruk ftys esa esfMdy
ch,e,pvkjlh esa ,d mUur vuqla/ku osQaæ Hkh gS vkSj dkWyst cudj rS;kj gks x;k gSA
;g iSjkesfMdy] uflZax] MsaVy vkSj dkfMZ;ksykWth foKku bl esfMdy dkWyst esa 150 lhVksa ij nkf•ys osQ
esa ikBÔØe çnku djrk gSA fy, us'kuy esfMdy dkmafly us ysVj vkWiQ baVsaV
eè; çns'k vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2023 ls LokLF; (,yvksvkbZ) tkjh dj fn;k gS-
volajpuk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a 5- futh {ks=k dh fpfdRlk f'k{kk%
Department-wise Budget for the last three financial fpfdRlk f'k{kk esa futh {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok
years fn;k x;k gS] jkT; esa 11 futh {ks=k osQ esfMdy dkWystksa
Budget (in Crore esa oqQy 1]900 ,echch,l vkSj 776 LukrdksÙkj lhVsa
Department
2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 miyC/ gSaA
Public Health and 76,755.20 78,861.15 10,7634.34 6- laLFkkuksa dh lhek%
Family welfare
jkT; esa fpfdRlk vkSj ufl±x f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh ,d
Medical Education 2,061.42 2,071.82 2,561.38
fofo/ Jà•yk gS] ftuesa 'kkfey gSa%
AUSH 563.00 639.99 626.08
13 ljdkjh esfMdy dkWyst
eè; çns'k esa LokLF; volajpuk% çeq• fcanq 5 futh esfMdy dkWyst
1- LokLF; ns•Hkky osQaæksa dks lqn`<+ cukuk% bankSj esa 1 ljdkjh MsaVy dkWyst
eè; çns'k ljdkj O;kid çkFkfed LokLF; lsok,¡
8 futh MsaVy dkWyst
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, mi&LokLF; osQaæksa vkSj çkFkfed
35 ljdkjh ufl±x dkWyst
LokLF; osQaæksa dks c<+kus ij è;ku osQafær dj jgh gSA
551 futh ufl±x dkWyst
lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; dojst çkIr djus osQ fy, xzkeh.k
19 ljdkjh th,u,e dkWyst
vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=kksa ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;k gSA
2- LokLF; lqfo/kvksa dk forj.k% 574 futh th,u,e dkWyst
eè; çns'k esa LokLF; lqfo/kvksa dk ,d usVodZ gS 22 ljdkjh ,,u,e dkWyst
ftlesa 'kkfey gSa% 79 futh ,,u,e dkWyst
eè; çns'k esa LokLF; 355

eè; çns'k esa vk;q"eku Hkkjr% eq[; fcanq vk;q"eku Hkkjr&fMftVy fe'ku (,ch&Mh,e)%
z jkT; ljdkj us 2]36]68]763 vk;q"eku Hkkjr LokLF; •krs
(,ch,p, vkbZMh) cuk,A
Hkhek ç/kuea=kh vk;q"k Hkkjr LokLF; volajpuk fe'ku
(ih,e&,Hkh,e)%
z Hkkjr ljdkj us LokLF; volajpuk ifj;kstukvksa dks eatwjh
nh%
lkoZtfud LokLF; bdkb;ksa esa 35 CykWdA
17 ,dhÑr lkoZtfud LokLF; ç;ksx'kkyk,¡A
11 ftyk vLirkyksa esa 50 fcLrjksa okyk fØfVdy osQ;j
CykWdA
5 esfMdy dkWystksa esa 50 fcLrjksa okyk fØfVdy osQ;j
CykWdA
z jkT; ljdkj dks feys #- Hkkjr ljdkj ls 117-76 djksM+
#i;s •pZ fd;s x;sA pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ esa tuojh 2023
rd 90-15 djksM+A
vk;q"eku Hkkjr osQ pkj LraHkksa dk dk;kZUo;u% LokLF; lsokvksa esa lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjh
z eè; çns'k ljdkj vk;q"eku Hkkjr osQ pkjksa LraHkksa osQ fy, (ihihih)% eq[; fcanq
çfrc¼ gSA 1- bZ&lathouh VsyhesfMflu lsok,¡%
z bldk mís'; lrr fodkl y{;ksa (,lMhth) dks çkIr djus ftyksa esa bZ&lathouh iksVZy dk mi;ksx dj ^gc ,aM
vkSj lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; dojst lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, Liksd* ekWMy osQ ekè;e ls ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks VsyhesfMflu
mPp xq.koÙkk okyh LokLF; lsok,a çnku djuk gSA lsok,a çnku dh tk jgh gSaA
8]946 lfØ; LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k osQaæ (vkjksX;e
,ch&gsYFk ,aM osyusl lsaVj ^vkjksX;e osQaæ*%
osQaæ) vkSj mi LokLF;@'kgjh LokLF; osQaæ VsyhesfMflu
z çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæ vkSj mi&LokLF; osQaæ ^vkjksX;e osQaæ* lsokvksa osQ fy, çoÙkQk osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
;k LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k osQaæksa esa cny x,A
2- jsiQjy ifjogu lsok,¡%
z bldk mís'; O;kid çkFkfed LokLF; lsok,¡ çnku djuk gSA jkT; esa efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ij è;ku osQafær djrs gq,
z bl foÙkh; o"kZ esa jkT; esa 11-14 gtkj ,sls osQaæ fodflr ihihih vkikrdkyhu ifjogu lsok,a çnku dh tkrh gSaA
djus dk y{; gS] ftuesa ls 10-88 gtkj igys ls gh lathouh 108 jk"Vªh; ,Ecqysal lsok lkoZtfud&futh
dk;Zjr gSaA eksM esa vkikrdkyhu LokLF; lqfo/kvksa osQ lkFk oqQy
vk;q"eku Hkkjr & ^fujke;e* ç/kuea=kh tu vkjksX; 1]002 ,Ecqysal okguksa dk lapkyu djrh gSA
buesa 167 okgu ,MokaLM ykbiQ liksVZ (,,y,l) vkSj
;kstuk (AB-PMJAY)%
835 okgu csfld ykbiQ liksVZ (ch,y,l) lqfo/kvksa
z eè; çns'k esa 3-50 djksM+ ik=k fgrxzkfg;ksa dks vk;q"eku
ls ySl gSaA
dkMZ miyC/ djk;s x;sA
3- tuuh ,Dlçsl ;kstuk%
z bl ;kstuk osQ rgr 494 ljdkjh vkSj 540 futh vLirky
jkT; esa tuuh ,Dlçsl ;kstuk lapkfyr gS] tks xHkZorh
lwphc¼ gSaA efgykvksa vkSj chekj cPpksa osQ fy, ifjogu lsok,¡
z oqQy Hkqxrku #- pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ esa tuojh 2023 rd çnku djrh gSA
lwphc¼ vLirkyksa dks 996-75 djksM+ #i;sA bl ;kstuk osQ rgr ihihih eksM osQ ekè;e ls oqQy
z 3]22]746 O;fÙkQ;ksa dks ykHkkfUor fd;k x;kA 1]050 tuuh ,Ecqysal okgu lapkfyr gSaA

eè; çns'k esa ekr` ,oa f'k'kq LokLF; osQ fy, çeq• LokLF; dk;ZØe
1- ekr` e`R;q vuqikr (,e,evkj) iQksdl%
eè; çns'k jkT; ljdkj ekr` ,oa f'k'kq LokLF; esa lq/kj osQ fy, xgjkbZ ls çfrc¼ gSA
ekr` e`R;q vuqikr (,e,evkj) ,d çeq• iQksdl {ks=k gS] vkSj ,lvkj,l cqysfVu uoacj 2022 osQ vuqlkj uohure vuqeku
çfr 100]000 thfor tUeksa ij 173 gSA
2- gLr{ksiksa dk dk;kZUo;u%
,e,evkj vkSj cky LokLF; pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/ku djus osQ fy,] eè; çns'k us ekr` LokLF; vkSj cky ns•Hkky gLr{ksiksa
dh ,d Jà•yk ykxw dh gSA
oqQN çeq• LokLF; gLr{ksi uhps fn, x, gSa%
ekr`Ro lgk;rk ;kstuk,¡% z ç'kkflr efgyk xHkZfujks/d batsD'ku (varjk)% 81]253

tuuh f'k'kq lqj{kk dk;ZØe (ts,l,losQ) vkSj tuuh z forfjr lkIrkfgd ekSf•d xHkZfujks/d xksfy;k¡ (Nk;k)%
lqj{kk ;kstuk (ts,lokbZ)% 3]91]126
z vçSy 2022 ls uoacj 2022 osQ chp oqQy 6-86 yk• z forfjr ekSf•d xHkZfujks/d xksfy;k¡ (ekyk&,u)% 32]40]530
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks bu ;kstukvksa ls ykHk gqvk gSA
cky LokLF;%
z vkjlh,p iksVZy esa ^bZ&foêðk* osQ ekè;e ls Hkqxrku dh
lqfo/k gSA z f'k'kq e`R;q nj esa deh% 2005&2006 esa 70 çfr gtkj thfor
tUe (,u,iQ,p,l &3) ls 2019&2021 esa 41-3 çfr
çksxzke tksM+sa%
gtkj thfor tUe (,u,iQ,p,l &5) gks xbZA
z jkT; Lrjh; esfMdy dkWystksa vkSj ftyk vLirkyksa esa
z cky LokLF; dk;ZØe osQ varxZr xfrfof/;k¡%
baVhxzsVsM dekaM daVªksy lsaVj vkSj lqeu gsYi MsLd dk
mn~?kkVu fd;k x;k gSA cky Vhdkdj.k%
z ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks çfr ekg yxHkx 70]000 dkWysa dh tkrh gSaA l?ku fe'ku bUæ/uq"k 4-0 vfHk;ku% 10 ftyksa esa
z jkT; vkSj ftyk Lrj ij lek/ku ç;klksa osQ lkFk] f'kdk;rksa 18 gtkj Vhdkdj.k l=kksa osQ lkFk vk;ksftrA 71
vkSj lq>koksa osQ fy, vkus okyh dkWy tuojh 2022 ls gtkj cPpksa (0 ls 2 o"kZ) vkSj 21-3 gtkj xHkZorh
lfØ; gSaA efgykvksa dk Vhdkdj.k fd;k x;kA
ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe% fo'ks"k Vhdkdj.k% vçSy] ebZ vkSj twu 2022 esa 22
z ulcanh vkWijs'ku% 1]10]223 gtkj ls vf/d l=kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesa
z lfEefyr vkbZ;wlhMh% 2]46]461 (çlo osQ ckn 1]55]462] 85-5 gtkj cPpksa (2 o"kZ rd) vkSj 30]600 xHkZorh
tUe osQ varjky ij 90]999) efgykvksa dk Vhdkdj.k fd;k x;kA

iksfy;ks vfHk;ku% 18 ls 20 flracj 2022 rd 16 783 ;wih,plh eq[;ea=kh lathouh fDyfud ;k
p;fur ftyksa esa vk;ksftr] 37-55 yk• cPpksa (0 ls ikWyhfDyfud ('kgjh ,pMCY;wlh@;w&,pMCY;wlh) osQ
5 o"kZ) dks iksfy;ks MªkWi çnku dh xbZA varxZr gSaA
o;Ld fMIFkhfj;k ,oa VsVul Vhdkdj.k vfHk;ku% z LokLF; ,oa dY;k.k mUu;u%
5] 10 vkSj 16 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ cPpksa dks o;Ld 141 'kgjh çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæksa vkSj 179 eq[;ea=kh
fMIFkhfj;k vkSj VsVul ls cpkus osQ fy, 16 vxLr ls lathouh fDyfud ;k ikWyhfDyfud (;w&,pMCY;wlh)
12 flracj 2022 rd vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA dks vixzsM dj gsYFk ,aM osyusl lsaVj osQ :i esa
nLrd vfHk;ku% O;kid çkFkfed LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA
lsokvksa ij è;ku osQafær djrs gq, 5 o"kZ ls de mez osQ z LokLF; lsok,¡ çnku dh xb±%
cky e`R;q nj dks yf{kr djus dk ,d ç;klA bl foÙkh; o"kZ esa%
xaHkhj :i ls oqQiksf"kr cPpksa osQ fy, ,dhÑr çca/u 27]22]720 vksihMh (cká jksxh foHkkx) lsok,a çnku
j.kuhfr% dh xbZaA
z efgyk ,oa cky fodkl rFkk yksd LokLF; ,oa ifjokj 3]96]683 ySc ijh{k.k fd, x,A
dY;k.k foHkkxksa osQ chp lg;ksxA e/qesg ls ihfM+r 1]00]770 yksxksa dks LokLF; lsok,¡
z bldk mís'; cPpksa esa xaHkhj oqQiks"k.k dks nwj djuk gSA çkIr gqb±A
z ç;kl xaHkhj :i ls oqQiksf"kr (,l,,e) cPpksa dks lkekU; mPp jÙkQpki ls ihfM+r 1]44]248 yksxksa dks LokLF;
iks"k.k fLFkfr esa cgky djus ij osQafær gSaA lsok,a çkIr gqbZaA
z leqnk;&vk/kfjr lh&,l,,e dk;ZØe esa iks"k.k vkSj z ,uD;w,,l çek.ku% jkt/kuh Hkksiky osQ pkj 'kgjh LokLF;
LokLF; ns•Hkky laca/h gLr{ksiksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA laLFkkuksa dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ,uD;w,,l (jk"Vªh; xq.koÙkk
cky 'kY; fpfdRlk% vk'oklu ekud) ls çekf.kr fd;k x;k gSA
z vof/% vçSy 2022 ls tuojh 2023- vk;q"k miyfC/;k¡%
z fu"ikfnr ltZjh% z vk;q"k LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k osQaæ (vk;q"k&,pMCY;wlh)%
U;wjy VÔwc nks"k% 185 ekeysA
jk"Vªh; vk;q"k fe'ku osQ rgr fodflr fd;k x;kA
dVs gksaB vkSj rkyq% 1016 ekeysA
mís';% vk;q"k fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr lexz ekWMy LFkkfir
DyciQqV% 1436 ekeysA
djuk] chekjh dk cks> de djuk] vkRe&ns•Hkky dks
dwYgs dk fodklkRed fMlIysfl;k (MhMh,p)% 43 etcwr djukA
yk• ykHkkFkhZA eè; çns'k esa 2021&22 rd 562 LohÑr
,uhfe;k eqÙkQ Hkkjr@,uvkbZihvkbZ dk;ZØe% vk;q"k&,pMCY;wlh esa ls 362 fodflr fd, tk,axsA
z yksd LoskLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k foHkkx }kjk lapkfyrA bu osQaæksa ij lh,pvks] ;ksx çf'k{kd vkSj lgk;dksa dh
z ,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok,¡] Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx vkSj rSukrh dh tk jgh gSA
vkfne tkfr dY;k.k foHkkx osQ lkFk lg;ksxkRed ç;klA 1211 vk;q"k vkS"k/ky;ksa dks ,pMCY;wlh esa cnyus dh
z bldk mís'; cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa ,uhfe;k ls fuiVuk gSA ;kstukA
z j.kuhfr esa csgrj iks"k.k vkSj LokLF; osQ fy, O;kid Lo&ns•Hkky] ;ksx] vkgkj laca/h ijke'kZ] iapdeZ vkSj
gLr{ksi 'kkfey gSA LokLF; lsok,a çnku djsaA

'kgjh LokLF; dk;ZØe% z vk;q"k xzke ;kstuk%
z 'kgjh LokLF; laLFkku% Lye leqnk;ksa dks LokLF; lsok,¡ jkT; esa 75 fØ;k'khy vk;q"k xzkeA
çnku djus osQ fy, 924 'kgjh LokLF; laLFkkuksa dks eatwjh 37]000 ifjokjksa osQ 1]87]000 O;fÙkQ;ksa dk LokLF;
nh xbZ gSA loZs{k.kA

z 'kgjh çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæ (;wih,plh)% vk;q"k thou'kSyh] vkS"k/h; ikS/ksa osQ laj{k.k vkSj •srh
141 ;wih,plh jk"Vªh; 'kgjh LokLF; fe'ku osQ rgr gSaA dks çksRlkfgr djukA

z oS| vkiosQ }kj ^vk;q"kD;ksj ,si* (vk;q"k VsyhesfMflu)% fpfdRlk {ks=kksa osQ chp fn'kk vkSj lg;ksx çnku djus
vkWuykbu vk;q"k LokLF; lsokvksa dh lqfo/k çnku dh vis{kk dh xbZA
djrk gSA z vk;q"k çFke jsiQjy bdkbZ%
ukxfjd ohfM;ks dkWy osQ ekè;e ls vk;qoZsn] gksE;ksiSFkh 'kkldh; /Uoarfj vk;qoZsn egkfo|ky;] mTtSu dks
;k ;wukuh fo'ks"kKksa ls ijke'kZ ys ldrs gSaA ,iQvkj;w osQ :i esa vf/lwfpr fd;k x;kA
bl ntZs okyk jkT; dk igyk vk;qoZsn esfMdy dkWyst
,l,e,l osQ ekè;e ls Hksts x, uqL•s] ,Dl&js vkSj
funku lk>k fd, x,A ,oa vLirkyA

fpfdRlk foKku esa jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ ^LdkWp vokMZ* ls
z vk;q"k esyk%
25 fnlEcj 2022 dks lq'kklu fnol ij lHkh ftyk
lEekfurA
eq[;ky;ksa esa vk;kstuA
ykWUp osQ ckn ls 57]776 ,si MkmuyksMA
z ,lhvkj iksVZy 2022%
z lqij Lis'kfyVh iapdeZ vkSj osyusl lsaVj%
foHkkx osQ vf/dkfj;ksa@deZpkfj;ksa gsrq vkWuykbu iksVZyA
iafMr •q'khyky 'kekZ jktdh; vk;qoZsn laLFkku] Hkksiky
iksVZy osQ ekè;e ls vfHkys•ksa dk ukekadu ,oa ladyu
esa LFkkfirA
djsaA
vLirky ns•Hkky ls ijs dY;k.k lsok,a çnku djrk gSA
foHkkx dh osclkbV vixzsM dh xbZA
jksfx;ksa vkSj LoLFk O;fÙkQ;ksa nksuksa osQ LokLF; dks c<+kok
z nsokj.; ;kstuk%
nsus ij è;ku nsaA
vkS"k/h; ,oa lqxaf/r ikS/ksa dks c<+kok nsus dh eç
z jkT; Lrjh; VkLd iQkslZ% ljdkj dh ;kstukA
iQjojh 2022 esa xfBrA
vfHklj.k osQ ekè;e ls vkfnoklh vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa
bldk mís'; vk;qoZsn vkSj gksE;ksiSFkh esa vuqla/ku dks osQ fy, vk;q"k iQkekZL;qfVdy m|ksxksa vkSj vkthfodk
c<+kok nsuk gSA ij è;ku osQafær djsaA
eè; çns'k esa xSj lapkjh jksx fu;a=k.k ,oa jksdFkke dk;ZØe
chekjh çeq• fcanq
z lHkh ftyksa esa Ms&osQ;j oSQalj dheksFksjsih lsok,a çnku dh xb±A
oSQalj z 19 çdkj Ms osQ;j dheksFksjsih osQ fy, oSQalj jks/h nok,a miyC/ gSaA
z xSj&lapkjh jksx fu;a=k.k j.kuhfr osQ ,d Hkkx osQ :i esa oSQalj ls fuiVus ij è;ku nsaA
z 52 ftyk uksMy vf/dkfj;ksa ,oa 52 lgk;d uksMy vf/dkfj;ksa dk ukekaduA
z mPp jÙkQpki osQ jksfx;ksa esa jÙkQpki dks fu;af=kr djus osQ ç;klksa osQ fy, la;qÙkQ jk"Vª }kjk
ân; jksx] e/qesg vkSj
ekU;rk çkIrA
LVªksd
z mPp jÙkQpki vkSj e/qesg osQ fy, O;kid tkap] cM+h la[;k esa iathdj.k vkSj tkapA
z dbZ LokLF; ns•Hkky osQaæksa esa xSj&lapkjh jksx fu;a=k.k Dyhfud pkyw gSaA
z vk;ksMhu ;qÙkQ ued osQ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus ,oa ijh{k.k gsrq 14 ftyksa dh igpkuA
jk"Vªh; vk;ksMhu vYirk
z fpfUgr ftyksa esa vk;ksMhu dh deh ls gksus okys fodkjksa dks nwj djus dk y{;A
fodkj fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe
z vk;ksMhu dh deh dh fuxjkuh osQ fy, cM+h la[;k esa ijh{k.k fd, x,A
z Ýyksjksfll ls fuiVus vkSj LoPN is;ty miyC/ djkus osQ fy, 15 ftyksa dh igpku dh xbZA
jk"Vªh; Ýyksjksfll fu;a=k.k
z ty vkiwfrZ gsrq yksd LokLF; vfHk;a=k.k foHkkx ls lg;ksxA
,oa jksdFkke dk;ZØe
z nar vkSj dadky Ýyksjksfll ekeyksa dk lfØ; mipkjA
z oqQ"B jksfx;ksa dh igpku ,oa çca/uA
jk"Vªh; oqQ"B mUewyu
z oqQ"B jksfx;ksa osQ çfr HksnHkko lekIr djus gsrq eè; çns'k yksd LokLF; vf/fu;e 1949 dks
dk;ZØe
fujLr djukA

z gsisVkbfVl ch vkSj lh osQ fy, O;kid tkap vkSj mipkj osQ ç;klA
ok;jy gsisVkbfVl fu;a=k.k
z xHkZorh efgykvksa] oSQfn;ksa vkSj mPp tksf•e okys lewgksa dks yf{kr djukA
dk;ZØe
z LokLF; dfeZ;ksa osQ fy, Vhdkdj.k vkSj fofHkUu jksxh lewgksa osQ fy, mipkjA
z Vhch bdkb;ksa] Mh,elh vkSj MhvksVh osQaæksa dh LFkkiukA
jk"Vªh; {k; jksx mUewyu
z Vhch jksfx;ksa dh igpku ,oa mipkj] foÙkh; lgk;rk lfgrA
dk;ZØe
z vR;f/d laosnu'khy Vhch jksfx;ksa dks csgrj mipkj çnku djus ij è;ku nsaA
jk"Vªh; va/rk ,oa n`f"V z jkT; esa va/Ro nj dks 0-3 çfr'kr rd de djus osQ mís'; ls dk;kZUo;uA
gkfu fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe z n`f"Vckf/rrk vkSj va/kiu laca/h leL;k osQ lek/ku ij è;ku nsaA
(,uihlhchohvkbZ)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq O;k[;k% BMHRC dks mPp ns•Hkky çnku djus osQ fy,
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] •kldj Hkksiky xSl vkink osQ ihfM+rksa
z vk;q"eku Hkkjr osQ pkj LraHk% osQ fy,A
(a) ,ch&gsYFk ,aM osyusl lsaVj ^vkjksX;e osQaæ*
2- eè; çns'k esa fdrus ljdkjh esfMdy dkWyst lapkfyr
(b) vk;q"eku Hkkjr & ^fujke;e* ç/kuea=kh tu vkjksX;
;kstuk (,ch&ih,ets,okbZ) gSa\
(c) vk;q"eku Hkkjr&fMftVy fe'ku (,ch&Mh,e) (a) 7 (b) 12
(d) Hkhek ç/kuea=kh vk;q";eku Hkkjr LokLF; volajpuk (c) 13 (d) 19
fe'ku (ih,e&,Hkh,e) mÙkj (b)
z ftyksa esa bZ&lathouh iksVZy dk mi;ksx dj ^gc ,aM Liksd* O;k[;k% jkT; esa 12 ljdkjh esfMdy dkWyst lapkfyr gSaA
ekWMy osQ ekè;e ls ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks VsyhesfMflu lsok,a çnku
dh tk jgh gSaA 3- vk;q"eku Hkkjr & ^fujke;e* ç/kuea=kh tu vkjksX; ;kstuk
z jkT; esa tuuh ,Dlçsl ;kstuk lapkfyr gS] tks xHkZorh (AB-PMJAY) dk mís'; D;k gS\
efgykvksa vkSj chekj cPpksa osQ fy, ifjogu lsok,¡ çnku (a) lrr fodkl y{; çkIr djus osQ fy, mPp xq.koÙkk
djrh gSA okyh LokLF; lsok,a çnku djuk
z oS|vkiosQ}kj ^vk;q"kD;ksj ,si* (vk;q"k VsyhesfMflu)% (b) xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj chekj cPpksa osQ fy, ifjogu
ukxfjd ohfM;ks dkWy osQ ekè;e ls vk;qoZsn] gksE;ksiSFkh ;k lsok,a çnku djuk
;wukuh fo'ks"kKksa ls ijke'kZ ys ldrs gSaA
(c) vk;qoZsn vkSj gksE;ksiSFkh esa vuqla/ku dks çksRlkfgr
z nsokjU;k ;kstuk% ,eih ljdkj dh vkS"k/h; vkSj lqxaf/r
djuk
ikS/ksa dks c<+kok nsus dh ;kstukA
(d) vk;ksMhu dh deh osQ jksxksa dks lekIr djuk
vH;kl ç'u mÙkj (a)
1- eè; çns'k esa dkSulk vLirky mPp ns•Hkky çnku djus O;k[;k% AB-PMJAY dk mís'; lrr fodkl y{; çkIr djus
osQ fy, LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk] •kldj Hkksiky xSl vkink osQ fy, mPp xq.koÙkk okyh LokLF; lsok,a çnku djuk gS vkSj
osQ ihfM+rksa osQ fy,\ LFkk;h lao`f¼ y{;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
(a) ckWEcs vLirky] bankSj
4- eè; çns'k esa fdrus mi&LokLF; osQaæ gSa\
(b) tokgjyky usg: oSQalj vLirky (JNCH)] Hkksiky
(a) 1]415 (b) 10]111
(c) xka/h esfMdy dkWyst (GMC)] Hkksiky
(c) 353 (d) 135
(d) Hkks i ky es e ks f j;y gkW f LiVy vkS j fjlpZ ls a V j
(BMHRC)] Hkksiky mÙkj% (b)
mÙkj (d) O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa 10]111 mi&LokLF; osQaæ gSaA

5- dkSulh ;kstuk çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæksa vkSj mi&LokLF; 8- ekè;fed vk;ksMhu vHkko jksx fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe dk mís';
osQaæksa dks ^vkjksX;e~ osQaæ* ;k LokLF; vkSj vkjksX; osQaæ esa D;k gS eè; çns'k esa\
cnyus ij è;ku osQafær djrh gS\ (a) lexz çkFkfed LokLF; lsok,a çnku djuk
(a) gsYFk ,aM osyusl lsaVj 'vkjksX;e osQaæ' (b) cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa •wu dh deh dks la?kfVr djuk
(b) tuuh ,Dlçsl ;kstuk (c) jkT; esa va/kiu nj dks de djuk
(c) bZ&lathouh VsyhesfMflu lsok,¡ (d) vk;ksMhu vHkko jksxksa dks lekIr djuk
(d) nsokjU;k ;kstuk mÙkj (d)
mÙkj (a) O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; vk;ksMhu vHkko jksx fu;a=k.k dk;ZØe dk
O;k[;k% gsYFk ,aM osyusl lsaVj ^vkjksX;e osQaæ* dk mís'; mís'; vk;ksMhu vHkko jksxksa dks igpkuuk vkSj lekIr djuk gSA
çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæksa vkSj mi&LokLF; osQaæksa dks LokLF; vkSj 9- eè; çns'k esa ekr` e`R;q vuqikr (MMR) dk eq[; è;ku
vkjksX; osQaæksa esa cnyus ij è;ku osQafær djuk gSA {ks=k D;k gS\
6- nsojkU; ;kstuk dk eq[; è;ku {ks=k D;k gS eè; çns'k esa\ (a) cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa •wu dh deh dks la?kfVr djuk
(a) xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj chekj cPpksa osQ fy, ifjogu (b) xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj chekj cPpksa osQ fy, ifjogu
lsok,a çnku djuk lsok,a çnku djuk
(b) vk;qoZsn vkSj gksE;ksiSFkh esa vuqla/ku dks çksRlkfgr (c) ;kstuk,a ekr` LokLF; vkSj cPps dh ns•Hkky esa
djuk (d) jkT; esa va/kiu nj dks de djuk
(c) cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa esa •wu dh deh dk la?kVu djuk mÙkj (c)
(d) vkS"k/h; vkSj lqxaf/r ikS/ksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk O;k[;k% jkT; ljdkj ekr` vkSj cPps dh LokLF; esa lq/kj osQ
mÙkj (d) fy, ekr` e`R;q vuqikr (MMR) dks eq[; è;ku {ks=k ekurh gSA
O;k[;k% nsojkU; ;kstuk dk mís'; eè; çns'k esa vkS"k/h; vkSj 10- cky LokLF; dk;ZØe osQ rgr dkSulh la;kstuk,a dh tkrh
lqxaf/r ikS/ksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA gSa\
7- fdrus 'kgjh çkFkfed LokLF; osQaæ (UPHCs) eq[;ea=kh (a) cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa osQ •wu dh deh dks la?kfVr
lathofu fDyfud ;k ikWyhfDyfud ('kgjh HWC/U- djus osQ fy,
HWC) osQ rgr gSa\ (b) cPpksa osQ çfrlknu
(a) 141 (b) 783 (c) cPpksa osQ çfrlknu vkSj lacyu dk;ZØe
(c) 924 (d) 179 (d) cPpksa dh ns•Hkky dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
mÙkj% (b) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% eq[;ea=kh lathofu fDyfud ;k ikWyhfDyfud ('kgjh O;k[;k% cky LokLF; dk;ZØe osQ rgr cPpksa osQ çfrlknu vkSj
HWC/U-HWC) osQ rgr 783 UPHCs gSaA lacyu dk;ZØe dks la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA
v v v

5 eè; çns'k esa f'k{kk
ifjp; z eè; çns'k osQ egRoiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dh lwph ls

z eè; çns'k esa ljdkjh vkSj futh nksuksa rjg osQ fo|ky; lacaf/r rF; fuEufyf•r gSa&
mifLFkr gS] ;g çkFkfed] ekè;fed o mPp ekè;fed Lrj Number of
Level Total Schools
rd osQ Nk=kksa dks f'k{kk çnku djrk gSaA Students
z Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx] eè; çns'k] jkT; esa Ldwyh f'k{kk dh Primary 62,413 92.52 lakh
ns•js• osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA Upper Primary 45,106 48.80 lakh
z ikBÔØe vkerkSj ij ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa osQ fy, osQaæh; Secondary 8,306 18.56 lakh
ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ (lhch,lbZ) ;k eè; çns'k ekè;fed Higher Secondary 9,757 8.58 lakh
f'k{kk cksMZ (,eihch,lbZ) }kjk fu/kZfjr fn'kkfunZs'kksa dk
Total 125,582 160 lakh
ikyu djrk gSA
eè; çns'k esa fo'ofo|ky;
fo'ofo|ky; LFkku LFkkiuk o"kZ
jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj 21 twu 1956
cjdrqYykg fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 1970
tokgjyky usg: Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj 1964
bafnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; tutkrh; fo'ofo|ky; vejdaVd 2008
lk¡ph ckS¼&Hkkjrh; vè;;u fo'ofo|ky; lkaph 2012
14 uoacj 1988] esa LFkkfir
MkW- ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj lkekftd foKku fo'ofo|ky; egw] bankSj
2016 es ;wfuoflZVh dk ntkZ
egkjktk N=klky cqUnsy•.M fo'ofo|ky; Nrjiqj 2015
iafMr ,l-,u- 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky; 'kgMksy 2016
/eZ'kkL=k jk"Vªh; fof/ fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj 2018
ek•uyky prqoZsnh jk"Vªh; i=kdkfjrk fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 1991
egkRek xk¡/h (fp=kdwV) xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky; fp=kdwV] lruk 1991
jktk Hkkst eqÙkQ fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 1991
jk"Vªh; fof/ vdkneh fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 1997
jktho xka/h rduhdh fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 2000
ekuflag rksej laxhr fo'ofo|ky; Xokfy;j 2008
jktekrk fot;kjkts flaf/;k Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; Xokfy;j 2008
ukukth ns'keq• i'kq fpfdRlk foKku fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj 2009
egf"kZ egs'k ;ksxh oSfnd fo'ofo|ky; dVuh 2009
,eihA fpfdRlk foKku fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj 2011
vVy fcgkjh oktisbZ fganh fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky 2011
MkW gfj flag xkSj fo'ofo|ky; lkxj 1946
foØe fo'ofo|ky; mTtSu 1957
thokth fo'ofo|ky; Xokfy;j 1964
nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky; bankSj 1964
eè; çns'k osQ esfMdy dkWyst
fo'ofo|ky; LFkku LFkkiuk o"kZ
';ke 'kkg esfMdy dkWyst jhok 1964
xka/h esfMdy dkWyst Hkksiky 1955
cqUnsy•.M esfMdy dkWyst lkxj 2007
xouZesaV dkWyst vkWiQ MsafVLVªh bankSj 1962
usrkth lqHkk"k paæ cksl esfMdy dkWyst tcyiqj 1955
egkRek xka/h eseksfj;y esfMdy dkWyst bankSj 1948
xtjkjktk esfMdy dkWyst Xokfy;j 1946
eè; çns'k esa lkaLÑfrd laLFkk
laLFkk dk uke LFkku fooj.k LFkkiuk o"kZ
Hkkjr Hkou Hkksiky ,d laxzgky;] dyk nh?kkZvksa] iqLrdky; vkSj fFk,Vj osQ 1982
lkFk cgq&dyk ifjlj_ Hkkjrh; dyk vkSj laLÑfr dks
c<+kok nsrk gS
tutkfr laxzgky; Hkksiky dykÑfr;ksa] dykÑfr;ksa vkSj LFkkiukvksa osQ ekè;e ls 6 twu 2013
vkfnoklh laLÑfr dks çnf'kZr djrk gS
xkSgj egy Hkksiky jkT; laxzgky; okyk ,sfrgkfld egy_ eè; çns'k dh 1877
laLÑfr ls lacaf/r dykÑfr;k¡ çnf'kZr djrk gS
bafnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky; Hkksiky Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ uòa'kfoKku igyqvksa ij è;ku osQafær_
(lu 1977 esa ubZ
vkfnoklh dykÑfr;ksa vkSj ikjaifjd vkoklksa dks çnf'kZrfnYyh ds Hkkxyiqj
djrk gSA gkml esa •ksyk x;k
FkkA)
dkfynkl vdkneh mTtSu lkfgR;] laxhr] u`R; vkSj jaxeap lfgr 'kkL=kh; dykvksa 1978
dks c<+kok nsrk gS
johUæ Hkou Hkksiky dykRed dk;ZØeksa] çn'kZuksa] çn'kZfu;ksa vkSj dk;Z'kkykvksa 1962
dh estckuh djrk gS
'kghn Hkou Hkksiky Lora=krk laxzke osQ cfynkuksa dks Lej.k djrk gS_ çn'kZfu;k¡ 1969
vkSj O;k[;ku vk;ksftr djrk gS
mLrkn vykmíhu •ku laxhr vdkneh Hkksiky 'kkL=kh; laxhr dks c<+kok vkSj laj{k.k nsrk gS 1979
iafMr vksadkjukFk BkoqQj laxhr vdkneh tcyiqj Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj ;qok 1966
çfrHkkvksa dk leFkZu djrk gS
ekrk xqtjh laxzgky; Xokfy;j {ks=k dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks lefiZr_ blesa dykÑfr;k¡] 1920
ikaMqfyfi;k¡ vkSj dykÑfr;k¡ gSa
eè; çns'k esa jk"Vªh; egRo osQ laLFkku
laLFkk dk uke LFkku fooj.k LFkkiuk o"kZ
Hkkjrh; foKku f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/ku laLFkku Hkksiky oSKkfud f'k{kk vkSj vuqla/ku osQ fy, çeq• laLFkku 2008
Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku bankSj bankSj Hkkjr osQ çfrf"Br çkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa esa ls ,d 2009
vf•y Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku laLFkku Hkksiky Hkksiky f'k{kk] vuqla/ku vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa osQ fy, çfl¼ 2012
fpfdRlk laLFkku
Hkkjrh; çca/u laLFkku bankSj Hkkjr dk çfrf"Br çca/u laLFkku 1996
Hkkjrh; ou çca/u laLFkku Hkksiky Hkkjrh; ou çca/u laLFkku ,d {ks=kh; çca/u laLFkku gS] 1982
tks ou] i;kZoj.k vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u çca/u vkSj lac¼
{ks=kksa osQ {ks=k esa çca/dksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh Kku fodflr
djus dk yxkrkj ç;kl djrk gSA
eè; çns'k esa f'k{kk 363

f'k{kk ij eè; çns'k osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2023 dk lh,e jkbt Ldwy
lkj
eè; çns'k esa Ldwyh f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr ,oa fodklA
1- çkjafHkd f'k{kk esa miyfC/;k¡%
fiNys foÙkh; o"kZ esa egRoiw.kZ miyfC/;ksa esa lh,e
jkbt Ldwyksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dks

ykxw djus dh fn'kk esa çxfr 'kkfey gSA
çkjafHkd d{kk dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/;ksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh;
miyfC/ loZs{k.k] 2021 esa eè; çns'k ikaposa LFkku

ij gSA
2- cqfu;knh <k¡pk vkSj lqfo/k,¡%
UDISE$ 2021&22 MsVk daI;wVj vkSj baVjusV igqap
lfgr Ldwy osQ cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj lqfo/kvksa esa lq/kj

ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA
jkT; Hkj dh lHkh cfLr;ksa esa Ldwy lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gSaA
z mís';% çR;sd Nk=k osQ fy, mPp xq.koÙkiw.kZ f'k{kk lqfuf'pr
3- ukekadu vkSj Ldwy osQ çdkj% djukA
eè; çns'k esa 125582 Ldwyksa esa yxHkx 160 yk• (16 z dk;Z ;kstuk% Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx us çR;sd cLrh osQ yxHkx
fefy;u) cPps ukekafdr gSaA 15 fdeh osQ nk;js esa ,dhÑr rjhosQ ls (osQth ls d{kk
Ldwyksa esa 62413 çkFkfed] 45106 mPp çkFkfed] 10oha ;k 12oha rd) lh,e jkbt Ldwy LFkkfir djus osQ
8306 ekè;fed vkSj 9757 mPprj ekè;fed fo|ky; fy, ,d dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj dhA
'kkfey gSaA z y{;% 'kS{kf.kd ekgkSy esa lq/kj dj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk
oqQy 9258 ljdkjh mPp vkSj mPprj ekè;fed
çnku djukA
fo|ky; gSaA z xUrO;% oqQy 9200 loZlqfo/k;qÙkQ] lalk/u&laiUu fo|ky;
yxHkx 38-46 yk• (3-8 fefy;u) Nk=k mPp vkSj
fodflr djukA
mPprj ekè;fed Lrj ij ukekafdr gSaA z 370 lh,e jkbt Ldwy lapkfyr gSaA
4- Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ fy, ,dhÑr ;kstuk & lexz f'k{kk z bu Ldwyksa dks lqlfTtr djus osQ fy, pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ esa
vfHk;ku% 6300 djksM+ #i;s LohÑrA
2018 esa 'kq: dh xbZ ;g ;kstuk loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (NEP) dk;kZUo;u
(,l,l,)] jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku
(vkj,e,l,)] vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk (VhbZ) tSlh igys
ls ekStwn ;kstukvksa dks ,dhÑr djrh gSA
;g ;kstuk lekos'kh] U;k;laxr] xq.koÙkk vkSj lexz
f'k{kk ij è;ku osQafær djrs gq, f'k{kk osQ fy, lrr

fodkl y{; (,lMhth &4) vkSj jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr
(jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr) 2020 osQ vuq:i gSA z jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 dk dk;kZUo;u çkFkfedrk gSA
5- okf"kZd dk;Z ;kstuk vkSj foÙk iks"k.k% z jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, ekuuh; Ldwy f'k{kk
lexz f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ rgr Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ fy, o"kZ ea=kh dh vè;{krk esa jkT; Lrjh; VkLd iQkslZ dk xBu
2022&23 osQ fy, 6067-1 djksM+ (yxHkx 6-07 vjc fd;k x;kA
#i;s) dh okf"kZd dk;Z ;kstuk dks eatwjh nh xbZ gSA z jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ rgr jkT; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k
6- foÙkh; miyfC/% vçSy 2022 esa ,ulhbZvkjVh dks çLrqr dh xbZA
jkT; f'k{kk osQUæ ls lacaf/r ;kstukvksa dh o"kZ 2021&22 z jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ij vf/dkfj;ksa] çkpk;ks± vkSj f'k{kdksa osQ
dh foÙkh; miyfC/ dk fooj.k miyC/ gSA fy, vkWuykbu vfHkfoU;kl 'kq: fd;k x;kA

çkjafHkd ckY;koLFkk ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk (ECCE) z 207 vkoklh; dLrwjck xka/h ckfydk fo|ky; rFkk
vfrfjÙkQ 324 ckfydk Nk=kkokl LFkkfir fd;s x;s] ftuesa
56 gtkj ckfydk,¡ ykHkkfUor gks jgh gSaA
,d ifjlj ,d fo|ky; (,d ifjlj ,d 'kkyk)
z d{kkokj ,oa fo"k;okj f'k{kdksa dh miyC/rk c<+kus osQ
fy, ,d gh ifjlj esa fLFkr fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa dks ,dhÑr
djukA
z yxHkx 16 gtkj ifjljksa esa fLFkr yxHkx 35 gtkj fo|ky;ksa
dh igpku dj mUgsa ,d ifjlj ,d fo|ky; osQ :i esa
foy; dj fn;k x;k gSA
z efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx osQ leUo; ls 1500 osQth
lqij 100 ;kstuk
d{kk,a 'kq: dhaA
z ljdkjh Ldwyksa osQ 10oha jkT; cksMZ ijh{kk esa 70 çfr'kr ;k
z f'k{kk l=k 2019&20 ls ^,d fo|ky; ,d ifjlj* vf/d vad çkIr djus okys Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa
;kstuk dks 5 ftyksa (Hkksiky] fNanokM+k] lhgksj] lkxj] osQ ekè;e ls bathfu;fjax] esfMdy] lh-,- vkfn ikBÔØeksa
'kgMksy) esa ik;yV osQ :i esa ykxw fd;k x;kA esa ços'k osQ fy, dksfpax çnku djukA
z osQth d{kkvksa osQ f'k{kdksa dks çf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, 5 z foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa 608 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ykHkkfUor
vkWuykbu ikBÔØe fodflr fd, x,A djus dk y{; gSA
z LFkkuh; •syksa] xhrksa] dforkvksa] dgkfu;ksa vkSj igsfy;ksa es/koh (çfrHkk'kkyh) Nk=k lao/Zu ;kstuk
lfgr LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa@cksfy;ksa esa 'kSf{kd lkexzh z d{kk 12oha ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ ijh{kk osQ igys ç;kl esa
rS;kj dh tkrh gSA 75 çfr'kr ;k vf/d vad çkIr djus okys es/koh Nk=kksa
z ewyHkwr lk{kjrk vkSj la[;kRedrk (,iQ,y,u) jkT; dksj dks ySiVkWi çnku djukA
lfefr dh LFkkiuk dhA z foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa ySiVkWi Ø; gsrq çfr Nk=k 25 gtkj
z f'k{kd çf'k{k.k 'kq: fd;k vkSj cPpksa osQ fy, vH;kl :i;s dh /ujkf'k forfjr dh x;hA
iqLrosQa vkSj ,iQ,y,u osQ fy, f'k{kd ekxZnf'kZdk,¡ çnku Nk=ko`fÙk ;kstuk,¡
dhaA z vkfFkZd :i ls detksj oxZ osQ Nk=kksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk
mRÑ"V fo|ky; çnku djukA
z ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa ekè;fed vkSj mPprj ekè;fed Lrj ij z jkT; ljdkj osQ 06 foHkkxksa dh yxHkx 27 çdkj dh
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk çnku djukA Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ ,tqosQ'ku iksVZy osQ ekè;e ls vkWuykbu LohÑr
z çR;sd ftyk ,oa CykWd eq[;ky; esa ,d 'kkldh; mPprj dj lh/s Nk=kksa osQ •krksa esa gLrkarfjr dh tk jgh gSaA
ekè;fed fo|ky; dks mRÑ"V fo|ky; osQ :i esa fodflr fu%'kqYd lkbfdy forj.k ;kstuk
fd;k x;k gSA
z orZeku esa] 43 ftyk eq[;ky;ksa vkSj 196 CykWdksa esa mRÑ"V
fo|ky; lapkfyr gSaA
z ftyk Lrjh; mRÑ"V fo|ky;ksa esa 45280 fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor
gq, gSa] tcfd CykWd Lrjh; fo|ky;ksa esa ,d yk• ls
vf/d fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA
ekWMy Ldwy
z d{kk 6oha vkSj 9oha esa i<+us okys Nk=kksa dks Ldwy rd
z xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okys çfrHkk'kkyh Nk=kksa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ
f'k{kk çnku djukA ifjogu dh lqfo/k osQ fy, lkbfdysa çnku djukA
z bl o"kZ 2022&23 esa yxHkx lkbfdysa forfjr dh xbZ gSaA
z çns'k esa 'kS{kf.kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s lHkh 201 fodkl•.Mksa vc rd 1]00]000 Nk=kA
esa ekWMy Ldwy lapkfyr gSaA
z bu ekWMy Ldwyksa esa 54]795 fo|kFkhZ vè;;ujr gSa- fu%'kqYd ikBÔiqLrd forj.k ;kstuk
z o"kZ 2020&21 ls bu ekWMy Ldwyksa esa d{kk 6 çkjaHk dh z ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk 1 ls 8 rd i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa
xbZ gS rkfd fo|kFkhZ d{kk 6 ls 12 rd dh f'k{kk ,d gh dks fu%'kqYd ikBÔ iqLrosQa ,oa x.kos'k miyC/ djkukA
ifjlj esa gh çkIr dj losQaA z foÙkh; o"kZ 2022&23 esa ctV esa 102-00 djksM+ :i;s dk
çko/ku fd;k x;kA
dLrwjck xka/h ckfydk fo|ky;
z oafpr lewgksa dh yM+fd;ksa rd igqap vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk xq.koÙkk lq/kj ;kstuk
çnku djukA z ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj ykukA

z iwjs ns'k esa ,d lkekU; fo"k; oLrq dks i<+kus osQ fy, jkT; 2- xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk%
}kjk ,ulhbZvkjVh ikBÔiqLrosQa gkfly dh xbZ gSaA
z jkT; Lrj ij rS;kj iqLrdksa dks la'kksf/r dj forfjr fd;k
x;k gSA
mPp f'k{kk (vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2023)
igqap vkSj cqfu;knh <kapk
z jkT; us mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa rd igqap esa lq/kj vkSj
mís';% mPp f'k{kk dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, xzkeh.k
cqfu;knh <kaps dks etcwr djus dks egRo fn;k gSA
{ks=kksa esa çfrHkk'kkyh Nk=kkvksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rkA
z u;s nwjLFk f'k{kk osQUæ LFkkfir fd;s tk jgs gSaA
leFkZu% #- Lukrd ikBÔØe osQ fy, 500 çfr ekg
z xq.koÙkk mUu;u dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA (10 eghus rd)_ #- fpfdRlk@rduhdh f'k{kk osQ fy,
z m|ferk dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA 750 çfr ekgA
z mPp f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy;s eè; çns'k ykxw% xzkeh.k Nk=kk,a] 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa ughaA
ukWyst dkWikZsjs'ku dh LFkkiuk dh tk jgh gSA
dk;kZUo;u% oSf'od ctV osQ rgr 2013&14 lsA
egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 3- çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk%
z çfr yk• tula[;k ij 2610 dkWyst vkSj 29 dkWyst osQ mís';% 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa xjhch js•k ls uhps jgus okyh
lkFk eè; çns'k NBs LFkku ij gSA es/koh Nk=kkvksa dks foÙkh; çksRlkguA
z lokZf/d oqQy Nk=k ukekadu osQ ekeys esa Hkh eè; çns'k
lgk;rk% Lukrd ikBÔØe osQ fy, 500#- çfr ekg
'kh"kZ 6 jkT;ksa esa gSA
(10 eghus rd)_- fpfdRlk@rduhdh f'k{kk osQ fy,
z futh vkSj ljdkjh dkWystksa esa 17]37]685 Nk=k ukekafdr gSaA
750# çfr ekgA
z eè; çns'k jkT; osQ fy, çfr dkWyst vkSlr ukekadu 666
vkoaVu% #- 2022&23 esa 3-25 djksM+] oqQy jkf'k #-
gS vkSj çfr dkWyst jk"Vªh; vkSlr ukekadu 646 gSA
1-0057 djksM+ vkoafVrA
fo'ofo|ky; 4- vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ Nk=kksa dks
z jkT; esa oqQy 74 fo'ofo|ky; gSa ftuesa ls 22 jkT; iqLrdksa vkSj LVs'kujh dh fu%'kqYd vkiwfrZ%
lkoZtfud fo'ofo|ky;] 39 jkT; futh fo'ofo|ky; gSaA
mís';% ljdkjh dkWystksa esa Lukrd@LukrdksÙkj ikBÔØe
z 9 jk"Vªh; egRo osQ laLFkku] 2 osQaæh; fo'ofo|ky;] 1 jkT; djus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ Nk=kksa
eqÙkQ fo'ofo|ky; vkSj 1 MhEM ljdkjh fo'ofo|ky;A
dh lgk;rk djukA
ldy ukekadu vuqikr (thbZvkj) leFkZu% 1500 #i;s dh iqLrdksa dk okf"kZd çko/kuA
z o"kZ 2020&21 esa eè; çns'k dh mPp f'k{kk (18&23 o"kZ) vkoaVu% 2022&23 osQ fy, 5160-00 yk• #A
osQ fy, thbZvkj 27-1 gS tcfd Hkkjr osQ fy, 27-3 gSA 5- ç;ksx'kkyk mUu;u ,oa iqLrdky; fodkl ;kstuk%
z ,vkbZ,l,pbZ 2016&17 osQ vkadM+ksa dh rqyuk esa] tc mís';% ç;ksx'kkyk mUu;u vkSj iqLrdky; fodkl osQ
jkT; dk thbZvkj 20-1 Fkk] thbZvkj us mPp f'k{kk esa c<+rh ekè;e ls foKku f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk c<+kukA
ço`fÙk fn•kbZ gSA
fuf/ vkoaVu% #- 75 ljdkjh dkWystksa esa ç;ksx'kkykvksa
eè; çns'k esa mPp f'k{kk esa çeq• ;kstuk,¡ vkSj igy osQ mUu;u osQ fy, 16-00 djksM+ #i;sA
1- daI;wVj ;k çca/u esa f'k{kk çkIr djus okys fodykax cqfu;knh <kapk% ljdkjh dkWystksa esa bZ&ykbczsjh osQ
Nk=kksa osQ fy, jgus vkSj ifjogu HkÙkk% fy, vuqnku] daI;wVj vkSj lgk;d midj.k •jhn dh
mís';% daI;wVj vkSj çca/u ikBÔØe djus okys lqfo/kA
fodykax Nk=kksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djukA 6- Hkou fuekZ.k ;kstuk%
HkÙks% thou;kiu HkÙkk #- 1]500 çfr ekg] ifjogu fuos'k% #i;s dk vkoaVu- jktdh; egkfo|ky;ksa esa
HkÙkk #- 500 çfr ekg (uxj fuxe {ks=k) vkSj #- Hkou ,oa fuekZ.k dk;ks± gsrq 100-00 djksM+ #i;s dh
xzstq,'ku osQ ckn 300 çfr ekg (uxj ikfydk {ks=k)A O;oLFkkA
oqQy ykHkkFkhZ% 66 Nk=k] #i;s dk çko/kuA 2022&23 uohu Hkou% 2022&23 esa 18 u;s Hkouksa ,oa 31 vU;
esa 30-00 yk•A fuekZ.k dk;ks± dh ç'kkldh; LohÑfrA

7- es/koh Nk=kksa osQ fy, fons'k esa vè;;u% z Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ fy, ,dhÑr ;kstuk & lexz f'k{kk
mís';% fons'k esa i<+ jgs çfrHkk'kkyh vukjf{kr Js.kh osQ vfHk;ku% 2018 esa 'kq: dh xbZ ;g ;kstuk loZ f'k{kk
Nk=kksa osQ fy, foÙkh; lgk;rkA vfHk;ku (,l,l,)] jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku
leFkZu% okLrfod O;; ;k vf/dre ;w,l $40]000_ (vkj,e,l,)] vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk (VhbZ) tSlh igys ls
Nk=kksa dks jkT; dk ewy fuoklh gksuk pkfg,] 'kS{kf.kd ekStwn ;kstukvksa dks ,dhÑr djrh gSA
ekunaMksa dks iwjk djuk pkfg, vkSj ekudhÑr ijh{kkvksa z 207 vkoklh; dLrwjck xka/h ckfydk fo|ky; ,oa vfrfjÙkQ
esa mÙkh.kZ gksuk pkfg,A 324 ckfydk Nk=kkokl LFkkfir fd;s x;s ftlls 56 gtkj
vkoaVu% #- 2022&23 esa 240-00 yk•] 04 Nk=kksa
ckfydk,a ykHkkfUor gks jgh gSaA
dks ykHkA
8- ih,p-Mh- vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj z çfr yk• tula[;k ij 2610 dkWyst vkSj 29 dkWyst osQ
fnO;kax Nk=kksa osQ fy, vuqla/ku Nk=ko`fÙk% lkFk eè; çns'k NBs LFkku ij gSA
mís';% ih,p-Mh- osQ fy, foÙkh; lgk;rkA vuqla/ku] z jkT; esa oqQy 74 fo'ofo|ky; gSa ftuesa ls 22 jkT;
vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj fodykax lkoZtfud fo'ofo|ky;] 39 jkT; futh fo'ofo|ky; gSa]
fo}kuksa dks ykHkA 9 jk"Vªh; egRo osQ laLFkku] 2 osQaæh; fo'ofo|ky;] 1 jkT;
leFkZu% #- 16]000 çfr ekg çfr o"kZ] vf/dre 03 eqÙkQ fo'ofo|ky; vkSj 1 MhEM ljdkjh fo'ofo|ky; gSaA
o"kZ osQ fy,A
9- ,dhÑr@laLÑr Nk=ko`fÙk ;kstuk% vH;kl ç'u
mís';% ik=krk osQ vk/kj ij Nk=ko`fÙk osQ ekè;e ls
1- eè; çns'k esa fdruh fo'ofo|ky; gSa\
foÙkh; lgk;rkA
(a) 42 (b) 58
ik=krk% ekrk&firk dh okf"kZd vk; #i;s ls vf/d
ughaA 54]000- (c) 74 (d) 92
vkoaVu% #- 2022&23 osQ fy, 30-00 yk•] ftlls mÙkj (c)
66 Nk=k ykHkkfUor gksaxsA O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa oqQy 74 fo'ofo|ky; gSa] ftlesa
10- jk"Vªh; mPprj f'k{kk vfHk;ku (:lk)% jkT; lkoZtfud fo'ofo|ky;] jkT; futh fo'ofo|ky;] osQaæh;
mís';% mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj igqap esa lq/kj] fo'ofo|ky;] LohÑr ljdkjh fo'ofo|ky; vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
fo'ks"kdj xzkeh.k@vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esaA
2- Hkksiky esa dkSulk laLFkku Hkkjrh; dyk vkSj laLÑfr dks
vuqnku% 102 ykHkkFkhZ laxBuksa dks fuekZ.k@mUu;u@•jhn
,d laxzgky;] dyk xSyjh] iqLrdky; vkSj fFk,Vj osQ
osQ fy, çnku fd;k x;kA
lkFk c<+kok nsus osQ fy, eYVh&vkV~lZ dkWEIysDl osQ :i
esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS\
(a) E;wft;e vkWiQ eSu (Vªkbcy E;wft;e)
(b) xkSgj egy
(c) Hkkjr Hkou
(d) bafnjk xka/h jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky;
mÙkj (c)
11- Lokeh foosdkuUn oSQfj;j ekxZn'kZu ;kstuk% O;k[;k% Hkkjr Hkou Hkksiky esa ,d eYVh&vkV~lZ dkWEIysDl
mís';% O;fÙkQRo fodkl vkSj jkstxkj dh rS;kjh osQ fy,
gS ftlesa ,d laxzgky;] dyk xSyjh] iqLrdky; vkSj fFk,Vj
Nk=kksa dks fujarj oSQfj;j ekxZn'kZu çnku djukA 'kkfey gSA ;g Hkkjrh; dyk vkSj laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsus osQ
ctV% #- Lokeh foosdkuUn oSQfj;j ekxZn'kZu ;kstuk
fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
gsrq 30-00 yk• :i;sA 3- eè; çns'k esa fdl ;kstuk osQ rgr lh,e jkbt Ldwy
jkstxkjksUeq• O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k ;kstuk gsrq 2022&23 LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gSa\
esa 66-00 yk• :- (a) lexz f'k{kk vfHk;ku
(b) xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk
egRoiw.kZ rF; (c) ç;ksx'kkyk mUufr vkSj iqLrdky; fodkl ;kstuk
z eè; çns'k esa 125582 Ldwyksa esa yxHkx 160 yk• (16 (d) jk"Vªh; mPprj f'k{kk vfHk;ku
fefy;u) cPps ukekafdr gSaA mÙkj (a)

O;k[;k% lh,e jkbt Ldwy lexz f'k{kk vfHk;ku osQ rgr (c) xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk
LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gSa] ftldk mís'; xq.koÙkk ;qÙkQ f'k{kk çnku (d) mRÑ"Vrk Ldwy
djuk gS vkSj f'k{kkRed ifjos'k esa lq/kj djuk gSA
mÙkj (c)
4- eè; çns'k esa xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk dk mís'; D;k gS\ O;k[;k% xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk eè; çns'k esa xjhch js•k osQ uhps
(a) çfrf"Br Nk=kksa dks ySiVkWi çnku djuk
vkus okyh çfrf"Br Nk=kkvksa dks Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ fy, foÙkh;
(b) fodykax Nk=kksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk lgk;rk çnku djus osQ mís'; ls 'kq: dh xbZ gSA
(c) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh çfrf"Br Nk=kkvksa osQ fy, xq.koÙkk
;qÙkQ f'k{kk çnku djuk 8- eè; çns'k esa fdrus çdkj dh Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ çnku dh tkrh
(d) Nk=kksa dks fujarj oSQfj;j ekxZn'kZu çnku djuk
gSa\
mÙkj (c) (a) 12 (b) 20
O;k[;k% xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk dk mís'; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa çfrf"Br (c) 27 (d) 33
Nk=kkvksa dks xq.koÙkk ;qÙkQ f'k{kk çnku djus vkSj muosQ mPp mÙkj (c)
f'k{kk dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djuk gSA O;k[;k% eè; çns'k osQ Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu çdkj dh 27
5- 2020&21 osQ fy, eè; çns'k esa mPp f'k{kk (18&23 Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ çnku dh tkrh gSa] ftuesa fofHkUu foHkkxksa osQ Nk=kksa
o"kZ) osQ fy, ØkS¼ vko`fÙk vuqikr (thbZvkj) D;k gS\ osQ fy, vko';d foÙkh; lgk;rk dh tkrh gSA
(a) 25-6 (b) 27-1 9- eè; çns'k esa xk¡oksa esa 6oha vkSj 9oha d{kk osQ Nk=kksa dks
(c) 30-2 (d) 23-5 D;k çnku fd;k tkrk gS\
mÙkj (b) (a) fu%'kqYd iqLrdky; vkSj iqLrd lkexzh
O;k[;k% 2020&21 osQ fy, eè; çns'k esa mPp f'k{kk (18&23 (b) fu%'kqYd lkbfdysa
o"kZ) osQ fy, ØkS¼ vko`fÙk vuqikr (thbZvkj) 27-1 gSA
(c) fu%'kqYd VsDlVcqd vkSj onhZ
6- eè; çns'k esa dkSulh ;kstuk ljdkjh Ldwyksa osQ Nk=kksa
(d) fu%'kqYd •k| lkexzh
dks bathfu;fjax] fpfdRlk] lh, vkfn esa ços'k osQ fy,
çfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa osQ ekè;e ls dksfpax çnku djus dk mÙkj (b)
mís'; j•rh gS\ O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa xk¡oksa esa 6oha vkSj 9oha d{kk osQ Nk=kksa
(a) çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk dks fu%'kqYd lkbfdysa çnku dh tkrh gS rkfd mUgsa Ldwy tkus
(b) es/koh (çfrHkk'kkyh) Nk=k lao/Zu ;kstuk esa lgk;rk fey losQA
(c) fu%'kqYd lkbfdy forj.k ;kstuk 10- eè; çns'k esa fdl ;kstuk osQ rgr foKku f'k{kk dh
(d) mRÑ"Vrk Ldwy xq.koÙkk dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ç;ksx'kkyk mUufr vkSj
mÙkj (b) iqLrdky; fodkl fd;k tkrk gS\
O;k[;k% es/koh (çfrHkk'kkyh) Nk=k lao/Zu ;kstuk eè; çns'k esa (a) mRÑ"Vrk Ldwy
ljdkjh Ldwyksa osQ Nk=kksa dks bathfu;fjax] fpfdRlk] lh, vkfn esa (b) xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡
ços'k osQ fy, 10 oha jkT; cksMZ ijh{kk esa 70 çfr'kr ;k mlls
(c) çfrHkk fdj.k ;kstuk
vf/d vad çkIr djus okys Nk=kksa dks çfr;ksfxrk ijh{kkvksa osQ
ekè;e ls dksfpax çnku djus dk mís'; j•rh gSA (d) ç;ksx'kkyk mUufr vkSj iqLrdky; fodkl ;kstuk
7- eè; çns'k esa dkSulh ;kstuk xjhch js•k osQ uhps vkus mÙkj (d)
okyh çfrf"Br Nk=kkvksa dks Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ fy, foÙkh; O;k[;k% eè; çns'k esa ç;ksx'kkyk mUufr vkSj iqLrdky; fodkl
lgk;rk çnku djus osQ mís'; ls 'kq: dh xbZ gS\ ;kstuk osQ rgr foKku f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kok nsus dk
(a) xzkeh.k {ks=k esa Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ mís'; gS] ftlesa ç;ksx'kkykvksa dh mUufr vkSj iqLrdky;ksa osQ
(b) es/koh (çfrHkk'kkyh) Nk=k lao/Zu ;kstuk fodkl dh çfØ;k 'kkfey gSA
v v v

6 eè; çns'k esa ifjogu O;oLFkk
ifjp; z eè; çns'k lM+d fodkl fuxe fyfeVsM (,eihvkjMhlh)

z ifjogu yksxksa vkSj oLrqvksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ,d ljdkjh LokfeRo okyh daiuh gS tks eè; çns'k
ys tkus dh çfØ;k gSA vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt osQ lapkyu esa 22]000 fdyksehVj ls vf/d jk"Vªh; jktekxks±] jkT;
osQ fy, ;g vko';d gSA eè; çns'k esa ifjogu osQ eq[; jktekxks± vkSj çeq• ftyk lM+dksa osQ çca/u osQ fy,
lk/u lM+d ifjogu] jsyos vkSj ok;qekxZ gSaA ftEesnkj gSA
z eè; çns'k esa lM+d ifjogu ifjogu dk lcls yksdfç; z daiuh dh LFkkiuk 2004 esa jkT; esa lM+d usVodZ esa lq/kj
lk/u gSA bldk mi;ksx ;k=kh vkSj eky ifjogu nksuksa osQ
osQ mís'; ls dh xbZ FkhA
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA eè; çns'k esa lM+d usVodZ O;kid
z ,eihvkjMhlh eè; çns'k esa lM+d usVodZ dks csgrj cukus
gS] ftlesa 99]000 fdyksehVj ls vf/d lM+osQa gSaA jkT;
esa liQy jgh gSA daiuh us ubZ lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS]
esa 44 jk"Vªh; jktekxZ gSa] tks çeq• 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa dks
tksM+rs gSaA ;gka dbZ jkT; jktekxZ vkSj ftyk lM+osQa Hkh gSaA ekStwnk lM+dksa dks mUur fd;k gS vkSj lM+d lqj{kk mik;ksa
z eè; çns'k esa jsyos ifjogu dk nwljk lcls yksdfç; lk/u esa lq/kj fd;k gSA
gSA budk mi;ksx ;k=kh vkSj eky ifjogu nksuksa osQ fy, z ifj.kkeLo:i] eè; çns'k esa vc ,d vPNk lM+d usVodZ
fd;k tkrk gSA eè; çns'k esa jsyos usVodZ vPNh rjg ls gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj yksxksa osQ thou dks
fodflr gS] ftlesa 4]000 fdyksehVj ls vf/d dk jsy csgrj cukus esa enn dj jgk gSA
ykbu gSA jkT; esa Ng jsyos tksu gSa% Hkksiky] tcyiqj] dksVk]
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ (,u,p)%
ukxiqj] jk;iqj vkSj mTtSuA
z eè; çns'k dbZ jk"Vªh; jktekxks± ls vPNh rjg tqM+k gqvk
z eè; çns'k esa ifjogu osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa dks uhps fn;k
gS tks jkT; ls gksdj xqtjrs gSaA
x;k gSA
z ;s jktekxZ jk"Vªh; lM+d usVodZ dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSa
eè; çns'k esa lM+d usVodZ
vkSj ns'k Hkj esa eky vkSj yksxksa dh vkoktkgh dh lqfo/k
çnku djrs gSaA
z eè; çns'k esa jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dh yackbZ 2021 esa 13248
fdeh crkbZ xbZA
z eè; çns'k osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; jktekxks± esa 'kkfey gSa%
z eè; çns'k dk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ NH&135BB gS]
tks 7-5 fdyksehVj dk gSA
z eè; çns'k dk lcls yack jk"Vªh; jktekxZ NH&46 gS] tks
634 fdyksehVj yack gSA
eç esa çeq• jk"Vªh; jktekxZ
eqjSuk
t;iqj
Xokfy;j
dksVk
Nrjiqj
vgenkckn xquk jhok
csrqy
mTtSu Hkksiky
tcyiqj
y[kuknku fcykliqj
csrqy
ukxiqj
vkSjaXkkckn
eè; çns'k esa jk"Vªh; jktekxZ

d- jktekxZ la[;k yXokbZ lEcfU/r EkkxZ
(fd-eh- esa)
1- NH-46 634 Xokfy;j&f'koiqjh&xquk&O;kojk&Hkksikr&vkscsnqYykxat&gks'kaxkokn&cSrwy
2- NH-44 571-9 eqjSuk&Xokfy;j&lkxj&ujflagiqj&y[kuknkSu&flouh
3 NH-47 558-6 >kcqvk&ca/jh&/kj&bankSj&usekoj&gjnk&cSrqy&eqyrkbZ&ika<qj.kk
4- NH-45 495-2 vejdaVd&fM.MkSjh&tcyiqj&xkSgjxat&vkScsnqYrkxat&Hkksiky&ujflagiqj
5- NH-30 493-7 mÙkjizns'k] lhek&jhok&dVuh&e.Myk&NÙkhlx<+&lhek
6- NH-52 454-2 jktLFkku lhek&jktx<+&C;kojk&lkjaxiqj&'kkgiqj&nsokl&bankSj&egw&lsa/ok&egkjk"Vª lhek
7- NH-43 435-5 iobZ&dVuh&mefj;k&'kgMksy&NÙkhlx<+ lhek
8- NH-552 402 jktLFkku lhek&';ksiqj&eqjsuk&iksjlk&vVsj&fHk.M&Hkk.Msj&mÙkjçns'k lhek
9- NH-39 392-8 mÙkjizns'k lhek&ukSxkao&Nrjiqj&iUuk&lruk&jhok&lh/h&flaxjkSyh&mÙkjçns'k lhek
10- NH-34 369 mÙkjizns'k lhek&Nrjiqj&ghjkiqj&neksg&tcyiqj&y•uknkSu
11- NH-543 359 'kgMksy&fMaMksjh&e.Myk&uSuiqj&ckyk?kkV&egkjk"Vª lhek
12- NH-347B 287 •.Mok&•jxkSu&tqyokfu;k&cM+okuh
13- NH-547 267 ujflagiqj&fNanokM+k&lkSalj&egkjk"Vª lhek
14- NH-148N 255 xks/jk (xqtjkr)&jryke&tkojk&jktLFkku lhek
15- NH-346 222 >kj•sM+k&cSjfl;k&fofn'kk&oqQjokbZ&eq¡xkoyh&pansjh
16- NH-347C 201 /kj&•jxkSu&cugsj&egkjk"Vª lhek&cqjgkuiqj
17- NH-552G 192 jktLFkku lhek&lqlusj&vkxj&mTtSu
18- NH-934 170-4 ghjkiqj&lkxj&•qjbZ&chuk
19- NH-146 167-6 Hkksikr&fofn'kk&lkxj
20- NH-347 152-3 eqyrkbZ&fNUnokM+k&flouh
21- NH-752B 151 jktLFkku@eF;izns'k lhek&lqlusj&C;kojk&edlwnux<+&fljksat
22- NH-539 150 mÙkjçns'k lhek&vksjNk&Vhdex<+&'kkgx<+

23- NH-752C 139 thjkiqj&'kqtkyiqj&vk"Vk
24- NH-27 121-9 jktLFkku lhek&dksVk&dksykjl&djsjk&f'koiqjh&mÙkjizns'k lhek
25- NH-135BG 121-4 mÙkjizns'k lhek&e>xok¡&lruk&eSgj
26- NH-719 108 mÙkjizns'k lhek&fHk.M&esgxk¡o&Xokfy;j
27- NH-347G 106 ns'kxk¡o&lkukon&cM+okg&bankSj
28- NH-753L 93 egkjk"Vª lhek&eqDdkbZuxj&cqjgkuiqj
29- NH-135B 80 mÙkjçns'k lhek&MkHkkZjk&fljekWj&jhok
30- NH-548C 78 egkjk"Vª lhek&cM+kxk¡o&eè;izns'k lhek&cSrwy
31- NH-135C 72 mÙkjizns'k lhek&ihijk&euhx<+k&djkSafn;k&cxnjk&prjaxh&flaxjkZyh&os<+u
32- NH-943 70 iobZ&lysg&tLlq
33- NH-135 65-4 mÙkjçns'k lhek&euxaok&fu;kZiqYrkyk
34- NH-752G 53 lsa/ok&•sfr;k&'kkgnk&çdk'kk&egkjk"Vª lhek
35- NH-56 52 xqtjkr lhek&HkkHkjk&vrhjktiqj&xqtjkr lhek
36- NH-146B 50 cq/uh&dksleh&jsgVh&ul:Yykxat
37- NH-927A 37 eè;izns'k lhek&jryke&ck¡lokM+k&jktLFkku lhek
38- NH-135BD 36 fljekSj&dksYgk&jktx<+&osQoVh&c|S;k&ykrxk¡o&iaxM+h&dyokjh
39- NH-147E 34 >kcqvk&ukSaxk¡o&jk;iqfy;k
40- NH-347A 23 eè;izns'k lhek&eqyrkbZ&egkjk"Vª lhek
41- NH-161G 20 egkjk"Vª lhek&ueksn&•dukj
42- NH-339 15 ukSxk¡o&Jhuxj&mÙkjizns'k lhek
43- NH-339B 9 cesBk&•tqjgks
44 NH-135BB 7-5 teh;&cjx<+&xgwj&nqch&exnksj&ckehjk
eè; çns'k osQ jkT; jktekxZ dks lqfo/ktud cukus vkSj i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus esa enn
z eè; çns'k esa 94 jkT; jktekxZ gSa ftudh oqQy yackbZ djrs gSaA
11]389 fdyksehVj gSA z eè; çns'k dk lcls yack jkT; jktekxZ SH&62 gS] tks
z jkT; jktekxks± dk j•j•ko eè;çns'k yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx lkxj] jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn vkSj fNanokM+k 'kgjksa dks tksM+rk
(ihMCY;wMh) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA gSA ;g 327 fdyksehVj yack gSA
z jkT; jktekxZ jkT; osQ egRoiw.kZ 'kgjksa] dLcksa vkSj xkaoksa
z eè; çns'k dk lcls NksVk jkT; jktekxZ SH-1A gS]
dks tksM+rs gSaA
z os jkT; dks Hkkjr osQ vU; jkT;ksa ls Hkh tksM+rs gSaA tks fHkaM vkSj eqjSuk ftyksa dks tksM+rk gSA ;g osQoy 5
z jkT; jktekxZ eè; çns'k esa ifjogu usVodZ dk ,d fdyksehVj yack gSA
egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSaA os dusfDVfoVh dks csgrj cukus] O;kikj z oqQN egRoiw.kZ jkT; jktekxZ uhps fn;s x;s gSa%
jkT; jktekxZ cM+s 'kgj çeq• ftys yackbZ (fdeh)

,l,p&1, fHkaM fHkaM 5
,l,p&38, jkÅ&eÅ (bankSj) bankSj 8
,l,p&2ch fegksuk&xksikyiqj xquk 9
,l,p&26, Fkkanyk&oqQ'kyx<+ jktx<+ 10
,l,p&63 lkxj] neksg] iUuk] dVuh lkxj] neksg] iUuk] dVuh 297
,l,p&24 mefj;k] lruk] jhok] lh/h] 'kgMksy mefj;k] lruk] jhok] lh/h] 'kgMksy 304
,l,p&59 bankSj] •jxksu] •aMok] mTtSu bankSj] •jxksu] •aMok] mTtSu 323
,l,p&62 lkxj] jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn] fNanokM+k lkxj] jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn] fNanokM+k 327
eè; çns'k esa ifjogu O;oLFkk 371

çeq• ftyk lM+osQa (,eMhvkj) 1- çFke Js.kh dh lM+osQa% ;s lM+osQa lcls egRoiw.kZ
z eè; çns'k esa 552 çeq• ftyk lM+osQa (,eMhvkj) (yackbZ gSa vkSj çeq• xkaoksa vkSj dLcksa dks tksM+rh gSaA budh
22129) gSaA ;s lM+osQa jkT; osQ egRoiw.kZ 'kgjksa vkSj xkaoksa U;wure pkSM+kbZ 5-5 ehVj gSA
dks tksM+rh gSaA 2- f}rh; Js.kh dh lM+osQa% ;s lM+osQa NksVs xkaoksa vkSj
z ,eMhvkj dk j•j•ko eè; çns'k osQ yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx cfLr;ksa dks tksM+rh gSaA budh U;wure pkSM+kbZ 4-5 ehVj
(ihMCY;wMh) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA gSA
z ,eMhvkj dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS% 3- r`rh; Js.kh dh lM+osQa% ;s lM+osQa nwjnjkt osQ bykdksa
1- d{kk I ,eMhvkj% ;s lM+osQa lcls egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj dks tksM+rh gSaA budh U;wure pkSM+kbZ 3-5 ehVj gSA
çeq• 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa dks tksM+rh gSaA budh U;wure
pkSM+kbZ 7-5 ehVj gSA xzkeh.k lM+dksa dk egRo
2- d{kk II ,eMhvkj% ;s lM+osQa NksVs 'kgjksa vkSj xkaoksa z xzkeh.k lM+osQa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+osQa eè; çns'k osQ ifjogu
dks tksM+rh gSaA budh U;wure pkSM+kbZ 5-5 ehVj gSA cqfu;knh <kaps dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSaA
3- r`rh; Js.kh ,eMhvkj% ;s lM+osQa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dks z os yksxksa vkSj LFkkuksa dks tksM+us esa enn djrs gSa vkSj jkT;
tksM+rh gSaA budh U;wure pkSM+kbZ 4-5 ehVj gSA esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
4- prqFkZ Js.kh ,eMhvkj% ;s lM+osQa nwjnjkt osQ bykdksa z xzkeh.k lM+dksa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+dksa osQ vykok] eè;
dks tksM+rh gSaA budh U;wure pkSM+kbZ 3-5 ehVj gSA çns'k esa jk"Vªh; jktekxks± vkSj jkT; jktekxks± dk Hkh ,d
5- eè; çns'k osQ fodkl esa ,eMhvkj dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk usVodZ gSA
gSA os yksxksa vkSj oLrqvksa osQ fy, ,d fo'oluh; vkSj z ;s lM+osQa jkT; dks Hkkjr osQ vU; fgLlksa ls tksM+rh gSa vkSj
oqQ'ky ifjogu usVodZ çnku djrs gSaA os jkT; esa eky vkSj yksxksa osQ ifjogu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA
vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dks c<+kok nsus esa Hkh enn djrs gSaA
z eè; çns'k esa xzkeh.k lM+dksa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+dksa dh
;gka eè; çns'k esa oqQN çeq• ,eMhvkj gSa oqQy yackbZ yxHkx 28623 fdyksehVj gSA
z ,eMhvkj 1% ;g lM+d bankSj dks Hkksiky ls tksM+rh gSA ;g z ;g lM+dksa dk ,d fo'kky usVodZ gS tks jkT; osQ fodkl
Dykl I ,eMhvkj gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 200 fdyksehVj gSA esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z ,eMhvkj 2% ;g lM+d Xokfy;j dks tcyiqj ls tksM+rh
z eè; çns'k ljdkj xzkeh.k lM+dksa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+dksa
gSA ;g Dykl I ,eMhvkj gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 250
fdyksehVj gSA dh fLFkfr esa lq/kj osQ fy, çfrc¼ gSA ljdkj lM+d
z ,eMhvkj 3% ;g lM+d Hkksiky dks mTtSu ls tksM+rh gSA fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko esa fuos'k dj jgh gS] vkSj og bu
;g Dykl I ,eMhvkj gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 150 fdyksehVj lM+dksa dh lqj{kk esa lq/kj osQ fy, Hkh dke dj jgh gSA
gSA z xzkeh.k lM+dksa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+dksa osQ lq/kj ls jkT;
z ,eMhvkj 4% ;g lM+d lruk dks jhok ls tksM+rh gSA ;g dh dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj djus esa enn feysxh vkSj blls
Dykl I ,eMhvkj gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 180 fdyksehVj gSA vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kok feysxkA
z ,eMhvkj 5% ;g lM+d •tqjkgks dks nfr;k ls tksM+rh z blls eè; çns'k osQ yksxksa osQ thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj
gSA ;g Dykl II ,eMhvkj gS vkSj bldh yackbZ 100 djus esa Hkh enn feysxhA
fdyksehVj gSA
eè; çns'k dh xzkeh.k lM+osQa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+osQa eè; çns'k esa lM+d ifjogu ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ
z eè; çns'k esa xzkeh.k lM+dksa vkSj vU; ftyk lM+dksa dk ,d laLFkku
fo'kky usVodZ gSA ;s lM+osQa jkT; osQ xkaoksa vkSj dLcksa dks laLFkku fooj.k
tksM+rh gSa vkSj xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ eè; çns'k lM+d fodkl eè; çns'k esa lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA fuxe (,eihvkjMhlh) vkSj j•j•ko osQ fy, ftEesnkj
z xzkeh.k lM+dksa dk j•j•ko eè; çns'k osQ yksd fuekZ.k jkT; ljdkj dh ,d ,tsalhA bldh
foHkkx (ihMCY;wMh) }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa rhu Jsf.k;ksa LFkkiuk 1973 esa gqbZ FkhA
esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS%

laLFkku fooj.k ;kstuk fooj.k
jkT; lM+d ifjogu eè; çns'k esa cl lsokvksa osQ lapkyu eè; çns'k laiw.kZ z jkT; ljdkj dh ,d ;kstuk
fuxe (,lvkjVhlh) osQ fy, ftEesnkj jkT; ljdkj dh xzkeh.k lM+d ;kstuk ftldk mís'; eè; çns'k esa lHkh
,d ,tsalhA bldh LFkkiuk 1964 esa (MPSGSY) xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa dks gj ekSle esa
gqbZ FkhA lM+d dusfDVfoVh çnku djuk gSA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; jktekxks± osQ fuekZ.k] z bls 2018 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
jktekxZ çkf/dj.k j•j•ko vkSj lapkyu osQ fy, eè; çns'k xzkeh.k z jkT; ljdkj dh ,d ;kstuk
(,u,p,vkbZ) ftEesnkj ,d osQaæh; ljdkjh ,tsalhA lejL; ;kstuk ftldk mís'; lM+dksa] iqyksa vkSj
bldh LFkkiuk 1988 esa gqbZ FkhA iqfy;ksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ ekè;e ls
osQaæh; lM+d ,d osQaæ ljdkj vuqla/ku laLFkku eè; çns'k esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh
vuqla/ku laLFkku tks Hkkjr esa lM+d ifjogu {ks=k dks dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj djuk gSA
(lhvkjvkjvkbZ) rduhdh lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA
z bls 2019 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
bldh LFkkiuk 1956 esa gqbZ FkhA
yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx eè; çns'k esa lM+dksa] iqyksa vkSj vU; eè; çns'k esa jsy ifjogu
(ihMCY;wMh) flfoy bathfu;fjax cqfu;knh <kaps z eè; çns'k esa jsy ifjogu ifjogu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
osQ fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko osQ fy,
lk/u gSA jkT; esa 6]000 fdyksehVj ls vf/d jsyos ykbuksa
ftEesnkj ,d jkT; ljdkj ,tsalhA
dk usVodZ gS] tks jkT; osQ çeq• 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa dks
ifjogu foHkkx eè; çns'k esa lM+d ifjogu ls
tksM+rk gSA
lacaf/r uhfr;ka cukus vkSj ykxw djus
osQ fy, ftEesnkj jkT; ljdkj dk z eè; çns'k esa jsyos usVodZ Hkkjrh; jsyos }kjk lapkfyr gSA
,d foHkkxA jkT; esa eq[; jsyos ykbusa gSa%
;krk;kr iqfyl eè; çns'k esa ;krk;kr dkuwuksa vkSj if'pe eè; jsyos% ;g ykbu Hkksiky] bankSj] mTtSu]
fofu;eksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy, jryke vkSj tcyiqj dks tksM+rh gSA
ftEesnkj ,d jkT; ljdkj dh ,tsalhA nf{k.k eè; jsyos% ;g ykbu ukxiqj] fcykliqj vkSj
dVuh dks tksM+rh gSA

lM+dksa ls lEcaf/r egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk,¡
mÙkj eè; jsyos% ;g ykbu >k¡lh] Xokfy;j vkSj vkxjk
;kstuk fooj.k dks tksM+rh gSA

ç/kuea=kh xzke z ,d osQaæ çk;ksftr ;kstuk ftldk z eè; çns'k esa jsyos usVodZ dbZ yach nwjh dh Vªsuksa }kjk
lM+d ;kstuk mís'; Hkkjr esa vlac¼ xzkeh.k Hkkjr osQ vU; fgLlksa ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA ;s Vªsusa eè;
(ih,eth,lokbZ) cfLr;ksa dks gj ekSle esa lM+d çns'k dks fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk vkSj psUubZ tSls çeq•
dusfDVfoVh çnku djuk gSA bls 'kgjksa ls tksM+rh gSaA
2000 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA z eè; çns'k esa jsyos usVodZ jkT; osQ ifjogu cqfu;knh <kaps
ih,e xfr 'kfÙkQ z ,d jk"Vªh; ekLVj Iyku ftldk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA ;g yksxksa vkSj LFkkuksa dks tksM+us
jk"Vªh; ekLVj Iyku mís'; Hkkjr esa cqfu;knh <kaps osQ esa enn djrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
fodkl dks ,dhÑr djuk gSA z eè; çns'k ljdkj jkT; esa jsyos usVodZ dks csgrj cukus
z bls 2022 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA osQ fy, çfrc¼ gSA ljdkj jsyos fuekZ.k vkSj j•j•ko esa
eq[;ea=kh xzkeh.k z ,d jkT; ljdkj dh ;kstuk fuos'k dj jgh gS] vkSj ;g jsyos usVodZ dh lqj{kk esa lq/kj
lM+d ;kstuk ftldk mís'; eè; çns'k esa osQ fy, Hkh dke dj jgh gSA
(MGSY) vlac¼ xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa dks gj z eè; çns'k esa jsyos usVodZ osQ lq/kj ls jkT; dh dusfDVfoVh
ekSle esa lM+d dusfDVfoVh çnku dks csgrj cukus esa enn feysxh vkSj blls vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa
djuk gSA dks c<+kok feysxkA blls eè; çns'k osQ yksxksa osQ thou dh
z bls 2001 esa ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj djus esa Hkh enn feysxhA

eè; çns'k esa jsyos tksu z Hkkjr dk igyk futh jsyos LVs'ku] gchcxat LVs'ku]
z eè; çns'k esa 3 jsyos tksu gSa% Hkksiky esa fLFkr gSA 2020 esa bldk uke cnydj jkuh
1- if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj)% WCR dk deykifr jsyos LVs'ku dj fn;k x;kA LVs'ku dks caly
eq[;ky; tcyiqj esa gSA blesa eè; çns'k osQ if'peh xzqIl }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA
vkSj eè; Hkkx 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa Hkksiky] bankSj] mTtSu z Hkksiky ,Dlçsl Hkkjr dh igyh gfjr Vªsu vkSj vkbZ,lvks
vkSj jryke 'kgj 'kkfey gSaA çek.ku çkIr djus okyh igyh Vªsu gSA ;g Vªsu Hkksiky
2- nf{k.k eè; jsyos (,llhvkj)% ,llhvkj dk vkSj fnYyh osQ chp pyrh gSA nwljh xzhu Vªsu jsokapy
eq[;ky; fldanjkckn esa gSA blesa eè; çns'k osQ nf{k.kh ,Dlçsl gS] tks fcykliqj vkSj jhok osQ chp pyrh gSA
fgLls 'kkfey gSa] ftuesa ukxiqj] fcykliqj vkSj dVuh z enu egy LVs'ku jkT; dk igyk gfjr jsyos LVs'ku gSA
'kgj 'kkfey gSaA ;g tcyiqj esa fLFkr gSA bl LVs'ku dks 2019 esa Hkkjrh;
3- mÙkj eè; jsyos (,ulhvkj)% ,ulhvkj dk eq[;ky; jsyos }kjk xzhu LVs'ku osQ :i esa çekf.kr fd;k x;k FkkA
bykgkckn esa gSA blesa >k¡lh vkSj Xokfy;j 'kgjksa lfgr z eè; çns'k dk lcls cM+k jsyos LVs'ku bVkjlh gSA ;g
eè; çns'k osQ mÙkjiwohZ fgLls 'kkfey gSaA fnYyh&eqacbZ jsyos ykbu ij ,d çeq• taD'ku LVs'ku gSA
eè; çns'k esa jsyos ls lacaf/r çeq• laLFkku@çfr"Bku z Hkksiky vkSj bankSj ftyksa esa esVªks jsy ifj;kstuk 'kq: gksus
okyh gSA Hkksiky esVªks jsy ifj;kstuk 2023 rd iwjh gksus
laLFkku@çfr"Bku txg
if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj) eq[;ky; tcyiqj dh mEehn gS] tcfd bankSj esVªks jsy ifj;kstuk 2025 rd
jsyos lqj{kk cy (vkjih,iQ) vdkneh Hkksiky iwjh gksus dh mEehn gSA
jsyos flXuy ,oa nwjlapkj çf'k{k.k osQaæ tcyiqj z eè; çns'k esa igyh jsyos ykbu 1867 esa bykgkckn vkSj
(vkj,lVhVhlh) tcyiqj osQ chp cukbZ xbZ FkhA
jsyos eSosQfudy çf'k{k.k laLFkku Hkksiky z jkT; esa 11 jsyos tksu gSa] ftuesa if'pe eè; jsyos]
(vkj,eVhvkbZ) nf{k.k eè; jsyos vkSj mÙkj eè; jsyos 'kkfey gSaA
jsyos fo|qr çf'k{k.k laLFkku (vkjbZVhvkbZ) tcyiqj z eè; çns'k dk lcls O;Lr jsyos LVs'ku bVkjlh gSA ;g
jsyos flXuy bathfu;fjax vkSj nwjlapkj fldanjkckn çfrfnu 1]000 ls vf/d Vªsuksa dks laHkkyrk gSA
laLFkku (RISET) z jkT; esa bVkjlh] tcyiqj vkSj jryke lfgr dbZ egRoiw.kZ
jsyos dkWyst vkWiQ bathfu;fjax (vkjlhvksbZ) ukxiqj jsyos taD'ku gSaA
jsyos LVkiQ dkWyst (vkj,llh) oMksnjk
z eè; çns'k jsyos dkspksa dk ,d çeq• mRiknd gSA Hkksiky
jsy dksp iQSDVªh (1976) Hkksiky
dh jsy dksp iQSDVªh Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h jsy dksp
jsyos bysfDVªd batu odZ'kkWi Hkksiky
iQSDVªh esa ls ,d gSA
jsyos Mhty batu dk;Z'kkyk bankSj] fofn'kk
jsyos fLçax odZ'kkWi Xokfy;j
(lhBkSyh)
eè; çns'k esa gokbZ ifjogu
jsyos yksdks 'ksM (bysfDVªd ,oa Mhty) bVkjlh] dVuh z eè; çns'k esa gokbZ ifjogu 1948 esa bankSj vkSj Xokfy;j
jsyos HkrhZ cksMZ (vkjvkjch) Hkksiky osQ chp igyh mM+ku osQ lkFk 'kq: gqvkA
oSxu lq/kj dk;Z'kkyk lruk z jkT; esa 8 gokbZ vîós gSa] ftuesa 5 pkyw gokbZ vîós vkSj 3
Mhty yksdkseksfVo dkj•kuk lhgksj xSj&ifjpkyu gokbZ vîós 'kkfey gSaA
eè; çns'k esa jsyos ls tqM+s oqQN egRoiw.kZ rF; z ifjpkyu gokbZ vîós gSa%
nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj gokbZ vîók] bankSj (varjkZ"Vªh;)
z eè; çns'k esa jsyos VªSd dh oqQy yackbZ 6]100 fdyksehVj
gS] tks Hkkjr osQ jsyos ekxks± dh oqQy yackbZ dk yxHkx jktk Hkkst gokbZ vîók] Hkksiky (varjkZ"Vªh;)
10» gSA •tqjkgks gokbZ vîók
z eè; çns'k esa jsyos VªSd ?kuRo 15-9 fdyksehVj çfr 1000 tcyiqj gokbZ vîók
oxZ fdyksehVj gSA ;g jk"Vªh; vkSlr 20 fdyksehVj çfr Xokfy;j gokbZ vîók
1000 oxZ fdyksehVj ls de gSA Xokfy;j esa flfoy ,UDyso

lruk gokbZ vîók 2- bankSj&>kcqvk (NH53) vkSj ckbZikl lM+osQa% bankSj&>kcqvk
iUuk gokbZ vîók (NH53) ekxZ tSlh çeq• lM+d ifj;kstuk,a vkSj bankSj vkSj
z xSj&ifjpkyu gokbZ vîós gSa% Hkksiky tSls 'kgjksa osQ vklikl ckbZikl lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k
•aMok gokbZ vîók
çxfr ij gSA bu igyksa dk mís'; jkT; osQ Hkhrj vkSj
jkT; osQ ckgj osQ xarO;ksa rd ifjogu dh xfr esa lq/kj
z eè; çns'k dk lcls O;Lr gokbZ vîók bankSj esa nsoh
djuk gSA
vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj gokbZ vîók gSA ;g gj lky 1 fefy;u
3- Xokfy;j&>kalh (NH75)] euxoka (jhok)&;wih ckWMZj
ls vf/d ;kf=k;ksa dks laHkkyrk gSA
(NH27)] flouh&egkjk"Vª ckWMZj (NH7))% bu lM+d
z eè; çns'k esa gokbZ ifjogu {ks=k rsth ls c<+ jgk gSA jkT;
ifj;kstukvksa dks iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk dusfDVfoVh c<+kus]
ljdkj u, gokbZ vîóksa dks fodflr djus vkSj ekStwnk gokbZ
cktkjksa rd csgrj igqap vkSj csgrj ifjogu usVodZ dh
vîóksa dh dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgh gSA
lqfo/k osQ fy, fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gSA
z jkT; ljdkj us {ks=kh; gokbZ dusfDVfoVh dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fy, mM+ku (mM+s ns'k dk vke ukxfjd) uked ,d ;kstuk jsyos dusfDVfoVh
Hkh 'kq: dh gSA bl ;kstuk osQ rgr] ljdkj jkT; osQ NksVs 1- bVkjlh&ekfudiqj lsDVj dk fo|qrhdj.k% 510
gokbZ vîóksa osQ fy, mM+kusa lapkfyr djus osQ fy, ,;jykbal fdyksehVj dh nwjh dks doj djus okys bVkjlh&ekfudiqj
dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djrh gSA jsyos {ks=k dks fo|qrhÑr djus dh ,d ifj;kstuk çxfr ij
gS] ftldk y{; jsyos usVodZ dks vk/qfud cukuk vkSj
eè; çns'k esa egRoiw.kZ ok;q laLFkku gSa% dkcZu mRltZu dks de djuk gSA
z eè; çns'k Ýykbax Dyc] Hkksiky 2- ubZ jsyos ykbusa% yfyriqj&•tqjkgks&iUuk&lruk •aM (283
z ,;jksMªhEl ,fo,'ku vdkneh] bankSj fdeh)] jhok&lh/h&flaxjkSyh •aM (165 fdeh)] vkSj
z eè; çns'k baLVhVÔwV vkWiQ ,fo,'ku VsDuksykWth] Xokfy;j jkexateaMh&Hkksiky •aM (262 fdeh) lfgr fofHkUu ubZ
jsyos ykbusa fodflr dh tk jgh gSa] ftldk mís'; çeq•
eè; çns'k esa gokbZ ifjogu osQ ckjs esa vU; egRoiw.kZ {ks=kksa ls dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj djuk gSA
rF; gSa% 3- ekStwnk VªSd dk nksgjhdj.k% dVuh&flaxjkSyh (261
z jkT; esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ ok;q lsuk vîós gSa] ftuesa Xokfy;j fdeh)] chuk&dksVk (282 fdeh)] vkSj lruk&jhok (50
ok;q lsuk LVs'ku vkSj tcyiqj ok;q lsuk LVs'ku 'kkfey gSaA fdeh) tSls egRoiw.kZ •aMksa osQ fy, iVfj;ksa osQ nksgjhdj.k
z eè; çns'k foeku ?kVdksa dk ,d çeq• mRiknd gSA dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ gS] ftlls jsy {kerk vkSj xfr esa o`f¼
z fganqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl fyfeVsM (HAL) dk Hkksiky esa ,d gksxhA
fofuekZ.k la;a=k gSA 4- rhljh iafÙkQ ifj;kstuk% jsyos ifjogu {kerk vkSj n{krk
z jkT; dbZ ,;jksLisl vuqla/ku laLFkkuksa dk Hkh ?kj gS] ftuesa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, chuk&gchcxat&cj•sM+k&cqnuh&bVk
us'kuy ,;jksLisl yscksjsVjht (,u,,y) vkSj lsaVj iQkWj jlh •aM (oqQy 242 fdeh) dks rhljh ykbu feysxhA
,;joFkZusl ,aM lfVZfiQosQ'ku (lh,lh) 'kkfey gSaA 5- Mhty yksdkseksfVo VªSD'ku vYVjusVj dk;Z'kkyk%
Hkksiky laHkkx osQ fofn'kk ftys esa Mhty yksdkseksfVo VªSD'ku
eè; çns'k esa dusfDVfoVh (vkfFkZd loZs{k.k 2023)
vYVjusVj odZ'kkWi 'kq: dh xbZ gSA y{; ?kjsyw Lrj ij
eè; çns'k esa dusfDVfoVh vkSj ifjogu xfr osQ foLrkj Mhty batuksa osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ ?kVdksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA
osQ ç;kl lM+d ekxZ
lM+d laidZ 1- egRoiw.kZ lM+d fodkl% eè; çns'k us fo'ks"k :i ls
1- pacy ,Dlçslos fodkl% iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk dusfDVfoVh vius HkkSxksfyd :i ls fofo/ {ks=k esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa
c<+kus osQ mís'; ls pacy ,Dlçslos ifj;kstuk py jgh gSA dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, lM+d dusfDVfoVh dks çkFkfedrk
bldk fuekZ.k pacy unh osQ fdukjs fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj nh gSA jkT; us fiNys ikap foÙkh; o"kks± (2016&2021) esa
;g yxHkx 300 fdyksehVj rd iQSyk gSA bl fodkl dh vius lM+d usVodZ esa mYys•uh; o`f¼ ns•h gS] lM+d dh
vuqekfur ykxr 5000 djksM+ #i;s gSA yackbZ 63]267 fdeh ls c<+dj 72]961 fdeh gks xbZ gSA

2- xzkeh.k vkSj {ks=kh; dusfDVfoVh% lM+d usVodZ foLrkj 2- fMftVy ijfeV fjdkWMZ% ifjogu foHkkx osQ iksVZy ij
dk è;ku xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dusfDVfoVh c<+kus vkSj ftyk ijfeV fujh{k.k dh vklku igqap çfØ;k lqfuf'pr djrs
eq[;ky;ksa rd {ks=kh; laidZ dks lqfo/ktud cukus ij gq, lHkh okguksa osQ ijfeV dks fMftVy dj fn;k x;k gSA
jgk gSA bl fodkl dk mís'; ifjogu cqfu;knh <kaps esa ;g fMftVyhdj.k ç;kl ijfeV tkudkjh dh ikjnf'kZrk
varjky dks ikVuk gS] ftlls xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa vkSj {ks=kh; vkSj igqap dks c<+krk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa nksuksa dks ykHk gksxkA 3- vkWuykbu yfuZax ykblsal% vkWuykbu ç.kkyh osQ ekè;e
ls] oqQy 7]77]760 yfuZax ykblsal tkjh fd, x, gSa] ftlls
3- jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT; jktekxks± esa fgLlsnkjh% eè; çns'k çfØ;k ljy gks xbZ gS vkSj ykblsal tkjh djus dh n{krk
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ usVodZ esa ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlsnkjh j•rk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
gS] tks ns'k osQ lHkh jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ekxks± dk yxHkx 6-6»
xzkeh.k ifjogu uhfr&2022 (fofn'kk esa ik;yV çkstsDV)
gSA lM+d vkSj Hkwry ifjogu ea=kky; dh ,d fjiksVZ osQ
1- lkoZtfud ifjogu dk egRo% ,dhÑr vkfFkZd fodkl
vuqlkj] blh rjg] jkT; jktekxks± esa bldk ;ksxnku yxHkx
osQ fy, fdiQk;rh vkSj lqyHk lkoZtfud ifjogu osQ egRo
6-4» gSA dks igpkurs gq,] eè; çns'k us xzkeh.k ifjogu lsokvksa esa
4- O;kid xzkeh.k lM+d usVodZ% ekpZ 2019 rd] jkT; lq/kj osQ fy, fofn'kk ftys esa ,d ik;yV ifj;kstuk 'kq:
esa 2]32]344 fdeh rd iQSyk ,d O;kid xzkeh.k lM+d dh gSA
usVodZ gSA ;g etcwr usVodZ eè; çns'k dks Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa 2- futh&lapkfyr ifjogu% 2005 esa eè; çns'k jkT; lM+d
esa ikaposa lcls O;kid xzkeh.k lM+d cqfu;knh <kaps osQ :i ifjogu fuxe (eè; çns'k ,lvkjVhlh) osQ can gksus osQ
esa LFkku nsrk gSA ckn ls] lkoZtfud ifjogu eq[; :i ls futh laLFkkvksa
}kjk lapkfyr fd;k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd] blls de O;kolkf;d
jsyos dusfDVfoVh O;ogk;Zrk osQ dkj.k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lsok,¡ de gks xbZ gSaA
1- jsyos VªSd dh yackbZ% eè; çns'k dk jsyos VªSd 5]150 3- xzkeh.k ;kf=k;ksa ij è;ku% bl ifj;kstuk dk mís'; xzkeh.k
fdeh dh yackbZ rd iQSyk gqvk gS] tks bls ns'k dk ikapoka vkcknh dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gq, xzkeh.k ifjogu lsokvksa
lcls cM+k jsyos usVodZ cukrk gSA ;g i;kZIr jsyos cqfu;knh dks c<+kuk gS tks nSfud vkokxeu osQ fy, lkoZtfud
<kapk jkT; osQ Hkhrj vkSj ckgj ifjogu vkSj dusfDVfoVh ifjogu ij cgqr vf/d fuHkZj gSaA
dks lqfo/ktud cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA 4- xzkeh.k lM+d dh igpku% 'kq#vkrh pj.k esa fofn'kk ftys
2- if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj) dk j.kuhfrd egRo% esa 1513 fdeh yach 76 xzkeh.k lM+osQa fpfUgr dh xbZ gSaA
if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj) {ks=k ns'k dh dusfDVfoVh bu lM+dksa osQ fdukjs yxHkx 546 xk¡o fLFkr gSa] ftlls
;kstukvksa esa j.kuhfrd egRo j•rk gSA lexz ifjogu yxHkx 4]70]523 xzkeh.k fuoklh ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA
{kerkvksa vkSj dusfDVfoVh dks c<+kus osQ fy, jsyos •aM osQ 5- okf.kfT;d okgu lapkyu% ;g igy 7$1 ls ysdj 20$1
bl fgLls dks etcwr djus dh fn'kk esa ç;kl fd, x, gSaA rd dh cSBus dh {kerk okys okguksa dks xzkeh.k lM+dksa ij
O;kolkf;d :i ls lapkfyr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA bu
3- lg;ksxkRed ç;kl% Hkkjrh; jsyos vkSj jkT; ljdkj nksuksa okguksa dks eè; çns'k eksVj okgu djk/ku vf/fu;e 1991
us if'pe eè; jsyos {ks=k dh dusfDVfoVh dks etcwr djus osQ rgr ekfld eksVj okgu dj ls NwV nh xbZ gSA
osQ fy, mYys•uh; dne mBk, gSaA bu igyksa dk mís'; 6- ijfeV tkjh djuk% çkFkfed pj.k esa ftyk dk;kZy;
u osQoy {ks=kh; ifjogu esa lq/kj djuk gS cfYd jk"Vªh; fofn'kk }kjk ebZ 2022 ls fpfUgr xzkeh.k lM+dksa ij okgu
ifjogu usVodZ esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsuk gSA lapkyu gsrq 35 ijfeV tkjh fd;s x;s gSaA
eè; çns'k esa ifjogu igy ukWu&LVkWi cl lsok,¡
1- mUur dusfDVfoVh% NksVs 'kgjksa dh ;k=kk dks lqfo/ktud
ijfeV dk fMftVyhdj.k cukus osQ fy, Hkksiky] bankSj] tcyiqj] lkxj vkSj mTtSu
1- O;kikj djus esa vklkuh% O;olk; djus esa vklkuh c<+kus tSls çeq• 'kgjksa ls ukWu&LVkWi cl lsok,a 'kq: dh xbZ gSaA
osQ fy, ijfeV vkosnu i=k eè; çns'k ifjogu foHkkx osQ 2- ijfeV tkjh% bu ukWu&LVkWi cl lsokvksa dk leFkZu djus]
iksVZy ij miyC/ djk, x, gSaA blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] çfØ;k dks baVjflVh dusfDVfoVh esa lq/kj djus vkSj ;kf=k;ksa dks vf/d
lqO;ofLFkr djrs gq, ijfeV vkosnu ls lacaf/r vkifÙk;ka lqfo/ktud ;k=kk fodYi çnku djus osQ fy, oqQy yxHkx
vkWuykbu ntZ djus dk çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA 211 ijfeV tkjh fd, x, gSaA

eè; çns'k esa jln igy 2- jsy vk/kfjr dkxkZs ekax% jkT; dks 42-34 fefy;u ehfVªd
Vu dh jsy&vk/kfjr dkxkZs ekax dk vuqeku gSA
O;olk; esa ykWftfLVDl dk egRo
3- DyLVj lhekadu% dkxkZs ewoesaV iSVuZ osQ vk/kj ij ikap
1- ykxr ij çHkko% çfrLi/hZ varjjk"Vªh; O;kikj O;oLFkk
lewgksa dh igpku dh xbZ gSA
esa vafre mRikn dh dhersa fu/kZfjr djus esa ifjogu vkSj
jln ykxr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA jln çn'kZu ewY;kadu
2- LFky#¼ jkT; osQ fy, egRo% eè; çns'k tSls Hkwfe 1- yhM~l 2019 fjiksVZ% okf.kT; ea=kky; }kjk çdkf'kr
ls f?kjs jkT;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls egRoiw.kZ] fu;kZr ykWftfLVDl bZt vØkWl fMiQjsaV LVsV~l (LEADS) 2019
O;olk;ksa dks çfrLi/hZ cus jgus osQ fy, oqQ'ky ykWftfLVDl fjiksVZ cqfu;knh <kaps] lsokvksa] ifjpkyu okrkoj.k vkSj
vko';d gSA fu;ked okrkoj.k ls lacaf/r ekinaMksa esa jkT;ksa osQ çn'kZu
dk vkdyu djrh gSA
xfr 'kfÙkQ
2- iQksdl f'kÝV% LEADS fjiksVZ fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ ?kjsyw
1- ,dhÑr fMftVy IysViQkeZ% Hkkjr ljdkj us eYVh&ekWMy
vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj&lacaf/r ykWftfLVDl çn'kZu dk
ykWftfLVDl ;kstuk vkSj fu"iknu çfØ;k dks dkjxj cukus
ewY;kadu djrh gSA
osQ fy, ,d ,dhÑr fMftVy IysViQkWeZ xfr 'kfÙkQ dh
'kq#vkr dhA bl eap dk mís'; leUo; esa pqukSfr;ksa ij dkcw egRoiw.kZ fcanq
ikuk vkSj ifj;kstuk&vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.kksa dks lqO;ofLFkr
djuk gSA z eè; çns'k esa jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dh yackbZ 2021 esa 8858
2- ea=kky; lg;ksx% xfr 'kfÙkQ esa eYVh&ekWMy ykWftfLVDl fdeh crkbZ xbZA
;kstuk vkSj fu"iknu osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj osQ 16 ea=kky;ksa z eè; çns'k esa 94 jkT; jktekxZ gSa ftudh oqQy yackbZ
osQ chp lg;ksx 'kkfey gSA ;g eky dh vkoktkgh dks 11]389 fdyksehVj gSA
lqfo/ktud cukdj ?kjsyw vkSj fu;kZr O;kikfj;ksa dks z eè; çns'k dk lcls yack jkT; jktekxZ SH-62 gS] tks
ykHkkfUor djrk gSA lkxj] jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn vkSj fNanokM+k 'kgjksa dks tksM+rk gSA
eYVh&ekWMy ykWftfLVDl DyLVj z eè; çns'k dk lcls NksVk jkT; jktekxZ SH-1A gSA
1- jln {ks=k esa lq/kj% n{krk esa lq/kj vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl z ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk (ih,eth,lokbZ) 2000 esa
osQ fy, ykWftfLVDl {ks=k esa rsth ls lq/kj egRoiw.kZ gSa] 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh ftldk mís'; Hkkjr esa vlac¼ xzkeh.k
•kldj oSf'od vkiwfrZ Jà•yk vkSj jkstxkj l`tu osQ lanHkZ cfLr;ksa dks gj ekSle esa lM+d dusfDVfoVh çnku djuk gSA
esaA z if'pe eè; jsyos (WCR) dk eq[;ky; tcyiqj esa gSA
2- {ks=k dk fodkl vkSj pqukSfr;k¡% Hkkjr osQ ykWftfLVDl {ks=k z eè; çns'k dk lcls O;Lr jsyos LVs'ku bVkjlh gSA ;g
osQ 10-5 çfr'kr lh,thvkj ls c<+us dk vuqeku gS] ysfdu çfrfnu 1]000 ls vf/d Vªsuksa dks laHkkyrk gSA
n{krk laca/h pqukSfr;k¡ cjdjkj gSaA th,lVh] de ikjxeu z eè; çns'k dk lcls O;Lr gokbZ vîók bankSj esa nsoh
le;] ljyhÑr nLrkosthdj.k vkSj vuqdwfyr bUosaVªh ykxr vfgY;kckbZ gksYdj gokbZ vîók gSA
tSlh igyksa us çfrLi/kZRedrk esa lq/kj fd;k gSA
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
3- uhfrxr igy% eYVh&ekWMy ykWftfLVDl ikdZ
(,e,e,yih) vkSj ykWftfLVDl n{krk lao/Zu dk;ZØe 1- lwph&1 dks lwph&2 ls lqesfyr djsa vkSj uhps fn, x,
(,ybZbZih) ykWftfLVDl {ks=k dks c<+kus osQ fy, eky dksM ls lgh mÙkj pqusaA (2021)
,d=khdj.k] eYVh&ekWMy ifjogu] HkaMkj.k] vkbZVh leFkZu (jk"Vªh; jktekxZ) (xqtjrk gS)
vkSj ewY; of/Zr lsokvksa ij è;ku osQafær djrs gSaA A. ,u,p 30 1- (•tqjkgks)
eè; çns'k esa dkxkZs vkoktkgh B. ,u,p 39 2- (Hkksiky)
1- dkxkZs ek=kk esa o`f¼% eè; çns'k esa dkxkZs vkoktkgh C. ,u,p 46 3- (lkxj)
2017&18 esa 103-85 fefy;u ehfVªd Vu ls c<+dj D. ,u,p 44 4- (tcyiqj)
2021&22 esa yxHkx 126 fefy;u ehfVªd Vu gks xbZ gSA

(a) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i) O;k[;k% if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj) if'peh vkSj eè;
(b) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii) eè;çns'k {ks=k osQ Hkhrj Hkksiky vkSj bankSj tSls 'kgjksa dks doj
(c) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii) djrk gSA
(d) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv) 4- xfr 'kfÙkQ D;k gS\
mÙkj (b) (a) jkT;&jktekxZ ifj;kstuk
(b) ,d ok;q ifjogu igy
(c) ,d ,dhÑr fMftVy IysViQkWeZ ykWftfLVDl ;kstuk
1- eè; çns'k jkT; ls xqtjus okys jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dh lwph osQ fy,
cuk,a vkSj jkT; osQ fodkl esa mudk D;k egRo gS\
(2016) (d) ,d jsyos dusfDVfoVh ;kstuks
2- eè;çns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl esa jsy ifjogu dk egRo mÙkj (c)
crk,aA (2015) O;k[;k% xfr 'kfÙkQ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk çLrqr ,d ,dhÑr
3- eè;çns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lM+d ifjogu dk egRo fMftVy IysViQkWeZ gS tks cgq&eksM ykWftfLVDl ;kstuk vkSj
crk,a\ (2014) vuqla/ku dks lqpk: cukus osQ fy, 'kq: fd;k x;k gSA
4- Hkkjr esa ifjogu fodkl dh çeq• leL;k,¡ D;k gSa\ 5- eè;çns'k esa dkSu lk gokbZ vîók okf"kZd :i ls 1 fefy;u
(2014) ls vf/d ;k=khx.k dk lapkyu djrk gS\
(a) jktk Hkkst gokbZ vîók] Hkksiky
vH;kl ç'u
(b) •tqjkgks gokbZ vîók
1- ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk (ih,eth,lokbZ) dk mís'; (c) tcyiqj gokbZ vîók
D;k gS\
(d) nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj gokbZ vîók] bankSj
(a) egku 'kgjksa esa jktekxZ fuekZ.k djuk
(b) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fctyh çnku djuk
mÙkj (d)
(c) xzkeh.k vkoklksa esa lM+d la;kstu lq/kjuk O;k[;k% nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj gokbZ vîók] bankSj okf"kZd :i
(d) nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa i;ZVu dks çksRlkfgr djuk ls 1 fefy;u ls vf/d ;k=khx.k dk lapkyu djrk gS
mÙkj (c) 6- fofn'kk esa xzkeh.k ifjogu uhfr&2022 ik;yV ifj;kstuk
O;k[;k% ç/kuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk (ih,eth,lokbZ) dk dk mís'; D;k gS\
mís'; Hkkjr esa tqM+s xzkeh.k vkoklksa dks lM+d la;kstu esa vkokt (a) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa bysfDVªd okguksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk
nsuk gSA bldk eq[; è;ku xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lM+d cqukbZ esa gSA (b) xzkeh.k ifjogu lsokvksa vkSj la;kstu dh csgrjh djuk
2- eè;çns'k esa lcls yack jkT;&jktekxZ dkSu lk gS\ (c) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa u, jktekxks± dk fuekZ.k djuk
(a) ,l,p&38, (b) ,l,p&2ch (d) nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa ok;q ifjogu lqfo/kvksa dks lq/kjuk
(c) ,l,p&63 (d) ,l,p&62 mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (d)
O;k[;k% fofn'kk esa xzkeh.k ifjogu uhfr&2022 ik;yV
O;k[;k% eè;çns'k esa lcls yack jkT;&jktekxZ ,l,p&62 gS] ifj;kstuk dk mís'; xzkeh.k ifjogu lsokvksa vkSj la;kstu dh
tks lkxj] jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn] vkSj fNanokM+k 'kgjksa dks tksM+rk gSA
csgrjh djuk gSA
3- if'peh vkSj eè; eè;çns'k {ks=k osQ Hkhrj Hkksiky vkSj
bankSj tSls 'kgjksa dks fdl jsyos tksu }kjk doj fd;k 7- pacy ,Dlçsl os ifj;kstuk dk mís'; D;k gS\
tkrk gS\ (a) ok;q ifjogu lqfo/kvksa dks c<+kok nsuk
(a) if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj) (b) iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk jsy la;kstuk dks csgrjh djuk
(b) lkmFk lsaVªy jsyos (,llhvkj) (c) ,d u;k jsyos {ks=k fodflr djuk
(c) ukWFkZ lsaVªy jsyos (,ulhvkj) (d) iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk lM+d la;kstuk dks csgrjh
(d) lsaVªy jsyos (lhvkj) djuk
mÙkj (a) mÙkj (d)

O;k[;k% pacy ,Dlçsl os ifj;kstuk dk mís'; iM+kslh jkT;ksa (c) jkT; lM+d ifjogu fuxe (,lvkjVhlh)
osQ lkFk lM+d la;kstuk dks csgrjh djuk gSA (d) eè;çns'k lM+d fodkl fuxe (,eihvkjMhlh)
8- ,ybZ,Mh,l fjiksVZ D;k ewY;kadu djrh gS\ mÙkj (c)
(a) fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ok;q çnw"k.k Lrj O;k[;k% jkT; lM+d ifjogu fuxe (,lvkjVhlh) dk dk;Z
(b) fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk vkSj lk{kjrk njsa eè;çns'k esa cl lsok,a lapkfyr djuk gSA
(c) fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh ykWftfLVDl çn'kZu 10- eYVh&ekWMy ykWftfLVDl DyLVlZ dk D;k eq[; è;ku gS\
(d) fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa cqukbZ fodkl (a) lM+d lqj{kk tkx:drk
mÙkj (c) (b) i;ZVu lqfo/kvksa dks c<+kok nsuk
O;k[;k% ,ybZ,Mh,l (ykWftfLVDl bZt ,ØkWl fMiQjsaV LVsV~l) (c) jsyos LFkkud cqukbZ dh cqukbZ esa lq/kj
fjiksVZ fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh ykWftfLVDl çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu (d) ,df=kr dj vkSj ewY;&tksM+h lsokvksa osQ ekè;e ls
djrh gSA ykWftfLVDl {ks=k dks csgrj djuk
9- fdl laxBu dk dk;Z gS eè;çns'k esa cl lsok,a lapkfyr mÙkj (d)
djuk\ O;k[;k% eYVh&eksMy ykWftfLVDl DyLVlZ dk eq[; è;ku
(a) jk"Vªh; jktekxZ çkf/dj.k vkWiQ bafM;k (,u,p,vkbZ) ,df=kr dj vkSj ewY;&tksM+h lsokvksa osQ ekè;e ls ykWftfLVDl
(b) if'pe eè; jsyos (MCY;wlhvkj) {ks=k dks csgrj djus ij gSA
v v v

7 eè; çns'k esa çFke
igyk uke txg Hkkjr esa lcls igys phtsa eè; çns'k esa LFkkfir dh
eq[;ea=kh ia jfo'kadj 'kqDy lkxj xb±
phiQ tfLVl ,e- fgnk;rqYykg y[kuÅ
efgyk eq[;ea=kh mek Hkkjrh >kalh oxZ Hkkjr esa lcls txg o"kZ
efgyk jkT;iky ljyk xzsoky ifV;kyk] iatkc igys
xSj dkaxzslh oSQyk'k paæ tks'kh nsokl jk"Vªh; m|ku dkUgk jk"Vªh; ckyk?kkV] eaMyk] 1955
eq[;ea=kh m|ku eè; çns'k
jkT;iky MkW- iêðkfHk lhrkjeS;k gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk
egkf/oÙkQk ,e /ekZf/dkjh egkjk"Vª thoeaMy iape<+h ipe<+h] eè; 1999
efgyk eq[; lfpo fueZyk cwp Hkksiky vkjf{kr {ks=k ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ çns'k
yksd lsok vk;ksx Mh oh jsxs Xokfy;j lkSj ÅtkZ xzke dLrwjck xkao bankSj 2017
osQ vè;{k •q'kgkyh •q'kgkyh foHkkx eè; çns'k 2016
çFke yksdk;qÙkQ ih-oh- nhf{kr foHkkx okyk igyk jkT;
iqfyl egkfuns'kd ch-ih- nqcs
çeq• 'kklu lfpo ,p ,l dkeFk dukZVd eè; çns'k esa çFke ,oa lcls cM+k@U;wure& fofo/
fo/ku lHkk vè;{k oqQathyky nqcs bankSj rF;
fo'ofo|ky; MkW- gjh flag xkSj lkxj
fo'ofo|ky; igyk varjkZ"Vªh; gokbZ vîók bankSj
v•ckj Xokfy;j lekpkj Xokfy;j igyk jRu ifj"dj.k osQaæ
viQhe mRiknu eUnlkSj eUnlkSj tcyiqj
ftyk
igyk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k bankSj
lkSj ÅtkZ xzke dLrwjck xzke] bankSj bankSj
thoeaMy fjtoZ iape<+h ck;ksLiQh;j ueZnkiqje lokZf/d cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk cqansy•aMh
fjtoZ lcls cM+h unh ueZnk
jk"Vªh; m|ku dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku ckyk?kkV] eaMyk lokZf/d ou {ks=k okyk ftyk ckyk?kkV
•k| mRiknu esa eè; çns'k dk LFkku (2021&2022) lcls de ou {ks=k okyk ftyk mTtSu
dkVuk eè; çns'k ns'k osQ oqQy Hkkjr esa jSad lcls cM+k oU; tho vH;kj.; ukSjknsgh
esa mRiknu mRiknu dk lcls NksVk oU;tho vHk;kj.; jkykeaMy
(2021&22) çfr'kr lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; m|ku iQkWfly jk"Vªh; m|ku
nkysa 6-03 fefy;u Vu 21-78-8» 1st ioupDdh dh vf/dre la[;k bankSj
xsgw¡ 22-42 fefy;u 20-98» nwljk (nwljk
Vu lcls cM+k) eè; çns'k çFke (oU;tho)
lks;kchu 5-39 fefy;u Vu 41-50» nwljk (nwljk
z ou vkoj.k% ou vkoj.k dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa
lcls cM+k)
eDdk 4-57 fefy;u Vu 13-59» nwljk (nwljk çFke LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr jkT; ou fjiksVZ 2021 osQ vuqlkj]
lcls cM+k) eè; çns'k esa 77]493 oxZ fdyksehVj dk ou {ks=k gS] tks
(lzksr&https://www.indiabudget. jkT; osQ oqQy {ks=kiQy dk 29-04» gSA ;g eè; çns'k dks
gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab118.pdf) Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k ou {ks=k okyk jkT; cukrk gSA
z ou vkoj.k osQ ekeys esa Hkkjr osQ 'kh"kZ 5 jkT; fuEufyf•r z fpadkjk% eè; çns'k fpadkjk (Hkkjrh; fpadkjs) dh ,d
gSa% cM+h vkcknh dk Hkh ?kj gSA jkT; esa yxHkx 20]000 fpadkjk
1- eè; çns'k (77]493 oxZ fdeh) gSa] tks jkT; osQ jsfxLrkuksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA
2- v#.kkpy çns'k (67]570 oxZ fdeh) z uhyxk;% eè; çns'k uhyxk; (uhys cSy) dh ,d cM+h
3- NÙkhlx<+ (55]573 oxZ fdeh) vkcknh dk Hkh ?kj gSA jkT; esa yxHkx 250]000 uhyxk;
gSa] tks jkT; osQ ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA
4- vksfM'kk (55]057 oxZ fdeh)
5- egkjk"Vª (51]210 oxZ fdeh)
z ck?kksa dh vkcknh% ck?kksa dh la[;k osQ ekeys esa eè; çns'k
Hkkjr esa çFke LFkku ij gSA 2022 dh ck?k tux.kuk osQ
vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa ck?kksa dh vkcknh 785 gS] tks Hkkjr
esa oqQy ck?kksa dh vkcknh dk 19» gSA ;g eè; çns'k dks
Hkkjr esa lcls vf/d ck?k vkcknh okyk jkT; cukrk gSA
z ck?kksa dh vkcknh osQ ekeys esa Hkkjr osQ 'kh"kZ 5 jkT;
fuEufyf•r gSa% z taxyh lwvj% eè; çns'k taxyh lwvj dh cM+h vkcknh
1- eè; çns'k (785) dk Hkh ?kj gSA jkT; esa yxHkx 300]000 taxyh lwvj gSa]
2- dukZVd (563) tks jkT; osQ taxyksa vkSj ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA
3- mÙkjk•aM (442)
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
4- egkjk"Vª (390)
z ou vkoj.k dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa çFke LFkku
5- rfeyukMq (229)
ij gSA
z Hkkjr jkT; ou fjiksVZ 2021 osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k esa
77]493 oxZ fdyksehVj dk ou {ks=k gS] tks jkT; osQ oqQy
{ks=kiQy dk 29-04» gSA
z ck?kksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V ls eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa çFke LFkku
ij gSA 2022 dh ck?k tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] eè; çns'k
z ckjgflaxk% eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa ckjgflaxk (nyny fgj.k)
esa ck?kksa dh vkcknh 785 gS] tks Hkkjr esa oqQy ck?kksa dh
dh lcls cM+h vkcknh dk ?kj Hkh gSA jkT; esa yxHkx 6]000
vkcknh dk 19» gSA
ckjkfla?kk gSa] tks iUuk jk"Vªh; m|ku vkSj lriqM+k jk"Vªh;
z eè; çns'k Hkkjr esa ckjgflaxk (nyny fgj.k) dh lcls
m|ku esa ik, tkrs gSaA
cM+h vkcknh dk ?kj Hkh gSA
z ,f'k;k dk igyk ck;ksLiQh;j fjtoZ 1999 esa eè; çns'k osQ
ipe<+h esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
z ,f'k;k dk igyk tutkrh; vuqla/ku osQaæ 1955 esa Hkksiky]
eè; çns'k esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
vH;kl ç'u
1- Hkkjr esa lcls igyk jk"Vªh; m|ku dkSu lk Fkk\
(a) dkUgk jk"Vªh; m|ku (b) fte dkWcVsZ jk"Vªh; m|ku
(c) dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku (d) lqanjcu jk"Vªh; m|ku
mÙkj (b)
eè; çns'k esa çFke 381

O;k[;k% 1936 esa LFkkfir fte dkWcZsV jk"Vªh; m|ku dk Js; 6- eè; çns'k esa lcls igyk jRu ifj"dj.k osQaæ dkSu lk
Hkkjr esa igys jk"Vªh; m|ku osQ :i esa gksus dk gSA ;g mÙkjk•aM gS\
esa fLFkr gS vkSj çkjaHk esa bls gsyh jk"Vªh; m|ku osQ uke ls (a) bankSj (b) tcyiqj
tkuk tkrk FkkA
2- Hkkjr esa lcls igys ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ fdlosQ :i esa mÙkj (b)
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk\
O;k[;k% tcyiqj jRu ifj"dj.k osQaæ eè; çns'k esa lcls igyk
(a) uank nsoh ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ
jRu ifj"dj.k osQaæ gS] tks 2019 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
(b) uhyfxjh ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ
(c) ekul ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ 7- eè; çns'k esa lcls igyk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k dkSu lk
(d) ipe<+h ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ gS\
mÙkj (b) (a) bankSj fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
O;k[;k% ipe<+h ck;ksfLiQ;j fjtoZ] eè; çns'k osQ eaMyk ftys (b) Xokfy;j fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
esa fLFkr gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa lcls igys ck;ksfLiQ;j (c) tcyiqj fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
fjtoZ osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA bls 1981 esa fMtkbu (d) Hkksiky fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k
fd;k x;k FkkA mÙkj (a)
3- Hkkjr esa fdl xkao us lcls igys lkSj ÅtkZ dks viuk;k O;k[;k% bankSj fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k eè; çns'k dk igyk fo'ks"k
Fkk\ vkfFkZd {ks=k gS] tks 2020 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
(a) dLrwjck xkao] bankSj (b) nsox<+] jktLFkku
8- eè; çns'k esa dkSu lh Hkk"kk lcls vf/d cksyh tkrh gS\
(c) jkex<+] mÙkj çns'k (d) vkuan] xqtjkr
(a) fganh (b) ejkBh
mÙkj (a)
(c) cqansy•aMh (d) NÙkhlx<+h
O;k[;k% bankSj] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr dLrwjck xkao us lkSj ÅtkZ
dks viukus dk leFkZu fd;k Fkk] vkSj bls 2017 esa mn~?kkVu mÙkj (c)
fd;k x;k FkkA O;k[;k% cqansy•aMh eè; çns'k esa lcls vke rkSj ij cksyh tkus
4- Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa lcls igys •q'kh foHkkx fdl jkT; esa okyh Hkk"kk gS] ftldk mi;ksx yxHkx 50» tula[;k osQ }kjk
LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk\ fd;k tkrk gSA
(a) osQjy (b) eè; çns'k 9- eè; çns'k esa lcls cM+h unh dkSu lh gS\
(c) mÙkj çns'k (d) fgekpy çns'k (a) ueZnk (b) pEcy
mÙkj (b) (c) csrok (d) osQu
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k us 2016 esa ,d •q'kh foHkkx LFkkfir djus mÙkj (a)
dk leFkZu fd;k] ftldk mís'; vius ukxfjdksa osQ chp lq•
O;k[;k% ueZnk eè; çns'k dh lcls cM+h unh gS] tks jkT; esa
vkSj dY;k.k dks çksRlkfgr djuk FkkA
yxHkx 1]000 fdyksehVj osQ fy, cgrh gSA
5- eè; çns'k esa lcls igyk varjjk"Vªh; gokbZ vîók dkSu
lk gS\ 10- eè; çns'k esa dkSu lk ftyk lcls vf/d ou {ks=k okyk
(a) Hkksiky gokbZ vîók (b) bankSj gokbZ vîók
gS\
(c) Xokfy;j gokbZ vîók (d) tcyiqj gokbZ vîók (a) ckyk?kkV (b) eaMyk
mÙkj (b) (c) fNanokM+k (d) lruk
O;k[;k% bankSj gokbZ vîók] eè; çns'k dk igyk varjjk"Vªh; mÙkj (a)
gokbZ vîók gSA ;g varjjk"Vªh; vkWijs'kUl dks 2018 esa 'kq: O;k[;k% ckyk?kkV ftyk eè; çns'k esa lcls vf/d ou {ks=k
fd;k x;k FkkA okyk ftyk gSA blesa yxHkx 50» ou doj gSA
v v v
8 eè; çns'k esa lapkj O;oLFkk ,oa if=kdk,¡
lapkj blus jkT; Hkj osQ leqnk;ksa dks ,;josOl osQ ekè;e ls
z lapkj nks ;k nks ls vf/d yksxksa osQ chp lwpukvksa osQ tksM+us] lekpkj] euksjatu vkSj lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa osQ
vknku&çnku dh çfØ;k gSA fy, ,d eap çnku djus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne mBk;kA
z ;g ekuoh; laidZ vkSj lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, vko';d 4- nwjlapkj foLrkj%
gSA eè; çns'k jkT; us flracj 1974 esa nwjlapkj dks
viuk;kA bl ehy osQ iRFkj us yach nwjh ij èofu lapkj

z eè; çns'k esa lapkj us jkT; osQ bfrgkl vkSj laLÑfr esa
dh lqfo/k çnku dh] ftlls blosQ fuokfl;ksa osQ fy,
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
csgrj dusfDVfoVh vkSj igqap dks c<+kok feykA
eè; çns'k esa lapkj dk fodkl% 5- çFke Mkd ,oa rkj lfdZy dh LFkkiuk%
1- tulapkj dh igyh fo/k osQ :i esa lekpkj i=k% Mkd vkSj VsyhxzkfiQd lsokvksa esa eè; çns'k dh ;k=kk
fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ rgr] lekpkj i=k eè; 1 vçSy] 1962 dks Hkksiky esa eq[;ky; okys vius
igys iksLV vkSj VsyhxzkiQ ldZy dh LFkkiuk osQ lkFk
çns'k esa tulapkj osQ ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/u osQ :i esa
'kq: gqbZA
mHkjsA
blus jkT; osQ lapkj cqfu;knh <kaps esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
1840 bZ- esa çdkf'kr gksus okys Xokfy;j v•ckj
Nykax yxkbZ] ftlls fyf•r lans'kksa vkSj lwpukvksa osQ
dks bl {ks=k dk igyk lekpkj i=k gksus dk xkSjo oqQ'ky vknku&çnku dh lqfo/k feyhA
çkIr gSA 6- Vsyhfotu dk vkxeu vkSj foLrkj%
mnZw esa çdkf'kr] Xokfy;j v•ckj Xokfy;j 'kgj esa igyh Vsyhfotu lsok,a jk;iqj osQaæ (orZeku
çlkfjr gksrk Fkk] tks lekpkj vkSj lwpuk çlkfjr djus NÙkhlx<+) ls çlkfjr dh xbZa] bankSj vkSj Hkksiky
osQ fy, ,d eap çnku djrk FkkA 1982 esa ,f'k;kbZ •syksa osQ nkSjku Vsyhfotu Økafr
2- if=kdkvksa dk ifjp;% esa 'kkfey gks x,A
1915 esa] eè; çns'k esa viuh igyh if=kdk dk mn; bl dk;ZØe us fu;fer Vsyhfotu çlkj.k dh 'kq#vkr
gqvk] tks fganh Hkk"kk esa lkIrkfgd :i ls çdkf'kr dks fpfÉr fd;k] ftlls fuokfl;ksa dks vius ?kjksa esa
gksrh FkhA n`'; tkudkjh] euksjatu vkSj lekpkj rd igqap çkIr
gqbZA
blus lekpkj i=kksa ls ijs fçaV ehfM;k osQ foLrkj dks
7- rduhdh çxfr vkSj fMftVy lapkj%
fpfÉr fd;k] vkSj vf/d fofo/ lwpuk ifjn`'; esa
tSls&tSls çkS|ksfxdh vkxs c<+rh xbZ] eè; çns'k esa
;ksxnku fn;kA
fMftVy lapkj] baVjusV dusfDVfoVh vkSj eksckby lapkj
3- vxz.kh jsfM;ks lapkj% dk mn; ns•k x;kA
22 ebZ] 1955 dks eè; çns'k us bankSj ls vius bu fodklksa us yksxksa osQ tkudkjh rd igqapus vkSj lk>k
mn~?kkVu çlkj.k osQ lkFk jsfM;ks lapkj osQ {ks=k esa djus osQ rjhosQ esa rsth ls cnyko yk;k] ftlls os
ços'k fd;kA oSf'od lwpuk usVodZ ls tqM+ x,A
eè; çns'k osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZ lekpkj i=k
v•ckj LFkkiuk o"kZ 'kgj rF; çdk'kd
Xokfy;j v•ckj 1840 Xokfy;j eè; çns'k esa mnZw esa çdkf'kr gksus okyk igyk lekpkj eqa'kh vCnqy djhe
i=kA
nSfud tkxj.k 6 ekpZ 1849 ekyok eè; çns'k dk igyk vkSj Hkkjr dk rhljk fgUnh lkIrkfgd iafMr /keZ ukjk;.k
lekpkj i=k FkkA
ekyok v•ckj 1854 bankSj ekyok v•ckj 6 ekpZ 1849 eè; çns'k dk igyk iafMr f'ko ukjk;.k
vkSj Hkkjr dk rhljk fgUnh lkIrkfgd lekpkj i=k Fkk] vfXugks=kh
çdk'ku iafMr /keZ ukjk;.k FksA
fganqLrku LVSaMMZ 1875 Xokfy;j vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk v•ckj ljnkj eaxy flag
lsaVªy ØkWfudy 1878 Xokfy;j vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk v•ckj fofy;e MCY;w LVhoVZ
ckcw lekpkj 1880 lkxj fganh Hkk"kk dk v•ckj ckcw dkyhpj.k 'kqDy
uoHkkjr 1920 bykgkckn] fganh Hkk"kk dk v•ckj- Hkkjr esa yksdfç; fganh Hkk"kk dk us'kuy gsjkYM çdk'ku
mÙkj çns'k lekpkj i=k eè; çns'k esa Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA
nSfud HkkLdj 1948 Hkksiky fganh Hkk"kk dk v•ckj eè; çns'k esa lokZf/d i<+k tkus nSfud HkkLdj lewg
okyk lekpkj i=kA jkT; Hkj esa dbZ laLdj.kksa esa çdkf'krA
iSfVªd 1950 t;iqj] fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] eè; çns'k esa yksdfç; fganh iSfVªd lewg
jktLFkku lekpkj i=k] jkT; Hkj esa dbZ laLdj.kksa esa çdkf'kr gqvkA
ubZ nqfu;k 1951 Hkksiky fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k Hkksiky] eè; çns'k ls ubZ nqfu;k xzqi
çdkf'kr gksrk gSA
n VkbEl vkWiQ 1838 eqacbZ] vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk v•ckj Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk vaxzsth VkbEl xzqi
bf.M;k egkjk"Vª Hkk"kk dk v•ckj eè; çns'k esa Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA
fgUnw 1878 psUubZ] vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] Hkkjr esa lcls yksdfç; n fganw xzqi
rfeyukMq vaxzsth Hkk"kk osQ lekpkj i=kksa esa ls ,d] eè; çns'k esa
Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA
fganqLrku VkbEl 1878 fnYyh vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] Hkkjr esa lcls yksdfç; fganqLrku VkbEl ehfM;k
vaxzsth Hkk"kk osQ lekpkj i=kksa esa ls ,d] eè; çns'k esa
Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA
uo Hkkjr VkbEl 1938 iVuk] fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] Hkkjr esa yksdfç; fganh Hkk"kk bafM;u ,Dlçsl lewg
fcgkj dk lekpkj i=k] eè; çns'k esa Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA
nSfud tkxj.k 1942 dkuiqj] fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] Hkkjr esa lokZf/d i<+k tkus nSfud tkxj.k lewg
smÙkj çns'k okyk fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] eè; çns'k esa Hkh i<+k
tkrk gSA
tulÙkk 1975 ubZ fnYyh fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] Hkkjr esa yksdfç; fganh Hkk"kk bafM;u ,Dlçsl lewg
dk lekpkj i=k] eè; çns'k esa Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA
çHkkr •cj 1982 iVuk] fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] Hkkjr esa yksdfç; fganh Hkk"kk çHkkr •cj lewg
fcgkj dk lekpkj i=kA
fnO; HkkLdj 1994 bankSj fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k] eè; çns'k esa yksdfç; fnO; HkkLdj lewg
fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k jkT; Hkj esa dbZ laLdj.kksa esa
çdkf'kr gksrk gSA
tkxj.k çdk'ku 2007 Hkksiky fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj i=k Hkksiky] eè; çns'k ls tkxj.k çdk'ku lewg
çdkf'kr gksrk gSA

lekpkj i=kksa dh la[;k osQ ckjs esa oqQN vfrfjÙkQ lkxj VkbEl lkxj lkxj esa LFkkuh; fodkl
fooj.k ,oa ?kVuk,¡
z eè; çns'k esa çdkf'kr lekpkj i=kksa dh la[;k gky osQ o"kks± jhok lUns'k jhok esa LFkkuh; lekpkj
esa c<+h gS] tks 2000 esa yxHkx 50 ls c<+dj 2023 esa vkSj laLÑfr
100 ls vf/d gks xbZ gSA lruk ,Dlçsl lruk lruk esa LFkkuh; lekpkj
z ;g o`f¼ dbZ dkjdksa osQ dkj.k gS] ftuesa jkT; esa c<+rh vkSj viMsV
lk{kjrk nj] c<+rh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekpkj vkSj lwpuk nSfud jryke jryke jryke esa LFkkuh; lekpkj
dh c<+rh ekax 'kkfey gSA vkSj dgkfu;k¡
z eè; çns'k esa çdkf'kr vf/dka'k lekpkj i=k fganh esa gSa] >kcqvk VqMs >kcqvk >kcqvk esa LFkkuh; lekpkj
blosQ ckn vaxzsth] mnZw vkSj ejkBh gSaA ,oa tkudkjh
z iatkch] caxkyh vkSj xqtjkrh tSlh vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh
de la[;k esa lekpkj i=k çdkf'kr gksrs gSaA eè; çns'k dh if=kdk,¡
z vkWuykbu lekpkj lzksrksa osQ c<+us osQ dkj.k gky osQ o"kks± esa z f'k•j okrkZ
eè; çns'k esa lekpkj i=kksa dk jktLo ?kV jgk gSA ;g Hkksiky ls çdkf'kr gksus okyh ,d fgUnh ekfld
z 2020 esa eè; çns'k esa v•ckjksa dk oqQy jktLo yxHkx if=kdk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1983 esa jes'k paæ prqoZsnh
2 vjc #i;s FkkA vkus okys o"kks± esa blesa vkSj fxjkoV us dh FkhA
vkus dh mEehn gSA if=kdk lkfgR;] dyk] laLÑfr] jktuhfr vkSj lelkef;d
eè; çns'k osQ Lora=krk iwoZ osQ oqQN lekpkj i=k ekeyksa lfgr fo"k;ksa dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk dks doj
djrh gSA ;g eè; çns'k dh lcls yksdfç; if=kdkvksa
v•ckj o"kZ 'kgj Hkk"kk çdk'kd@laiknd
esa ls ,d gSA
çHkk 1913 •aMok fgUnh ek•uyky prqosnhZ
cky 1914 vkxj fgUnh & z ohuk
euksjatu ekyok ;g bankSj ls çdkf'kr ,d fganh ekfld if=kdk gSA
çdk'k 1923 lkxj fgUnh cynso çlkn bldh LFkkiuk 1939 esa ysf•dk vkSj i=kdkj egknsoh
yksder 1930 tcyiqj fgUnh lsB xksfoannkl oekZ us dh FkhA
nwj jgks 1936 tcyiqj mnZw & ;g if=kdk viuh lkfgfR;d lkexzh osQ fy, tkuh tkrh
çtk eaMy 1940 bankSj fgUnh & gS] vkSj blus fueZy oekZ] mn; çdk'k vkSj Ñ".kk
if=kdk
lkscrh lfgr dbZ çeq• fganh ys•dksa dh jpuk,¡
deZohj 1920 fgUnh ek•uyky prqosnhZ
çdkf'kr dh gSaA
ohuk 1927 bankSj fgUnh &
z olq/k
eè; çns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ LFkkuh; lekpkj i=k ;g Hkksiky] tcyiqj vkSj jhok ls çdkf'kr ,d fganh
LFkkuh; v•ckj 'kgj@{ks=k osQaæ ekfld if=kdk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1965 esa ys•d vkSj
tcyiqj ,Dlçsl tcyiqj tcyiqj esa LFkkuh; i=kdkj ve`ryky ukxj us dh FkhA
lekpkj vkSj ?kVuk,¡ if=kdk esa lkfgR;] dyk] laLÑfr vkSj jktuhfr
bankSj lekpkj bankSj bankSj esa LFkkuh; lekpkj lfgr dbZ fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;g eè;
vkSj viMsV çns'k dh lcls yksdfç; if=kdkvksa esa ls ,d gSA
Hkksiky HkkLdj Hkksiky Hkksiky esa LFkkuh; lekpkj z iwoZxzg
vkSj tkudkjh ;g Hkksiky ls çdkf'kr gksus okyh ,d fgUnh ekfld
Xokfy;j VkbEl Xokfy;j Xokfy;j esa LFkkuh; if=kdk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1993 esa ys•d vkSj i=kdkj
?kVuk,¡ vkSj ?kVuk,¡ fo'oukFk çlkn frokjh us dh FkhA
mTtSu if=kdk vkidh mTtSu esa LFkkuh; lekpkj if=kdk lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd eqíksa ij osQafær gS] vkSj
maxfy;ksa ij vkSj R;kSgkj ;g ljdkj vkSj çfr"Bku dh vkykspuk djrh jgh gSA
eè; çns'k esa lapkj O;oLFkk ,oa if=kdk,¡ 385

z vuUr if=kdk lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkykspuk ij osQafær
;g Hkksiky ls çdkf'kr gksus okyh ,d fgUnh gS] vkSj bldh varnZ`f"V vkSj fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, bldh
ekfld if=kdk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1994 esa ysf•dk ç'kalk dh xbZ gSA
vkSj i=kdkj Ñ".kk lkscrh us dh FkhA z u;k iFk
;g if=kdk viuh lkfgfR;d lkexzh osQ fy, tkuh
;g Hkksiky ls çdkf'kr gksus okyh ,d fgUnh ekfld
tkrh gS] vkSj blus dbZ çeq• fganh ys•dksa dh jpuk,¡
çdkf'kr dh gSaA if=kdk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 2000 esa ys•d vkSj
z pkSeklk i=kdkj v'kksd oktisbZ us dh FkhA
if=kdk viuh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd fVIif.k;ksa osQ
;g eSa Hkksiky ls çdkf'kr gksus okyh ,d fgUnh ekfld
if=kdk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1997 esa ys•d vkSj i=kdkj fy, tkuh tkrh gS] vkSj ;g ljdkj vkSj çfr"Bku dh
mn; çdk'k us dh FkhA vkykspuk djrh jgh gSA
eè; çns'k ls çdkf'kr if=kdkvksa dk lkj
if=kdk çdk'ku Hkk"kk vko`fÙk LFkkfir laLFkkid
vuUr Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 1994 Ñ".kk lkscrh
pkSeklk Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 1997 mn; çdk'k
u;k iFk Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 2000 v'kksd oktisbZ
dy okrkZ Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 2001 •q'koar flag
iapkf;dk Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 1985 eè; çns'k ljdkj
vkdaB fiifj;k fgUnh =kSekfld 2005 v'kksd pØ/j
;k=kk dVuh fgUnh =kSekfld 2009 vkuan rsyrqEcMs
vkosx] dkadj jryke fgUnh =kSekfld 2011 Ñ".kdkar
ukfHk tcyiqj fgUnh =kSekfld 2013 fo'oukFku frokjh
u;k fodYi fofn'kk vkSj Hkksiky fgUnh =kSekfld 2007 lat; prqosnhZ
f'k•j okrkZ Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 1983 jes'k pUæ prqoZsnh
ohuk bankSj fgUnh ekfld 1939 egknsoh oekZ
olq/k Hkksiky] tcyiqj vkSj jhok fgUnh ekfld 1965 ve`ryky ukxj
iwoZxzg Hkksiky fgUnh ekfld 1993 fo'oukFk çlkn frokjh
nwjn'kZu eè; çns'k (MhMh eè; çns'k) z bldh 'kq#vkr ,d {ks=kh; osQaæ osQ :i esa gqbZ vkSj rc ls
blus jkT; osQ n'kZdksa osQ fy, lkoZtfud lsok çlkjd osQ
ifjp; :i esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
z nwjn'kZu eè; çns'k] ftls vDlj MhMh eè; çns'k ;k MhMh z MhMh ,eih jkT; dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks çnf'kZr djrk
,eih osQ :i esa laf{kIr fd;k tkrk gS] ,d 24 ?kaVs dk gS vkSj LFkkuh; ijaijkvksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS] lkaLÑfrd
{ks=kh; mixzg Vsyhfotu pkSuy gSA çopu esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
z ;g eq[; :i ls nwjn'kZu osQaæ Hkksiky (MhMh osQ Hkksiky) z tcfd eq[; çlkj.k Hkk"kk fganh gS] eè; çns'k osQ fofHkUu
ls çlkfjr gksrk gS vkSj jkT; osQ LokfeRo okys nwjn'kZu {ks=kksa esa cksyh tkus okyh vU; Hkk"kkvksa osQ dk;ZØe Hkh
Vsyhfotu usVodZ dk ,d fgLlk gSA fn•k, tkrs gSaA
z çlkj.k esa fganh osQ vykok c?ksyh] cqansyh] fuekM+h vkSj
z blls igys MhMh&II eè; çns'k osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
ekyoh tSlh Hkk"kkvksa dh lkexzh 'kkfey gSA
dojst vkSj lapkyu Hkwfedk vkSj çHkko
z MhMh eè; çns'k eq[; :i ls Hkkjrh; jkT; eè; çns'k esa z MhMh eè; çns'k jkT; dh lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dks lajf{kr
dk;Z djrk gSA vkSj c<+kok nsus esa lgk;d jgk gSA
z nwjn'kZu osQUæ Hkksiky osQ LVwfM;ks dk mn~?kkVu 20 vDVwcj z blus LFkkuh; jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj yksddFkkvksa osQ lao/Zu esa
1992 dks gqvkA ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

z pkSuy us viuh fofo/ çksxzkfeax osQ ekè;e ls eè; çns'k LokfeRo vkSj çca/u
dh lkaLÑfrd le`f¼ dks fpf=kr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk z vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks Hkksiky 1593 ,,e dk LokfeRo vkSj
fuHkkbZ gSA çca/u çlkj Hkkjrh osQ ikl gS] tks nwjn'kZu (Vsyhfotu)
z tcfd fganh çlkj.k dh çkFkfed Hkk"kk cuh gqbZ gS] fofHkUu vkSj vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks (jsfM;ks) nksuksa osQ dkedkt dh
{ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa dk;ZØe jkT; dh Hkk"kkbZ fofo/rk dks ns•js• osQ fy, ftEesnkj Lok;Ùk lkoZtfud lsok çlkjd gSA
iwjk djrs gSaA
egRoiw.kZ fcanq
vkdk'kok.kh Hkksiky 1593 iwokZÉ (vkdk'kok.kh
eè; çns'k) z 1840 bZ- esa çdkf'kr gksus okys Xokfy;j v•ckj dks bl
{ks=k dk igyk lekpkj i=k gksus dk xkSjo çkIr gSA
ifjp; z 22 ebZ] 1955 dks eè; çns'k osQ bankSj ls vius mn~?kkVu
z vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks (AIR) Hkksiky 1593 AM] ftls çlkj.k osQ lkFk jsfM;ks lapkj osQ {ks=k esa ços'k fd;kA
vkdk'kok.kh eè; çns'k osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS]
z nwjn'kZu osQUæ Hkksiky osQ LVwfM;ks dk mn~?kkVu 20 vDVwcj
Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr ,d fganh ,iQ,e jsfM;ks
1992 dks gqvkA
LVs'ku gSA
z vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks (,vkbZvkj) Hkksiky 1593 iwokZÉ] ftls
z ;g vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks usVodZ dk ,d fgLlk gS] ftldk
vkdk'k osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
LokfeRo vkSj çca/u Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lwpuk vkSj çlkj.k
z ;g Hkksiky] eè; çns'k esa fLFkr ,d fganh ,iQ,e jsfM;ks
ea=kky; osQ rgr Lok;Ùk fudk; çlkj Hkkjrh osQ ikl gSA
LVs'ku gS (Hkksiky 31 vDVwcj 1956)
dojst vkSj çlkj.k
z jsfM;ks LVs'ku Hkksiky vkSj vklikl osQ {ks=kksa esa 1593 AM foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
dh vko`fÙk ij çlkj.k djrk gSA 1- fueZy oekZ iqjLdkj eè; çns'k laLÑfr foHkkx }kjk fdl
z ;g LFkkuh; n'kZdksa dh çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj #fp;ksa dks è;ku {ks=k esa fn;k tkrk gS\ (2022)
esa j•rs gq, fganh esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ dk;ZØe çnku (a) lekt lsok&vkfnoklh {ks=k
djrk gSA (b) u`R;
z dk;ZØeksa esa lekpkj] laxhr] lkaLÑfrd 'kks] 'kSf{kd lkexzh (c) laxhr
vkSj cgqr oqQN lfgr fo"k;ksa dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk
(d) ,uvkjvkbZ }kjk fganh Hkk"kk dk çpkj vkSj fodkl
'kkfey gSA
mÙkj (d)
Hkwfedk vkSj çHkko
z vkdk'kok.kh Hkksiky 1593 iwokZÉ Hkksiky vkSj blosQ vH;kl ç'u
vklikl osQ yksxksa osQ fy, lwpuk] euksjatu vkSj lkaLÑfrd
1- ¶Xokfy;j v•ckj¸ dh LFkkiuk o"kZ D;k Fkh\
laj{k.k dk ,d fo'oluh; lzksr osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
(a) 1840 (b) 1854
z ;g Jksrkvksa dks lelkef;d ekeyksa] LFkkuh; lekpkjksa vkSj
(c) 1875 (d) 1920
eè; çns'k vkSj mlosQ ckgj gksus okyh ?kVukvksa ls viMsV
j•rk gSA mÙkj (a)
z jsfM;ks dk;ZØe Kku] tkx:drk vkSj lkeqnkf;d O;k[;k% ¶Xokfy;j v•ckj¸ dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1840 FkhA ;g
lgHkkfxrk osQ çlkj esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA eè; çns'k esa çdkf'kr gksus okys igys v•ckj Fkk vkSj ;g mnZw
esa çdkf'kr gksrk FkkA
lkeqnkf;d O;Lrrk
z jsfM;ks LVs'ku vDlj vius Jksrkvksa osQ lkFk iQksu&bu] ppkZ 2- iafMr tokgjyky usg: }kjk LFkkfir fdl if=kdk dks Hkh
vkSj baVjSfDVo dk;ZØeksa osQ ekè;e ls ckrphr djrk gSA eè; çns'k esa i<+k tkrk gS\
(a) Xokfy;j v•ckj (b) lekpkj niZ.k
z ;g LFkkuh; dykdkjksa] laxhrdkjksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dks viuh
çfrHkk fn•kus vkSj n'kZdksa osQ lkFk viuh varnZ`f"V lk>k (c) uoHkkjr (d) nSfud HkkLdj
djus osQ fy, ,d eap çnku djrk gSA mÙkj (c)
eè; çns'k esa lapkj O;oLFkk ,oa if=kdk,¡ 387

O;k[;k% ¶uoHkkjr]¸ iafMr tokgjyky usg: }kjk LFkkfir dh 7- ¶vkdk'kok.kh Hkksiky 1593 ,,e¸ vius leqnk; layXurk
xbZ Fkh] ;g ,d fganh Hkk"kk dh if=kdk gS ftls eè; çns'k esa ç;klksa esa fdl çdkj dk dke djrh gS\
Hkh i<+k tkrk gSA (a) {ks=kh; jktuhfr dks çeksV djuk
3- dkSu lh if=kdk jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd fVIi.kh osQ (b) fpfdRlk lykg çnku djuk
fy, tkuh tkrh gS vkSj ljdkj vkSj ç'kklu osQ çfr (c) fopkj&foe'kZ osQ ekè;e ls Jksrkvksa ls vkil esa
vkykspukRed jgh gS\
ckrphr djuk
(a) f'k•j okrkZ (b) oh.kk
(d) dkuwuh lykg çnku djuk
(c) vuar (d) iqoZxzg
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (c)
O;k[;k% ¶iqoZxzg¸ ,d fganh ekfld if=kdk gS tks lkekftd O;k[;k% ¶vkdk'kok.kh Hkksiky 1593 ,,e¸ vDlj vius
vkSj jktuhfrd eqíksa ij è;ku osQafær djrh gS vkSj ljdkj vkSj Jksrkvksa osQ lkFk iQksu&bu] ppkZvksa vkSj baVjSfDVo dk;ZØeksa osQ
ç'kklu osQ çfr vkykspukRed n`f"Vdks.k dk gSA ekè;e ls ckrphr djrh gSA
4- ¶MhMh eè; çns'k¸ dk D;k dke Fkk yksdy ijaijkvksa 8- 2020 o"kZ esa eè; çns'k esa if=kdkvksa osQ oqQy jktLo
vkSj lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dks çeksV djus esa\ D;k Fkk\
(a) ,sfrgkfld oLrq,¡ lajf{kr djuk (a) 2 vjc #i;s (b) 5 vjc #i;s
(b) Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks çeksV djuk (c) 1 vjc #i;s (d) 10 vjc #i;s
(c) jkT; dh lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dks çnf'kZr djuk mÙkj (a)
(d) Hkkjrh; lekpkj çlkfjr djuk
O;k[;k% 2020 o"kZ esa eè; çns'k esa if=kdkvksa osQ oqQy jktLo
mÙkj (c) yxHkx 2 vjc #i;s FkkA
O;k[;k% ¶MhMh eè; çns'k¸ us jkT; dh lkaLÑfrd /jksgj vkSj
LFkkuh; ijaijkvksa dks çeksV djus esa ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS ftlesa 9- dkSu lh if=kdk lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkykspuk ij
,sls dk;ZØe 'kkfey fd, x, gSa tks bu igyqvksa dks çeksV vkSj è;ku osQafær djrh gS vkSj bldh n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fo'ys"k.k
gkbykbV djrs gSaA dh ç'kalk dh xbZ gS\
5- ¶vkdk'kok.kh Hkksiky 1593 ,,e¸ fdl Hkk"kk esa çlkj.k (a) f'k•j okrkZ (b) oh.kk
djrh gS\ (c) vuar (d) pkSeklk
(a) vaxzsth (b) fganh mÙkj% (d)
(c) mnZw (d) ejkBh O;k[;k% ¶pkSeklk¸ ,d fganh ekfld if=kdk gS ftlesa lkfgfR;d
mÙkj (b) vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkykspuk ij è;ku osQafær gksrk gSA bls mldh
O;k[;k% ¶vkdk'kok.kh Hkksiky 1593 ,,e]¸ ftls ¶vky bafM;k n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fo'ys"k.k dh ç'kalk dh xbZ gSA
jsfM;ks Hkksiky 1593 ,,e¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gS] Hkksiky vkSj ikl
10- dkSu lk jsfM;ks LVs'ku çkFkfedr% Hkkjrh; jkT; eè; çns'k
osQ {ks=kksa esa 1593 ,,e osQ ÝjhDosalh ij çlkj.k djrh gSA
dh lsok djrk gS\
6- ¶MhMh eè; çns'k¸ dk D;k mís'; Fkk LFkkuh; ijaijkvksa (a) vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks Hkksiky 1593 ,,e
vkSj lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dks çeksV djus esa\
(b) vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks tcyiqj 1593 ,,e
(a) ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa dh laj{k.k
(c) vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks jhok 1593 ,,e
(b) oSf'od laLÑfr dks çeksV djuk
(c) jkT; dh lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dks çnf'kZr djuk (d) vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks Xokfy;j 1593 ,,e
(d) varjjk"Vªh; lekpkj çlkj.k djuk mÙkj (a)
mÙkj% (c) O;k[;k% ¶vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks Hkksiky 1593 ,,e]¸ ftls
O;k[;k% ¶MhMh eè; çns'k¸ dh Hkwfedk gS LFkkuh; ijaijkvksa ¶vkdk'kok.kh eè; çns'k¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gS] çkFkfedr% Hkkjrh;
vkSj lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dks çnf'kZr djus esa] blosQ ekè;e ls mu jkT; eè; çns'k dh lsok djrk gS] fganh vkSj vU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa
dk;ZØeksa dks çeksV djosQ tks bu igyqvksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA esa dk;ZØe çlkfjr djosQA
v v v

Hkkx- 8
vk;ksx
1 laoS/kfud vkSj oS/kfud fudk;
laLFkku z laoS/kfud çko/ku

laoS/kfud lafo/ku esa ftu laLFkkvksa dk mYys• fuokZpu vk;ksx ,d laoS/kfud laLFkk gSA Hkkjrh;
gS tSls& Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx] la?k lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 324 ls 329 rd Hkkx 15 Hkkjrh;
yksd lsok vk;ksx vkfnA fuokZpu vk;ksx ls lacaf/r gSA
oS/kfud ,slh laLFkk,a laln osQ vf/fu;e }kjk z fu;qfÙkQ
cukbZ tkrh gSa tSls& ekuokf/dkj eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ vkSj vU; pquko vk;qÙkQksa dh
vk;ksx] cky laj{k.k vk;ksx vkfnA fu;qfÙkQ laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr
vfrfjÙkQ ;s dk;Z ;kstuk vk;ksx] uhfr vk;ksx osQ jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS ¹vuqPNsn 324(2)ºA
laoS/kfud tSls dk;Zdkjh vkns'k }kjk fd;s tkrs gSaA vuwi c.kZoky cuke Hkkjr la?k osQl (2015)
xSj laoS/kfud os lHkh laLFkk,a tks lafo/ku osQ ckgj z ekpZ 2023 esa lqçhe dksVZ us dgk fd ç/kuea=kh] foi{k
lapkfyr gksrh gSaA osQ usrk vkSj Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k dh ,d lfefr
vlaoS/kfud ,slh laLFkk,a tks vlaoS/kfud gSaA Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fu;qfÙkQ;ksa ij jk"Vªifr dks
lykg nsxh tc rd fd laln bl fo"k; ij dkuwu
1- Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx ugha cukrhA
z uksV% ;fn foi{k dk dksbZ usrk miyC/ ugha gS] rks
z i`"BHkwfe yksdlHkk esa lcls cM+s foi{kh ny dk usrk ,slh lfefr
çeq• ?kVuk fnukad dk fgLlk gksxkA
Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx dh 25 tuojh 1950
jk"Vªifr fuokZpu vk;ksx ls ijke'kZ osQ ckn ,sls {ks=kh;
LFkkiuk
vk;qÙkQksa dh Hkh fu;qfÙkQ dj ldrk gS ftUgsa og fuokZpu
tu çfrfuf/Ro vf/fu;e dk 12 ebZ] 1950 vk;ksx dh lgk;rk osQ fy, vko';d le>s ¹vuqPNsn
vf/fu;eu 324(4)ºA
tu çfrfuf/Ro vf/fu;e dk 17 tqykbZ] 1951 z la?kBu
vf/fu;eu fuokZpu vk;ksx esa eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ vkSj jk"Vªifr
Hkkjr dk çFke fuokZpu 25 vDVwcj 1951 ls 21 }kjk le;≤ ij r; dh xbZ la[;k esa vU; pquko
iQjojh 1952 osQ eè; vk;qÙkQ 'kkfey gksaxs ¹vuqPNsn 324(2)ºA
eè;çns'k esa çFke fuokZpu 26 ekpZ 1952 fuokZpu vk;ksx esa ,d eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ vkSj mlosQ
fuokZpu vk;ksx vf/fu;e 25 tuojh 1991 nks vU; pquko vk;qÙkQ gksrs gSaA
z çkjaHk esa fuokZpu vk;ksx esa osQoy ,d pquko vk;qÙkQ 'kkfey FkkA
z 16 vDVwcj 1989 dks] ernku dh vk;q 21 ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ djus osQ dkj.k fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ c<+s gq, dk;ZHkkj dks
laHkkyus osQ fy,] jk"Vªifr us nks vfrfjÙkQ pquko vk;qÙkQksa dks ukfer fd;kA
z ysfdu tuojh 1990 esa] nks pquko vk;qÙkQ inksa dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k] ftlls fuokZpu vk;ksx iqu% ,d lnL;h; gks x;kA
jk"Vªifr us vDVwcj 1993 esa ,d ckj fiQj nks pquko vk;qÙkQksa dk p;u fd;kA fuokZpu vk;ksx rc ls rhu pquko vk;qÙkQksa
ls cuh ,d cgq&lnL;h; laLFkk osQ :i esa dke dj jgk gSA
One Chief Election One Chief Election
Commissioner Commissioner
+ +
2 Election 2 Election
One Election Commissioner One Election Commissioner
Commissioner Commissioner
26 January 1950 to January 1990 to

15 October 1989 16 October 1989 to 30 September 1993 1 October 1993
January 1990 to Present
tc fdlh vU; pquko vk;qÙkQ dh fu;qfÙkQ dh tkrh gS cgqer }kjk lefFkZr] vkSj lkfcr dnkpkj ;k v{kerk osQ
rks eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ vè;{k osQ vk/kj ij ,sls fu"dklu osQ fy, mlh l=k esa jk"Vªifr
:i esa dk;Z djsxk ¹vuqPNsn 324(3)ºA osQ le{k çLrqr fd;k x;kA
z dk;Zdky vU; pquko vk;qÙkQksa vkSj {ks=kh; vk;qÙkQksa dks eq[;
Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu osQ vuqlkj pquko vk;qÙkQ dh fliQkfj'k ij jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k
pquko vk;qÙkQksa vkSj {ks=kh; vk;qÙkQksa osQ dk;kZy; dk tk ldrk gSA
dk;Zdky fu/kZfjr djrs gSa ¹vuqPNsn 324(5)ºA z R;kxi=k
vr% ^pquko vk;ksx vf/fu;e 1991 dh /kjk 4*
pquko vk;qÙkQ Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks lacksf/r R;kxi=k
osQ vuqlkj eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ vkSj vU; pquko vk;qÙkQksa osQ ekè;e ls viuk in R;kx ldrs gSA
dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q] tks Hkh
z dk;Z
igys gks] gSA
z osru Øa- dk;Z
Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr] laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu osQ 1 jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk] jkT; fo/ku
vuqlkj pquko vk;qÙkQksa osQ osru vkSj HkÙks dk fu/kZj.k lHkkvksa vkSj fo/ku ifj"knksa osQ pquko dk lapkyu vkSj
djrs gSa ¹vuqPNsn 324(5)ºA ijh{k.k djukA
blfy,] ^pquko vk;ksx vf/fu;e 1991 dh /kjk 2 vke pquko rFkk yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kulHkk osQ] eè;orhZ
3* osQ vuqlkj eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ vkSj vU; pquko pqukoksa ls igys ernkrk lwph rS;kj djukA
vk;qÙkQksa dks lokZsPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k osQ osru 3 fuokZpu {ks=kksa dk ifjlheuA
osQ cjkcj osru fn;k tkrk gSA 4 jktuhfrd nyksa dh ekU;rk ,oa mUgsa çrhd fpUgksa dk
orZeku esa pquko vk;qÙkQksa dk osru 2-5 yk• #i;s gSA vkoaVuA
z gVkuk@inP;qfr 5 jktuhfrd nyksa gsrq vkpkj lafgrk cukuk vkSj muosQ
eq[; fuokZpu vk;qÙkQ dks vius in ls gVkus osQ fy, pquko •pZ dh jkf'k r; djukA
ogha çfØ;k viuk;h tk,xh tks mPpre U;k;ky; osQ 6 laln lnL; dh v;ksX;rk ls lacaf/r ekeys ij jk"Vªifr
U;k;k/h'kksa dks gVkus osQ fy, viuk;h tkrh gSA dks lykg nsuk ¹vuqPNsn 103(2)ºA
blfy,] eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ dks laln osQ çR;sd lnu
7 fo/kueaMy osQ lnL;ksa dh v;ksX;rk ls lacaf/r ekeyksa
esa vfHkHkk"k.k osQ ckn ikfjr jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k osQ ij jkT;iky dks lykg nsuk ¹vuqPNsn 192(2)ºA
vykok in ls ugha gVk;k tk ldrk gS tc rd ml
8 pquko esa dnkpkj osQ lansg ij pquko jí djukA
lnu dh oqQy lnL;ksa osQ cgqer }kjk vkSj mifLFkr vkSj
ernku djus okys de ls de nks&frgkbZ lnL;ksa osQ 9 pquko osQ vkjaHk vkSj lekiu dh ?kks"k.kk djukA

z eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQksa dh lwph
Øa- uke inkof/
1 lqoqQekj lsu 21 ekpZ 1950 19 fnlacj 1958
2 dY;k.k lqanje 20 fnlacj 1958 30 flracj 1967
3 ,l ih lsu oekZ 1 vDVwcj 1967 30 flracj 1972
4 ukxsUæ flag 1 vDVwcj 1972 6 iQjojh 1973
5 Vh- LokehukFku 7 iQjojh 1973 17 twu 1977
6 ,l- ,y- 'kd/j 18 twu 1977 17 twu 1982
7 vkj osQ f=kosnh 18 twu 1982 31 fnlacj 1985
8 vkj- oh- ,l- isjh 'kkL=kh 1 tuojh 1986 25 uoacj 1990
9 oh- ,l- jeknsoh 26 uoacj 1990 11 fnlacj 1990
10 Vh-,u- 'ks"ku 12 fnlacj 1990 11 fnlacj 1996
11 ,e- ,l- fxy 12 fnlacj 1996 13 twu 2001
12 ts- ,e- fyaxnksg 14 twu 2001 7 iQjojh 2004
13 Vh-,l- Ñ".kewfrZ 8 iQjojh 2004 15 ebZ 2005
14 ch ch VaMu 16 ebZ 2005 29 twu 2006
15 ,u xksikyLokeh 30 twu 2006 20 vçSy 2009
16 uohu pkoyk 21 vçSy 2009 29 tqykbZ 2010
17 ,l- ok;- oqQjS'kh 30 tqykbZ 2010 10 twu 2012
18 oh- ,l- lair 11 twu 2012 15 tuojh 2015
19 gfj'kadj czãk 16 tuojh 2015 18 vçSy 2015
20 ulhe tSnh 19 vçSy 2015 5 tqykbZ 2017
21 vpy oqQekj T;ksfr 6 tqykbZ 2017 22 tuojh 2018
22 vkse çdk'k jkor 23 tuojh 2018 1 fnlacj 2018
23 lquhy vjksM+k 2 fnlacj 2018 12 vçSy 2021
24 lq'khy paæk 13 vçSy 2021 14 ebZ 2022
25 jktho oqQekj 15 ebZ 2022 orZeku
z iwoZ eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ
1- lqoqQekj lsu 2- dY;k.k lqanje 20 3- ,l ih lsu oekZ 1 4- ukxsUæ flag 1 5- Vh- LokehukFku 7
21 ekpZ 1950 ls 19 fnlacj 1958 ls 30 vDVwcj 1967 ls 30 vDVwcj 1972 ls 6 iQjojh 1973 ls 17
fnlacj 1958 flracj 1967 flracj 1972 iQjojh 1973 twu 1977
6- ,l- ,y- 'kd/j 7- vkj osQ f=kosnh 8- vkj- oh- ,l- isjh 9- oh- ,l- jeknsoh 10- Vh-,u- 'ks"ku
18 twu 1977 ls 17 18 twu 1982 ls 31 'kkL=kh 1 tuojh 1986 26 uoacj 1990 ls 11 12 fnlacj 1990 ls
twu 1982 fnlacj 1985 ls 25 uoacj 1990 fnlacj 1990 11 fnlacj 1996
laoS/kfud vkSj oS/kfud fudk; 393

11- ,e- ,l- fxy 12- ts- ,e- fyaxnksg 13- Vh-,l- Ñ".kewfrZ 14- ch ch VaMu 15- ,u xksikyLokeh
lq'khy paæk ls 13 twu 14 twu 2001 ls 7 8 iQjojh 2004 ls 15 30 twu 2006 ls 29 30 twu 2006 ls 20
2001 iQjojh 2004 ebZ 2005 twu 2006 vçSy 2009
16- uohu pkoyk 17- ,l- okbZ- oqQjS'kh 18- oh- ,l- lair 19- gfj'kadj czãk 20- ulhe tSnh
21 vçSy 2009 ls 29 30 tqykbZ 2010 ls 10 11 twu 2012 ls 15 16 tuojh 2015 ls 19 vçSy 2015 ls 5
tqykbZ 2010 twu 2012 tuojh 2015 18 vçSy 2015 tqykbZ 2017
23- lquhy vjksM+k

21- vpy oqQekj T;ksfr 22- vks e çdk'k jkor 2 fnlacj 2018 ls 12 24- lq'khy paæk
6 tqykbZ 2017 ls 22 23 tuojh 2018 ls 1 vçSy 2021 13 vçSy 2021 ls 14
tuojh 2018 fnla c j 2018 ebZ 2022
z orZeku pquko vk;qÙkQ z fnus'k xksLokeh lfefr] 1990&91
fuokZpu vk;ksx f=kLrjh; gksuk pkfg,
ernkrk igpku i=k rS;kj djuk
bysDVªkWfud oksfVax e'khu ls ernku
z baæthr xqIrk lfefr] 1998&99

Jh jktho oqQekj Jh vuwi pUæ ik.Ms; pquko O;; dh jkf'k dk fu/kZj.k
eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr fuokZpu vk;qDr
z vU; lfefr;k¡
pqukoh lq/kjksa ij xksLokeh lfefr (1990)
oksgjk lfefr fjiksVZ (1993)
pqukoksa osQ jkT; foÙk iks"k.k ij baæthr xqIrk lfefr
(1998)
Jh v:.k xks;y (fuokZpu vk;qDr) pqukoh dkuwuksa osQ lq/kj ij fof/ vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
(1999)
pquko lq/kj ls lacaf/r lfefr;k¡ vkSj mudh fliQkfj'ksa lafo/ku osQ dkedkt dh leh{kk osQ fy, jk"Vªh;
z rkj oqQaMs lfefr] 1974&75 vk;ksx (2001)
o;Ld erkf/dkj dh vk;q 21 ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ djuk Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx & çLrkfor pquko lq/kj
tekur jkf'k fu/kZfjr djuk (2004)

pquko O;; dh jkf'k dk fu/kZj.k nwljk ç'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx (2008)

z oqQN pqukoh lq/kj pquko dkuwu la'kks/u vf/fu;e 2003 }kjk lSU; dfeZ;ksa
61oka lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e 1989 osQ vuqlkj dks pquko esa çkWDlh }kjk oksV nsus dk vf/dkj fn;k
o;Ld erkf/dkj dh vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ x;k FkkA
dj nh xbZA 2013 esa bZoh,e esa oksVj osfjiQkbM isij vkWfMV Vªsy
(ohohih,Vh) dk çko/ku fd;k x;k] ftlesa ernku osQ
1989 esa tu çfrfuf/Ro vf/fu;e esa la'kks/u djosQ
ckn e'khu ls ifpZ;ka fudyrh gSaA
ernku esa bysDVªkWfud oksfVax e'khuksa osQ ç;ksx dk
fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk ,d ekpZ 2014 dks fo/kulHkk osQ
çko/ku fd;k x;kA
fy, 20 ls 28 yk• vkSj yksdlHkk osQ fy, 54 ls 70
1993 esa fuokZpu vk;ksx dks rhu lnL;h; fudk;
yk• #i;s pqukoh •pZ r; fd;k x;k FkkA
cuk;k x;kA lokZsPp U;k;ky; osQ funZs'kkuqlkj tu çfrfuf/Ro
1997 esa jk"Vªifr pquko yM+us osQ fy, çLrkodksa vkSj vf/fu;e] 1951 esa la'kks/u djosQ 2 o"kZ ls vf/d
vuqeksndksa dh la[;k 10 ls c<+kdj 50 vkSj mijk"Vªifr dh ltk ikus okys O;fÙkQ dks pquko osQ fy, v;ksX;
in osQ fy, 5 ls c<+kdj 20 dj nh xbZA ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA
jk"Vªh; ernkrk fnol
z 2011 ls çfro"kZ 25 tuojh dks jk"Vªh; ernkrk fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
z 25 tuojh 2023 dks 13oka jk"Vªh; ernkrk fnol euk;k x;kA
z bl o"kZ dh Fkhe ôksV tSlk oqQN ugha] oksV t:j Mkysaxs ge* FkhA
z egRoiw.kZ vuqPNsn ,d utj esa

vuqPNsn fo'ks"krk
324 pqukoksa dk v/h{k.k] funZs'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr fd;k tk,xk
324(1) xBu
324(2) fu;qfDr
324(3) eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ
324(4) {ks=kh; vk;qÙkQ
324(5) dk;Zdky ,oa lsok 'krs±
324(6) fuokZpu vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ij jk"Vªifr vkSj jkT;iky fuokZpu vk;ksx dks deZpkjh miyC/ djk,axsA
325 /eZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr ;k fyax osQ vk/kj ij dksbZ Hkh O;fÙkQ ernkrk lwph esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, v;ksX; ugha gksxkA
326 yksdlHkk vkSj jkT; fo/kulHkkvksa osQ pquko o;Ld erkf/dkj osQ vk/kj ij gksaxsA
327 pquko osQ laca/ esa çko/ku djus dh laln dh 'kfÙkQ fo/kueaMyksa dksA
328 fdlh jkT; osQ fo/kueaMy dh blosQ laca/ esa çko/ku djus dh 'kfÙkQ] ,sls fo/kueaMy osQ fy, pqukoA
329 pqukoh ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; osQ gLr{ksi ij jksdA
329 , ç/kuea=kh ,oa yksdlHkk vè;{k osQ pquko osQ laca/ esa fo'ks"k çko/ku & (fujLr)

2- jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dk;Zdky vkSj osru fu/kZfjr djrk gS ¹vuqPNsn 243
K(2)ºA
z i`"BHkwfe jkT; pquko vk;qÙkQ dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 62 o"kZ
çeq• ?kVuk fnuk¡d dh vk;q] tks Hkh igys gks] gksrk gSA
73osa la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 1992 24 vçSy 1993 z gVkuk@inP;qfr
dk dk;kZUo;u pquko vk;qÙkQ dks mlosQ in ls gVkus osQ fy, ogh
74osa la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 1992 1 twu 1993 çfØ;k viuk;h tk,xh tks mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa
dk dk;kZUo;u dks gVkus osQ fy, viuk;h tkrh gS ¹vuqPNsn 243
eç iapk;rh jkt ,oa xzke Lojkt 25 tuojh 1994 K(2)ºA
vf/fu;e] 1993 dk dk;kZUo;u blfy,] eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ dks laln osQ çR;sd lnu
vf/lwpuk 1 iQjojh 1994 esa vfHkHkk"k.k osQ ckn ikfjr jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k osQ
eè;çns'k fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu 15 iQjojh 1994 vykok in ls ugha gVk;k tk ldrk gS tc rd ml
,oa çFke jkT; fuokZpu vk;qDr lnu dh oqQy lnL;ksa osQ cgqer }kjk vkSj mifLFkr vkSj
dh fu;qfÙkQ ernku djus okys de ls de nks&frgkbZ lnL;ksa osQ
eç esa çFke iapk;r pquko 23 ebZ 1994 ls 7 twu cgqer }kjk lefFkZr] vkSj lkfcr dnkpkj ;k v{kerk osQ
1994 rd vk/kj ij ,sls fu"dklu osQ fy, mlh l=k esa jk"Vªifr
eç esa çFke uxj ikfydk pquko 24 uoacj 1994 ls 27 osQ le{k çLrqr fd;k x;kA
uoacj 1994 rd ,slk fo/s;d yksdlHkk esa rHkh is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS
tc ml ij yksdlHkk osQ 100 lnL;ksa osQ gLrk{kj gksa

z vk;ksx dh çÑfr% laoS/kfud
;k jkT;lHkk esa rHkh is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS tc ml
z laoS/kfud çko/ku ij jkT;lHkk osQ 50 lnL;ksa osQ gLrk{kj gksaA
vuqPNsn 243 K(1) vkSj 243 ZA(1) osQ vuqlkj]
z R;kxi=k
ernkrk lwph dh rS;kjh vkSj iapk;rksa vkSj uxjikfydkvksa
pquko vk;qÙkQ jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks lacksf/r R;kxi=k
osQ lHkh pqukoksa osQ lapkyu dk v/h{k.k] funZs'ku vkSj
fu;a=k.k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr gksxkA osQ ekè;e ls viuk in NksM+ ldrs gSaA
z fu;qfÙkQ z dk;Z
jkT; pquko vk;qÙkQ dh fu;qfÙkQ jkT; osQ jkT;iky }kjk Øa- dk;Z
dh tkrh gS ¹vuqPNsn 243 K(1) vkSj 243 ZA(1)ºA 1 iapk;r ,oa uxj ikfydkvksa osQ pquko dk lapkyu ,oa
z la?kBu ijh{k.k djukA
jkT; fuokZpu vk;qÙkQ 2 jkT; osQ LFkkuh; fudk; laxBuksa tSls xzke iapk;r
rkyqdk vkSj ftyk iapk;r@uxj ikfydk vkSj uxj fuxe
lfpo osQ fy, ernkrk lwph rS;kj djus vkSj lkekU;@eè;kof/@
mi&pquko vk;ksftr djus vkSj mudh fuxjkuh djus
mi lfpo osQ lkFk&lkFk lhVksa dh lhek vkSj forj.k r; djukA
eè; çns'k fuokZpu vk;ksx esa osQoy ,d fuokZpu 3 iapk;r vkSj uxj fuxe pquko dh rkjh•ksa dh ?kks"k.kkA
vk;qÙkQ gSA 4 jktuhfrd nyksa dh ekU;rk ,oa çrhd fpUgksa dk
fVIi.kh% vuqPNsn 243 K osQoy ,d jkT; pquko vkoaVuA
vk;qÙkQ dh fu;qfÙkQ dk çko/ku djrk gS ;kuh jkT;iky 5 jktuhfrd nyksa dh vkpkj lafgrk cukuk vkSj muosQ
vU; pquko vk;qÙkQksa dh fu;qfÙkQ ugha dj ldrk gSA pquko •pZ dh jkf'k r; djukA
z dk;Zdky ,oa osru 6 ukekadu i=kksa dh tkapA
jkT; dk jkT;iky jkT; fo/kueaMy }kjk cukbZ xbZ 7 pquko esa dnkpkj osQ lansg ij pquko jí djukA
fof/ osQ vuqlkj jkT; pquko vk;qÙkQ osQ dk;kZy; dk 8 pquko osQ vkjaHk vkSj lekiu dh ?kks"k.kk djukA

z jkT; pquko vk;qÙkQksa dh lwph /kjk,¡ fo"k; & oLrq
Øa- uke inkof/ fu;e cukus dh 'kfÙkQ & jkT; ljdkj jkT; fuokZpu
1 ,u-ch-yksgkuh 15-02-1994 16-02-2000 vk;ksx osQ ijke'kZ ls ernkrk lwph rS;kj djus vkSj
43
2 xksiky 'kj.k 'kqDy 16-02-2000 14-08-2006 iapk;rksa osQ lHkh pqukoksa osQ lapkyu osQ fy, fu;e
cuk,xhA
3 vkfnR; fot; flag 14-08-2006 10-12-2010
4 MkW- vthr jk;tknk 10-12-2010 30-09-2013 z egRoiw.kZ rF;
5 vkj-ij'kqjke 01-10-2013 31-12-2018 eè; çns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx vc rd 6 iapk;r
6 clar çrki flag 01&01&2019 orZeku vkSj uxj ikfydkvksa osQ pquko djk pqdk gSA
eè; çns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ çFke lfpo Jh
z egRoiw.kZ vuqPNsn ,d utj esa çdk'k pan FksA
vuqPNsn fo'ks"krk eè; çns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dh igyh efgyk
243 K(1) iapk;r pquko dh ernkrk lwph rS;kj djus dk lfpo Jherh fot;k JhokLro FkhaA
v/h{k.k] funZs'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k jkT; fuokZpu eè; çns'k ljdkj us ¶pquko¸ eksckby ,fIyosQ'ku
vk;ksx dks lkSaik tk,xkA ykWUp fd;k gSA
243 K(1) jkT; pquko vk;qÙkQ dh fu;qfÙkQA fuokZpu vk;ksx dk vkn'kZ okD; & ¶gj oksV dherh]
243 K(2) jkT; fuokZpu vk;qÙkQ osQ dk;kZy; dh 'krZsa
gj fudk; egRoiw.kZ¸A
,oa dk;ZdkyA
jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx ls
243 K(2) fu"dkluA
243 K(3) deZpkjh% fdlh jkT; dk jkT;iky jkT; Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djrk gS (fd'ku flag rksej cuke
fuokZpu vk;ksx dks ,sls deZpkjh miyC/ vgenkckn uxj fuxe ekeyk)A
djk,xk tks jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dks fn, x,
dk;ks± osQ fuoZgu osQ fy, vko';d gksaA 3- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx
243 K(4) fdlh jkT; dk fo/kueaMy iapk;rksa osQ pquko z ifjp;
ls lacaf/r lHkh ekeyksa osQ laca/ esa çko/ku
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (;wih,llh) lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn
dj ldrk gSA
243 ZA(1) uxj ikfydkvksa osQ pqukoksa dh ernkrk lwph 324 osQ rgr ,d laoS/kfud fudk; gSA
dh rS;kjh dk v/h{k.k] funZs'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k lafo/ku dk Hkkx 14 la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ls
jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr fd;k tkuk gSA lacaf/r gSA
243 ZA(2) fdlh jkT; dk fo/kueaMy uxj ikfydkvksa ;g osQaæ ljdkj osQ rgr fofHkUu flfoy lsokvksa vkSj
osQ pquko ls lacaf/r lHkh ekeyksa osQ laca/ esa inksa osQ fy, ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus vkSj mEehnokjksa dk
çko/ku dj ldrk gSA p;u djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z iapk;r jkt ,oa xzke Lojkt vf/fu;e] 1993 z i`"BHkwfe
egRoiw.kZ /kjk,¡ le; çeq• ?kVuk

1793 xouZj tujy dkWuZokfyl us flfoy lsokvksa esa lq/kj
/kjk,¡ fo"k; & oLrq fd;sA mUgsa ¶Hkkjr esa flfoy lsokvksa osQ tud¸
jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dh 'kfÙkQ;k¡ &iapk;rksa osQ lHkh osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
pqukoksa osQ fy, ernkrk lwph rS;kj djus vkSj muosQ 1854 fczfV'k laln dh p;u lfefr dh eSdkys dh fjiksVZ
42 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa ;ksX;rk&vk/kfjr vk/qfud
lapkyu dk v/h{k.k] funZs'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k jkT;
fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr gksxkA flfoy lsok dh vo/kj.kk 1854 esa is'k dh xbZ FkhA
vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;qÙkQ djus vkSj bl mís'; ls 1854 esa yanu esa ,d flfoy lsok
42A
mUgsa drZO; vkSj dk;Z lkSaius dh 'kfÙkQA vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

le; çeq• ?kVuk 'kkfey gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vuqPNsn 316 (1) osQ }kjk fu;qÙkQ
fd;k tkrk gSAs
1855 çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa dh 'kq#vkr 1855 esa gqbZ FkhA
vf/dre vk;q 23 o"kZ vkSj U;wure vk;q 18 o"kZ jk"Vªifr & ;wih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llhA
FkhA jkT;iky & jkT; ih,llh
1864 igys Hkkjrh;] Jh johUæukFk VSxksj osQ HkkbZ Jh dk;Zokgd vè;{k vuqPNsn ¹316 (1A)º% ;fn
lR;sUæukFk VSxksj liQy gq,A vk;ksx osQ vè;{k dk in fjÙkQ gks tkrk gS rks ,d
1919 eksaVsX;w&psEliQksMZ lq/kj% yksd lsok vk;ksx dh dk;Zokgd vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ dh tk ldrh gS%
LFkkiuk osQ çko/kuA
jk"Vªifr & ;wih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llh
1922 1922 osQ ckn ls la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx dh
jkT;iky & jkT; ih,llh
LFkkiuk osQ lkFk Hkkjrh; flfoy lsok ijh{kk Hkkjr
esa Hkh vk;ksftr dh tkus yxh] igys bykgkckn esa z ;ksX;rk
vkSj ckn esa fnYyh esaA yanu esa ijh{kk dk vk;kstu vk;ksx osQ vk/s lnL; ,sls lnL; gksus pkfg, tks
flfoy lsok vk;ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk jgkA vuqPNsn 316 (1) osQ fy, in ij jgs gksa%
1924 yh vk;ksx
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ v/hu de ls de 10 o"kZ ;k
1926 1 vDVwcj 1926 dks yksd lsok vk;ksx dh LFkkiukA
jkT; ljdkj osQ v/hu de ls de 10 o"kZA
1935 la?kh; vkSj çkarh; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh LFkkiuk
osQ çko/kuA z dk;Zdky
1947 ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dks Lora=k Hkkjr dh flfoy z vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky vuqPNsn 316 (2) esa
lsokvksa osQ tud osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA of.kZr gS%
1976 dksBkjh vk;ksx% f=kLrjh; ijh{kk osQ fy, vuq'kaflrA la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx% ;wih,llh osQ lnL; vkSj
1989 lrh'k paæ vk;ksx% fuca/ isij osQ fy, vuq'kaflrA vè;{k 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius in
2004 gksrk lfefr% çkjafHkd Lrj ij ,IVhVÔwM isij ij cus jgsaxsA
(CSAT) osQ fy, vuq'kaflrA
jkT; ih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llh% jkT;
2006 21 vçSy dks flfoy lsok fnol osQ :i esa ?kksf"kr
fd;k x;kA ih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llh osQ lnL; vkSj
vè;{k 6 lky ;k 62 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius in
yksd lsok vk;ksx ij cus jgsaxsA
z Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk Hkkx 14] vuqPNsn 315 ls 323 rd z R;kxi=k
la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fy, yksd lsok vk;ksx ls lacaf/r gSA vk;ksx osQ lnL; vkSj vè;{k ¹vuqPNsn 316 (2)º dks
z Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 315 rhu çdkj osQ vk;ksxksa lacksf/r R;kxi=k fy•dj R;kxi=k ns ldrs gSa%
dh LFkkiuk ls lacaf/r gS% jk"Vªifr & ;wih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llhA
yksd lsok vk;ksx jkT;iky & jkT; ih,llh
z fu"dklu vkSj fuyacu

la?k yksd jkT; yksd la;qÙkQ yksd yksd lsok vk;ksx (;wih,llh] jkT; ih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ
lsok vk;ksx lsok vk;ksx lsok vk;ksx jkT; ih,llh) osQ vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; lnL; dks
(;wih,llh) (,lih,llh) (tsih,llh)
osQoy jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k }kjk muosQ dk;kZy; ls gVk;k
vuqPNsn 315 (1) vuqPNsn 315 (1) vuqPNsn 315 (2)
tk ldrk gS ¹vuqPNsn 317 (1)º%
z fu;qfÙkQ lqçhe dksVZ dh tkap osQ ckn] nqO;Zogkj osQ vk/kj ij
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (;wih,llh) vkSj jkT; yksd (blosQ fy, jk"Vªifr dks ekeys dks lqçhe dksVZ esa
lsok vk;ksx (LVsV ih,llh) esa vè;{k vkSj vU; lnL; Hkstuk gksxk)A

bl laca/ esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk nh xbZ lykg osru (vuqPNsn 322)% la?k yksd lsok vk;ksxksa osQ
jk"Vªifr osQ fy, ckè;dkjh gSA vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dk osru] HkÙks] isa'ku vkfn Hkkjr
z fuyacu ¹vuqPNsn 317(2)º% dh lafpr fuf/ ij Hkkfjr gksrk gS vkSj jkT; yksd lsok
lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkap osQ nkSjku] jk"Vªifr ;wih,llh vk;ksxksa dk osru ml jkT; dh lafpr fuf/ ij Hkkfjr
vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llh osQ vè;{k ;k lnL; dks gksrk gSA
fuyafcr dj ldrs gSaA iqufuZ;qfÙkQ (vuqPNsn 319)%
lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkap osQ nkSjku] jkT;iky jkT; la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx%
ih,llh osQ vè;{k ;k lnL; dks fuyafcr dj ldrs gSaA vè;{k & iqu% fu;qÙkQ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
fu"dklu osQ vU; çko/ku ¹vuqPNsn 317(3)º% lnL; & vk;ksx osQ lnL; osQ :i esa iqufuZ;qfÙkQ
z jk"Vªifr yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; lnL; osQ fy, ik=k ugha gS] ysfdu ;wih,llh dk lnL;
dks muosQ in ls gVk ldrs gS ;fn vè;{k ;k vU; lnL;% vk;ksx dk vè;{k ;k jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dk
fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gS_ ;k vè;{k cu ldrk gSA
og vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius dk;kZy; osQ jkT; ih,llh%
drZO;ksa osQ ckgj fdlh Hkh Hkqxrku okys jkstxkj esa vè;{k & mlh jkT; osQ yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ
layXu gksrk gS_ ;k vè;{k osQ :i esa iqufuZ;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k ugha gS]
jk"Vªifr dh jk; esa] ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd :i ls ysfdu vU; jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k
v'kÙkQ gksus osQ dkj.k og in ij cus jgus osQ fy, osQ lkFk&lkFk la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL;
v;ksX; gSA ;k vè;{k cu ldrs gSaA
nqO;Zogkj dk nks"kh ¹vuqPNsn 317(4)º% lnL; & vk;ksx osQ lnL; osQ :i esa iqufuZ;qfÙkQ
z fu;e cukus dh 'kfÙkQ (vuqPNsn 318) osQ fy, ik=k ugha gS] ysfdu yksd lsok vk;ksxksa
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx% jk"Vªifr osQ ikl vk;ksx osQ osQ vè;{k ;k la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL;
lnL;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok 'krks± osQ fy, fu;e osQ :i esa fu;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k gSA
vkSj dkuwu cukus dh 'kfÙkQ gSA fu"dklu (vuqPNsn 317)% yksd lsok vk;ksxksa osQ
;wih,llh (lnL;) fofu;e 1969 vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dks osQoy jk"Vªifr }kjk lafo/ku esa
fu;ekoyh esa dgk x;k gS fd vk;ksx esa 10 mfYyf•r rjhosQ vkSj vk/kj ij gh muosQ in ls gVk;k
lnL; vkSj 1 vè;{k gksxkA tk ldrk gSA blfy, os vius dk;Zdky dh lqj{kk dk
jkT; ih,llh% jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa vkuan ysrs gSaA
vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok 'krks± osQ fy, fu;e vkSj dkuwu z dk;Z
cukus dh 'kfÙkQ gSA Hkkjr esa yksd lsok vk;ksx (ih,llh) osQ dk;Z] pkgs
eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx (lsok dh 'krZsa) og osQaæ ;k jkT; Lrj ij gksa] vuqPNsn 320 esa of.kZr gSaA
fofu;e] 1973A HkrhZ vkSj p;u% ;wih,llh] vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok tSls
lnL;ksa dh la[;k% vk;ksx esa vf/dre 7 Hkkjrh; ç'kklfud lsok (vkbZ,,l)] Hkkjrh; iqfyl
lnL; gksaxsA jkT;iky lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks lsok (vkbZih,l) vkSj Hkkjrh; ou lsok (vkbZ,iQ,l)
vè;{k fu;qÙkQ dj ldrk gS (fu;e la[;k 3)A vkSj vU; lac¼ osQaæh; lsokvksa osQ fy, HkrhZ ijh{kk
z Lora=krk vk;ksftr djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
lafo/ku us yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k okf"kZd fjiksVZ (vuqPNsn 323)%
dk;Zç.kkyh dh lqj{kk vkSj lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ¹vuqPNsn 323
fuEufyf•r çko/ku fd, gSa% (1)º% la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk fd, x, dk;ks±
fLFkfr% yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL; dh lsok dh 'krks± dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr dks çLrqr djrk gS vkSj
esa mldh fu;qfÙkQ osQ ckn mlosQ vykHkdkjh ifjorZu ,slh fjiksVZ çkIr gksus ij jk"Vªifr fjiksVZ dks laln osQ
ugha fd;k tk,xk (vuqPNsn 318)A çR;sd lnu osQ le{k j•saxsA

jkT; ih,llh ¹vuqPNsn 323 ()º% jkT; vk;ksx orZeku vè;{k eukst lksuh
vk;ksx }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dh ,d okf"kZd fjiksVZ ,eihih,llh osQ çFke vè;{k Mh-oh- jsxs
jkT;iky dks çLrqr djrk gS vkSj ,slh fjiksVZ çkIr
orZeku vè;{k jkts'k yky esgjk
gksus ij jkT;iky fjiksVZ dks jkT; fo/kueaMy osQ
le{k j•sxkA z yksd lsok vk;ksx ls lEcaf/r vuqPNsn
lykgdkj Hkwfedk% ih,llh dkfeZd çca/u] HkrhZ vuqPNsn fo"k; & oLrq
uhfr;ksa vkSj ç'kklfud çfØ;kvksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa ij 315 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fy, yksd lsok vk;ksxA
ljdkj dks fo'ks"kK lykg çnku djrk gSA HkrhZ fu;eksa esa 316 lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ ,oa dk;ZdkyA
cnyko] fof'k"V inksa osQ fy, ;ksX;rk vkSj p;u çfØ;k 317 yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ fdlh lnL; dks gVk;k tkuk
esa lq/kj tSls eqíksa ij muls lykg yh tk ldrh gSA vkSj fuyafcr fd;k tkukA
ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu% ih,llh fu"i{krk] ikjnf'kZrk
318 vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok 'krks±
vkSj ;ksX;rk&vk/kfjr p;u lqfuf'pr djrs gq, flfoy osQ laca/ esa fu;e cukus dh 'kfÙkQA
lsokvksa osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa osQ fy, ijh{kkvksa dks fMtkbu
319 ,sls lnL; u jgus ij vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa }kjk in
vkSj lapkfyr djrk gSA bu ijh{kkvksa esa çkjafHkd ijh{kk]
/kj.k djus ij çfrca/A
eq[; fyf•r ijh{kk vkSj lk{kkRdkj 'kkfey gSaA
320 yksd lsok vk;ksxksa osQ dk;ZA
flyscl fMtkbu% ih,llh fofHkUu çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa
osQ fy, ikBÔØe fodflr djrk gS rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr 321 yksd lsok vk;ksxksa osQ dk;ks± dk foLrkj djus dh
fd;k tk losQ fd mEehnokj ewY;kadu çfØ;k osQ fy, 'kfÙkQA
vPNh rjg ls rS;kj gSaA Hkwfedkvksa dh cnyrh ek¡xksa 322 yksd lsok vk;ksxksa osQ O;;A
vkSj cnyrh ç'kklfud vko';drkvksa dks çfrfcafcr 323 yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh fjiksVZA
djus osQ fy, ikBÔØe dks fu;fer :i ls v|ru
fd;k tkrk gSA 4- eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx
foKkiu tkjh djuk% ih,llh vf/lwpuk tkjh dj
z ifjp;
mEehnokjksa dks vkxkeh ukSdjh fjfÙkQ;ksa] ik=krk] ekunaM]
eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx (,eihih,llh) lafo/ku
vkosnu çfØ;kvksa vkSj ijh{kk dk;ZØeksa osQ ckjs esa
osQ vuqPNsn 315 osQ rgr ,d laoS/kfud fudk; gSA
foKkiu tkjh djrk gSA
;g jkT; ljdkj osQ rgr fofHkUu flfoy lsokvksa vkSj
inksUufr ,oa LFkkukarj.k% ih,llh flfoy lsodksa dh
inksa osQ fy, ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus vkSj mEehnokjksa dk
inksUufr vkSj LFkkukarj.k çfØ;kvksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrh
gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd ;s çfØ;k,a fu"i{k :i p;u djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
ls vkSj LFkkfir fu;eksa vkSj fn'kkfunZs'kksa osQ vuqlkj z i`"BHkwfe
lapkfyr dh tkrh gSaA uohu eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu 27 vDVwcj
foHkkxh; iwNrkN% flfoy lsodksa ls tqM+s vuq'kklukRed 1956 dks Hkkjr ljdkj osQ x`g ea=kky; dh vf/lwpuk
ekeyksa ;k dnkpkj osQ ekeyksa esa] ih,llh LFkkfir osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k }kjk jkT; iquxZBu
çfØ;kvksa osQ vuqikyu esa mfpr dkjZokbZ fu/kZfjr djus vf/fu;e dh /kjk 118 (3) osQ rgr fd;k x;k FkkA
osQ fy, tkap dj ldrk gSA ,eihih,llh dk eq[;ky;& bankSj
fu;e cukuk% ih,llh mHkjrh t:jrksa vkSj lokZsÙke
çFkkvksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, HkrhZ fu;eksa] ijh{kk

çfØ;kvksa vkSj flfoy lsok ç'kklu osQ vU; igyqvksa
esa cnyko dk lq>ko ns ldrk gSA
z vè;{k
;wih,llh osQ çFke vè;{k jkWl ckdZj
;wih,llh osQ igys Hkkjrh; vè;{k ,p-osQ- Ñiykuh
;wih,llh dh igyh efgyk vè;{k jkst fefy;u cSF;w

çrhd% cjxn dk isM+] xsgwa vkSj /ku dh ckfy;ka] ckgj mls fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gS_ ;k
dh vksj 24 Lrwi dh vkÑfrA og vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius dk;kZy; osQ
z fu;qfÙkQ drZO;ksa osQ ckgj fdlh Hkh Hkqxrku okys jkstxkj esa
,eihih,llh esa jkT; osQ jkT;iky }kjk fu;qÙkQ vè;{k layXu gksrk gS_ ;k
vkSj vU; lnL; 'kkfey gksrs gSaA jk"Vªifr dh jk; esa] ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd :i ls
dk;Zokgd vè;{k vuqPNsn ¹316 (1 ,)º% ;fn v'kÙkQ gksus osQ dkj.k og in ij cus jgus osQ fy,
vk;ksx osQ vè;{k dk in fjÙkQ gks tkrk gS rks jkT; osQ v;ksX; gSA
jkT;iky }kjk ,d dk;Zokgd vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ dh nqO;Zogkj dk nks"kh ¹vuqPNsn 317(4)º%
tk ldrh gSA z fu;e cukus dh 'kfÙkQ (vuqPNsn 318)

z ;ksX;rk jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa
vk;ksx osQ vk/s lnL; ,sls lnL; gksus pkfg, tks dh lsok 'krks± osQ fy, fu;e vkSj dkuwu cukus dh
¹vuqPNsn 316(1)º osQ fy, in ij jgs gksa% 'kfÙkQ gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ v/hu de ls de 10 o"kZ ;k eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx (lsok dh 'krZsa) fofu;e]
jkT; ljdkj osQ v/hu de ls de 10 o"kZA 1973A

z dk;Zdky lnL;ksa dh la[;k% vk;ksx esa vf/dre 7 lnL;
vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky vuqPNsn 316 (2) gksaxsA jkT;iky lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks vè;{k
esa of.kZr gS% fu;qÙkQ dj ldrk gS (fu;e la[;k 3)A
jkT; ih,llh vkSj la;qÙkQ jkT; ih,llh osQ lnL; z Lora=krk
vkSj vè;{k 6 lky ;k 62 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius lafo/ku us yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k
in ij cus jgsaxsA dk;Zç.kkyh dh lqj{kk vkSj lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,

z R;kxi=k fuEufyf•r çko/ku fd, gSa%
vk;ksx osQ lnL; vkSj vè;{k jkT;iky dks lacksf/r fLFkfr% yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL; dh lsok dh 'krks±
R;kxi=k fy•dj vius in R;kx ldrs gSa ¹vuqPNsn esa mldh fu;qfÙkQ osQ ckn mlosQ vfgr osQ fy, cnyko
316 (2)º% ugha fd;k tk,xk (vuqPNsn 318)A
z fu"dklu vkSj fuyacu osru (vuqPNsn 322)% jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dk
yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; lnL; dks osru ml jkT; dh lafpr fuf/ ij Hkkfjr gksrk gSA
osQoy jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k }kjk gh muosQ in ls gVk;k iqufuZ;qfÙkQ (vuqPNsn 319)%
tk ldrk gS ¹vuqPNsn 317 (1)º% jkT; ih,llh%
lqçhe dksVZ dh tkap osQ ckn nqO;Zogkj osQ vk/kj ij

vè;{k & mlh jkT; osQ yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ
(blosQ fy, jk"Vªifr dks ekeys dks lqçhe dksVZ esa vè;{k osQ :i esa iqufuZ;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k ugha gS]
Hkstuk gksxk)A ysfdu vU; jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k
bl laca/ esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk nh xbZ lykg osQ lkFk&lkFk la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL;
jk"Vªifr osQ fy, ckè;dkjh gSA ;k vè;{k cu ldrs gSaA
fuyacu ¹vuqPNsn 317(2)º% lnL; & vk;ksx osQ lnL; osQ :i esa iqufuZ;qfÙkQ
lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkap osQ nkSjku] jkT;iky osQ fy, ik=k ugha gS] ysfdu yksd lsok vk;ksxksa
jkT; ih,llh osQ vè;{k ;k lnL; dks fuyafcr osQ vè;{k ;k la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL;
dj ldrs gSaA osQ :i esa fu;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k gSA
z fu"dklu osQ vU; çko/ku ¹vuqPNsn 317(3)º% fu"dklu (vuqPNsn 317)% yksd lsok vk;ksxksa osQ
jk"Vªifr yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dks osQoy jk"Vªifr }kjk lafo/ku esa
lnL; dks in ls gVk ldrk gS ;fn vè;{k ;k vU; mfYyf•r vk/kj ij gh muosQ in ls gVk;k tk ldrk
lnL;% gSA blfy, mUgsa vius dk;Zdky dh lqj{kk çkIr gSA

z dk;Z z orZeku vè;{k ,oa lnL;
Hkkjr esa yksd lsok vk;ksx (ih,llh) osQ dk;Z] pkgs og ekuuh; MkW jkts'k yky esgjk
osQaæ ;k jkT; Lrj ij gksa] vuqPNsn 320 esa mfYyf•r gSaA Mhvksts% 15-12-2021
okf"kZd fjiksVZ (vuqPNsn 323)% ch,llh] ,e, (fganh)] ih,p-Mh- (fganh)
jkT; ih,llh ¹(vuqPNsn 323 (2)º% jkT; 0731-2701107
yksd lsok vk;ksx] vk;ksx }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± dh
,d okf"kZd fjiksVZ (çfrosnu) jkT;iky dks çLrqr ekuuh; Jh pUnz'ks[kj jk;dokj th
djrk gS vkSj ,slh fjiksVZ çkIr gksus ij jkT;iky fjiksVZ Mhvksts% 10-07-2023
dks jkT; fo/kueaMy osQ le{k j•sxkA ,e-dkWe- (fctusl esustesaV)] ,y,ych
lykgdkj Hkwfedk% ih,llh dkfeZd çca/u] HkrhZ (vkWulZ) 0731-2701147
uhfr;ksa vkSj ç'kklfud çfØ;kvksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa ij
ljdkj dks fo'ks"kK lykg çnku djrk gSA HkrhZ fu;eksa esa ekuuh; MkW- o`Q".kdkar 'kekZ
cnyko] fof'k"V inksa osQ fy, ;ksX;rk vkSj p;u çfØ;k Mhvksts% 03-12-2021
esa lq/kj tSls eqíksa ij muls lykg yh tk ldrh gSA ,e-,llh- (Lo.kZ ind)] ,e- fiQy- ih,p-
Mh- (xf.kr) 0731-2702058
ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu% ih,llh fu"i{krk] ikjnf'kZrk
vkSj ;ksX;rk&vk/kfjr p;u lqfuf'pr djrs gq, flfoy

lsokvksa osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa osQ fy, ijh{kkvksa dks fMtkbu 5- fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd
vkSj lapkfyr djrk gSA bu ijh{kkvksa esa çkjafHkd ijh{kk]
z ifjp;
eq[; fyf•r ijh{kk vkSj lk{kkRdkj 'kkfey gSaA
lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 148 Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa
z vè;{k
egkys•k ijh{kd (CAG) osQ ,d Lora=k dk;kZy; dk
vè;{k dk;Zdky
çko/ku djrk gSA
ls rd
og Hkkjrh; ys•kijh{kk vkSj ys•k foHkkx osQ çeq• gSaA
Jh Mh- oh- jsxs 01&11&1956 17&09&1957
og lkoZtfud /u dk laj{kd gS vkSj osQaæh; Lrj vkSj
Jh ,p-lh- lsB 23&10&1957 11&10&1960
Jh ,l-ih-eqljku 07&11&1960 08&05&1963 jkT; Lrj] nksuksa Lrjksa ij ns'k dh laiw.kZ foÙkh; ç.kkyh
Jh vkj- jk/kÑ".ku 03&06&1963 02&03&1969 dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
Jh ,e-ih- JhokLro 18&11&1969 03&06&1972 MkW- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj us dgk fd CAG Hkkjr osQ
Jh osQ-lh-frokjh 08&07&1972 11&02&1974 lafo/ku osQ rgr lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;kZy; gksxkA
Jh osQ-,u-flUgk 11&02&1974 17&07&1978 z i`"BHkwfe
Jh ,u- lqanje 01&08&1978 21&06&1984 le; çeq• ?kVuk,¡
Jh ,e-ch- ihVj 16&01&1986 01&11&1986 1858 egkys•kdkj dk;kZy; dh LFkkiukA
Jh ,l-,y- 'kekZ 02&11&1986 11&06&1991 1860 lj ,MoMZ MªeaM dks çFke egkys•k ijh{kd fu;qÙkQ
Jh ts-,u- dkSy 16&01&1992 01&01&1996 fd;k x;kA
Jh vkse çdk'k esgjk 01&01&1996 15&12&1999 1866 bl in dk uke cnydj egkys•k fu;a=kd dj
Jh fou; 'kadj nqcs 17&04&2000 16&04&2006 fn;k x;kA
çks- (MkW-) çnhi oqQekj 13&06&2006 28&09&2011 1884 Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd osQ :i esa
tks'kh iqu% ukferA
Jh v'kksd oqQekj ikaMs 10&01&2012 01&07&2015 1919 Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e 1919 osQ rgr] egkys•k
Jh (MkW-) fcfiu C;kSgkj 04&07&2015 14&11&2017 ijh{kd ljdkj ls Lora=k gks x;kA
1935 Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e 1935 esa ,d la?kh; O;oLFkk
çks- Jh HkkLdj pkScs 13&02&2018 31&12&2020
esa çkarh; egkys•k ijh{kdksa dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA

le; çeq• ?kVuk,¡ og Hkkjr vkSj jkT;ksa osQ lHkh lafpr fuf/;ksa]
1936 1936 dk ys•k vkSj ys•kijh{kk vkns'k vkdfLed fuf/;ksa vkSj lkoZtfud •krksa ls lHkh
(egkys•k ijh{kd osQ foLr`r ys•kadu vkSj O;; ls lacaf/r •krksa dk vaosQ{k.k (vkWfMV)
ys•kijh{kk dk;Z) djrk gSA
1948 Hkkjr osQ igys oSQx (CAG)% oh- ujgfj jko og osQaæ vkSj çR;sd jkT; dh çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dk
1971 fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (drZO;] 'kfÙkQ;ka vkSj vaosQ{k.k djrk gSA
lsok dh 'krZsa) vf/fu;e] 1971 og fuEufyf•r dh çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dk vaosQ{k.k
z laoS/kfud çko/ku djrk gS%
lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 148 ls 151 Hkkjr osQ CAG osQ
(a) lHkh fudk; vkSj çkf/dj.k tks osQaæ ;k jkT;
dk;kZy; ls lacaf/r gSA
osQ jktLo ls foÙk ys jgs gSa_
z fu;qfÙkQ (b) ljdkjh daifu;k¡_ vkSj
CAG dh fu;qfÙkQ Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS (c) vU; fuxe vkSj fudk; tc lacaf/r dkuwuksa }kjk
¹vuqPNsn 148(1)ºA vko';d gksaA
z osru jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky osQ vuqjks/ ij og fdlh vU;
vuqPNsn 148(3)% fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd dk çkf/dj.k osQ •krksa dk vaosQ{k.k djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ
osru vkSj lsok dh vU; 'krZsa ,slh gksaxh tks laln }kjk fy,] iapk;rksa] uxj ikfydkvksa dk vaosQ{k.kA
dkuwu cukdj fu/kZfjr dh tk ldrh gSaA og jk"Vªifr dks ml çi=k osQ fu/kZj.k osQ laca/ esa
/kjk 3% fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (drZO;] 'kfÙkQ;k¡ lykg nsrk gS] ftlesa osQaæ vkSj jkT;ksa osQ •krs j•s tk,axs
(vuqPNsn 150)A
vkSj lsok dh 'krZsa) vf/fu;e] 1971 dh /kjk 3 osQ
og •krksa ls lacaf/r viuh vaosQ{k.k çfrosnu (vkWfMV
vuqlkj CAG dk osru lokZsPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa
fjiksVZ) çLrqr djrk gS (vuqPNsn 151)A
osQ osru osQ cjkcj gSA
og fdlh Hkh dj ;k 'kqYd dh 'kq¼ vk; dks çekf.kr
CAG dk osru Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/ ij Hkkfjr
djrk gS (vuqPNsn 279)A
gksrk gSA
og laln dh yksd ys•k lfefr osQ ekxZn'kZd] fe=k
z dk;Zdky vkSj nk'kZfud osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
/kjk 4% vf/fu;e dh /kjk 4 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr osQ z çfrosnu
CAG osQ in dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q] vuqPNsn 151(1)% la?k osQ •krksa ls lacaf/r Hkkjr osQ
tks Hkh igys gks gksxkA fu;a=kd vkSj egkys•k ijh{kd dh fjiksVZ] jk"Vªifr dks
z R;kxi=k lkSaih tk,xh vkSj jk"Vªifr fjiksVZ dks laln osQ çR;sd
CAG Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks lacksf/r bLrhiQs osQ ekè;e lnu osQ le{k j•saxsA
vuqPNsn 151(2)% fdlh jkT; osQ •krksa ls lacaf/r
ls viuk in R;kx dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd vkSj egkys•k ijh{kd dh fjiksVZ jkT;
z dk;Z
osQ jkT;iky dks lkSaih tk,xh vkSj jkT;iky fjiksVZ dks
fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (drZO;] 'kfÙkQ;ka vkSj jkT; osQ fo/kueaMy osQ le{k j•saxsA
lsok dh 'krZsa) vf/fu;e] 1971 dk vè;k; 3 CAG rhu CAG fjiksVZ vFkkZr~ fofu;ksx •krksa ij vaosQ{k.k
osQ drZO;ksa vkSj 'kfÙkQ;ksa ls lacaf/r gSA fjiksVZ] foÙkh; •krksa ij vaosQ{k.k fjiksVZ vkSj lkoZtfud
laln vkSj lafo/ku }kjk fu/kZfjr CAG osQ drZO; vkSj {ks=k osQ miØeksa ij vaosQ{k.k fjiksVZ] dh tkap lkoZtfud
dk;Z gSa% ys•k lfefr (ih,lh) }kjk dh tkrh gSA

z vè;{k vuqPNsn fo'ks"krk
Hkkjr osQ egkys•k ijh{kd (1860&1950) 279 ¶'kq¼ vk;¸ dh x.kuk Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa
Øa- Hkkjr osQ egkys•k ijh{kd ls rd egkys•k ijh{kd }kjk lqfuf'pr vkSj çekf.kr dh
tkrh gS] ftldk çek.k i=k vafre gksrk gSA
1 ,MeaM MªeaM 1860 1862
2 lj cVhZ eksujks LVSx 1945 1948 6- uhfr vk;ksx
3 oh- ujgfj jko 1948 1950
z ifjp;
Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (1950&orZeku)
uhfr vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; Hkkjr ifjorZu laLFkk (us'kuy
Øa- Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ls rd baLVhVÔw'ku iQkWj VªkaliQkWfeZax bafM;k) dk laf{kIr :i]
ijh{kd Hkkjr esa ,d ikWfylh fFkad VSad vkSj ljdkjh laLFkk gSA
1 oh- ujgfj jko 1950 1954 bldh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh 2015 dks Hkkjr osQ iwoZorhZ
;kstuk vk;ksx osQ çfrLFkkiu osQ :i esa dh xbZ FkhA

2 vfuy oqQekj pUæk 1954 1960
uhfr vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk nh?kZdkfyd fodkl vkSj
3 ,-osQ- jkW; 1960 1966
vkfFkZd o`f¼ ij è;ku osQafær djrs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj
4 ,l- jaxukFku 1966 1972 dks j.kuhfrd vkSj uhfrxr lykg çnku djuk gSA
5 ,- c['kh 1972 1978 eq[;ky; & ubZ fnYyh
6 Kku çdk'k 1978 1984 z i`"BHkwfe

7 f=kyksd ukFk prqoZsnh 1984 1990 1928 esa tkslsiQ LVkfyu us :l esa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡
8 lh- th- lkseS;k 1990 1996 'kq: dhA

15 ekpZ 1951 dks Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 39
9 oh- osQ- 'kqaxyw 1996 2002
osQ vk/kj ij dk;Zdkjh vkns'k }kjk ;kstuk vk;ksx dh
10 fot;sUæ ukFk dkSy 2002 2008 'kq#vkr dh xbZA
11 fouksn jk; 2008 2013 15 vxLr 2014 dks ç/kuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us yky fdys
12 'kf'kdkar 'kekZ 2013 2017 ij ;kstuk vk;ksx dks lekIr dj uhfr vk;ksx osQ xBu
13 jktho egf"kZ 2017 2020 dh ?kks"k.kk dh vkSj oSQfcusV çLrko ikfjr gksus osQ ckn
1 tuojh 2015 dks uhfr vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
14 fxjh'k paæ eqeZw 2020 orZeku
z vk;ksx dh çÑfr
z çeq• vuqPNsn ,d utj esa lafo/kusÙkj] xSj&oS/kfud fudk; ;k xSj&lkafof/d
vuqPNsn fo'ks"krk fudk;A

148(1) CAG dh fu;qfÙkQ
z mís';
lrr vk/kj ij lajfpr lg;ksx igy vkSj ra=k osQ
148(2) 'kiFk
ekè;e ls jkT;ksa osQ lkFk laokn dks c<+kok nsukA
148(3) osru ,oa vU; 'krZsa xzkeh.k Lrj ij fo'oluh; ;kstuk osQ fy, ra=k fodflr
148(4) iqufuZ;qfÙkQ (iqu% fu;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k ugha) djukA
148(5) dkuwu cukus dh laln dh 'kfÙkQ j.kuhfrd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd uhfr vkSj dk;ZØe <kapkA
148(6) osru vkSj vU; O;; Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/ ij leku fopkj/kjk okys jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; fFkad VSad
Hkkfjr fd;s tk;saxsA vkSj 'kS{kf.kd vkSj uhfr vuqla/ku laLFkkuksa osQ chp
149 CAG osQ drZO; lk>snkjh dks lykg nsuk vkSj çksRlkfgr djukA
fodkl ,tsaMs osQ dk;kZUo;u esa rsth ykus osQ fy,
150 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ •krksa dk çi=k
varj&{ks=kh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqíksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy,
151 ys•kijh{kk fjiksVZ ,d eap çnku djukA

z jpuk,a
vè;{k (iz/kuea=kh)
mikè;{k (iz/kuea=kh }kjk fu;qDr)
eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/dkjh

(iz/kuea=kh }kjk fu;qDr)
va'kdkfyd lnL; insu lnL;

iw.kZdkfyd lnL;
(vf/dre 2) (vf/dre 4)
'kkldh; ifj"kn
z eq[;ea=kh ,oa osQUnz'kkflr {ks=kksa osQ mi&jkT;iky
{ks=kh; ifj"knsa
z eq[;ea=kh ,oa osQUnz'kkflr {ks=kksa osQ mi&jkT;iky
fof'k"V vkeaf=kr
z fo'ks"kK] lqfoK ,oa vH;klh] ftuosQ ikl lEcaf/r {ks=k esa fo'ks"k Kku ,oa ;ksX;rk gks
vè;{k ç/kuea=kh (Jh ujsaæ eksnh)

mikè;{k ç/kuea=kh }kjk fu;qÙkQ] oSQfcusV ea=kh dk ntkZ çkIr (çFke& vjfoan iuxf<+;k] orZeku& lqeu csjh)
eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lfpo] ftudh fu;qfÙkQ ç/kuea=kh }kjk ,d fuf'pr vof/ osQ fy, dh tkrh gS
(çFke& fla/qJh •qYyj] orZeku& chohvkj lqcze.;e)
iw.kZdkfyd lnL; 4 lnL; ç/kuea=kh }kjk fu;qÙkQ] jkT; ea=kh dk ntkZ] Hkkjr ljdkj (MkW- fouksn ikWy] fot; oqQekj
lkjLor] jes'k pan] vjfoan fojekuh)
insu lnL; 4 lnL; osQaæh; eaf=kifj"kn ls (vfer 'kkg] jktukFk flag] fueZyk lhrkje.k] ujsaæ flag rksej)
va'kdkfyd lnL; 2 (vxz.kh fo'ofo|ky;ksa] vuqla/ku laxBuksa vkSj insu {kerk esa vU; çklafxd laLFkkuksa ls)
fVIi.kh* lHkh lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ ç/kuea=kh }kjk dh tkrh gSA 5- uhfr vk;ksx osQ iw.kZdkfyd lnL; vkSj fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr
z 'kklh ifj"kn lnL;
vè;{krk Hkkjr osQ ç/kuea=kh }kjk dh tkrh gSA
;g jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh
osQ lkFk jk"Vªh; çkFkfedrkvksa vkSj j.kuhfr;ksa dh la;qÙkQ z {ks=kh; ifj"kn

n`f"V fodflr djus osQ fy, uksMy laLFkk gSA {ks=kh; jkT;ksa dk lewgA
fdlh vkdfLedrk ;k fof'k"V eqís ls tqM+h fdlh Hkh

;g varj&foHkkxh;] varj&{ks=kh; vkSj la?kh; eqíksa ij
ppkZ osQ fy, ,d çeq• eap gSA leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, {ks=kh; ifj"kn osQ xBu dk
Hkh çko/ku fd;k x;k gSA
lnL;&
{ks=kh; ifj"knksa dh cSBd Hkkjr osQ ç/kuea=kh osQ funZs'k
1- ç/kuea=kh ij vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSa] ftlesa jkT;ksa osQ eq[;ea=kh
2- jkT;ksa vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa osQ eq[;ea=kh vkSj osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa osQ mijkT;iky Hkkx ysrs gSaA
3- osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa osQ mijkT;iky vke rkSj ij budk usr`Ro uhfr vk;ksx osQ mikè;{k
4- uhfr vk;ksx osQ insu lnL; ,oa mikè;{k djrs gSaA

z dk;Z z i`"BHkwfe
uhfr fuekZ.k vkSj dk;ZØe ;kstuk ekuokf/dkj dk vk/kj bfrgkl
lgdkjh la?kokn dks c<+kok nsuk
le; vk;kstu
tkapuk vkSj ij•uk
1215 eSXukdkVkZ 1215 esa baXySaM osQ jktk tkWu osQ
fFkad VSad vkSj Kku ,oa uokpkj dk l`tu 'kkludky osQ nkSjku tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA
z uhfr vk;ksx osQ ekxZn'kZd fl¼kar 1524 CySd iQkWjsLV osQ ckjg ys• 1524 esa
çdkf'kr gq, Fks] vkSj mUgksaus xzkeh.k
vUR;ksn;
vkcknh dh fparkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks
lq'kklu O;ÙkQ fd;k Fkk] tks vDlj vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k
vkSj lkekftd vU;k; dk f'kdkj gksrs FksA
lekosf'krk 1926 xqykeh mUewyu lEesyu ij jk"Vª la?k }kjk
gLrk{kj fd;s x;sA
tulkaf[;dh; foHkktu
iQjojh 1946 ekuokf/dkjksa ij la;qÙkQ jk"Vª vk;ksx
xzke 10 fnlacj 1948 ekuokf/dkjksa dh lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kk
10 fnlacj 1950 10 fnlacj dks ekuokf/dkj fnol osQ :i
ikjnf'kZrk esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k
1991 ekuokf/dkjksa ij isfjl ?kks"k.kki=k] ftls
j•j•ko 1993 esa viuk;k x;k FkkA
28 flracj 1993 Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ }kjk
uhfr vk;ksx dk egRo ekuokf/dkj laj{k.k vè;kns'k 1993 ikfjr
z lgdkjh la?kokn fd;k x;kA
z çfrLi/hZ la?kokn 12 vDVwcj 1993 ekuo vf/dkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiukA
8 tuojh 1994 ekuo vf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1993]
z Kku vkSj uokpkj
laln }kjk ikfjrA
z fodkl
z vk;ksx dh çÑfr
z vkfFkZd lq/kjs
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx ,d oS/kfud fudk; gSA
7- ekuo vf/dkj vk;ksx z fl¼kar

¶loZs HkoUrq lqf•u%¸
z ifjp;
z ea=kky;
jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx] ekuokf/dkj vf/fu;e
x`g ea=kky;
1993 (PHRA) osQ laj{k.k osQ rgr 12 vDVwcj 1993
dks xfBr ,d oS/kfud fudk; gSA z fu;qfÙkQ
ekuokf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1993 dh /kjk 3(1)
bl vf/fu;e esa 2006 vkSj 2019 esa la'kks/u fd;k
x;k FkkA osQ varxZr osQaæ ljdkj jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dk

jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh
xBu djrh gSA
esa gSA vè;{k ,oa vU; lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ (/kjk 4)
/kjk 2 (1Mh) ekuokf/dkjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS% vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ] Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr }kjk ,d lfefr
¶ekuokf/dkj¸ dk vFkZ gS O;fÙkQ osQ thou] Lora=krk] dh fliQkfj'k ij dh tk,xh ftlesa 'kkfey gksaxs%
lekurk vkSj lEeku ls lacaf/r vf/dkj tks lafo/ku ç/kuea=kh (lHkkifr)] yksdlHkk vè;{k] osQaæh; x`g
}kjk xkjaVhÑr gSa ;k varjkZ"Vªh; vuqca/ksa esa 'kkfey gSa ea=kh] yksdlHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk] jkT;lHkk esa foi{k osQ
vkSj Hkkjr esa U;k;ky; }kjk ykxw fd, tkus ;ksX; gSaA usrk vkSj jkT;lHkk osQ milHkkifrA

Commodendation Committee for NHRC
Prime Minister (Chairman)
Speaker Home Minister Deputy Chairman
Leader of Opposition in Leader of Opposition

Rajya Sabha in Lok Sabha
fVIi.kh% fdlh vè;{k ;k lnL; dh dksbZ Hkh fu;qfÙkQ] osQoy 2- jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx]
lfefr esa fdlh lnL; dh fjfÙkQ osQ dkj.k vekU; ugha gksxh
3- jk"Vªh; cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx]
¹/kjk 4(2)ºA
4- jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx]
z jpuk,¡ ¹/kjk 3 (2)º
,u,pvkjlh esa ,d vè;{k] ikap iw.kZdkfyd lnL;
5- jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx]
vkSj lkr insu lnL; 'kkfey gSaA 6- jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vkSj
vk;ksx esa 'kkfey gksaxs& 7- fnO;kaxksa osQ fy, eq[; vk;qÙkQA
(a) ,d vè;{k tks Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k ;k lokZsPp z R;kxi=k ¹/kjk 5(1)º
U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k jgk gks_ vè;{k ;k dksbZ Hkh lnL; Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks vius
(b) ,d lnL; tks lokZsPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k gS ;k gLrk{kj lfgr fyf•r lwpuk nsdj viuk in R;kx
jgk gS_ ldrk gSA
(c) ,d lnL; tks fdlh mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k z gVkuk@inP;qfr
gS ;k jgk gS_ /kjk 5(2)% vè;{k ;k fdlh Hkh lnL; dks lokZsPp
(d) rhu lnL;] ftuesa ls de ls de ,d efgyk gksxh] U;k;ky; dh tkap osQ ckn fl¼ dnkpkj ;k v{kerk
ftls ekuokf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dk Kku ;k osQ vk/kj ij Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k ls gh muosQ
O;kogkfjd vuqHko gksxkA
in ls gVk;k tk,xkA
insu lnL;
/kjk 5(3)% Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr vè;{k ;k fdlh lnL;
fuEufyf•r vk;ksxksa osQ vè;{k%
dks gVk ldrs gSa ;fn vè;{k ;k ,slk lnL; &
1- jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx]
(a) fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gS_ ;k

(b) vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius dk;kZy; osQ drZO;ksa (c) oSQfn;ksa dh thou fLFkfr;ksa dk vè;;u djus osQ fy,
osQ ckgj fdlh Hkh Hkqxrku okys jkstxkj esa layXu gksrk jkT; ljdkj osQ fu;a=k.k esa fdlh tsy ;k vU; laLFkku
gS_ ;k dk nkSjk djsa vkSj ljdkj dks fliQkfj'ksa djsa_
(c) eu ;k 'kjhj dh nqcZyrk osQ dkj.k in ij cus jgus (d) ekuokf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, lafo/ku ;k ml le;
osQ fy, v;ksX; gS_ ;k ykxw fdlh Hkh dkuwu }kjk ;k mlosQ varxZr çnku fd,
(d) ekufld :i ls fof{kIr gS vkSj l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk x, lqj{kk mik;ksa dh leh{kk djsa vkSj muosQ çHkkoh
,slk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, mik;ksa dh fliQkfj'k djsa_
(e) fdlh ,sls vijk/ osQ fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gS vkSj (e) mu dkjdksa dh leh{kk djsa] tks ekuokf/dkjksa osQ vkuan
dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ gS ftlesa jk"Vªifr dh jk; dks ckf/r djrs gSa vkSj mfpr mipkjkRed mik;ksa
esa uSfrd iru 'kkfey gSA dh fliQkfj'k djrs gSa] ftlesa vkradoknh ÑR; Hkh
z dk;Zdky 'kkfey gSa_
vè;{k vius in xzg.k djus dh frfFk ls 3 o"kZ dh (f) ekuokf/dkjksa ij laf/;ksa vkSj vU; varjkZ"Vªh; midj.kksa
vof/ ;k 70 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus] tks Hkh igys dk vè;;u djuk vkSj muosQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u osQ
gks] rd vius in ij jgsxk ¹/kjk 6(1)ºA fy, fliQkfj'ksa djuk_
fVIi.kh% vè;{k iqu% fu;qfÙkQ (2019 la'kks/u) osQ fy, (g) ekuokf/dkj osQ {ks=k esa vuqla/ku djuk vkSj c<+kok
ik=k gksxkA nsuk_
lnL; vius in xzg.k djus dh frfFk ls 3 o"kZ dh (h) lekt osQ fofHkUu oxks± osQ chp ekuokf/dkj lk{kjrk
vof/ osQ fy, ;k 70 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus rd] tks iQSykuk vkSj tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsukA
Hkh igys gks] in ij cus jgsaxs ¹/kjk 6(2)ºA
(i) ekuokf/dkj osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa
ineqÙkQ gksus ij] vè;{k ;k lnL; Hkkjr ljdkj ;k
vkSj laLFkkuksa osQ ç;klksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk_
fdlh jkT; ljdkj osQ v/hu vkxs jkstxkj osQ fy,
v;ksX; gksaxs ¹/kjk 6(3)ºA (j) ,sls vU; dk;Z ftUgsa og ekuokf/dkjksa dks c<+kok nsus
z dk;Z (/kjk 12) osQ fy, vko';d le>sA
vk;ksx fuEufyf•r esa ls lHkh ;k oqQN dk;Z djsxk] vFkkZr% z çfrosnu (fjiksVZ) (/kjk 20)
(a) & (i) ekuokf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku ;k (ii) fdlh yksd vk;ksx osQaæ ljdkj vkSj lacaf/r jkT; ljdkj dks ,d
lsod }kjk ,sls mYya?ku dh jksdFkke esa ykijokgh dh okf"kZd çfrosnu çLrqr djsxkA
f'kdk;r ij] Lor% laKku (Loçsj.kk) ls ;k fdlh osQaæ ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj vk;ksx dh okf"kZd vkSj
ihfM+r }kjk çLrqr ;kfpdk ij iwNrkN djuk_ fo'ks"k çfrosnuksa dks Øe'k% laln ;k jkT; fo/kueaMy
(b) fdlh U;k;ky; osQ le{k yafcr ekuokf/dkjksa osQ osQ çR;sd lnu osQ le{k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa ij
mYya?ku osQ fdlh Hkh vkjksi ls lacaf/r fdlh Hkh dh xbZ ;k çLrkfor dkjZokbZ osQ Kkiu vkSj fliQkfj'kksa
dk;Zokgh esa lacaf/r U;k;ky; dh eatwjh ls gLr{ksi dks vLohdkj djus osQ fy, dkj.k] ;fn dksbZ gks] osQ
djuk_ lkFk j•ok,xhA
z vk;ksx osQ vè;{k
iwoZ vè;{k ,oa lnL;
dk;Zdky
Ø-la- uke in dk uke
ls rd
1 U;k;ewfrZ Jh jaxukFk feJ vè;{k 12-10-1993 24-11-1996
2 U;k;ewfrZ Jh ,e-,u- osadVpyS;k vè;{k 26-11-1996 24-10-1999
3 U;k;ewfrZ Jh ts-,l- oekZ vè;{k 04-11-1999 17-1-2003
4 U;k;ewfrZ Jh MkW- ,-,l- vkuan vè;{k 17-2-2003 31-10-2006
5 U;k;ewfrZ MkW- f'kojkt oh- ikfVy dk;Zokgd vè;{k 01-11-2006 01-04-2007
6 U;k;ewfrZ Jh ,l- jktsaæ ckcw vè;{k 02-04-2007 31-05-2009

7 Jh U;k;ewfrZ xksfoan çlkn ekFkqj dk;Zokgd vè;{k 01-06-2009 06-06-2010
8 U;k;ewfrZ Jh osQ-th ckykÑ".ku vè;{k 07-06-2010 11@05@2015
9 Jh U;k;ewfrZ ,p- ,y- nÙkw vè;{k 29-02-2016 02-12-2020
10 U;k;ewfrZ Jh v#.k oqQekj feJk vè;{k 02@06@2021 orZeku
vk;ksx osQ orZeku (2023) vè;{k vkSj lnL;
Ø-la- uke in dk uke xzg.k dh frfFk vk;ksx esa 'kkfey gksus ls igys vk;ksftr in
1 U;k;ewfrZ Jh v#.k oqQekj feJk vè;{k 02@06@2021 U;k;k/h'k] Hkkjr dk lokZsPp U;k;ky;
2 MkW- Kkus'oj euksgj eqys lnL; 25-04-2019 lfpo (lhihoh ,oa vksvkbZ,)A fons'k ea=kky;]
Hkkjr ljdkjA Hkkjr dh
3 Jh jktho tSu lnL; 02@06@2021 baVsfytsal C;wjks osQ funs'kd
jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx eq[;ea=kh (vè;{k)] fo/kulHkk vè;{k] jkT; osQ x`g
z ifjp; ea=kh] fo/kulHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk] (fVIi.kh* ;fn
ekuokf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1993 (ih,pvkj,)
fdlh jkT; esa fo/ku ifj"kn gS rks fo/ku ifj"kn esa
dk vè;k; 5 jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dk çko/ku foi{k osQ usrk vkSj fo/ku ifj"kn osQ vè;{k Hkh bl
djrk gSA lfefr dk fgLlk gksaxs)A
lfefr esa fdlh Hkh lnL; dh fjfÙkQ osQ dkj.k vè;{k
eè;çns'k ekuo vf/dkj vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; Hkksiky
esa gS (/kjk 21(4)º ;k lnL; dh dksbZ Hkh fu;qfÙkQ vekU; ugha gksxh ¹/kjk
22(2)ºA
LFkkiuk% 13 flracj 1995
z jpuk,¡ ¹/kjk 21 (2)º
e-ç- ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL; (osru]
vk;ksx esa 'kkfey gksaxs&
HkÙks vkSj lsok dh vU; 'krZsa) fu;e 1995 esa ykxw gq,A
orZeku dk;Zokgd vè;{k% Jh euksgj eerkuhA
(a) ,d vè;{k] tks fdlh mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[;
U;k;k/h'k ;k U;k;k/h'k jgk gks_
vkn'kZ okD;% ge lc cjkcj] cjkcj gekjs vf/dkj
(b) ,d lnL;] tks jkT; esa mPp U;k;ky; ;k ftyk
U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k gS ;k jgk gS] ftlosQ ikl ftyk
U;k;k/h'k osQ :i esa U;wure lkr o"kZ dk vuqHko gS_
(c) ,d lnL; dks ekuokf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dk
Kku ;k O;kogkfjd vuqHko j•us okys O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls
fu;qÙkQ fd;k tk,xkA
z R;kxi=k ¹/kjk 23(1)º
vè;{k ;k dksbZ Hkh lnL; jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks vius
z vk;ksx dh çÑfr gLrk{kj lfgr fyf•r lwpuk nsdj viuk in R;kx

jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx ,d oS/kfud fudk; gSA ldrk gSA
z fu;qfÙkQ z gVkuk@inP;qfr
ekuo vf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e 1993 dh /kjk /kjk 23(1,)% vè;{k ;k fdlh lnL; dks lokZsPp
21(1) osQ varxZr jkT; ljdkj] jkT; ekuo vf/dkj U;k;ky; dh tkap osQ ckn fl¼ dnkpkj ;k v{kerk
vk;ksx dk xBu djrh gSA osQ vk/kj ij] Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k ls gh muosQ
vè;{k ,oa vU; lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ (/kjk 22) in ls gVk;k tk,xkA
vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ jkT; osQ jkT;iky }kjk ,d /kjk 23(2)% Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr vè;{k ;k fdlh
lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij dh tk,xh ftlesa 'kkfey lnL; dks gVk ldrs gSa ;fn vè;{k ;k ,slk lnL; &
gksaxs% (a) fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gS_ ;k

(b) vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius dk;kZy; osQ drZO;ksa fy, çLrkfor dkjZokbZ osQ Kkiu vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dks
osQ ckgj fdlh Hkh Hkqxrku okys jkstxkj esa layXu gksrk vLohdkj djus osQ dkj.kksa] ;fn dksbZ Hkh dks] osQ Kkiu
gS] ;k osQ lkFk jkT; fo/kueaMy osQ le{k j•sxhA
(c) eu ;k 'kjhj dh nqcZyrk osQ dkj.k in ij cus jgus
osQ fy, v;ksX; gS_ ;k 8- efgyk vk;ksx
(d) ekufld :i ls fof{kIr gS vkSj l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk z ifjp;
,slk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx (,ulhMCY;w)] jk"Vªh; efgyk
(e) fdlh ,sls vijk/ osQ fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gS vkSj vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 1990 osQ varxZr Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ gS ftlesa jk"Vªifr dh jk; xfBr ,d oS/kfud fudk; gSA ,ulhMCY;w dh LFkkiuk
efgykvksa osQ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk vkSj muosQ l'kfÙkQdj.k
esa uSfrd v/erk 'kkfey gSA
dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhA
z dk;Zdky
z i`"BHkwfe
vè;{k vius in xzg.k dh rkjh• ls 3 o"kZ dh vof/
jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk tuojh 1992 esa
osQ fy, ;k 70 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus rd] tks Hkh jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 1990 (Hkkjr ljdkj
igys gks] in ij jgsxk ¹/kjk 24(1)ºA osQ 1990 osQ vf/fu;e la[;k 20) osQ varxZr ,d
fVIi.kh* vè;{k iqu% fu;qfÙkQ (2019 la'kks/u) osQ oS/kfud fudk; osQ :i esa dh xbZ FkhA
fy, ik=k gksxkA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ij lfefr (lh,lMCY;wvkbZ)
lnL; vius in xzg.k djus dh frfFk ls rhu o"kZ dh us yxHkx nks n'kd igys f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k dh
vof/ osQ fy, ;k lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus rd] lqfo/k vkSj efgykvksa osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa
tks Hkh igys gks] in ij cus jgsaxsA ¹/kjk 24(2)º rsth ykus osQ fy, fuxjkuh dk;ks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
in ij cus jgus ij] vè;{k ;k lnL; Hkkjr ljdkj
,d jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh fliQkfj'k
dh FkhA
;k fdlh jkT; ljdkj osQ v/hu vkxs jkstxkj osQ fy,
ebZ 1990 esa ;g fo/s;d yksdlHkk esa is'k fd;k x;kA
v;ksX; gksaxs ¹/kjk 24(3)ºA
tqykbZ 1990 esa ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; us
z osru fo/s;d osQ laca/ esa lq>ko çkIr djus osQ fy, ,d
vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dks ns; osru vkSj HkÙks vkSj lsok osQ jk"Vªh; Lrj dk lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;kA
vU; fu;e vkSj 'krZsa ,slh gksaxh tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk vxLr 1990 esa ljdkj us dbZ la'kks/u fd, vkSj vk;ksx
fu/kZfjr dh tk ldrh gSaA dks flfoy U;k;ky; dh 'kfÙkQ çnku djus osQ fy, u,
e-ç-ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL; (osru] çko/ku çLrqr fd,A
HkÙks vkSj lsok dh vU; 'krZsa) fu;e] 1995 osQ fu;e fo/s;d ikfjr gks x;k vkSj 30 vxLr 1990 dks bls
Øekad 3 osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dh lgefr çkIr gqbZA

jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx (,ulhMCY;w) ,d Lok;Ùk vkSj
(a) vè;{k dks çkIr gksus okys osru vkSj HkÙks] eè;çns'k
oS/kfud fudk; gS ftldh LFkkiuk Hkkjr esa efgykvksa
mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ osru vkSj HkÙks
osQ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk vkSj c<+kok nsus osQ fy, jk"Vªh;
osQ cjkcj gksaxs_ efgyk vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 1990 osQ varxZr 31 tuojh
(b) lnL; dks çkIr gksus okys osru vkSj HkÙks] eè;çns'k 1992 dks dh xbZ FkhA
mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k osQ osru vkSj HkÙks osQ z vk;ksx dh çÑfr& lkafof/d fudk;
cjkcj gksaxsA z ea=kky;
z çfrosnu (fjiksVZ) (/kjk 28) efgyk ,oa cky fodkl ea=kky;
jkT; vk;ksx jkT; ljdkj dks ,d okf"kZd çfrosnu z vk/kj

çLrqr djsxkA jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 1990
jkT; ljdkj vk;ksx dh okf"kZd vkSj fo'ks"k çfrosnuksa z fu;qfÙkQ

dks vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa ij dh xbZ ;k fd, tkus osQ lHkh dh fu;qfÙkQ osQaæ ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gS

z la?kBu (/kjk 3) 5- efgykvksa osQ vf/dkjksa osQ çfr tkx:drk dks c<+kok
vk;ksx esa U;wure la[;k esa lnL; gksus pkfg,% blesa nsuk]
,d vè;{k] ,d lnL; lfpo vkSj vU; ikap lnL; 6- ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd uhfr&fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dh
'kkfey gksaA vkokt lquh tk,A
z vè;{k z egÙo
osQaæ ljdkj] vè;{k dks euksuhr djsxhA ,ulhMCY;w us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa osQ vf/dkjksa dks
z ikap lnL; c<+kok nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

ikap lnL;ksa dks osQaæ ljdkj }kjk ;ksX;] bZekunkj vkSj blus dbZ ldkjkRed cnyko ykus esa enn dh gS] tSls
çfrf"Br O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls ukfer fd;k tkuk gSA (de ls ?kjsyw fgalk ls efgykvksa dh lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2005
de 1 ,llh ls vkSj 1 ,lVh ls) vkSj dk;ZLFky ij efgykvksa dk ;kSu mRihM+u (jksdFkke]
muosQ ikl] fof/ ;k fo/k;h] O;kikj la?kokn] efgykvksa fu"ks/ vkSj fuokj.k) vf/fu;e] 2013 dk vf/fu;euA
dh m|ksx {kerk dk çca/u] efgykvksa osQ LoSfPNd z çfrosnu
laxBu] f'k{kk] ç'kklu] vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx osQUæ ljdkj dks okf"kZd fjiksVZ
HkykbZ tSls fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A çLrqr djrs gSaA
z lnL; lfpo z vè;{k
osQaæ ljdkj lnL; lfpoksa dks Hkh ukfer djrh gSA 1- t;arh iVuk;d
mls ;k rks çca/u osQ {ks=k esa ,d fo'ks"kK gksuk pkfg,] 2- MkW- oh eksfguh fxjh
,d laxBu gksuk pkfg,] ;k ,d vf/dkjh tks lnL; 3- foHkk ikFkZlkjFkh
gksA 4- MkW- iwf.kZek vkMok.kh
z dk;Zdky 5- MkW- fxfjtk O;kl
vè;{k vkSj çR;sd lnL; rhu o"kZ dh vof/ osQ fy,
6- eerk 'kekZ
in ij jgsaxsA
7- yfyrk oqQekjeaxye
z gVkuk@inP;qfr (/kjk 4)
8- js•k 'kekZ (nks ckj) (8oha) (2023)
osQaæ ljdkj vkns'k }kjk vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; lnL;
dks in ls gVk ldrh gSA eè; çns'k jkT; efgyk vk;ksx

z R;kxi=k (/kjk 4) z LFkkiuk& 23 ekpZ 1998] jkT; ljdkj }kjk
os osQaæ ljdkj dks lacksf/r R;kxi=k osQ tfj, viuk z vk/kj& eç jkT; efgyk vk;ksx 1995 dh /kjk 3
in R;kx ldrs gSaA z çÑfr& oS/kfud
z dk;Z z la?kBu
;g efgykvksa osQ vf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r eqíksa dh leh{kk blesa ,d vè;{k 5 lnL; vkSj 1 lfpo gksrk gS
vkSj lek/ku djus vkSj bu vf/dkjksa dh lqj{kk vkSj ,eih,llhMCY;w dk usr`Ro ,d vè;{k djrk gS
çpkj osQ fy, fliQkfj'ksa djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA ftls dbZ lnL;ksa }kjk lgk;rk çnku dh tkrh gSA
NCW osQ vusd dk;Z gSa] ftuesa 'kkfey gSa% vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ eè; çns'k osQ jkT;iky
1- efgykvksa osQ fy, laoS/kfud vkSj dkuwuh lqj{kk mik;ksa }kjk ,d lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij dh tkrh gS ftlesa
dh leh{kk djuk] vè;{k osQ :i esa eq[;ea=kh] lnL; osQ :i esa fo/ku
2- mipkjkRed fo/k;h mik;ksa dh fliQkfj'k djuk] lHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk vkSj eq[;ea=kh }kjk ukfer ,d
3- efgykvksa dh f'kdk;rksa osQ fuokj.k esa lqfo/k çnku oSQfcusV ea=kh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
djuk] z eq[;ky; eè; çns'k dh jkt/kuh Hkksiky esa-
4- efgykvksa dks çHkkfor djus okys eqíksa ij vuqla/ku blosQ {ks=kh; dk;kZy; Xokfy;j] bankSj] tcyiqj] jk;iqj
vkSj vè;;u djuk] vkSj lkxj esa fLFkr gSaA

z dk;Zdky & 3 o"kZ fu;qfÙkQ (/kjk 4)
z R;kxi=k z vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ osQaæ ljdkj
os jkT; ljdkj dks lacksf/r R;kxi=k osQ ekè;e ls }kjk dh tkrh gSA
viuk in R;kx dj ldrs gSaA z vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ osQaæ ljdkj }kjk f'k{kk ea=kh dh vè;{krk
z vè;{k esa xfBr rhu lnL;h; lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij dh tkrh gSA
igys vè;{k gseoar iksrZs FksA vk;ksx osQ lnL; (/kjk 3)
orZeku vè;{k& 'kksHkk vks>k (2023) z vk;ksx esa fuEufyf•r lnL; 'kkfey gSa%
,d vè;{k] tks çfrf"Br O;fÙkQ gS vkSj ftlus cPpksa
9- cky laj{k.k vk;ksx osQ dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, mRÑ"V dk;Z fd;k
gS_ vkSj
ifjp;
fuEufyf•r {ks=kksa ls Ng lnL;ksa] ftuesa ls de ls de
z jk"Vªh; cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx (,ulhihlhvkj) cky
nks efgyk,a gSa] dks osQaæ ljdkj }kjk çfrf"Br] {kerk]
vf/dkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfedrk vkSj vuqYya?kuh;rk osQ fl¼kar v•aMrk] fLFkfr vkSj vuqHko okys O;fÙkQ;ksa esa ls fu;qÙkQ
ij tksj nsrk gS vkSj ns'k dh lHkh cPpksa ls lacaf/r uhfr;ksa fd;k tkrk gS]
esa rkRdkfydrk osQ Loj dks igpkurk gSA f'k{kk
z cky ifjHkk"kk% 0 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ O;fÙkQ dks ,d cky LokLF;] ns•Hkky] dY;k.k ;k cky fodkl_
cPps osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA fd'kksj U;k; ;k misf{kr ;k gkf'k;s ij iM+s cPpksa ;k
z vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 5 ekpZ 2007 dks osQaæ ljdkj }kjk dh fodykax cPpksa dh ns•Hkky_
xbZ FkhA cky Je ;k ladVxzLr cPpksa dk mUewyu_
i`"BHkwfe cky euksfoKku ;k lekt'kkL=k_ vkSj
z vk;ksx dks blosQ mfpr vkSj çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u dh fuxjkuh cPpksa ls lacaf/r dkuwu-
djus dk Hkh vf/ns'k fn;k x;k gSA dk;Zdky (/kjk 5)

z ;kSu vijk/ksa ls cPpksa dk laj{k.k (POCSO) vf/fu;e] z vk;ksx osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ osQaæ ljdkj }kjk 3 lky
2012A osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA
z fd'kksj U;k; (cPpksa dh ns•Hkky vkSj laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] z vk;ksx esa lsok djus dh vf/dre vk;q vè;{k osQ fy,
2015A 65 o"kZ vkSj lnL;ksa osQ fy, 60 o"kZ fu/kZfjr dh xbZ gSA
z fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk vf/dkj (vkjVhbZ) fu"dklu
vf/fu;e] 2009A z osQaæ ljdkj vkns'k }kjk vè;{k ;k fdlh vU; lnL; dks
in ls gVk ldrh gS ;fn vè;{k vU; lnL; &
laoS/kfud çko/ku
z fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA
z jk"Vªh; cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx (,ulhihlhvkj) dk
z vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius dk;kZy; osQ drZO;ksa osQ
xBu Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx
ckgj fdlh Hkh Hkqxrku okys jkstxkj esa layXu gksrk gSA
(lhihlhvkj) vf/fu;e] 2005 osQ rgr fd;k x;k gS
z dk;Z djus ls badkj dj nsrk gS ;k dk;Z djus esa vleFkZ
rkfd lhihlhvkj vf/fu;e] 2005 osQ rgr mls lkSaih xbZ
gks tkrk gSA
'kfÙkQ;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk ç;ksx vkSj fu"iknu fd;k tk losQA
z ekufld :i ls fof{kIr gS vkSj l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk ,slk
vk;ksx dk Lo:i & oS/kfud laxBu ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ea=kky; & efgyk ,oa cky fodkl ea=kky;A z vius in dk bruk nq#i;ksx fd;k gS fd mldk in ij
vk/kj & cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vf/fu;e 2005 dh /kjk 3 cus jguk lkoZtfud fgr osQ fy, gkfudkjd gks x;k gSA

z fdlh ,sls vijk/ osQ fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj x, dk;ks± dks djus osQ fy, jkT; cky vf/dkj laj{k.k
dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ tkrh gS] ftlesa osQaæ ljdkj dh vk;ksx dk xBu djrh gSA
jk; esa uSfrd v/erk@iru 'kkfey gSA z bldh LFkkiuk osQaæ ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA
dk;Z fu;qfÙkQ
z uhfr;ka lcls detksj cPpksa osQ fy, çkFkfedrk okyh z vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ jkT; ljdkj
dkjZokb;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSaA }kjk dh tkrh gSA
z blesa mu {ks=kksa ij è;ku osQafær djuk 'kkfey gS tks oqQN z c'krZs fd vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ cPpksa ls lacaf/r foHkkx osQ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa leqnk;ksa ;k cPpksa ;k vU; Lrj ij fiNM+s gSaA çHkkjh ea=kh dh vè;{krk esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk xfBr rhu
z ;g efgyk ,oa cky fodkl ea=kky; osQ ç'kklfud fu;a=k.k lnL;h; p;u lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij dh tk,xhA
esa gSA z jkT; vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj 'krZsa
z bldk mís'; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd lHkh dkuwu] NCPCR osQ leku gSaA
uhfr;ka] dk;ZØe vkSj ç'kklfud ra=k Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku eè; çns'k cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx
vkSj cky vf/dkjksa ij la;qÙkQ jk"Vª dUosa'ku esa fufgr cky LFkkiuk% 22 fnlacj 2007
vf/dkj ifjçs{; osQ vuq:i gksaA
eq[;ky;% Hkksiky
z vk;ksx jkT; vk;ksx ;k ml le; ykxw fdlh Hkh dkuwu osQ
jkT; cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 2005
rgr fof/or xfBr fdlh vU; vk;ksx osQ le{k yafcr
fdlh Hkh ekeys dh tkap ugha djsxkA lajpuk% 1 vè;{k] 6 lnL;
z tkap djrs le; vk;ksx osQ ikl fuEufyf•r ekeyksa osQ z orZeku vè;{k% nsosaæ eksjs
laca/ esa flfoy vnkyr dh lHkh 'kfÙkQ;ka gksaxh% dk;Zdky& vè;{k (3 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q)] lnL; (3
z Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls ls fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ dks cqykuk o"kZ ;k 60 o"kZ dh vk;q)
vkSj mldh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj 'kiFk ij mldh bLrhiQk
tkap djukA z os jkT; ljdkj dks lacksf/r bLrhiQs osQ ekè;e ls viuk
z fdlh nLrkost dh •kst vkSj fuekZ.k dh vko';drkA in •kyh dj ldrs gSaA
z 'kiFk i=kksa ij lk{; çkIr djukA okf"kZd fjiksVZ
z fdlh U;k;ky; ;k dk;kZy; ls fdlh lkoZtfud fjdkWMZ ;k z os jkT; ljdkj dks ,d okf"kZd fjiksVZ çLrqr djrs gSaA
mldh çfr dh ekax djukA
z xokgksa vkSj nLrkostksa dh tkap osQ fy, vk;ksx xBu djukA 10- jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx
çfrosnu ifjp;
z osQaæ ljdkj dks okf"kZd fjiksVZ vkSj ,sls vU; varjkyksa ij z jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx ,d Hkkjrh; laoS/kfud
tks vk;ksx mfpr le>sA fudk; gS ftldh LFkkiuk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj ,aXyks
vè;{k bafM;u leqnk;ksa osQ 'kks"k.k osQ f•ykiQ lqj{kk mik; çnku
z 'kkark flUgk (2007µ2013) djus vkSj muosQ lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh j{kk djus osQ mís'; ls]
z oqQ'ky flag (2013µ14)
lafo/ku esa fo'ks"k çko/ku fd, x, FksA
z Lrqfr ukjk;.k dDdM+ (2015µ2018)
z Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn 338 jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr
z orZeku & fç;kad dkuwuxks (2023) vk;ksx ls lacaf/r gSA
cky vf/dkj laj{k.k osQ fy, jkT; vk;ksx i`"BHkwfe
z jkT; ljdkj cky vf/dkj laj{k.k vk;ksx (lhihlhvkj) z çkjaHk esa] lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 338 esa ,d fo'ks"k vf/dkjh
vf/fu;e] 2005 osQ rgr 'kfÙkQ;ksa dk ç;ksx djus vkSj lkSais dh fu;qfÙkQ dh vuqefr nh xbZ FkhA

z vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ fy, vk;qÙkQ dks fu"dklu
fo'ks"k inkf/dkjh fn;k x;kA z mUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
z vuqlwfpr tkfr (,llh) vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr (,lVh)
R;kx i=k
osQ fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dks 1990 osQ 65osa la'kks/u
vf/fu;e }kjk cgq&lnL;h; ç.kkyh ls cny fn;k x;k] z os jk"Vªifr dks lacksf/r bLrhiQs osQ ekè;e ls viuk in
ftlus lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 338 esa la'kks/u fd;kA •kyh dj ldrs gSaA
z 2003 osQ 89osa la'kks/u vf/fu;e us vuqPNsn 338 esa vuqPNsn 338(5) vk;ksx osQ dk;Z
la'kks/u fd;k] 2004 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr z lafo/ku vkSj vU; dkuwuksa osQ rgr ,llh dh dkuwuh lqj{kk
tutkfr osQ fy, iwoZ jk"Vªh; vk;ksx osQ LFkku ij jk"Vªh; osQ lkFk fdlh Hkh eqís ij xkSj djuk] utj j•uk vkSj
vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx (,ulh,llh) vkSj jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr mldk vkdyu djukA
tutkfr vk;ksx (,ulh,lVh) dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
z vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ vf/dkjksa vkSj lqj{kk osQ mYya?ku osQ
z 19 iQjojh 2004 dks jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx dk laca/ esa fof'k"V f'kdk;rksa ij xkSj djuk_
xBu fd;k x;kA
z la?k ;k jkT; osQ varxZr vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ fodkl dh
laoS/kfud çko/ku çxfr dk ewY;kadu djuk] lkFk gh muosQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd
z vuqPNsn 46& jkT;] turk osQ nqcZy oxks± osQ] fof'k"Vr;k] fodkl osQ fy, ;kstuk çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysuk vkSj lykg
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ f'k{kk vkSj nsukA
vFkZ laca/h fgrksa dh fo'ks"k lko/kuh ls vfHko`f¼ djsxk
z vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;kstuk
vkSj lkekftd vU;k; vkSj lHkh çdkj osQ 'kks"k.k ls mldh
osQ laca/ esa osQaæ ;k jkT; ljdkjksa osQ dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx
j{kk djsxkA
ysuk vkSj lykg nsukA
z vuqPNsn 335& la?k ;k fdlh jkT; osQ dk;Zdyki ls
z ,sls mica/ksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fo"k; esa çfro"kZ jk"Vªifr
lacaf/r lsokvksa vkSj inksa osQ fy, fu;qfÙkQ;k¡ djus esa]
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dks okf"kZd vk/kj ij vkSj ,sls vU; le; ij fjiksVZ çnku
osQ nkoksa dk ç'kklu dh n{krk cuk, j•us dh laxfr osQ djuk tks og mfpr le>s_
vuqlkj è;ku j•k tk,xkA fjiksVZ vuqPNsn 338 (6 vkSj 7)
z vuqPNsn 16& ¶jkT; lsokvksa esa fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k inksa osQ z vk;ksx us jk"Vªifr dks fjiksVZ çLrqr djrk gSA
oxks± esa inksUufr osQ lanHkZ esa ,llh@,lVh osQ i{k esa vkj{k.k] z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] jk"Vªifr jkT; ljdkj ij vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
ftudk jkT; lsokvksa esa i;kZIr çfrfuf/Ro ugha gS¸ (4,)A dks jkT;iky dks vxzsf"kr djrk gSA jkT; dk jkT;iky bls
vk;ksx dk Lo:i& laoS/kfud fudk; jkT; fo/kueaMy le{k çLrqr djrk gSA
ea=kky;& lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/dkfjrk ea=kky;
vè;{k
fliQkfj'k& jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr
1- lwjtHkku
vk;ksx 1978
2- cwVk flag
fu;qfÙkQ& vuqPNsn 338(3)& jk"Vªifr }kjkA
3- ih,y iqfu;k
jpuk,a
4- vkj,l dBsfj;k
z ,ulh,llh esa ,d vè;{k] ,d mikè;{k vkSj rhu vfrfjÙkQ
5- fot; lkaiyk
lnL; 'kkfey gSaA
orZeku lnL;
dk;Zdky
z Jh fot; lkaiyk&vè;{k
z mudh lsok dh 'krZsa vkSj dk;kZy; dk dk;Zdky jk"Vªifr
}kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA z Jh v#.k gynj&mikè;{k
z vke rkSj ij] ;g 3 o"kZ gS (vf/dre nks ckj iqu% fu;qÙkQ z Jh lqHkk"k jkeukFk ikj/h&lnL;
fd;k tk ldrk gS) z MkW vatw ckyk&lnL;

egRoiw.kZ ys• xBu vuqPNsn 338 (,2)
z 366 (24) & ¶vuqlwfpr tkfr¸ dk vFkZ gS ,slh tkfr;k¡ z blesa ,d vè;{k] ,d mikè;{k vkSj 3 vU; lnL; gksrs
ftUgsa bl lafo/ku osQ ç;kstuksa osQ fy, vuqPNsn 341 osQ gSa ftUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA
rgr vuqlwfpr tutkfr ekuk tkrk gSA z de ls de ,d lnL; efgyk gksuh pkfg,A
z 366 (25) & ¶vuqlwfpr tutkfr¸ dk vFkZ gS ,slh z vè;{k dks osQaæh; oSQfcusV ea=kh dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS]
tkfr;k¡ ftUgsa bl lafo/ku osQ ç;kstuksa osQ fy, vuqPNsn mikè;{k dks jkT; ea=kh dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS vkSj vU;
342 osQ rgr vuqlwfpr tutkfr ekuk tkrk gSA lnL;ksa dks Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lfpo dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA
z 366 (26lh) & lkekftd vkSj 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ¸ z ;ksX;rk
vè;{k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk lnL; gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk
dk vFkZ ,sls fiNM+s oxZ gSa ftUgsa vuqPNsn 342, osQ rgr
vU; fiNM+k oxZ le>k tkrk gSA ,d jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ gksuk pkfg,
vkSj mikè;{k vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ vU; lnL;ksa
eè; çns'k jkT; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx esa ls de ls de nks yksx vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk vkSj
z LFkkiuk% 29 twu 1995 de ls de ,d efgyk gksuh pkfg,A
z eq[;ky;% Hkksiky dk;Zdky
z vk/kj% eè; çns'k jkT; vuqlwfpr tkfr vf/fu;e] 1995 z vè;{k] mikè;{k vkSj çR;sd lnL; dk dk;Zdky dk;ZHkkj
xzg.k djus dh frfFk ls rhu o"kZ gSA
z lajpuk% 1 vè;{k] 2 xSj&ljdkjh lnL;
z lnL; nks dk;Zdky ls vf/d osQ fy, fu;qfÙkQ osQ ik=k
z dk;Zdky% 3
ugha gSaA
z fu;qfÙkQ% jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu"dklu& vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dks gVkus dk vf/dkj jk"Vªifr
z R;kxi=k ;k fu"dklu% jkT; ljdkj }kjk dk gksrk gSA
z okf"kZd fjiksVZ% jkT; ljdkj bLrhiQk& os jk"Vªifr dks lacksf/r bLrhiQs osQ ekè;e ls viuk
in •kyh dj ldrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx (,ulh,lVh)
dk;Z
i`"BHkwfe
z lafo/ku osQ rgr ,lVh osQ fy, çnku fd, x, lqj{kk
z vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ fy, igyk jk"Vªh; vk;ksx mik;ksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dh tkap vkSj fuxjkuh djuk
(,ulh,lVh) ekpZ] 2004 esa xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA
z ,lVh osQ vf/dkjksa vkSj lqj{kk mik;ksa ls lacaf/r fof'k"V
laoS/kfud çko/ku% 89osa laoS/kfud la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 2003 f'kdk;rksa dh tkap djuk
osQ ekè;e ls vuqPNsn 338 esa la'kks/u djosQ vkSj lafo/ku esa z ,lVh osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ls lacaf/r ;kstuk
,d u;k vuqPNsn 338, lfEefyr djosQ LFkkfir fd;k x;kA çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysuk vkSj lykg nsuk] vkSj la?k vkSj fdlh Hkh
z Hkkjr dk lafo/ku ,lVh dh ekU;rk osQ fy, ekunaM jkT; osQ rgr muosQ fodkl dh çxfr dk ewY;kadu djuk_
ifjHkkf"kr ugha djrk gSA z ,lVh osQ dY;k.k vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ls
z tux.kuk&1931 osQ vuqlkj] ,lVh dks ¶cfg"Ñr¸ vkSj lacaf/r dk;ZozQe@;kstukvksa osQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u osQ fy,
¶vkaf'kd :i ls cfg"Ñr¸ {ks=kksa esa jgus okyh ¶fiNM+h vko';d mik;A
tutkfr¸ dgk tkrk gSA çfrosnu
z 1935 osQ Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e osQ rgr igyh ckj çkarh; z vk;ksx }kjk fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr dks lkSaih tkrk gSA
fo/kulHkkvksa esa ¶fiNM+h tutkfr;ksa¸ osQ çfrfuf/;ksa dks vè;{k
cqyk;k x;kA
1- oqQ¡oj flag Vsdke
vk;ksx dh çÑfr& laoS/kfud fudk; 2- mfeZyk flag
ea=kky;& vkfnoklh dY;k.k ea=kky; 3- jkes'oj mjkao
vk/kj& vuqPNsn 338 , Hkkx 16 4- uan oqQekj lk;
fu;qfÙkQ& vuqPNsn 338 (,3) & jk"Vªifr }kjk 5- g"kZ pkSgku

egRoiw.kZ rF; i`"BHkwfe
z eè; çns'k esa lcls T;knk ,lVh vkcknh gSA z dkdk dkysydj vkSj chih eaMy osQ usr`Ro esa] 1950 osQ
z vuqPNsn 366(25) ,lVh dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh ,d n'kd esa nks vkSj 1970 osQ n'kd esa ,d fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx
çfØ;k çnku djrk gSA fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k FkkA
z çFke fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx dk nwljk uke dkdk dkysydj
eè; çns'k vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx vk;ksx gSA
LFkkiuk& 29&twu&1995 z 1992 osQ baæk lkguh ekeys esa lqçhe dksVZ }kjk ykHk vkSj
vk/kj& eè;çns'k jkT; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vf/fu;e] 1995 lqj{kk osQ mís'; ls fofHkUu fiNM+s oxks± dks 'kkfey djus
(jkT;iky }kjk vf/lwfpr&24 ebZ 1995) vkSj ckgj djus ij fopkj djus] tkap djus vkSj fliQkfj'k
çÑfr& oS/kfud djus osQ fy, ljdkj dks ,d LFkk;h fudk; LFkkfir djus
dk vkns'k fn;k x;k FkkA
lajpuk& ,d vè;{k vkSj nks xSj&ljdkjh lnL;
z bu funZs'kksa osQ vuqlkj 1993 esa laln }kjk ikfjr jk"Vªh;
z jkT; ljdkj }kjk lfpo dh fu;qfÙkQ fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vf/fu;e us ,ulhchlh dh LFkkiuk dhA
z eè; çns'k vkfnoklh fodkl vk;ksx osQ vk;qÙkQ bl vk;ksx z oafpr lewgksa osQ fgrksa dh csgrj j{kk osQ fy,] 2017 dk
osQ insu lnL; gksrk gSA 123oka lafo/ku la'kks/u fo/s;d laln esa is'k fd;k x;k
z vk;ksx esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ de ls de 2 lnL;ksa dk FkkA
gksuk vfuok;Z gSA z 1993 osQ jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vf/fu;e dks laln
eq[;ky;& Hkksiky }kjk vuqeksfnr ,d vyx fo/s;d }kjk fujLr dj fn;k
dk;Zdky& 3 o"kZ x;k] ftlls 1993 dk vf/fu;e vçpfyr gks x;kA
z vxLr 2018 esa] jk"Vªifr us ,ulhchlh dks laoS/kfud ntkZ
fjiksVZ& jkT; ljdkj
nsus okys fo/s;d ij gLrk{kj fd,A
11- jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vk;ksx dk Lo:i & laoS/kfud fudk;
ea=kky;& lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/dkfjrk ea=kky;]
ifjp; fu;qfÙkQ (vuqPNsn 338 ch3)& jk"Vªifr
z jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx (,ulhchlh) dk xBu 'kq: esa
osQaæ ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vf/fu;e]
xBu (vuqPNsn 338 ch2)
1993 }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA z vk;ksx esa ,d vè;{k] mikè;{k vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lfpo
osQ jSad vkSj osrueku okys rhu vU; lnL; gksrs gSaA
z vkSj 2016 rd vk;ksx dk 7 ckj iquxZBu fd;k tk pqdk gSA
z jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 1993 dks jk"Vªh; ;ksX;rk
fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vf/fu;e] 2018 osQ ekè;e ls fujLr z vè;{k fiNM+s oxZ dk lnL; gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d
dj fn;k x;k gSA jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ gksuk pkfg, vkSj
mikè;{k vkSj vU; lnL;ksa esa ls de ls de nks yksx
z orZeku vk;ksx (8osa) dks laoS/kfud ntkZ fn;k x;k gS vkSj
fiNM+s oxZ ls vkSj de ls de ,d efgyk gksuh pkfg,A
bldk xBu ¶102oka lafo/ku vf/fu;e] 2018¸ vf/fu;e
osQ ekè;e ls fd;k x;k gSA dk;Zdky& 3 o"kZ
z vuqPNsn 338 B dk mica/ fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa lkekftd fu"dklu
vkSj 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxks± osQ fy, ,d vk;ksx dk z mUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
xBu fd;k tk,xk ftls jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx osQ :i bLrhiQk
esa tkuk tk,xkA z os jk"Vªifr dks lacksf/r bLrhiQs osQ ekè;e ls viuk in
z vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 14 vxLr 1993 esa gqbZ FkhA •kyh dj ldrs gSaA

dk;Z 12- osQUæh; lwpuk vk;ksx
z lkekftd :i ls oafpr oxks± osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl
esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysuk vkSj lykg nsuk] lkFk gh ml ifjp;
fodkl osQ Lrj dk vkdyu djukA z osQaæh; lwpuk vk;ksx dk xBu 12&10&2005 dks fd;k
z ;g jk"Vªifr dks okf"kZd vk/kj ij lqj{kk mik;ksa osQ lapkyu x;k gSA
ij fjiksVZ çnku djrk gSA z vk;ksx dk vf/dkj {ks=k lHkh osQaæh; lkoZtfud çkf/dj.kksa
z çR;sd fjiksVZ dh ,d çfr jkT; ljdkj dks Hksth tkrh gS rd iQSyk gqvk gSA
;fn ;g fdlh ,sls eqís ls lacaf/r gS ftlesa jkT; ljdkj vk;ksx dh çÑfr& oS/kfud fudk;
dh #fp gSA ea=kky;& dkfeZd ea=kky;
z lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd :i ls oafpr oxks± dh lqj{kk]
fliQkfj'k& lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e] 2005
dY;k.k] fodkl vkSj mUufr ,ulhchlh osQ nk;js esa
vkrh gSA fu;qfÙkQ (/kjk 12 ¹3º)
çfrosnu budh fu;qfÙkQ jk"Vªifr }kjk p;u lfefr dh vuq'kalk ij dh
z os jk"Vªifr dks okf"kZd fjiksVZ lkSairs gSaA tkrh gSA
vè;{k (i) ç/ku ea=kh] tks lfefr osQ vè;{k gksaxs_
1- vkj,u çlkn (ii) yksdlHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk_ vkSj

2- ';ke lqanj (iii) ,d osQaæh; oSQfcusV ea=kh dks ç/ku ea=kh }kjk ukfer fd;k
3- ch,y ;kno tkrk gSA
4- jke lwjr flag z vkjVhvkbZ vf/fu;e 2005 dh /kjk 12 (5) esa çko/ku
5- jRukosy ikaMs;u gS fd eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ vkSj lwpuk vk;qÙkQ dkuwu]
foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh] lekt lsok] çca/u] i=kdkfjrk] ekl
6- ,e,u jko
ehfM;k] ;k ç'kklu vkSj 'kklu esa O;kid Kku vkSj vuqHko
7- U;k;ewfrZ oaxkyk bZ'ojS;k
osQ lkFk lkoZtfud thou esa çfrf"Br O;fÙkQ gksaxsA
8- Hkxokuyky lguh
z lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e] 2005 dh /kjk 12(6) esa
z orZeku Jh galjkt xaxkjke vghj (2023)
çko/ku gS fd eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ ;k lwpuk vk;qÙkQ fdlh
z Jh jktho jatu] (vkbZ,,l) us 31 fnlacj] 2021 dks Hkh jkT; ;k la?k jkT; {ks=k osQ laln lnL; ;k fo/kueaMy
,ulhchlh osQ lfpo osQ :i esa inHkkj xzg.k fd;kA dk lnL; ugha gksxk] tSlk Hkh ekeyk gks] ;k dksbZ vU;
egRoiw.kZ rF; ykHk dk in /kj.k ugha djsxk ;k fdlh jktuhfrd ny ls
z 102osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e esa u;s vuqPNsn 338 ch tqM+k ugha gksxk ;k dksbZ O;olk; ugha djsxk ;k dksbZ is'kk
vkSj 342 , 'kkfey fd;s x;sA ugha djsxkA
eè; çns'k jkT; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx xBu /kjk 12 ¹2º
xBu& 13 ekpZ 1993 z osQaæh; lwpuk vk;ksx esa eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ (lhvkbZlh)
vf/fu;e& eè;çns'k jkT; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx vf/fu;e] vkSj osQaæh; lwpuk vk;qÙkQksa dh ,slh la[;k gksxh tks vko';d
1995 7) le>s tk,¡ fdarq 10 ls vf/d ugha gksxhA
eq[;ky;& Hkksiky dk;Zdky /kjk 13(1)(2)
lajpuk& ,d vè;{k] ,d mikè;{k vkSj 3 lnL; ,d lnL; z lnL; osQaæ ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr vof/ rd ;k 65 o"kZ dh
efgyk gksuh pkfg,] vè;{k vkSj nks lnL; fiNM+s oxZ ls gksus vk;q çkIr djus rd] tks Hkh igys gks] in ij cus jgsaxsA
pkfg,A
fu"dklu /kjk 14 ¹1º
dk;Zdky& 3 o"kZ
z fuEufyf•r ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jk"Vªifr lhvkbZlh osQ lnL;ksa
R;kxi=k@gVkuk& jkT; ljdkj dks gVk ldrk gS vkSj jkT;iky ,lvkbZlh osQ lnL;ksa dks
orZeku vè;{k& xkSjh'kadj fclsu in ls gVk ldrk gSA

z ;fn lnL; dks fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA R;kxi=k /kjk 13 ¹4º& os jk"Vªifr dks i=k fy•dj R;kxi=k
z ;fn osQaæ ljdkj (lhvkbZlh osQ fy,)@jkT;iky (,lvkbZlh ns ldrs gSaA
osQ fy,) mls uSfrd v/erk ls tqM+s vijk/ osQ fy, z eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ iqufuZ;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k ugha gSA
ftEesnkj Bgjkrh gS@;k mls ,sls vijk/ osQ fy, nks"kh
dk;Z
Bgjk;k tkrk gSA
z vk;ksx osQ ikl vkjVhvkbZ vf/fu;e] 2005 dh /kjk 18]
z ;fn og vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku vius dk;kZy; osQ drZO;ksa
19] 20 vkSj 25 esa mfYyf•r oqQN 'kfÙkQ;ka vkSj dk;Z gSaA
osQ ckgj fdlh Hkqxrku okys jkstxkj esa layXu gksrk gSA
z ;s eksVs rkSj ij tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, nwljh vihy esa fu.kZ;
z ;fn mls jk"Vªifr (lhvkbZlh osQ fy,)@jkT;iky (,lvkbZlh
ls lacaf/r gSa_ fjdkWMZ j•us] vkjVhvkbZ nkf•y djus esa
osQ fy,) }kjk ekufld ;k 'kjhj dh nqcZyrk osQ dkj.k
vleFkZrk vkfn ij f'kdk;r dh Lor% çsj.kk ls tkudkjh
v;ksX; ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
çkIr djus vkSj mldh tkap djus osQ funZs'k_ tqekZuk yxkuk
z jk"Vªifr@jkT;iky fl¼ nqO;Zogkj ;k v{kerk osQ vk/kj ij
vkSj okf"kZd fjiksVZ rS;kj djus lfgr fuxjkuh vkSj fjiksfVZax
lnL;ksa dks gVk Hkh ldrs gSaA
djukA vk;ksx osQ fu.kZ; vafre vkSj ckè;dkjh gksrs gSaA
z ,sls ekeyksa esa] jk"Vªifr (lhvkbZlh osQ fy,)@jkT;iky
z iwNrkN djrs le; vk;ksx dks leu Hkstus] nLrkostksa dh
(,lvkbZlh osQ fy,) dks ekeys dks tkap osQ fy, lokZsPp
vko';drk vkfn osQ laca/ esa flfoy dksVZ dh 'kfÙkQ;ka
U;k;ky; esa Hkstuk gksxkA
çkIr gSaA
z tkap osQ ckn] ;fn lqçhe dksVZ fu"dklu osQ dkj.k dks
cjdjkj j•rk gS vkSj lykg nsrk gS] rks jk"Vªifr (lhvkbZlh çfrosnu
osQ fy,)@jkT;iky (,lvkbZlh osQ fy,) mls gVk ldrs gSaA z lhvkbZlh osQaæ ljdkj dks ,d okf"kZd fjiksVZ lkSairh gSA osQaæ
z lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk tkap osQ nkSjku jk"Vªifr (lhvkbZlh osQ ljdkj bl fjiksVZ dks laln osQ le{k j•rh gSA
fy,)@jkT;iky (,lvkbZlh osQ fy,) lnL; dks dk;kZy; z ,lvkbZlh jkT; ljdkj dks ,d okf"kZd fjiksVZ çLrqr djrk
ls fuyafcr dj ldrs gSa ;k mls dk;kZy; esa mifLFkr gksus gSA jkT; ljdkj bl fjiksVZ dks jkT; fo/kueaMy osQ le{k
ls jksd ldrs gSaA j•rh gSA
eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ

eq[; vkbZlh@vkbZlh izksiQkby
lwpuk vk;qÙkQ osQ jkT; çeq• dk;Zdky

z jkT; eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ vkSj nl ls vf/d jkT; lwpuk z jkT; eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ vkSj lwpuk vk;qÙkQ dk dk;Zdky
vk;qÙkQ ughaA Hkh osQaæ ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
fu;qfÙkQ
z mUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk ,d lfefr dh fliQkfj'k ij fu;qÙkQ fd;k 13- osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx
tkrk gS ftlesa vè;{k osQ :i esa ç/ku ea=kh] yksdlHkk ifjp;
esa foi{k osQ usrk vkSj ç/ku ea=kh }kjk ukfer ,d osQaæh;
z osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx vxz.kh lrdZrk laxBu gS vkSj lHkh
oSQfcusV ea=kh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
dk;Zdkjh çkf/dkfj;ksa ls Lora=k gSA
z jkT; lwpuk vk;qDr dks jkT;iky }kjk ,d lfefr dh
z ;g osQaæ ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr lHkh lrdZrk xfrfof/;ksa
fliQkfj'k ij fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa vè;{k osQ :i
dh fuxjkuh djus vkSj osQaæ ljdkj osQ laxBuksa osQ Hkhrj
esa eq[;ea=kh] fo/kulHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk vkSj eq[;ea=kh }kjk
fofHkUu vf/dkfj;ksa dks muosQ lrdZrk dk;Z dh ;kstuk
ukfer ,d jkT; oSQfcusV ea=kh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
cukus] dk;kZfUor djus] ewY;kadu djus vkSj lq/kj djus osQ
egRoiw.kZ rF; ckjs esa ekxZn'kZu çnku djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
z igyh efgyk vk;qÙkQ nhid la/w FkhaA z pw¡fd lrdZrk dh deh ls cckZnh] gkfu vkSj vkfFkZd fxjkoV
eè; çns'k lwpuk vk;ksx gksrh gS] blfy, lrdZrk dk vFkZ fo'ks"k :i ls deZpkfj;ksa
vkSj lkekU; :i ls laxBu dh n{krk vkSj çHkko'khyrk
z lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e 2005 dh /kjk 15 osQ
vuqlkj eè; çns'k 'kklu }kjk jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx dk xBu çkIr djus dh fn'kk esa Li"V vkSj Rofjr ç'kklfud dkjZokbZ
fnukad 22 vxLr 2005 dks fd;k x;kA lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
orZeku eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ@lwpuk vk;qÙkQ i`"BHkwfe

z jkT; eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ& Jh ,-osQ-'kqDyk (5osa) z Hkkjr ljdkj us 1941 esa fo'ks"k iqfyl çfr"Bku (,lihbZ)
dh LFkkiuk dhA
z jkT; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ& Jh fot; euksgj frokjh
z ml le; ,lihbZ osQ drZO;ksa esa f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ
z jkT; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ& Jh jkgqy flag
nkSjku Hkkjrh; ;q¼ vkSj vkiwfrZ foHkkx osQ lkFk ysunsu esa
eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx osQ lsokfuo`Ùk eq[; lwpuk fj'or•ksjh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh ?kVukvksa dks ns•uk 'kkfey FkkA
vk;qÙkQ z osQaæ ljdkj osQ deZpkfj;ksa }kjk fj'or•ksjh vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj
1- Jh Vh,u JhokLro osQ vkjksiksa dh tkap osQ fy, ,d osQaæh; ljdkjh ,tsalh dh
2- Jh iÁikf.k frokjh vko';drk ;q¼ lekIr gksus osQ ckn Hkh cuh jghA
3- Jh bdcky vgen z bl çdkj] 1946 esa] fnYyh fo'ks"k iqfyl LFkkiuk vf/fu;e
4- Jh osQMh •ku ykxw fd;k x;kA

z vf/fu;e ykxw gksus osQ ckn] ,lihbZ dk fu;a=k.k x`g foHkkx z osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dk viuk lfpoky;] eq[; rduhdh
dks ns fn;k x;k] vkSj bldk nk;jk c<+kdj lHkh Hkkjrh; ijh{kd foax (lhVhbZ) vkSj foHkkxh; tkap vk;qÙkQksa
ljdkjh foHkkxksa dks blesa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kA (lhMhvkbZ) dk ,d foax gSA
z lHkh osQaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa dks ,lihbZ osQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa z tkap dk;Z osQ fy, lhohlh dks nks ckgjh lzksrksa] lhchvkbZ
tksM+k x;k] vkSj vf/fu;e us jkT; ljdkj dh vuqefr ls vkSj eq[; lrdZrk vf/dkfj;ksa (lhohvks) ij fuHkZj jguk
jkT;ksa dks tksM+us dh vuqefr nhA iM+rk gSA
z 11 iQjojh 1964 dks] lrdZrk osQ {ks=k esa osQaæ ljdkj dh z ;g ,d cgq&lnL;h; vk;ksx gS ftlesa ,d osQaæh; lrdZrk
vk;qÙkQ (vè;{k) vkSj nks ls vf/d lrdZrk vk;qÙkQ
,tsafl;ksa dks lykg vkSj ekxZn'kZu nsus osQ fy,] laFkkue
(lnL;) ugha gksrs gSaA
lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij ljdkj }kjk osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx
(lhohlh) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA dk;Zdky (/kjk 5)
z lhohlh 25 vxLr 1998 ls ,d cgq&lnL;h; vk;ksx gSA z osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;qÙkQ vkSj lrdZrk vk;qÙkQksa dk dk;Zdky
muosQ dk;kZy; esa ços'k djus dh rkjh• ls pkj o"kZ ;k
z 2003 esa lhohlh fcy dks yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk nksuksa }kjk
muosQ 65 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus rd] tks Hkh igys gks]
eatwjh feyus osQ ckn] osQaæh; lrdZrk vf/fu;e ykxw gqvkA
gksrk gSA
z tufgr çdVhdj.k vkSj eq•fcjksa osQ laj{k.k osQ ladYi z lsokfuo`Ùk gksus osQ ckn] os fdlh Hkh osQaæh; ;k jkT; ljdkj
(ihvkbZMhihvkbZ) osQ rgr] ftls fOglyCyksvlZ ladYi osQ dh ,tsalh esa iqufuZ;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k ugha gSaA
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] vk;ksx dks 2004 ls f'kdk;rsa
fey jgh gSaA fu"dklu (/kjk 6)
z lhohlh lnL;ksa dks fl¼ dnkpkj osQ vk/kj ij jk"Vªifr
z ;g ¶Hkz"Vkpkj osQ fo#¼ 'kwU; lgu'khyrk¸ uhfr osQ rgr
}kjk gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA
dk;Z djrk gSA
z gkyk¡fd] lqçhe dksVZ dks osQoy jk"Vªifr }kjk lanfHkZr
vk/kj& osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx vf/fu;e 2003 fd;k tkrk gS] ftlosQ ckn lhohlh lnL;ksa dks gVk;k tk
vk;ksx dh çÑfr& oS/kfud fudk; ldrk gSA
ea=kky;& dkfeZd ea=kky; bLrhiQk
vuq'kalk lfefr;k¡& Jh osQ- laFkkue dh vè;{krk esa Hkz"Vkpkj z os jk"Vªifr dks lacksf/r bLrhiQs osQ ekè;e ls viuk in
fuokj.k ij laFkkue lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ijA •kyh dj ldrs gSaA
fu;qfÙkQ (/kjk 4) dk;Z (/kjk 8)
z osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;qÙkQ vkSj lrdZrk vk;qÙkQksa dh fu;qfÙkQ z lhohlh Hkz"Vkpkj ;k lÙkk osQ nq#i;ksx osQ ckjs esa f'kdk;rsa
jk"Vªifr }kjk ç/ku ea=kh (vè;{k)] x`g ea=kh (lnL;) vkSj çkIr djrk gS vkSj lokZsÙke dkjZokbZ osQ fy, fliQkfj'ksa
yksd lHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk (lnL;) dh ,d lfefr dh djrk gSA
fliQkfj'kksa ij dh tkrh gSA) z fuEufyf•r laxBu] lewg ;k O;fÙkQ lhohlh ls laidZ dj
ldrs gSa%
laxBu (/kjk 3)
osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx (lhohlh) dk laxBu osQaæh; ç'kklu
eq[; rduhdh foHkkxh; tkap yksdiky
lfpoky; ijh{kd (lhVhbZ) vk;qÙkQksa dk foax fOglyCyksvlZ
foax (lhMhvkbZ) z lhohlh ;k rks lhchvkbZ osQ ekè;e ls ;k ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa
z lfpo ;g rduhdh foax gS] tkap vf/dkjh esa eq[; lrdZrk vf/dkfj;ksa (lhohvks) osQ ekè;e ls tkap
z la;qÙkQ lfpo ftlesa% djokrh gSA
z mi lfpo z eq[; vfHk;ark vk;ksx dks osQUæ ljdkj osQ yksd lsodksa dh dfri;
Jsf.k;ksa] fdlh osQUæh; vf/fu;e }kjk ;k mlosQ varxZr
z vaMj lfpo z lgk;d LFkkfir fuxeksa] ljdkjh daifu;ksa] lkslkbfV;ksa vkSj osQUæ
dk;kZy; osQ bathfu;j ljdkj osQ LokfeRo vFkok fu;a=k.k okys LFkkuh; çkf/dj.kksa
deZpkjh }kjk Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/fu;e] 1988 osQ varxZr fd,

x, dfFkr vijk/ksa dh tkap djus vFkok iwNrkN djus dk jkT; lrdZrk vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk
vf/dkj çkIr gSA z jkT; lrdZrk vk;ksx us Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/h lk/u osQ :i esa
z ,sls yksd lsodksa dh Jsf.k;k¡ bl çdkj gSa% dk;Z fd;kA
(d) la?k osQ ekeyksa osQ laca/ esa lsokjr vf•y Hkkjrh; z gkyk¡fd] bldh fLFkfr dh laoS/kfud ;k oS/kfud ekU;rk
lsokvksa osQ lnL; vkSj osQaæ ljdkj osQ lewg , dk vHkko FkkA
vf/dkjh z Lora=k fLFkfr osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k vk;ksx dh çHkko'khyrk
(•) lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ cSadksa esa LosQy V vkSj mlls Åij lhfer FkhA
osQ jSad osQ vf/dkjh fo/k;h çfØ;k vkSj la'kks/u
(x) cksMZ osQ eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh vkSj dk;Zdkjh z ljdkj us 1975 esa eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkk esa ,d fo/s;d
vf/dkjh rFkk vuqlwph ^,* vkSj ^ch* lkoZtfud {ks=k is'k fd;kA
osQ miØeksa esa bZ&8 vkSj mlls Åij osQ vU; vf/dkjh
z fo/kulHkk ls ikfjr gksus osQ ckn fo/s;d dks jk"Vªifr dh
(?k) cksMZ osQ eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh vkSj dk;Zdkjh eatwjh osQ fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA
vf/dkjh rFkk vuqlwph ^lh* vkSj ^Mh* lkoZtfud {ks=k
z osQaæ ljdkj osQ Lrj ij iqufoZpkj vkSj la'kks/u osQ dkj.k
osQ miØeksa esa bZ&7 vkSj mlls Åij osQ vU; vf/dkjh
fo/s;d dks la'kks/u osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj dks ykSVk fn;k
(bZ) Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] ukckMZ vkSj flMch esa xzsM Mh vkSj x;kA
mlls Åij osQ vf/dkjh
(p) lkekU; chek daifu;ksa esa çca/d vkSj mlls Åij osQ vf/fu;e dk vf/fu;eu
vf/dkjh z la'kksf/r fo/s;d vçSy 1981 esa ikfjr fd;k x;kA
(N) thou chek fuxeksa esa ofj"B eaMy çca/d vkSj mlls z bls flracj 1981 esa jk"Vªifr dh lgefr çkIr gqbZA
Åij lrdZrk vk;ksx dk çfrLFkkiu
fjiksVZ (/kjk&14) z vf/fu;e osQ rgr LFkkfir yksdk;qÙkQ laxBu us lrdZrk
z bls jk"Vªifr dks lkSaik tkrk gSA vk;ksx dk LFkku ys fy;kA
z bl u;s laxBu dks oS/kfud vk/kj çnku fd;k x;kA
vè;{k
z fuÙkwj Jhfuokl jko us Hkkjr osQ igys eq[; lrdZrk vk;qÙkQ dk;Zdkjh çHkko ls Lora=krk
dk in laHkkykA z yksdk;qÙkQ laxBu dk;Zikfydk osQ çHkko ls eqÙkQ gSA
z orZeku 21ok¡ & Jh ihosQ JhokLro us osQaæh; lrdZrk vk;qÙkQ z ;g dk;Zdkjh 'kk•k ij fu;a=k.k ra=k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs
(2023) osQ :i esa lat; dksBkjh dk LFkku fy;kA gq, Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djrk gSA
eè; çns'k yksdk;qÙkQ fo/k;h fujh{k.k
z laxBu dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ jkT;iky dks lkSaih tkrh gSA
LFkkiuk ,oa i`"BHkwfe
z ;s fjiksVZsa jkT; fo/ku lHkk esa çLrqr vkSj bl ij ppkZ dh
z eè; çns'k esa yksdk;qÙkQ laxBu dh LFkkiuk iQjojh 1982 tkrh gSaA
esa gqbZ FkhA
z ;g çfØ;k laxBu osQ dkedkt esa tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk
z bldh LFkkiuk eè; çns'k yksdk;qÙkQ vkSj mi&yksdk;qÙkQ lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
vf/fu;e] 1981 osQ vf/fu;eu osQ ckn gqbZA
eè; çns'k osQ orZeku yksdk;qÙkQ
mRifÙk vkSj fliQkfj'k
z eè; çns'k osQ orZeku yksdk;qÙkQ U;k;ewfrZ ujs'k oqQekj
z ¶yksdiky¸ osQ leku ,d Lora=k laxBu LFkkfir djus dk xqIrk gSaA mUgsa 2019 esa bl in ij fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k FkkA
ç;kl 1970 osQ n'kd osQ eè; esa 'kq: gqvkA
z eè; çns'k osQ orZeku miyksdk;qÙkQ tfLVl ,losQ ikyks gSaA
z ;g ç;kl jkT; ç'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx dh vuq'kalk osQ
ckn lkeus vk;kA 14- jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;kf/dj.k
z vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k fd Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus vkSj tkap
djus osQ mís'; ls jkT; lrdZrk vk;ksx dks oS/kfud ifjp;
vf/dkj vkSj 'kfÙkQ;ksa okys ,d laxBu }kjk çfrLFkkfir z jk"Vªh; gfjr vf/dj.k dh LFkkiuk jk"Vªh; gfjr vf/dj.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vf/fu;e] 2010 osQ varxZr 18-10-2010 dks i;kZoj.k ls

lacaf/r fdlh Hkh dkuwuh vf/dkj osQ çorZu vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa vè;{k& lokZsPp U;k;ky; osQ ekStwnk U;k;k/h'k dks dkuwu vkSj
vkSj laifÙk dks gqbZ {kfr osQ fy, jkgr vkSj {kfriwfrZ U;k; ea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k }kjk ukfer
nsus lfgr i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj ouksa rFkk vU; çkÑfrd fd;k tk,xkA
lalk/uksa osQ laj{k.k ls lacaf/r ekeyksa osQ çHkkoh vkSj 'kh?kz
lnL;&
fuiVku osQ fy, dh xbZ FkhAA
1- U;k;kf/dj.k osQ vè;{k
z U;k;kf/dj.k dks 5 vè;k;ksa vkSj 38 •aMksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gSA 2- funs'kd] Hkkjrh; çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku (jksVs'ku }kjk)
3- i;kZoj.k uhfr esa ,d fo'ks"kK dks i;kZoj.k ea=kh }kjk ukfer
i`"BHkwfe fd;k tk,xkA
z laln us 2010 esa ,uthVh vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k] jk"Vªifr 4- ou uhfr esa ,d fo'ks"kK dks i;kZoj.k ea=kh }kjk ukfer fd;k
us 2 twu 2010 dks vf/fu;e dks eatwjh ns nhA tk,xkA
z vf/fu;e osQ ikfjr gksus osQ lkFk] Hkkjr ljdkj us 5- i;kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=kky; esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lfpoA
fuEufyf•r varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa osQ nkf;Roksa iwjk fd;k& (lnL; lfpo)A
ekuo i;kZoj.k ij la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lEesyu] 1972
;ksX;rk /kjk 4
(LVkWdgkse)
vè;{k& og Hkkjr osQ lokZsPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k ;k mPp
i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ij la;qÙkQ jk"Vª lEesyu] 1992
U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k gS ;k jgk gSA
(fj;ks Mh tusfj;ks)
U;kf;d lnL;& og mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k gksrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa osQ vykok] ljdkj us vuqPNsn 21
(LoLFk i;kZoj.k dk vf/dkj) osQ rgr Hkkjr osQ ukxfjdksa fo'ks"kK lnL;& fo'ks"kK lnL;ksa osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,¡ fuEufyf•r
osQ çfr vius nkf;Roksa dks iwjk fd;kA gSa
vk;ksx dh çÑfr& oS/kfud vkSj v/Z&U;kf;d 1- bl O;fÙkQ osQ ikl HkkSfrd ;k tho foKku esa ekLVj fMxzh
osQ lkFk&lkFk bathfu;fjax ;k çkS|ksfxdh esa MkWDVjsV ;k
ea=kky;& i;kZoj.k] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ea=kky; ekLVj fMxzh gSA muosQ ikl 15 o"kks± dk vuqHko gS] ftlesa
vk/kj& ,uthVh vf/fu;e 2010 /kjk 3 jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ laLFkku esa i;kZoj.k vkSj ou&lacaf/r eqíksa
U;k;kf/dj.k dh lhVsa osQ çca/u dk 5 o"kZ dk vuqHko Hkh 'kkfey gSA
çkjaHk esa] ,uthVh dks ikap csap LFkkfir djus dk çLrko gS vkSj 2- oqQy iaæg o"kks± osQ ç'kklfud vuqHko osQ lkFk] O;fÙkQ us
;g •qn dks vkSj vf/d lqyHk cukus osQ fy, lfdZV çfØ;k fo'ks"k :i ls osQaæ ;k jkT; ljdkj ;k ,d çfl¼ jk"Vªh; ;k
dk ikyu djsxkA jkT;&Lrjh; laLFkku osQ Hkhrj i;kZoj.k ekeyksa dks laHkkyus
esa ikap lky dk vuqHko çkIr fd;k gSA
ubZ fnYyh fVªC;wuy dh çeq• csap gSA
vf/dj.k dh cSBd osQ vU; csap& vU; 'krZsa&
z fVªC;wuy osQ vè;{k] U;kf;d lnL; vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL;
1- Hkksiky]
vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku dksbZ vU; in /kj.k ugha djsaxsA
2- iq.ks]
z vè;{k vkSj vU; U;kf;d vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL;] in NksM+us
3- dksydkrk] dh rkjh• ls nks lky dh vof/ rd] fdlh ,sls O;fÙkQ osQ
4- psUubZ çca/u ;k ç'kklu esa ;k mlls tqM+s fdlh Hkh jkstxkj dks
fu;qfÙkQ Lohdkj ugha djsaxs] tks bl vf/fu;e osQ rgr U;k;kf/dj.k
z vf/fu;e dh /kjk 5 osQ çko/kuksa osQ vuqlkj] fVªC;wuy osQ osQ le{k dk;Zokgh esa ,d i{k jgk gksA
vè;{k] U;kf;d lnL;ksa vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ laxBu vuqHkkx 4
osQaæ ljdkj }kjk dh tk,xhA z jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;kf/dj.k vf/fu;e] 2010 osQ vuqlkj]
vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ ijke'kZ U;k;kf/dj.k esa 'kkfey gksaxs
ls osQaæ ljdkj }kjk dh tk,xhA ,d iw.kZdkfyd vè;{k
fVªC;wuy osQ U;kf;d lnL;ksa vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL;ksa dks 10 ls de ugha] ysfdu vf/dre 20 iw.kZdkfyd
,slh p;u lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ij vkSj ,sls rjhosQ ls U;kf;d lnL;ksa osQ v/hu] tSlk fd osQaæ ljdkj
fu;qÙkQ fd;k tk,xk tks fu/kZfjr fd;k tk;sxkA le;≤ ij vf/lwfpr dj ldrh gSA

10 ls de ugha] ysfdu vf/dre 20 iw.kZdkfyd 5- vius in dk bruk nq#i;ksx fd;k gS fd mldk in
i;kZoj.k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ fo'ks"kK lnL;ksa osQ v/hu] ij cus jguk tufgr osQ çfrdwy gks x;k gSA
tSlk fd osQaæ ljdkj le;≤ ij vf/lwfpr dj z vè;{k ;k U;kf;d lnL; dks mlosQ in ls rc rd ugha
ldrh gSA gVk;k tk,xk] tc rd fd mPpre U;k;ky; osQ fdlh
z vè;{k] ;fn vko';d le>k tk,] rks fdlh fo'ks"k ekeys U;k;k/h'k }kjk dh xbZ tkap osQ ckn osQUæ ljdkj }kjk fd,
esa fo'ks"k Kku vkSj fo'ks"kKrk j•us okys fdlh Hkh ;k x, vkns'k osQ }kjk ftlesa ,sls vè;{k ;k U;kf;d lnL; dks
vf/d O;fÙkQ;ksa dks fdlh fo'ks"k ekeys esa U;k;kf/dj.k mlosQ fo#¼ vkjksiksa osQ ckjs esa lwfpr fd;k x;k gks vkSj
dh lgk;rk osQ fy, vkeaf=kr dj ldrk gSA mu vkjksiksa osQ laca/ esa mls lquokbZ dk ;Fkksfpr volj
fn;k x;k gksA
dk;Zdky •aM 7
z fo'ks"kK lnL; dks mi/kjk (1) esa fufnZ"V vk/kjksa ij vkSj
z fVªC;wuy osQ vè;{k] U;kf;d lnL; vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL; osQaæ ljdkj }kjk vf/lwfpr çfØ;k osQ vuqlkj osQaæ ljdkj
viuk in xzg.k djus dh frfFk ls 5 o"kZ dh vof/ osQ osQ vkns'k }kjk mlosQ dk;kZy; ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
fy, dk;Z djsaxs] ysfdu mUgsa nksckjk fu;qÙkQ ugha fd;k tk z c'krZs fd fo'ks"kK lnL; dks rc rd ugha gVk;k tk,xk tc
ldrk gSA rd fd mls ekeys esa lquokbZ dk volj u fn;k x;k gksA
z vè;{k] U;kf;d lnL; vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL; ;k rks rhu
R;kxi=k /kjk 8
lky osQ fy, ;k iSalB o"kZ dh vk;q rd] tks Hkh igys gks]
vius in ij cus jgsaxsA z fVªC;wuy osQ vè;{k] U;kf;d lnL; vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL;
osQaæ ljdkj dks bLrhiQk lkSai ldrh gSA
vfrfjÙkQ 'krs±&
dk;Z
z ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ tks mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k gS ;k
z jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;kf/dj.k (,uthVh) i;kZoj.kh; dkuwuksa
jgk gS] mls U;k;kf/dj.k osQ vè;{k ;k U;kf;d lnL; osQ
vkSj fofu;eksa osQ dk;kZUo;u lfgr i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa ls
:i esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gS] rks og lÙkj o"kZ dh vk;q
lacaf/r fooknksa dks gy djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
çkIr djus osQ ckn in ij ugha jgsxkA
z ,uthVh osQ ikl i;kZoj.k laca/h eqíksa ls lacaf/r i;kZoj.k
z ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ tks mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k gS vf/dkfj;ksa ;k vU; vnkyrksa }kjk fn, x, vkns'kksa ;k
;k jgk gS] mls fVªC;wuy osQ vè;{k ;k U;kf;d lnL; osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ f•ykiQ vihy lquus dk vf/dkj gSA
:i esa fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;k gS] rks og lM+lB o"kZ dh vk;q
z ,uthVh i;kZoj.k dh j{kk osQ fy, vkns'k] fu"ks/kKk vkSj
çkIr djus osQ ckn in ij ugha jgsxkA
funZs'k tkjh djosQ i;kZoj.k dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa dks ykxw
z ;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ tks mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k gS ;k dj ldrk gSA
jgk gS] mls fVªC;wuy osQ U;kf;d lnL; osQ :i esa fu;qÙkQ z ,uthVh i;kZoj.k dkuwuksa vkSj fofu;eksa osQ vuqikyu dh
fd;k x;k gS] rks og lM+lB o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus osQ fuxjkuh djus vkSj mYya?ku osQ ekeys esa mfpr dkjZokbZ
ckn in ij ugha jgsxkA djus osQ fy, tokcnsg gSA
z dksbZ Hkh fo'ks"kK lnL; iSalB o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus osQ z ,uthVh osQ ikl i;kZoj.k ls tqM+s fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ fo'ks"kKksa
ckn in ij ugha jgsxkA dh ,d Vhe gS tks i;kZoj.k laca/h eqíksa ij fVªC;wuy dks
fu"dklu /kjk 9 is'ksoj lykg ns ldrh gSA
z osQaæ ljdkj] Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k osQ ijke'kZ ls] z ,uthVh dk mís'; ;g lqfuf'pr djosQ i;kZoj.kh; U;k;
fVªC;wuy osQ vè;{k ;k U;kf;d lnL; dks in ls gVk dks c<+kok nsuk gS fd lHkh ukxfjdksa dks LoPN i;kZoj.k dk
ldrh gS] tks& vf/dkj gS vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fu.kZ; ikjn'khZ vkSj Hkkxhnkjhiw.kZ
rjhosQ ls fd, tkrs gSaA
1- fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gS_ ;k
2- fdlh ,sls vijk/ osQ fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gS ftlesa] jk"Vªh; gfjr vf/dj.k dk {ks=kkf/dkj
osQaæ ljdkj dh jk; esa] uSfrd v/erk 'kkfey gS_ ;k fuEufyf•r fo/ku gSa tks vf/fu;e dh /kjk 1 osQ varxZr
3- 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld :i ls v{ke gks x;k gks_ ;k vkrs gSa
4- mlus ,slk foÙkh; ;k vU; fgr vftZr dj fy;k z ty (çnw"k.k dh jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=k.k) vf/fu;e] 1974_
gS ftlls mlosQ dk;ks± ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+us dh z ty (çnw"k.k dh jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=k.k) midj vf/fu;e]
laHkkouk gS_ ;k 1977_

z ou (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1980_ z ,elh esgrk us Hkkjr osQ fy, dbZ ,sfrgkfld iQSlys thrs]
z ok;q (çnw"k.k dh jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=k.k) vf/fu;e] 1981_ lhlk jfgr xSlksyhu dh 'kq#vkr dh vkSj xaxk esa çnw"k.k
z i;kZoj.k (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1986_ vkSj rkt egy osQ {kj.k dks de fd;kA
z lkoZtfud nkf;Ro chek vf/fu;e] 1991_ z mUgsa Hkkjr dk xzhu ,osatj dgk tkrk gSA
z tSfod fofo/rk vf/fu;e] 2002- z Hkksiky esa us'kuy xzhu fVªC;wuy (,uthVh) us gky gh esa
iQSlyk lquk;k fd eè; çns'k osQ fofHkUu ty fudk;ksa esa
z fVªC;wuy osQ ikl i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ ç'u okys
Øwt ukSdkvksa dk lapkyu voS/ Fkk vkSj fofHkUu i;kZoj.k
lHkh ukxfjd ekeyksa ij vf/dkj {ks=k gSA
dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djrs gq, bls tkjh j•us dh vuqefr
z blosQ vfrfjÙkQ] Åij mfYyf•r dkuwuksa osQ rgr fdlh ugha nh tk ldrhA
Hkh vihyh; çkf/dkjh osQ vkns'k@funZs'k ls O;fFkr dksbZ Hkh
z /kjk 14 esa mYys• gS fd 6 eghus ls vf/d iqjkus ekeyksa
O;fÙkQ mUgsa jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;kf/dj.k osQ le{k pqukSrh Hkh
dh lquokbZ fVªC;wuy }kjk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
ns ldrk gSA
z fVªC;wuy osQ vè;{k osQ dk;kZy; esa mudh e`R;q] bLrhiQs ;k
uksV% nks egRoiw.kZ ÑR;ksa dks ,uthVh osQ vf/dkj {ks=k ls ckgj
vU;Fkk osQ dkj.k dksbZ fjfÙkQ gksus dh fLFkfr esa] fVªC;wuy
j•k x;k gSA
osQ ,sls U;kf;d lnL; ftUgsa osQaæ ljdkj] vf/lwpuk }kjk]
z oU;tho (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1972 bl laca/ esa vf/Ñr dj ldrh gS] bl vf/fu;e osQ
z vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj vU; ikjaifjd ou fuoklh (ou çko/kuksa osQ vuqlkj u, vè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ dh rkjh• rd
vf/dkjksa dh ekU;rk) vf/fu;e] 2006A vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;Z djsxkA
U;k;kf/dj.k dh çfØ;k vkSj 'kfÙkQ
15- •k| laj{k.k vk;ksx
z fVªC;wuy flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 (1908 dk 5) }kjk
fu/kZfjr çfØ;k ls ckè; ugha gksxk] cfYd çkÑfrd U;k; ifjp;
osQ fl¼karksa }kjk funZsf'kr gksxkA z •k|] ukxfjd vkiwfrZ vkSj miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k foHkkx dk
z bl vf/fu;e osQ çko/kuksa osQ v/hu] fVªC;wuy osQ ikl çkFkfed y{; yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh osQ rgr
viuh çfØ;k dks fofu;fer djus dh 'kfÙkQ gksxhA igpkus x, ik=k ifjokjksa dks fj;k;rh njksa ij •k| vkiwfrZ
z fVªC;wuy Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/fu;e 1872 esa fufgr lk{; osQ çnku djuk] fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dk lgh ewY;
fu;eksa ls Hkh ckè; ugha gksxkA lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, leFkZu ewY; ij •k| vkiwfrZ
z bl vf/fu;e osQ rgr vius dk;ks± osQ fuoZgu osQ ç;kstuksa •jhnuk gS] vkSj miHkksÙkQkvksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djukA
osQ fy, fVªC;wuy osQ ikl ogh 'kfÙkQ;ka gksaxh tks ukxfjd z eè; çns'k jkT; •k| vk;ksx (MPSFC)% Hkkjr osQ
lafgrk osQ rgr ,d flfoy vnkyr esa fufgr gSaA eè; çns'k jkT; esa •k| lqj{kk ls lacaf/r dk;ZØeksa vkSj
osru ,oa HkÙks ;kstukvksa osQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,
21 tqykbZ 2017 dks LFkkfir ,d ljdkjh fudk; gSA
z vè;{k] U;kf;d lnL; vkSj fo'ks"kK lnL; osQ u rks osru
vkSj HkÙks vkSj u gh lsok osQ vU; fu;eksa vkSj 'krks± esa mudh z ;g jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2013 (,u,iQ,l,)
fu;qfÙkQ osQ ckn dksbZ vykHkdkjh ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk,xkA /kjk 16 osQ çko/kuksa osQ rgr lapkfyr gksrk gS] ftldk
mís'; lekt osQ detksj oxks± dks •k| lqj{kk vkSj iks"k.k
vè;{k çnku djuk gSA
1- yksosQ'oj flag iaVk
çÑfr & oS/kfud fudk;
2- Lora=k oqQekj
3- vkn'kZ oqQekj xks;y (orZeku) ea=kky;
z •k|] ukxfjd vkiwfrZ ,oa miHkksÙkQk laj{k.k foHkkxA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
vk/kj& jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2013 (,u,iQ,l,)
z ,uthVh osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk] Hkkjr ,d fo'ks"k i;kZoj.k
/kjk 16 (1)
U;k;kf/dj.k LFkkfir djus okyk igyk fodkl'khy ns'k
vkSj nqfu;k dk rhljk ns'k (vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj U;wthySaM osQ fu;qfÙkQ
ckn) cu x;kA z vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gS

;ksX;rk /kjk 16(3) dk;Zdky /kjk 16(4)
1- •k| vk;ksx dk vè;{k ;k rks vf•y Hkkjrh; lsokvksa z vè;{k vkSj vU; lnL; vius in ij ços'k djus dh rkjh•
;k la?k ;k jkT; dh fdlh vU; flfoy lsok dk lnL; ls ikap o"kZ dh vof/ osQ fy, 65 o"kZ dh vf/dre
gksxk vkSj eq[; lfpo jSad ;k led{k in ij gksxk ;k vk;q osQ v/hu in ij cus jgsaxs] tc rd fd mUgsa igys
vf•y Hkkjrh; lsokvksa osQ rgr eq[; lfpo jSad osQ in gVk;k u tk,A
ls lsokfuo`Ùk gksuk pkfg,A vkSj] z vè;{k vkSj lnL; iqufuZ;qfÙkQ osQ fy, ik=k gSa ysfdu dksbZ
2- ftuosQ ikl Ñf"k] ukxfjd vkiwfrZ] iks"k.k] LokLF; ;k fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ iSalB o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus osQ ckn vè;{k
Hkh lac¼ {ks=k esa •k| lqj{kk] uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj ç'kklu ls ;k lnL;ksa dk in /kj.k ugha djsxkA
lacaf/r ekeyksa esa Kku vkSj vuqHko gSA z osru vkSj vU; ifjyfC/;k¡ jkT; ljdkj }kjk cuk, x,
fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj gSaA ¹/kjk 16(5)º
vè;{k osQ in ij fu;qÙkQ gksus osQ fy, ekStwnk@lsokfuo`Ùk
ljdkjh lsod osQ vykok fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dh ik=krk fu"dklu /kjk 16(9)
fuEukuqlkj gksuh pkfg,% z ljdkj fdlh O;fÙkQ dks vè;{k ;k lnL; osQ in ls gVk
1- mls Ñf"k] dkuwu] ekuokf/dkj] lkekftd lsok] çca/u] ldrh gS ;fn og O;fÙkQ&
iks"k.k LokLF;] •k| uhfr] ;k lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa O;kid z fdlh Hkh le; fnokfy;k ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gks_ ;k
Kku vkSj vuqHko osQ lkFk lkoZtfud thou esa çfrf"Br z vè;{k ;k lnL; osQ :i esa dk;Z djus esa 'kkjhfjd ;k
O;fÙkQ gksuk pkfg,_ ;k ekufld :i ls vleFkZ gks x;k gks_ ;k
2- og ,slk O;fÙkQ gksuk pkfg, ftlosQ ikl xjhcksa osQ Hkkstu z fdlh ,sls vijk/ osQ fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gS] ftlesa jkT;
vkSj iks"k.k vf/dkjksa esa lq/kj ls lacaf/r dke dk fl¼ ljdkj dh jk; esa uSfrd v/erk 'kkfey gS_ ;k
fjdkWMZ gksA z mlus ,slk foÙkh; ;k vU; fgr vftZr dj fy;k gS ftlls
lnL; osQ :i esa mlosQ dk;ks± ij U;kf;d iwoZ çHkko iM+us
lnL; in osQ fy, ik=krk& dh laHkkouk gS_ ;k
z og ,slk O;fÙkQ gksuk pkfg, tks vf•y Hkkjrh; lsok ;k z vius in dk bruk nq#i;ksx fd;k gS fd mldk in ij
la?k ;k jkT; dh fdlh vU; flfoy lsok dk lnL; jgk cus jguk lkoZtfud fgr osQ fy, gkfudkjd gks x;k gS%
gks ;k la?k ;k jkT; osQ rgr fdlh flfoy in ij jgk
R;kxi=k /kjk 16(9)
gks vkSj Ñf"k] ukxfjd vkiwfrZ] iks"k.k] LokLF;] •k| lqj{kk
z vè;{k ,oa lnL; fdlh Hkh le; viuk bLrhiQk jkT;
;k fdlh Hkh lac¼ {ks=k esa uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj ç'kklu ls
ljdkj dks lkSai ldrs gSaA
lacaf/r ekeyksa esa Kku vkSj vuqHko j•rk gksA
lnL; in ij fu;qÙkQ gksus osQ fy, ekStwnk@lsokfuo`Ùk dk;Z /kjk 16(6)
ljdkjh lsod osQ vykok fdlh vU; O;fÙkQ dh ik=krk z •k| vk;ksx ;k rks Lor% laKku ysdj ;k f'kdk;r çkIr
fuEukuqlkj gksuh pkfg,& gksus ij vf/fu;e osQ vè;k; II osQ rgr çnku fd, x,
vf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku dh tkap dj ldrk gSA
1- mls Ñf"k] dkuwu] ekuokf/dkj] lkekftd lsok] çca/u]
z •k| vk;ksx eè; çns'k esa vf/fu;e osQ dk;kZUo;u dh
iks"k.k] LokLF;] •k| uhfr] ;k lkoZtfud ç'kklu esa
fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu djsxkA
O;kid Kku vkSj vuqHko osQ lkFk lkoZtfud thou esa
z vf/fu;e osQ çko/kuksa osQ dk;kZUo;u dh leh{kk vkSj
çfrf"Br O;fÙkQ gksuk pkfg,_ ;k
fuxjkuh osQ fy, vk;ksx jkT; ljdkj dks vf/fu;e osQ
2- og ,slk O;fÙkQ gksuk pkfg, ftlosQ ikl xjhcksa osQ Hkkstu çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, viuh lykg nsxkA
vkSj iks"k.k vf/dkjksa esa lq/kj ls lacaf/r dke dk fl¼
z •k| vk;ksx ftyk f'kdk;r fuokj.k vf/dkjh osQ vkns'kksa
VªSd fjdkWMZ gksA osQ f•ykiQ vihy dh lquokbZ djsxkA
la?kBu /kjk 16(2) z •k| vk;ksx okf"kZd fjiksVZ rS;kj djsxk] ftls jkT; ljdkj
z ,d vè;{k }kjk jkT; fo/kueaMy osQ le{k j•k tk,xkA
z 5 lnL;- de ls de nks lnL; efgyk,a gksuh pkfg, vkSj •k| vk;ksx dh foÙkh; 'kfÙkQ;k¡&
,d lnL; ,llh vkSj ,lVh leqnk; ls gksuk pkfg,A z •k| vk;ksx vf/fu;e osQ dk;kZUo;u osQ mís'; ls çkIr
z ,d lnL; lfpoA /u osQ O;; osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksxkA

z vè;{k osQ ikl jkT; •k| vk;ksx osQ foÙkh; ysunsu ls z ;g vf/fu;e dkuwuh rkSj ij 75» xzkeh.k vkcknh vkSj
lacaf/r lHkh 'kfÙkQ;ka gksaxh] flok; mu ekeyksa dks NksM+dj 50» 'kgjh vkcknh dks yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh osQ
ftuesa jkT; ljdkj dh iwoZ eatwjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rgr lfClMh okys •k|kUu çkIr djus dk vf/dkj nsrk gSA
z •k| vk;ksx dh lHkh foÙkh; 'kfÙkQ;k¡ jkT; ljdkj osQ z vk;ksx vf/fu;e osQ çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr
foÙk foHkkx }kjk le;≤ ij tkjh fd, tkus okys djrk gS vkSj ,lMhth 2 dh ljdkj dh ftEesnkjh dks
foÙkh; 'kfÙkQ;ksa] fu;eksa vkSj ifji=kksa] vkns'kksa vkSj funZs'kksa osQ iwjk djrk gSA
çR;k;kstu }kjk 'kkflr gksaxhA
z /kjk 19 esa la;qÙkQ •k| vk;ksx dk mYys• gSA
vU; 'kfÙkQ;ka /kjk 20
z ,iQlhvkbZ 1965 esa •k| fuxe vf/fu;e 1964 osQ rgr
•k| vk;ksx dks vf/fu;e dh /kjk 16 dh mi/kjk (6) osQ
LFkkfir ,d oS/kfud fudk; gSA
•aM (ch) vkSj (bZ) esa fufnZ"V fdlh Hkh ekeys dh tkap djrs
le;] ukxfjd lafgrk osQ rgr eqdnes dh lquokbZ djrs le; z bldh LFkkiuk vukt] fo'ks"kdj xsgwa dh Hkkjh deh dh
,d flfoy vnkyr dh lHkh 'kfÙkQ;ka çkIr gksaxhA çfØ;k] 1908 i`"BHkwfe esa dh xbZ FkhA
vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls] fuEufyf•r ekeyksa osQ laca/ esa] vFkkZr% z fdlkuksa dks ykHkdkjh ewY; dh fliQkfj'k djus osQ fy,
z fdlh Hkh O;fÙkQ dks cqykuk vkSj mldh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr 1965 esa Ñf"k ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx (CACP) cuk;k
djuk rFkk 'kiFk ij mldh tkap djuk_ x;k FkkA
z fdlh nLrkost dh •kst vkSj fuekZ.k_
z 'kiFki=kksa ij lk{; çkIr djuk_ foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (izkjafHkd ijh{kk)
z fdlh U;k;ky; ;k dk;kZy; ls fdlh lkoZtfud fjdkWMZ ;k 1- jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ gsrq xfBr
mldh çfr dh ekax djuk_ vkSj lfefr dh vè;{krk dkSu djrk gS\ (2022)
z xokgksa ;k nLrkostksa dh tkap osQ fy, vk;ksx dk xBu
(a) xoZuj (b) eq[;ea=kh
djukA
fuxjkuh vkSj leh{kk% vk;ksx fofHkUu •k| lqj{kk ;kstukvksa osQ (c) phiQ tfLVl (d) egkf/oÙkQk
dk;kZUo;u dh fuxjkuh osQ fy, ftEesnkj gS& mÙkj (c)
z lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh (ihMh,l)] 2- eè; çns'k jkT; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx (la'kks/u) vf/fu;e]
z eè;kÉ Hkkstu ;kstuk] (2021] 2022) osQ rgr fdrus xSj&ljdkjh lnL; gks
z ,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok,¡ (vkbZlhMh,l)] ldrs gSa\
z vU; iks"k.k laca/h dk;ZØeA (a) rhu (b) pkj
z vk;ksx •k| lqj{kk ;kstukvksa ls lacaf/r f'kdk;rksa osQ (c) ik¡p (d) Ng
lek/ku osQ fy, ,d eap osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
mÙkj (c)
z vk;ksx vke turk osQ chp •k| lqj{kk dk;ZØeksa osQ ckjs
esa tkx:drk iSnk djus dk dke djrk gSA 3- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu jkT; eq[; lwpuk vk;qÙkQ ;k jkT;
çfrosnu lwpuk vk;qÙkQ ugha gks ldrkA (2022)
z vk;ksx viuh fjiksVZ osQaæ ljdkj dks lkSairk gS (a) i=kdkfjrk osQ {ks=k ls tqM+s O;fÙkQ
vè;{kh; (b) dkuwuh {ks=k ls lacaf/r O;fÙkQ

z çFke vè;{k & vkbZ,,l (lsokfuo`Ùk) jktfd'kksj LoSuA (c) foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k esa O;fÙkQ
z laçfr & çksiQslj ohjsaæ oqQekj eYgks=kk (d) jkT; {ks=k osQ fo/kueaMy dk lnL;
mÙkj (d)
egRoiw.kZ rF;
4- lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fy,
z jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e 2013& yksd lsok vk;ksx dk çko/ku gS\ (2022)
z 5 tqykbZ] 2013 dks jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e]
(a) vuqPNsn 340 (b) vuqPNsn 315
(,u,iQ,l,) 2013] •k| lqj{kk osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa dY;k.k
ls vf/dkj&vk/kfjr n`f"Vdks.k esa ,d vkn'kZ cnyko dk (c) vuqPNsn 328 (d) vuqPNsn 238
çrhd gSA mÙkj (b)

5- uhfr vk;ksx osQ mikè;{k dh fu;qfÙkQ dkSu djrk gS\ 11- jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL; dh fu;qfÙkQ
(2022) dh tkrh gSA (2021)
(a) Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr (b) Hkkjr osQ ç/ku ea=kh (a) jkT;iky }kjk
(c) Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr (d) yksdlHkk vè;{k (b) eq[;ea=kh }kjk
mÙkj (b) (c) jk"Vªifr }kjk
6- Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd osQ osru vkSj lsok (d) la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ vè;{k }kjk
'krZsa dgk¡ fufnZ"V gSa\ (2022) mÙkj (a)
(a) Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh igyh vuqlwph
12- eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx esa vf/dre (2021) 'kkfey
(b) Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh nwljh vuqlwph
gksaxsA
(c) Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh rhljh vuqlwph
(a) Ng lnL; (c) pkj lnL;
(d) Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh pkSFkh vuqlwph
(c) ikap lnL; (d) lkr lnL;
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (c)
7- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e dh
/kjk 20 osQ rgr tqekZuk yxk ldrk gS\ (2021) 13- eè; çns'k esa uxj ikfydkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ
(a) osQoy osQUæh; lwpuk vk;ksx fy, lhVksa osQ vkj{k.k dk çko/ku Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku osQ
(b) mPp U;k;ky; ;k osQUæh; lwpuk vk;ksx ;k jkT; fuEufyf•r esa ls fdl vuqPNsn osQ rgr fd;k x;k gS\
lwpuk vk;ksx (2020)
(c) osQoy jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx (a) 243 vkj (1) (b) 243 vkj (2)
(d) osQaæh; lwpuk vk;ksx ;k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx (c) 243 ;w (1) (d) 243 Vh (2)
mÙkj (d) mÙkj (d)
8- fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd dks Nqêðh nsus ;k vLohdkj 14- uhfr vk;ksx osQ igys mikè;{k dkSu Fks\ (2020)
djus dh 'kfÙkQ (2021) esa fufgr gksxhA (a) jko bUæthr flag (b) vjfoUn iuxf<+;k
(a) foÙk ea=kh (b) jk"Vªifr
(b) vferkHk dkar (d) jktho oqQekj
(c) ç/ku ea=kh (d) Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k
mÙkj (b)
mÙkj (b)
15- eè; çns'k jkT; pquko vk;ksx dk xBu dc fd;k x;k
9- Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (2021) dks la?k
Fkk\ (2020)
osQ •krksa ls lacaf/r viuh fjiksVZ çLrqr djrs gSaA
(a) 1 ebZ] 1994 (b) 1 iQjojh] 1994
(a) Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k
(c) 1 ekpZ] 1994 (d) 1 vçSy] 1994
(b) ç/ku ea=kh
(c) mijk"Vªifr mÙkj (b)
(d) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha 16- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2020)
mÙkj (d) (i) Hkkjr osQ pquko vk;ksx osQ eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ dks
10- jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh lokZsPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k osQ osru osQ cjkcj
fu;qfÙkQ osQ fy, uke dh fliQkfj'k djus okyh lfefr esa osru fn;k tkrk gSA
dkSu 'kkfey gS\ (2021) (ii) Hkkjr osQ pquko vk;ksx osQ eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ dk
(a) fo/ku lHkk vè;{k (b) jkT;iky dk;Zdky in xzg.k djus dh rkjh• ls 6 o"kZ dh
(c) foi{k osQ usrk (d) (a) vkSj (c) vof/ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd] tks Hkh igys gks] rd
mÙkj (d) gksxkA

(ii) ,d pquko vk;qÙkQ] fdlh Hkh le;] eq[; pquko 21- jkT; •k| vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk fdl dkuwu osQ rgr dh
vk;qÙkQ dks lacksf/r vius gLrk{kj ls fy•dj viuk xbZ gS\ (2020)
in R;kx ldrk gSA (a) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha
lgh dFku pqusa (b) jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2013
(a) (i) vkSj (ii) (b) (i) vkSj (iii) (c) jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2019
(c) (iii) vkSj (ii) (d) (eSa osQoy
(d) jk"Vªh; •k| lqj{kk vf/fu;e] 2020
mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (b)
17- fuEufyf•r dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (2020)
(i) Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/ esa ns; lHkh çkfIr;ksa dk vkWfMV
22- fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu uhfr vk;ksx ls lacaf/r gS\
djuk fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd dk drZO; gksxkA (2016)
(ii) fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd osQ ikl la?k ;k jkT; (a) ujsUæ eksnh (b) ih-fpnacje
osQ fdlh Hkh dk;kZy; ;k foHkkx esa j•s x, HkaMkj ;k (c) veR;Z lsu (d) dkSf'kd clq
LVkWd osQ •krksa dh ys•kijh{kk vkSj fjiksVZ djus dk mÙkj (a)
vf/dkj gksxkA
lgh fodYi pqusa% 23- jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ vè;{k ,oa lnL;ksa dh
(a) (i) xyr gS ysfdu (ii) lR; gS
fu;qfÙkQ (2014) fdlosQ }kjk dh tkrh gS
(b) (i) lR; gS ysfdu (ii) xyr gS (a) jk"Vªifr
(c) (i) vkSj (ii) nksuksa lR; gSa (b) jkT;iky
(d) (i) vkSj (ii) nksuksa xyr gSa (c) mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k
mÙkj (c) (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
18- nks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksa osQ fy, ,d la;qÙkQ jkT; yksd mÙkj (b)
lsok vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA (2020)
24- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn esa pquko vk;ksx osQ
(a) ;fn lacaf/r jkT; bl laca/ esa lger gSa
çko/ku dk mYys• gS\ (2014)
(b) laln dkuwu }kjk la;qÙkQ jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dh
(a) vuqPNsn 324 (b) vuqPNsn 322
fu;qfÙkQ djrh gS
(c) (1) vkSj (2) nksuksa (c) vuqPNsn 320 (d) vuqPNsn 326
(d) mijksÙkQ esa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkj (a)
mÙkj (c) 25- jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh
19- jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx osQ vè;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfÙkQ osQ fy, cuh lfefr dk lnL; dkSu ugha gS\
fu;qfÙkQ osQ fy, uke dh fliQkfj'k djus okyh lfefr esa (2014)
dkSu 'kkfey ugha gS\ (2020) (a) yksdlHkk vè;{k
(a) jkT;iky (b) x`g foHkkx osQ çHkkjh
(b) jkT;lHkk osQ lHkkifr
(c) fo/ku lHkk vè;{k (d) eq[;ea=kh
(c) yksdlHkk osQ foi{k osQ usrk
mÙkj (a)
(d) jkT;lHkk esa foi{k osQ usrk
20- eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu fdl çko/ku osQ
rgr fd;k x;k gS\ (2020) mÙkj (b)
(a) jkT; iquxZBu vf/fu;e] 1956 dh /kjk 116(4) 26- foÙkh; vk;ksx vkSj ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ foy; dk lq>ko
(b) jkT; iquxZBu vf/fu;e] 1956 dh /kjk 118(3) fdlus fn;k Fkk\ (2014)
(c) jkT; iquxZBu vf/fu;e] 1956 dh /kjk 118(2) (a) vk'kqrks"k ikaMs (b) Hkkypaæ xksLokeh
(d) jkT; iquxZBu vf/fu;e] 1956 dh /kjk 118(1) (c) ,e-oh-ekFkqj (d) MhMh clq
mÙkj (b) mÙkj (c)

27- crk,a fd lcls igys 73oka lafo/ku la'kks/u fdlus ykxw 18- fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa dks Li"V djsaA
fd;k\ (2014) (2015)
(a) vka/z çns'k (b) iatkc 19- Hkkjr osQ egkys•k ijh{kd dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA
(c) jktLFkku (d) eè; çns'k (2015)
mÙkj (d) 20- jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dh lajpuk] dk;Z ,oa dk;Zç.kkyh
dk o.kZu djsaA (2015)
foxr o"kks± osQ iz'u (eq[; ijh{kk) 21- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh HkwfedkA (2014)
1- Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd dh Hkwfedk Li"V
djsaA (2020) vH;kl ç'u
2- uhfr vk;ksx (2020) osQ ekxZn'kZd fl¼karksa ij ,d laf{kIr 1- dkSu lk laoS/kfud fudk; lafo/ku osQ rgr vuqlwfpr
uksV fy•saA tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, çnku fd, x, lqj{kk mik;ksa ls lacaf/r
3- Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd osQ dk;Z drZO; ekeyksa dh tkap osQ fy, ftEesnkj gS\
fyf•,A (a) la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx
4- jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx dh 'kfÙkQ;k¡ D;k gSa\ (2019) (b) eè; çns'k jkT; vYila[;d vk;ksx
5- Hkkjr esa ekuokf/dkjksa dks cuk, j•us okyh ,tsafl;ksa dk (c) jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx
mYys• djsaA (2019) (d) eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx
6- eè; çns'k osQ egkys•kdkj (2019) osQ dk;ks± dks foLrkj mÙkj (c)
ls crk,aA O;k[;k% jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk lafo/ku
7- jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx vkSj mldh 'kfÙkQ;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk osQ rgr vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, çnku fd, x, lqj{kk
vkykspukRed ijh{k.k djsaA (2018) mik;ksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dh tkap osQ fy, dh xbZ gSA
8- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx dh lajpuk 2- eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkk dk çkFkfed dk;Z D;k gS\
vkSj dk;ks± dh O;k[;k djsaA (2018)
(a) pquko djkuk
9- eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ dksbZ nks drZO; fyf•,A (b) ljdkjh •pks± dk vkWfMV djuk
(2017)
(c) Hkz"Vkpkj osQ ekeyksa dh tkap djuk
10- eè; çns'k dh •k| lqj{kk ij ,d y?kq fuca/ fy•saA
(d) jkT; osQ vf/dkj {ks=k osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukuk
(2017)
mÙkj (d)
11 Hkkjr esa êkuokf/dkj vk;ksx* dk xBu dc gqvk\
(2016) O;k[;k% eè; çns'k fo/ku lHkk dk çkFkfed dk;Z jkT; osQ
vf/dkj {ks=k osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukuk gSA
12- ekuokf/dkj (laj{k.k) vf/fu;e] 1993 osQ eq[; çko/ku
fy•saA (2016) 3- dkSu lh laoS/kfud laLFkk osQaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dh lHkh
13- uhfr vk;ksx (2016) osQ eq[; mís'; fy•saA çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;;ksa osQ vkWfMV osQ fy, ftEesnkj gS\
(a) eè; çns'k jkT; pquko vk;ksx
14- jkT; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dh lajpuk] dk;Z ,oa dk;Zç.kkyh
dk o.kZu djsaA (2015) (b) eè; çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx
15- osQUæh; lwpuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk oSQls gqbZ\ (2015) (c) eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx
16- lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e&1905 dh çeq• fo'ks"krkvksa (d) Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{k
dks la{ksi esa Li"V dhft,A (2015) mÙkj (d)
17- fdl vf/fu;e osQ }kjk eè; çns'k ljdkj yksxksa dks O;k[;k% Hkkjr dk fu;a=kd ,oa egkys•k ijh{kd (CAG) osQaæ
lkoZtfud lsok,a çnku djus dh xkjaVh nsrh gSA bldh vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dh lHkh çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;;ksa osQ vkWfMV osQ
eq[; eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\ (2015) fy, ftEesnkj gSA

4- Hkkjr osQ orZeku eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ dkSu gSa\ O;k[;k% eè; çns'k jkT; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx dks lafo/ku
(a) jktho oqQekj osQ rgr vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, çnku fd, x, lqj{kk
(b) MkW-eukst lksuh mik;ksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dh tkap vkSj fuxjkuh djus dh
(c) Jh fxjh'k paæ eqeZw 'kfÙkQ gSA
(d) U;k;ewfrZ ujs'k oqQekj xqIrk 8- la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh çkFkfed Hkwfedk D;k gS\
mÙkj (a) (a) dkuwu cukuk
O;k[;k% Hkkjr osQ orZeku eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ jktho oqQekj gSaA (b) pquko djkuk
(c) vYila[;dksa osQ dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsuk
5- dkSu lk laoS/kfud fudk; eè; çns'k esa fofHkUu inksa ij
HkrhZ osQ fy, vkbZ,,l vkSj vkbZih,l osQ leku ijh{kk (d) flfoy lsokvksa esa HkrhZ osQ fy, ijh{kk,¡ vk;ksftr
vk;ksftr djus osQ fy, ftEesnkj gS\ djuk
(a) eè; çns'k jkT; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx mÙkj (d)
(b) eè; çns'k yksdk;qÙkQ O;k[;k% la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh çkFkfed Hkwfedk flfoy
(c) eè; çns'k jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx lsokvksa esa HkrhZ osQ fy, ijh{kk vk;ksftr djuk gSA
(d) eè; çns'k jkT; efgyk vk;ksx 9- eè; çns'k jkT; esa efgykvksa osQ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ
mÙkj (c) fy, dkSu lh laLFkk ftEesnkj gS\
O;k[;k% eè; çns'k jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx eè; çns'k esa (a) eè; çns'k jkT; pquko vk;ksx
fofHkUu inksa ij HkrhZ osQ fy, ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus osQ fy, (b) eè; çns'k jkT; efgyk vk;ksx
ftEesnkj gSA (c) eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx
6- Hkkjr osQ eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ dk dk;Zdky fdruk (d) eè; çns'k jkT; vYila[;d vk;ksx
gksrk gS\ mÙkj (b)
(a) 4 o"kZ (b) 5 o"kZ O;k[;k% eè; çns'k jkT; efgyk vk;ksx jkT; esa efgykvksa osQ
(c) 6 o"kZ (d) 7 o"kZ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA
mÙkj (b) 10- dkSu lk fudk; ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lwpuk dk
O;k[;k% Hkkjr dk eq[; pquko vk;qÙkQ ik¡p o"kZ osQ fuf'pr vf/dkj vf/fu;e osQ çko/kuksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls ykxw
dk;Zdky osQ fy, in /kj.k djrk gSA fd;k tk,\
7- lafo/ku osQ rgr vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, çnku (a) eè; çns'k jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx
fd, x, lqj{kk mik;ksa ls lacaf/r ekeyksa dh tkap vkSj (b) eè; çns'k ekuo vf/dkj vk;ksx
fuxjkuh djus dh 'kfÙkQ fdl fudk; osQ ikl gS\ (c) eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx
(a) eè; çns'k jkT; vYila[;d vk;ksx (d) eè; çns'k yksdk;qÙkQ
(b) eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx mÙkj (c)
(c) eè; çns'k jkT; efgyk vk;ksx O;k[;k% eè; çns'k jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS
(d) eè; çns'k jkT; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx fd lwpuk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e osQ çko/kuksa dks çHkkoh <ax
mÙkj (d) ls ykxw fd;k tk,A
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MPPSC

}kjk izdkf'kr % Physics Wallah Publication

eksckby ,si% Physics Wallah (Iys LVksj ij miyC/)

Nk=k leqnk; ds fgr esa%

 (;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

ifjp;  eq[;ea=kh% Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh

eè; çns'k dh lhek,¡

4 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k dk lkekU; ifjp; 5

eè; mPp Hkwfe lriqM+k&eSdky iwohZ iBkj

foaè; ioZrekyk osQ mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA ;g eè; çns'k

ikbZ tkrh gSA

DokVZtkbV vkfn ik, tkrs gSaA

10 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

gYosQ ygjnkj iBkj gSaA meknokM+k iBkj] nsokl iBkj]

eè; çns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkktu 11

eq[;r% pEcy dh fupyh Hkwfe ls ;qÙkQ gSA

 LFkykÑfr% bl iBkj dh leqæ ry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ

12 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k dk HkkSfrd foHkktu 13

14 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

ifjp;  ;g cqUnsy•.M osQ iBkjh Hkkx fo'ks"kdj Vhdex<+]

blfy, bldk uke iM+k dMIik iM+kA

 ;g fotkoj jsat (iUuk] lruk] Nrjiqj) vkSj

Xokfy;j jsat esa ik;k tkrk gSA

1- vkfdZ;u ç.kkyh vkrh gS

 iwjh rjg ls fØLVyh; (D;ksafd os ewy :i ls  HkaMkj 'k`a•yk

Tokykeq•h; gSa)]  jhok 'k`a•yk

 ;g vDlj unh ?kkfV;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj ueZnk

16 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

ifjp; z lriqM+k dh egRoiw.kZ Ük`a•yk ,oa igkfM+;k¡% eSdky igkfM+;k¡]

18 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

foxr o"kks± osQ ç'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk) mÙkj (b)

ifjp; ddZ js•k

foUè;&lriqM+k ioZrh; {ks=k

eè; çns'k dh tyok;q 21

22 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k dh tyok;q 23

z eè; çns'k dks dbZ ufn;ksa dk vk'kh"k çkIr gS tks jkT;

eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj tyçikr 25

 ;g owQuks jk"Vªh; m|ku dh thou js•k gSA

 laxe% pEcy unh esa (LFkku eqjSuk)

 jktLFkku esa cukl] lhi vkSj pEcy unh dk laxe

jkes'oj f=kos.kh esa gksrk gSA

26 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj tyçikr 27

z lksu vejdaVd iBkj osQ fdukjs ij >juksa dh ,d J`a•yk

 mÙkj çns'k& fjgan unh ij fiijh osQ ikl fjgan cka/A

ls ikuh dks lksu ugj dh vksj eksM+rk gS)A

;g Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk unh iqy gS] tks vkjk dks

28 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj tyçikr 29

30 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj tyçikr 31

32 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

eè; çns'k esa ufn;k¡] >hysa vkSj tyçikr 33

34 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

yk• gsDVs;j Hkwfe dh flapkbZ {kerk gSA ;g yxHkx

36 eè; izns'k lkekU; Kku

(;g iqLrd dsoy 'kSf{kd mís'; ds fy, mi;ksx dh tk,xhA)

ifjp; eq[;ea=kh% Jh f'kojkt flag pkSgku jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh

LFkykÑfr% bl iBkj dh leqæ ry ls vkSlr Å¡pkbZ

ifjp; ;g cqUnsy•.M osQ iBkjh Hkkx fo'ks"kdj Vhdex<+]

;g fotkoj jsat (iUuk] lruk] Nrjiqj) vkSj

iwjh rjg ls fØLVyh; (D;ksafd os ewy :i ls HkaMkj 'k`a•yk

Tokykeq•h; gSa)] jhok 'k`a•yk

;g vDlj unh ?kkfV;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj ueZnk

;g owQuks jk"Vªh; m|ku dh thou js•k gSA

laxe% pEcy unh esa (LFkku eqjSuk)

jktLFkku esa cukl] lhi vkSj pEcy unh dk laxe

mÙkj çns'k& fjgan unh ij fiijh osQ ikl fjgan cka/A

esa rsy dk mi;ksx •Sj (ccwy dRFkk)&

rsy fuekZ.k xgjk dkyh feêðh (0-5»)& ueZnk ?kkVh {ks=k

dkyh feêðh thok.kq] dod] vk£d;k vkSj vU; e`nk osQ

yo.krk& •kjs ty lzksrksa osQ LFkku vkSj fudVrk osQ dVgyA

iquxzZg.k fof/;k¡% e`nk dk PH c<+kus osQ fy, pwuk