Chapter# 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

Q.1. Discuss the use of computer in any two fields of life.

We are living today in the information era and the information has become one of the most valuable assets. To
process this information, we make use of computers in various fields in our daily life. Computers have been
integrated in our life in different shapes and sizes like desktops, laptops, mobile phones, gaming consoles and
smart devices. Computers are largely used in every field of life. Manufacturing, ecommerce, education,
medical, banking, communication, entertainment, engineering, agriculture, architecture, business, defense, and
sports are highly influenced by computers.

(1)Uses of Computers In Education:

Computers are one of the most valuable resources in a education system because they serve so many useful
functions. With computers and the internet, students today have a wealth of information at their fingertips that
can help them develop their research and communication skills while preparing them for a future career in a
workforce that is increasingly reliant on computer technology.
One of the most common applications of computers in education today involves the ongoing use of educational
software and programs that facilitate personalized online instruction for students. Programs like use computers
to assess students in reading and learning mathematics. Students then work on interactive reading and
mathematics lessons that are designed to target the specific academic needs

(2)Uses of Computers In Business:

The use of computer technology in business provides many facilities. Businessmen are using computers to
interact with their customers anywhere in the world. Many business tasks are performed more quickly and
efficiently. Computers also help them to reduce the overall cost of their business. it called E-commerce which
allows user for online buying or purchasing things through it. Computer can be used in business in the
following ways.

A(Marketing)
An organization can use computers for marketing their products. Marketing applications provide information
about the products to customers. Computer is also used to manage distribution system, advertising and selling
activities. It can also be used in deciding pricing strategies. Companies can know more about their customers
and their needs and requirements etc.

B(Stock Exchange)
Stock Exchange is the most important place for businessmen. Many stock exchanges use computers to conduct
bids. The stockbrokers perform all trading activities electronically. They connect with the computer where
brokers match the buyers with sellers. It reduces cost as no paper or special building is required to conduct
these activities.
Q.2. Differentiate between Compiler and Assembler.

Compiler Assembler

Compiler converts the source code written by the Assembler converts the assembly code into the
programmer to a machine level language. machine code.

Compiler input source code. Assembler input assembly language code.

It converts the whole code into machine But the Assembler can’t do this at once.
language at a time.

A Compiler is more intelligent than an But, an Assembler is less intelligent than a

Assembler. Compiler.

The compilation phases are lexical analyzer, Assembler makes two phases over the given
syntax analyzer, semantic analyzer, intermediate input, first phase and the second phase.
code generated, a code optimizer, code
generator, and error handler

The output of compiler is a mnemonic version of The output of assembler is binary code.
machine code.

C, C++, Java, and BASIC are examples of Binary and assembly languages are the example
compiled languages. of an assembler.

Examples of complier & assembler:

Source code Object code
Complier
(High Level languages) (Machine Language)

Source code Object code

Assembler
(Assembly Languages) (Machine Language)
Q.3.Differentiate System and Application software.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

System Software maintains the system Application software is built for specific
resources and gives the path for application tasks and purposes.
software to run.

Low level languages are used to write the While high level languages are used to
system software. write the application software.

It’s general purpose software. While it’s a specific or special purpose

software.

Without system software, system can’t run While without application software
system always needs software to be boot. system always runs but work limitedly.

System software runs when system is turned While application software runs as per
on and stops when system is turned off. the user’s request.

Example of system software includes Example of application software includes

operating system, BIOS, Dos, Unix, Linux media player, web browsers
,PC tools scandisk and windows etc. Ms Office, Adobe Photoshop, VLC
player etc.

System Software programming is complex Application software programming is

than application software. simpler as comparison to system
software.

Working with system software need Application software does not require
hardware information. any hardware information.

System software refers to operating system, Application software refers to general

language translators, data management, purpose software, special purpose
editor, utility software. software.
Its responsible for creating the GUI through It covers all application on the smart
which the user can interact with hardware phones, tablets as well as personal
and other application computers

Q.4.Describe artificial intelligence with examples.

Artificial intelligence is based on simulating human intelligence in machines that can easily mimic and execute
tasks from simple to more complex operations. The term A.I. may also be referred to any machine that displays
qualities associated with a human brain such as learning, reasoning and problem solving. A.I. is also used for
Machine Learning. It learns from our daily routines and suggests us different options. Like Google maps
suggest the best ways for our daily commute. A.I. is vastly used in scientific experiment, healthcare and space
technologies.

A (Robots Technologies)
Robots are the machines that can be controlled by a computer and are capable of carrying out a complex series
of actions automatically. Robots can be controlled by an external control device or through programming.
Robotics deals with designing, creating and programming of the robot and enhancing it by taking sensory
feedback and processing information. Robots are commonly used in manufacturing, industry, science,
medicine and education.

B (Wireless Communication Technologies)

Wireless Communication has become an integral part of our lives. Wireless communication technology
transmits information using electromagnetic waves like IR (Infrared), RF (Radio Frequency), satellite, etc.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is now used to find real time location of people and objects. Smart phones
that include 3G, 4G and 5G networks have transformed the conventional use of telephones. Wireless
communication is also giving new meaning to the socialization and human interactivity.

C (Virtual Reality Technologies)

Virtual Reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and presented to the user in a way that
the user feels it as a real environment. Virtual reality can be used for the simulation of a real environment for
training and education. It is also used for development of an imagined environment for a game or interactive
story.

D (Missiles Atomic Bomb Technologies)

Today’s rocket technology and advanced guided-weapons technology is now a prerequisite of a modern
military inventory which controlled by the satellite technology. Which help to form and control very short-
range anti-air and anti-armour missiles, to short, medium and long-range air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons,
ballistic and cruise missiles now form a central element of the most capable national militaries. The increasing
adoption of such systems is in large part a function of their perceived military effectiveness.

Q.5. Discuss Impact and Non-Impact Printers with examples.

1. (Impact Printers)
Impact printers include all printers that work striking an ink ribbon and they much nosier then other types of
printers for example Daisy-wheel, Dot matrix and line printers.
A (Daisy-Wheel Printers)
This type of printers has a plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of each character stands out in relief.
Daisy-wheel printers produce letter quality print but con not print graphics.

B (Dot-Matrix Printers)
This type of printers creates characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and
combination of dots formed characters and illustrations.

C (Line Printers)
Line printer contains a chain of character or pin that print entire line at one time. Line printers are very fast
printers, but produce low-quality print. Drum printer and chain printers are the sub-division of line printers.

2. (Non-Impact Printers)
Non-Impact printers include laser printer, ink-jet printers ect.

A (Ink-Jet Printers)
This type of printers use sprays ink on sheet of papers. Ink-jet printers produce high quality text and graphics
print.

B (Laser Printers)
This type of printers uses same technology as photocopier machines. Laser printers produce very high quality
text and graphics print.
C (LED and LCD Printers)
This type of printers similar to laser printers but uses liquid crystals or light emitting diodes rather than a laser
to produce an image on the drum.
Q.6. Write the use of these storage devices: Hard Disk, USB Flash Disk, SD Card.
1. (Hard-Disk)
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that
uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated
with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a
moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Hard disk is most important and
valuable source of data storing device which placed in the CPU to store data for future use
2. (USB Flash-Disk)
A USB flash drive -- also known as a USB stick, USB thumb drive or pen drive is a plug-and-play portable
storage device A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface that enables communication between
devices and a host controller such as a personal computer (PC) or smartphone..
3. (SD Card)
A Secure Digital (SD) card is a tiny flash memory card designed for high-capacity memory and various
portable devices, such as car navigation systems, cellular phones, e-books, PDAs, smartphones, digital
cameras, music players, digital video camcorders and personal computers. In 1999, SanDisk Corp., Panasonic
Corp.
Q.7. Which monitor will you prefer in your school; CRT or FPD? Why?.
Home work.
Q.8. List down any five components present on motherboard.
Ans.
 CPU. ...
 RAM memory. ...
 Basic input/output (BIOS) system. ...
 Chipsets. ...
 Cooling fans. ...
Q.9. Prepare a table of generations.
Following table shows the period, technologies, and major development of each generation accordingly.
Generation Period Technology Example of machine
First Generation 1940 to 1956 Vacuum Tube ENIAC, UNIVAC
Second Generation 1956 to 1963 Transistors IBM7094, IBM 1401
Third Generation 1964 to 1971 Integrated Circuit (IC) IBM 360, IBM 370
Apple Macintosh, IBM
Fourth Generation 1972 to Present Microprocessor
PC
Artificial Intelligence
Fifth Generation Present and Beyond Robots Like Human
(AI)
Q.10.Give examples of business, education, entertainment and productivity software.
Following table shows the software which are using widely in different fields of life accordingly.

S# Business Education Entertainment Productivity

1 Accounts Drawing Making Video Games Ms Word

Learning
2 Billing Audio Player Ms Publisher
Alphabets

3 Payroll Counting Numbers Video player Ms Excel

\
Q.11.Match the columns.

S# Column A S# Column B Answer

Period of manually operated

1 ALU A D
machines

2 Input Devices B PC G

Process information using binary

3 Secondary Storage Devices C F
number system
Perform arithmetic and logical
4 Productivity Software D E
operations
Helps to produce spreadsheets,
5 Mechanical Era E A
database etc
Large storage capacity, store data
6 Digital Computers F C
permanently
Hardware device that sends data into
7 Microcomputer G B
a computer
Q.12.Choose the Correct answer.
1) The device that converts hard copy into soft copy is______________________?
a) printer b) plotter c) scanner d) barcode reader
2) The volatile memory_______________________?
a) is permanent b) loses contents as the power is disconnected
c) possesses large storage d) manages hardware resources
3) Media players are________________?
a) business software b) education software
c) entertainment software d) productivity software
4) The programs that are generally installed to manage and maintain overall computer resources is.
a) operating system b) utility program
c) language translator d) device driver
5) Modern languages use_______________?
a) compiler b) interpreter c) convertor d) assembler
6) A collection of wires connecting the CPU with main memory that is used to identify particular
locations is________________?
a) control bus b) data bus c) address bus d) memory bus
7) The inexpensive and most commonly used computers are_____________?
a) super computer b) mainframe computer
c) minicomputer d) microcomputer
8) Computer cannot start without_______________?
a) operating system b) utility program
c) device drivers d) business software
9) Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed in__________________?
a) second generation b) fourth generation
c) mechanical era d) electro-mechanical era
10) A person who uses different programming languages to develop programs is____________?
a) database administrator b) web designer
c) software engineer d) graphic designer
Q.13. Label the following block diagram of computer system.

CPU

Control
Unit

Arithmetic /
Input Output
Logical Unit
(ALU)

Primary
Memory
RAM ROM

Q.7. Which monitor will you prefer in your school; CRT or FPD? Why?.
Home work.
CRT stands for “Cathode Ray Tube“. Or FPD stands for Flat Panel Display. Using the monitor in school office
and school I.T lab as I.T teacher will recommend the FPD monitor instead CRT monitor due to its shape and
its weight the CRT monitor are heavy and take more place to be placed in table or office but the FPD monitors
are smaller and lighter then. The CRT used Vacuum glass tube, phosphor screen, electron gun, deflection
plates. The FPD monitor used Glass plates, nematic liquid crystal, and internal light source. The CRT monitor
Panels weigh less than plasma; use less energy; light; thinner; emits less electromagnetic radiation; no bleeding
or smearing. But the FPD monitors Easy to move as cannot be wall mounted; good picture quality; cheaper;
wide viewing quality; sharper image quality; multiple resolutions. CRT monitor consumes high electricity
power. As compare to FPD consumes Low electricity power. The conclusion I will prefer FPD monitor using
for every fields of life.
Ans1. Computer in Different Filed of Life:
Computers have been integrated in our life in different shapes and size like desktop, laptops, mobile phone and
smart phone. Our lives have become so dependent of computers that we cannot work even a single day without
the help of it. Computer are largely used in very filed of life Manufacturing, ecommerce, education, banking,
communication and etc are highly influenced by computer.

1. Computer in Education:
Schools and colleges around the world are using computer software and web technologies to teach students
digitally and creatively with data visualization. Uses of the computer in a classroom will explore creativity and
imagination in students’ minds. That created the new education business model called small classes, smart
classrooms, and digital classrooms.
So, to become educated, and skillful we can use computers and this is one of the most beneficial uses of the
computer in our daily life.
2. Computer in the banking sector
Banks are using a computer to deposit customers’ money into their accounts. Banks are also providing ATMs
to withdraw cash deposits ATMs for their customers. Whenever we deposit or withdraw money we get
messages on our mobile numbers. Such uses of banking in our daily life are stored, calculated, and managed by
computers with speed and accuracy. The use of the computer in banking not only saves our productive time but
also reduces the infrastructure cost of banks.
Ans2. Differentiate between Compiler and Assembler:
Factor Compiler Assembler
Converts Source code to machine-level language Assembly code to machine codes
Input High-Level language Low-Level assembly language
Language code code
Output Mnemonic form of a machine code Binary code
Efficiency More efficient and intelligent Less efficient and intelligent
Number of operations Single operation Multi Operation

Ans3. Differentiate between System and Application?

System Software
System Software is the type of software that is the interface between application software and the system.
System Software maintains the system resources and gives the path for application software to run. An
important thing is that without system software, the system cannot run. It is general-purpose software.

Types of System Software

1. CLI: Command Line Interface is a text-based user interface (UI) used to run programs, manage
computer files and interact with the computer.

2. GUI: Graphical Users Inter Face a user interface that allows a computer user to interact easily with the
computer typically by making choices from displayed menus or groups of icons.
Application Software
Application Software is the type of software that runs as per user request. It runs on the platform which is
provided by system software. It’s specific purpose software. The main difference between System Software
and Application Software is that without system software, the system cannot run on the other hand without
application software, the Low-level maintenance system always runs.

Types of Application Software

1. General Purpose Software: This Application Software is used to perform tasks that are used for a
variety of tasks, just not limited to a specific task only. For Example, MS Word, MS Excel, etc.
2. Customized Software: It is used to perform tasks that are designed for specific organizations. For
Example, Railway Reservation System, Airline Reservation System, etc.
3. Utility Software: It is used to support the architecture of the Computer. It is designed for optimizing and
maintaining the system and also taking care of its requirements.

What is Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is an expansive branch of computer science that focuses on building smart machines.

Thanks to AI, these machines can learn from experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks.

For example, chess-playing computers and self-driving cars rely heavily on natural language

processing and deep learning to function.

American computer scientist John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence back in 1956. At the

time, McCarthy only created the term to distinguish the AI field from cybernetics.

1. Open your phone with face ID

One of the first things many people do each morning is to reach for their smartphones. And, when your device
gets unlocked using biometrics such as with face ID, it's using artificial intelligence to enable that
functionality. It lights up your face and places 30,000 invisible infrared dots on it and captures an image. It
then uses machine learning algorithms to compare the scan of your face with what it has stored about your face
to determine if the person trying to unlock the phone is you or not. Apple states the chance of fooling Face ID
is one in a million.

2. Send an email or message

Every day most of us will send an email (or several). Tools such as Grammar and spell check activate when
you compose your email to help you draft messages free from errors. These tools use artificial intelligence and
natural language processing. On the receiving end of your messages, spam filters use artificial intelligence to
either block emails that are suspected as spam or identify an email as something your recipient would like to
receive in their inbox. Anti-virus software uses machine learning as well to protect your email account.