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Probability Questions and Answers

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25 views

Probability Questions and Answers

Uploaded by

allenjosephthomas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability(Prepared by Jincy A J)

Questions and Answers


1. Given that E and F are events, such that P (E) = 0.6, P (F) = 0.3 and P (E ∩ F) = 0.2,
find P (E|F) and P (F|E).

Solution:

2. Compute P (A|B), if P (B) = 0.5 and P (A ∩ B) = 0.32

Solution:

3. If P (A) = 0.8, P (B) = 0.5 and P (B|A) = 0.4, find


(i) P (A ∩ B)
(ii) P (A|B)

(iii) P (A ∪ B)

Solution:

4. If P (A) = 6/11, P (B) = 5/11 and P (A ∪ B) = 7/11, find


(i) P (A∩B)

(ii) P (A|B)
(iii) P (B|A)

Solution:

5. A fair die is rolled. Consider events E = {1,3,5}, F = {2,3} and G = {2,3,4,5}


Find
(i) P (E|F) and P (F|E)
(ii) P (E|G) and P (G|E)
(iii) P ((E ∪ F)|G) and P ((E ∩ F)|G)

Solution:
(iii) Clearly, from (i), we have

E = {1, 3, 5}, F = {2, 3} and G = {2, 3, 4, 5}

⇒ E ∪ F = {1, 2, 3, 5}

⇒ (E ∪ F) ∩ G = {2, 3, 5}
6. If P (A) = 3/5 and P (B) = 1/5, find P (A ∩ B) if A and B are independent events.

Solution:

Given P (A) = 3/5 and P (B) = 1/5

As A and B are independent events.

⇒ P (A ∩ B) = P (A).P (B)
= 3/5 × 1/5 = 3/25

7. Let E and F be events with P (E) = 3/5, P (F) = 3/10 and P (E ∩ F) = 1/5. Are E and F
independent?

Solution:

Given P (E) = 3/5, P (F) = 3/10 and P (E ∩ F) = 1/5

P (E). P (F) = 3/5 × 3/10 = 9/50 ≠ 1/5

⇒ P (E ∩ F) ≠ P (E). P (F)

Therefore, E and F are not independent events.

8. Probability of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are 1/2 and


1/3, respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the
probability that
(i) The problem is solved.

(ii) Exactly one of them solves the problem.

Solution:

Given,

P (A) = Probability of solving the problem by A = 1/2

P (B) = Probability of solving the problem by B = 1/3

Because both A and B are independent.

⇒ P (A ∩ B) = P (A). P (B)

⇒ P (A ∩ B) = ½ × 1/3 = 1/6

P (A’) = 1 – P (A) = 1 – 1/2 = 1/2

P (B’) = 1 – P (B) = 1 – 1/3 = 2/3

(i) The problem is solved.


The problem is solved, i.e., it is either solved by A, or it is solved by B.

= P (A ∪ B)

As we know, P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)

⇒ P (A ∪ B) = ½ + 1/3 – 1/6 = 4/6

⇒ P (A ∪ B) = 2/3

(ii) Exactly one of them solves the problem.

That is, either problem is solved by A but not by B or vice versa.

That is P (A).P (B’) + P (A’).P (B)

= ½ (2/3) + ½ (1/3)

= 1/3 + 1/6 = 3/6

⇒ P (A).P (B’) + P (A’).P (B) = ½

9. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, and another bag contains 2 red and 6
black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random, and a ball is drawn from
the bag, which is found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from
the first bag.

Solution:

Let E1 be the event of choosing bag I, E2 be the event of choosing the bag, say bag II and A
be the event of drawing a red ball.

Then, P (E1) = P (E2) = 1/2

Also, P (A|E1) = P (drawing a red ball from bag I) = 4/8 = ½

And P (A|E2) = P (drawing a red ball from bag II) = 2/8 = ¼

Now, the probability of drawing a ball from bag I, being given that it is red, is P (E 1|A).

By using Bayes’ theorem, we have


10. A factory has two machines, A and B. Past record shows that machine A
produced 60% of the items of output and machine B produced 40% of the items.
Further, 2% of the items produced by machine A and 1% produced by machine B
were defective. All the items are put into one stockpile, and then one item is
chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability
that it was produced by machine B?

Solution:

Let E1 be the event that the item is produced by A, E2 be the event that the item is
produced by B, and X be the event that produced product is found to be defective.

Then, P (E1) = 60% = 60/100 = 3/5

P (E1) = 40% = 40/100 = 2/5

Also, P (X|E1) = P (item is defective given that it is produced by machine A) = 2% = 2/100 =


1/50

And P (X|E2) = P (item is defective given that it is produced by machine B) = 1% = 1/100


Now, the probability that an item is produced by B, being given that the item is defective,
is P (E2|A).

By using Bayes’ theorem, we have

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