Program:

from math import exp

from random import seed
from random import random
# Initialize a network
def initialize_network(n_inputs, n_hidden, n_outputs):
network = list()
hidden_layer = [{'weights': [random() for i in range(n_inputs + 1)]} for i in range(n_hidden)]
network.append(hidden_layer)
output_layer = [{'weights': [random() for i in range(n_hidden + 1)]} for i in range(n_outputs)]
network.append(output_layer)
return network
# Calculate neuron activation for an input
def activate(weights, inputs):
activation = weights[-1]
for i in range(len(weights)-1):
activation += weights[i] * inputs[i]
return activation
# Transfer neuron activation
def transfer(activation):
return 1.0 / (1.0 + exp(-activation))
# Forward propagate input to a network output
def forward_propagate(network, row):
inputs = row
for layer in network:
new_inputs = []
for neuron in layer:
activation = activate(neuron['weights'], inputs)
neuron['output'] = transfer(activation)
new_inputs.append(neuron['output'])
inputs = new_inputs
return inputs
# Calculate the derivative of a neuron output
def transfer_derivative(output):
return output * (1.0 - output)
# Backpropagate error and store in neurons
def backward_propagate_error(network, expected):
for i in reversed(range(len(network))):
layer = network[i]
errors = list()
if i != len(network)-1:
for j in range(len(layer)):
error = 0.0
for neuron in network[i + 1]:
error += (neuron['weights'][j] * neuron['delta'])
errors.append(error)
else:
 for j in range(len(layer)):
neuron = layer[j]
errors.append(expected[j] - neuron['output'])
for j in range(len(layer)):
neuron = layer[j]
neuron['delta'] = errors[j] * transfer_derivative(neuron['output'])
# Update network weights with error
def update_weights(network, row, l_rate):
for i in range(len(network)):
inputs = row[:-1]
if i != 0:
inputs = [neuron['output'] for neuron in network[i - 1]]
for neuron in network[i]:
for j in range(len(inputs)):
neuron['weights'][j] += l_rate * neuron['delta'] * inputs[j]
neuron['weights'][-1] += l_rate * neuron['delta']
# Train a network for a fixed number of epochs
def train_network(network, train, l_rate, n_epoch, n_outputs):
for epoch in range(n_epoch):
sum_error = 0
for row in train:
outputs = forward_propagate(network, row)
expected = [0 for i in range(n_outputs)]
expected[row[-1]] = 1
sum_error += sum([(expected[i]-outputs[i])**2 for i in range(len(expected))])
backward_propagate_error(network, expected)
update_weights(network, row, l_rate)
print('>epoch=%d, lrate=%.3f, error=%.3f' % (epoch, l_rate, sum_error))
# Test training backprop algorithm
seed(1)
dataset = [[2.7810836, 2.550537003, 0],
[1.465489372, 2.362125076, 0],
[3.396561688, 4.400293529, 0],
[1.38807019, 1.850220317, 0],
[3.06407232, 3.005305973, 0],
[7.627531214, 2.759262235, 1],
[5.332441248, 2.088626775, 1],
[6.922596716, 1.77106367, 1],
[8.675418651, -0.242068655, 1],
[7.673756466, 3.508563011, 1]]
n_inputs = len(dataset[0]) - 1
n_outputs = len(set([row[-1] for row in dataset]))
network = initialize_network(n_inputs, 2, n_outputs)
train_network(network, dataset, 0.5, 20, n_outputs)
for layer in network:
print(layer)
Output:
>epoch=0, lrate=0.500, error=6.350
>epoch=1, lrate=0.500, error=5.531
>epoch=2, lrate=0.500, error=5.221
>epoch=3, lrate=0.500, error=4.951
>epoch=4, lrate=0.500, error=4.519
>epoch=5, lrate=0.500, error=4.173
>epoch=6, lrate=0.500, error=3.835
>epoch=7, lrate=0.500, error=3.506
>epoch=8, lrate=0.500, error=3.192
>epoch=9, lrate=0.500, error=2.898
>epoch=10, lrate=0.500, error=2.626
>epoch=11, lrate=0.500, error=2.377
>epoch=12, lrate=0.500, error=2.153
>epoch=13, lrate=0.500, error=1.953
>epoch=14, lrate=0.500, error=1.774
>epoch=15, lrate=0.500, error=1.614
>epoch=16, lrate=0.500, error=1.472
>epoch=17, lrate=0.500, error=1.346
>epoch=18, lrate=0.500, error=1.233
>epoch=19, lrate=0.500, error=1.132
[{'weights': [-1.4688375095432327, 1.850887325439514, 1.0858178629550297], 'output':
0.029980305604426185, 'delta': -0.0059546604162323625}, {'weights': [0.37711098142462157, -
0.0625909894552989, 0.2765123702642716], 'output': 0.9456229000211323, 'delta':
0.0026279652850863837}]
[{'weights': [2.515394649397849, -0.3391927502445985, -0.9671565426390275], 'output':
0.23648794202357587, 'delta': -0.04270059278364587}, {'weights': [-2.5584149848484263,
1.0036422106209202, 0.42383086467582715], 'output': 0.7790535202438367, 'delta':
0.03803132596437354}]