JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENGINEERING SCIENCES VOL.

14(27), ISSUE 1/2024

ISSN: 2247-3769 / e-ISSN: 2284-7197 ART.NO. 393 pp. 35-48

DURABILITY PERFORMANCE AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF

PET FIBER REINFORCED RECYCLED FLUID CONCRETE

Meriem Bayaha, b*, F. Debieb b, K. El-Hadjc, M. Bentchikou d

a*
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University Saad Dahleb of Blida1, Algeria;
E-mail: [email protected]
b
Materials and Environment Laboratory, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Algeria; E-mail: [email protected]
c
L2MGC-Civil Engineering Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, University of Cergy Pontoise, France;
E-mail: [email protected]
d
Mechanic-Physic and Mathematic Modelling Laboratory, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Algeria;
E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 06.11.2023 / Accepted: 30.11.2023 / Revised: 19.02.2024 / Available online: 31.05.2024

DOI: 10.2478/jaes-2024-0005

KEYWORDS: self-compacting concrete, recycled fine concrete aggregates, recycled polyethylene terephthalate fibers,
reinforced material, resistance.

ABSTRACT

Many environmental problems can be attributed to various sources, such as the demolition of old buildings, waste from
bricks, glass waste, among others, which are generated worldwide. This waste is converted and recycled as natural aggregate.
On the other hand, a significant issue with concrete incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) is its inferior
properties compared to natural aggregate concrete. The subpar properties of RCA concrete can be enhanced by the addition
of Fibers. This research examines the effects of polyethylene terephthalate fiber (RPETF) and recycled fine concrete
aggregates (RFCA) on the mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Three concrete families
were created: one using RPETF alone, one using RFCA alone, and a third utilizing both RPETF and RFCA combined. The
natural fine aggregates (NFA) were replaced with RFCA in increments of 25% from 0% to 100%. The results showed that
the split tensile strengths of the mix of 100% RFCA and 1.2 % RPETF have improved over time by 28% compared to the
mix with 100% RFCA alone. However, the inclusion of RPETF in SCC mixtures with varying amounts of RFCA resulted in
reduced durability of the composite.

1. INTRODUCTION

The world consumes more than 6 billion cube meters of aggregates (RCA) (Nili, Sasanipour, and Aslani 2019;
concrete each year in the construction industry (Wang et Debieb et al. 2009). The presence of old mortar adhered
al. 2015). Concrete consists of 60% to 80% aggregates by to the surface of RCA significantly impact the quality of
volume and serves as the primary material in its these aggregates by reducing density, increasing water
composition. This high demand for concrete indicates a absorption, and lowering abrasion resistance.
significant increase in material requirements, which are Consequently, the properties of hardened concrete,
primarily fulfilled by exploiting natural resources. including compressive and tensile strength, elastic
Simultaneously, approximately 900 million tons of modulus, and durability, are adversely affected by this
construction and demolition waste (CDW) are generated decline in quality (Silva et al. 2016). on the other hand,
in urban areas worldwide (Klee 2009; Mesboua et al. the workability of concrete is also influenced by the
2021). Given this substantial amount of CDW, effective shape and texture of aggregate (Debieb et al. 2009).
control and management of waste have become critical
issues for large urban centers (Güneyisi et al. 2016; The majority of the studies indicate that RCA have lower
Kemer et al. 2021; Aissa et al. 2022). In this context, the compressive strength and durability compared to concrete
recycling and reuse of CDW as aggregates have emerged made with natural aggregates due to the inherent
as necessary solutions to address environmental and weakness of RCA (Toghroli et al. 2020).In a study by
economic challenges faced by countries. Behera et al.(2019). The use of RFCA in SCC with 50%
and 100% replacement resulted in a reduction of
In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the compressive strength by 9.5% and 27.5% respectively.
properties of concrete made with recycled concrete Additionally, an increase in the replacement of RFCA led

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to a decrease in splitting tensile strength, flexural enhanced the mechanical properties of RCA bridging
strength, and elastic modulus. However, it was observed cracks and improved crack resistance.
that the 50% replacement ratio of RFCA had a lesser
influence compared to mixes with 100% RFCA. According to the available literature, numerous studies
have examined the combined use of RCA as aggregates
Tang et al. (2022). Investigated the replacement of and fiber reinforcement about the rheological and
recycled fine and coarse aggregates (RFCA, RCCA) in mechanical properties of concrete. Furthermore, there is a
concrete, along with the addition of recycled powder as a growing interest in understanding the durability aspect of
partial replacement of cement at three different contents RCA reinforced with recycled polyethylene terephthalate
(10%-20%-30%). They assessed the impact of these fiber (RPETF). In line with this objective, our study
replacements on the mechanical properties, specifically focuses on investigating the influence of different
compressive and tensile strength, as well as the uniaxial volumes of RPETF in the RFCA mixes while evaluating
compressive stress–strain relationship in the concrete. their mechanical properties and durability.
The findings revealed that the tensile strength results for
RFCA and RCCA were comparable to those of natural
aggregates (NA) after 28 days.
2. MATERIALS
Zong et al.(2007) evaluated the mechanical properties
and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete 2.1. Cement
(RAC), specifically focusing on coarse aggregates. The In this study, we utilized type CEM II/B 42.5N cement,
study indicated that the inclusion of RCA in RAC leads which was obtained from the Lafarge-M'sila company in
to an increase in water permeability, air permeability, and Algeria. This particular cement has a compressive
chloride ion penetration. This increase can be attributed strength of 42.5 MPa at 28 days, a specific surface of
to the high porosity of recycled aggregates (RA). On the 3900 cm2/g, and a density of 3.08 kg/m3. Furthermore,
other hand, several researchers have also worked on the chemical composition of cement was determined
improving the mechanical and durability properties of using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique, and Table
RCA through various methods. These methods include 1 presents the detected chemical composition of cement.
the addition of admixture, increasing the amount of
cement, removing adhered mortar, utilizing fiber, and 2.2. Superplasticizer
strengthening adhered mortar (Dimitriou, Savva, and
Petrou 2018). The superplasticizer used in this study is based on
Polycarboxylates, which is known to significantly
Fiber reinforcement is a widely employed method to improve the properties of concrete. The superplasticizer
enhance the mechanical behavior of concrete. Previously, is produced by Granitex-NP Company in Algeria. It is
Toghroli et al. (2020) investigated the improvement of available in liquid form and is typically dosed within the
mechanical strength in mixes containing RCA by range of 0.5% to 2% by mass of powder. The specific
incorporating steel fiber (STF) and waste plastic fiber gravity of the superplasticizer is 1.07, and it has a PH
(WPF). Their findings revealed that the addition of STF value of 6.
and WPF enhanced both compressive and flexural
strength, although WPF reinforcement exhibited inferior 2.3. Aggregates
performance compared to STF reinforcement. Dune sand, with a maximum size of 4 mm, was employed
as NFA in this study. RFCA were utilized to replace NFA
In another study, He et al.(2020)examined the effect of
at varying levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by
incorporating hybrid steel and polypropylene fibers on
weight. The RFCA was obtained by crushing slab
the mechanical properties of RCA. They demonstrated
concrete into small rocks, which were subsequently
that the use of hybrid fibers improved the splitting tensile
processed using a crusher machine to produce the desired
and flexural strength of RCA. Furthermore, Chakradhara
aggregates. Additionally, Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a
et al. (2019)investigated the influence of different types
sample and the morphology of the fine aggregates used in
of fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete
the study. Two classes of gravel, namely G 3/8 and G
containing 50% RCA. Their experimental results
8/15, were employed as the coarse aggregate.
indicated that the presence of fibers significantly

Figure 1. Used aggregate in this study a) NFA and b) RFCA

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ISSN: 2247-3769 / e-ISSN: 2284-7197 ART.NO. 393 pp. 35-48

Figure 2. SEM morphology of (a) NFA (b) RFCA

The grading size distribution of the aggregates used is provide the physical and chemical properties of fine and
presented in Figure 3. Furthermore, Table 1 and Table 2 coarse aggregates, respectively.

Figure 3. Particles size distribution of used aggregates

Composition (%) Cement NFA RFCA

SiO2 15.96 92.86 9.58

CaO 62.17 0.37 49.40
CO2 11.46 0.64 38.76
Fe2O3 2.75 0.25 0.91
Al2O3 3.75 2.52 2.43
MgO 1.33 0.13 1.54
Na2O 0.12 0.04 -
K2O 0.52 1.01 0.20
SO3 2.30 0.30 2.75

Table 1. Chemical composition of cement and fine aggregates

Type of Aggregate Maximum Size Apparent density Bulk density Water absorption Fineness Los Angeles
(mm) (g/ cm3) (g/cm3) (%) Modulus Abrasion (%)
CNA 15 1.52 2.61 0.59 - 26.5
CNA 8 1.50 2.63 0.79 - 27.5
NFA 4 1.59 2.65 0.65 2.24 -
RFCA 4 1.24 2.40 8.5 3.01 -

Table 2. Physical properties of used aggregates

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2.4. Polyethylene terephthalate fibers

The recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) fiber
used in this research was produced by recycling waste
plastic bottles. It was incorporated at four different
volumetric percentages: 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2%. The
physical and mechanical properties of RPETF are
presented in Table 3. Furthermore, the morphology of the
RPETF is depicted in Figure 4.

Length Diameter Elongation to break Density (20 ◦C) (g/cm3) Tensile strength Young’s modulus
(mm) (mm) (%) (MPa) (GPa)
30 0.44 53 0.690 383 7.17

Table 3. Main properties of used RPETF

Figure 4. RPET fibers: nature (a) and morphology (b)

3. CONCRETE MIXES DESIGN

In this study, a total of 25 mixtures were produced to from 0% to 100% without the addition of RPETF. The
examine the combination RPETF and RFCA on the third family of mixes involved a combination of RFCA
mechanical properties and durability of self-compacting inclusion and the addition of RPETF at the same ratios to
concrete (SCC). Three different concrete families were the mix. The details of all SCC mix proportions can be
produced; the first family of mixes contained NFA with found in Table 4. The results of the fresh properties of
varying ratios of RPETF. In the second family of mixes, these mixtures are presented in Table 5.
the NFA was replaced by RFCA in increments of 25%

Specimens Cement NFA RFCA NCA RPETF SP W/B

0RFCA-0RPETF 483.69 922.43 - 750.04 - 4.60 0.4
0RFCA-0.3RPETF 483.69 922.43 - 750.04 2.07 4.69 0.4
Series I 0RFCA-0.5RPETF 483.69 922.43 - 750.04 3.45 4.69 0.4
0RFCA-1RPETF 483.69 922.43 - 750.04 6.9 4.84 0.4
0RFCA-1.2RPETF 483.69 922.43 - 750.04 8.28 4.84 0.4
25RFCA-0RPETF 483.69 691.82 230.60 750.04 - 4.60 0.4
25RFCA-0.3RPETF 483.69 691.82 230.60 750.04 2.07 4.69 0.4
Series II 25RFCA-0.5RPETF 483.69 691.82 230.60 750.04 3.45 4.69 0.4
25RFCA-1RPETF 483.69 691.82 230.60 750.04 6.9 4.84 0.4
25RFCA-1.2RPETF 483.69 691.82 230.60 750.04 8.28 4.84 0.4
50RFCA-0RPETF 483.69 461.21 461.21 750.04 - 4.60 0.4
50RFCA-0.3RPETF 483.69 461.21 461.21 750.04 2.07 4.69 0.4
Series 50RFCA-0.5RPETF 483.69 461.21 461.21 750.04 3.45 4.69 0.4
III 50RFCA-1RPETF 483.69 461.21 461.21 750.04 6.9 4.84 0.4
50RFCA-1.2RPETF 483.69 461.21 461.21 750.04 8.28 4.84 0.4
75RFCA-0RPETF 483.69 230.60 691.82 750.04 - 4.60 0.4
75RFCA-0.3RPETF 483.69 230.60 691.82 750.04 2.07 4.69 0.4
Series IV 75RFCA-0.5RPETF 483.69 230.60 691.82 750.04 3.45 4.69 0.4
75RFCA-1RPETF 483.69 230.60 691.82 750.04 6.9 4.84 0.4
75RFCA-1.2RPETF 483.69 230.60 691.82 750.04 8.28 4.84 0.4

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100RFCA-0RPETF 483.69 - 922.43 750.04 - 4.60 0.4

100RFCA-0.3RPETF 483.69 - 922.43 750.04 2.07 4.69 0.4
Series V 100RFCA-0.5RPETF 483.69 - 922.43 750.04 3.45 4.69 0.4
100RFCA-1RPETF 483.69 - 922.43 750.04 6.9 4.84 0.4
100RFCA-1.2RPETF 483.69 - 922.43 750.04 8.28 4.84 0.4

Table 4. Concrete mixes design (kg/m3)

Specimens Slump T500(s) V-final(s) L-Box (%) Sieve stability (%)

flow(mm)
0RFA-0RPETF 767.5 0.86 2.55 1 12.47
0RFA-0.3RPETF 737.5 1.18 3.15 0.96 10.23
Series 0RFA-0.5RPETF 725 1.29 3.76 0.92 9.15
I 0RFA-1RPETF 712.5 1.37 4.24 0.9 7.22
0RFA-1.2RPETF 692.5 1.42 5.56 0.88 6.43
25RFA-0RPETF 757.5 1.05 2.98 0.98 10.86
25RFA-0.3RPETF 725 1.27 3.48 0.95 9.25
Series 25RFA-0.5RPETF 707.5 1.38 4.32 0.9 8.32
II 25RFA-1RPETF 697.5 1.43 5.18 0.87 7.05
25RFA-1.2RPETF 687.5 1.52 6.11 0.85 6.14
50RFA-0RPETF 732.5 1.25 3.79 0.96 9.42
50RFA-0.3RPETF 702.5 1.36 4.42 0.9 8.54
Series 50RFA-0.5RPETF 692.5 1.45 5.26 0.87 7.66
III 50RFA-1RPETF 682.5 1.53 5.76 0.85 6.08
50RFA-1.2RPETF 675 1.67 6.86 0.83 5.48
75RFA-0RPETF 705 1.35 4.15 0.9 8.42
75RFA-0.3RPETF 690 1.44 5.14 0.87 7.34
Series 75RFA-0.5RPETF 685 1.58 5.86 0.85 6.58
IV 75RFA-1RPETF 679 1.62 6.27 0.83 5.62
75RFA-1.2RPETF 662.5 1.73 7.58 0.82 4.97
100RFA-0RPETF 690 1.49 5.32 0.87 7.26
100RFA-0.3RPETF 680 1.55 5.96 0.84 6.55
Series 100RFA-0.5RPETF 670 1.69 6.62 0.82 5.69
V 100RFA-1RPETF 664 1.75 7.36 0.81 4.75
100RFA-1.2RPETF 650 1.85 7.89 0.8 4.01

Table 5. Fresh properties of SCC mixes

It is worth noting that based on these results, all the 70% of the mixing water was added, and the mixture was
mixtures exhibited excellent workability, meeting the further blended for 1 minute. Following this, the
acceptable criteria outlined by the EFNARC remaining 30% of the water containing the
recommendations (EFNARC 2005). The workability superplasticizer was added and mixed for an additional
values obtained for all the mixtures were within the minute. During this process, an additional 5 minutes
acceptable range as per EFNARC guidelines. elapsed before a 2-minute pause. To ensure the
homogeneity of the SCC mixes before discharging, the
The preparation of SCC mixes involved three mixing SCC was mixed for an additional 30 seconds (Benabed et
steps. Initially, the cement, fibers, and aggregates were al. 2012).
combined and blended for 30 seconds. Subsequently,

4. TESTING METHOD mm cube samples after 28 and 90 days of curing,

following the ASTM C597-16 (ASTM 2009) standard.
4.1. Compressive and splitting tensile strengths
The compressive strengths of the samples were measured (1)
at the ages of 28 and 90 days after the curing process.
That was using 100-mm cubic samples in accordance V: Velocity (m/sec),
with the EN 12390-3 (EN 1993) standard. Additionally, L: length of path(m),
the splitting tensile strength tests were conducted on
100×200mm cylindrical samples at 28 and 90 days, t: time (seconds).
following the ASTM C496-11 (ASTM 2008) standard. 4.3. Porosity test
4.2. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test The porosity accessible to water test is conducted after 90
days, following the guidelines of NF P18-459 (NF P
The ultrasonic pulse velocity was determined by dividing
2010). For this test, three discs measuring 100*50mm,
the pulse time by the length of the path, as indicated in
obtained by cutting from cylindrical specimens with a
the following equation. This test was conducted on 100-
diameter of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm, are used to
assess their porosity. The specimens are then placed in an

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oven until two successive weighing’s do not differ by 2011). To evaluate this test, cylindrical specimens with a
more than 0.1%. This final mass is noted as the dry mass, diameter of 150mm and a height of 50 mm were used.
Mdry. Next, the sample is immersed in a vacuum using a The specimens were laterally protected and confined to
pump for 4 hours in a desiccator. Following this, the ensure a unidirectional transfer of the gas. The apparent
sample undergoes complete immersion in water for 182 gas permeability, Kapp, was measured using the
hours. After removing the test pieces from the container, following equation:
they were weighed in water (Mwat) and in air (Mair). The
following equation expresses the porosity calculation: (4)

(2) L: Thickness of the specimen in (m).

4.4. Chloride Penetration test A: Cross-sectional area of the specimen in (m2).
In accordance with the ASTM C-1202-12 (ASTM 1997) Q: Gas flow in (m3s-1).
standard, a test was conducted to measure the resistance
to chloride ions penetration in a concrete disc measuring l: Dynamic viscosity coefficient of nitrogen gas (17.5
200 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height. The test ×10-6 Pa s).
specimen was positioned between two cell electrodes and
immersed in two different solutions: one containing a 3% Pi : Inlet pressure (Pa).
sodium chloride solution (NaCl) and the other containing
a 0.3% sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). The P0 : Atmospheric pressure (Pa).
electrical charge was then calculated after applying an
4.6. Water Permeability test
electrical potential of 60 V for duration of 6 hours using
the following equation (3): Water permeability tests were conducted on cubic
specimens measuring (150×150×150) mm to measure the
depth of water penetration for each composition. In this
(3) test, the specimens were subjected to a water pressure of
5 bars for a duration of 72 hours, following standard DIN
4.5. Gas Permeability test 1048-5(“DIN1048 2000). After the test, each specimen
was divided into two parts to determine the water
The gas permeability test was conducted following the
penetration depth. Five equidistant spots were then taken
CEMBUREAU method as outlined in XP P18-463(XP P
along each face of the split specimen for measurement.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Compressive strength

Figure 5 illustrates the impact of RPETF and RFCA on attached to the RCA. Additionally, as shown in Figure 5,
the compressive strength of the SCC mixture after 28 and an increase in the percentage of PETF resulted in a
90 days of curing. The figure demonstrates that the decrease in compressive strength. At 28 days, RPETF
compressive strength of SCC increases with the curing contents of 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% reduce the
duration. However, the use of RFCA resulted in a strength of SCC by approximately 3%, 6%, 4%, and 5%,
reduction in compressive strength at all stages of respectively.
hardening. At 28 days, the compressive strength of the
control SCC mixture without RFCA and RPETF was Among the analyzed fiber concretes, the RPETF concrete
48.11 MPa. Upon replacing NFA with RFCA, the with a content of 1.0% exhibited the most favorable fiber
compressive strength decreased by approximately 1.59%, distribution. The observed reduction in compressive
3.93%, 6.80%, and 9.33% for the mixtures containing strength can be attributed to fiber entanglement during
25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of RFCA, respectively. the mixing and casting processes, which increase the
Similar decreases in strength were observed at 90 days likelihood of fiber surfaces coming into contact with each
for mixtures containing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% other (Shahidan et al. 2018). The addition of RPETF to
RFCA, resulting in strengths of 52 MPa, 51 MPa, 49 RSCC resulted in a decrease in compressive strength. The
MPa, and 47 MPa, respectively, compared to the control 90-day compressive strength of recycled self-compacting
SCC strength of 53 MPa. This reduction in compressive concretes (RSCC) containing RPETF exhibited a
strength can be attributed to the intrinsic properties of reduction rate of 2%, 4%, and 3% for mixtures of 0.3%
RCA and the higher absorption capacity of the adhered RPETF+100 %RFCA, 0.5% RPETF+100 %RFCA, 1%
mortar in the RCA (Liu et al. 2023). The presence of RPETF+100 %RFCA, and 1.2% RPETF+100 %RFCA,
RCA leads to poorer adhesion between the cement paste respectively. Some research studies have reported
and the RCA as compared to NFA (Silva et al. 2016). improvements in compressive strength when using
Sasanipour et al. (2020) Conducted a study on the RPETF in SCC mixtures (Allawi, Al-hadithi, and
influence of RFCA and RCCA on concrete properties. Mohmoud 2021). However, previous investigations have
Their research also indicated a reduction in compressive emphasized that the influence of fiber on compressive
strength with the replacement of RFCA. This decrease in strength is relatively minor compared to aggregate
strength can be attributed to the high porosity of the strength, cement paste strength, and the interfacial
recycled aggregates and the poor-quality mortar matrix transition zone (Shahidan et al. 2018).

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0 RFCA 0 RFCA
25 RFCA 25 RFCA
50
50 RFCA
60
50 RFCA

Compressive strength (Mpa)

Compressive strength (Mpa)

75 RFCA 75 RFCA
100 RFCA 55 100 RFCA
45
50

45
40
40

35
35
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2 0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
28 Days RPETF(%) 90 Days RPETF(%)

Figure 5. Influence of RFCA and RPETF on the compressive strength

5.2. Splitting tensile strength

Figure 6 illustrates the variation in splitting tensile strength, with the degree of improvement increasing with
strength of the different SCC mixtures containing RFCA higher RPETF content. Therefore, at 28 days, RPETF
and RPETF after 28 and 90 days of curing. The splitting contents of 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% improved the
tensile strength decreased with increasing RFCA content, splitting tensile strength of SCC by approximately 2.45%,
similar to the trend observed in compressive strength. At 5.52%, 9.50%, and 14.11%, respectively. The addition of
28 days, the splitting tensile strength decreased by RPETF to concrete leads to an improvement in the
approximately 1.84%, 10.42%, 24.23%, and 29.14% splitting tensile strength as the fibers act as bridges across
when 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% RFCA were used fissures, providing increased ductility and delaying the
instead of NFA, respectively. The negative impact of breakdown of the concrete compared to normal
RFCA on the splitting tensile strength of concrete could specimens(He et al. 2020). Vijaya et al.(2018).
be due to the lower quality, strength, and density of Investigated the influence of waste plastic fiber on the
RFCA compared to natural aggregates(Güneyisi et al. mechanical properties of SCC and found that the increase
2016). The influence of RFCA on the splitting tensile in fiber content enhanced the binding strength by
strength of concrete has previously been studied. improving the adhesion between the fibers and the paste,
Dimitriou et al. (2018)Reported a 25% decrease in resulting in increased splitting tensile strength.
splitting tensile strength when 100% NCA were replaced Furthermore, it was observed that the splitting tensile
with RCA. They attributed this decrease to the presence strength of RSCC increased with higher RPETF content.
of porous adhered mortar on the surface of the RFCA and The inclusion of RPETF at 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2%
noted that the strength of concrete is influenced by the improved the strength of 100% RFCA by approximately
form and texture of aggregates. In contrast, the addition 7.35%, 13.85%, 20.34%, and 28.57%, respectively.
of RPETF resulted in an improvement in splitting tensile

0 RFCA
0 RFCA
25 RFCA
25 RFCA
6
Splitting tensile strength (Mpa)

Splitting tensile strength (Mpa)

50 RFCA 50 RFCA
4
75 RFCA 75 RFCA
100 RFCA 5 100 RFCA

3 4

3
2
2

1 1
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2 0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
28 Days RPETF(%) 90 Days RPETF(%)

Figure 6. Influence of RFA and RPETF on the splitting tensile strength

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5.3. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) be attributed to the density of the material and the
increase in the number of spaces and pores within the
Figure 7 illustrates the influence of RFCA and RPETF mixtures due to the presence of fibers (El Ouni et al.
on the UPV test after 28 and 90 days of curing, 2022). When 100% RFCA is used in combination with
respectively. The UPV values decrease as the percentage 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% RPETF, the UPV value
of RFCA content increases and this reduction is further decreases by approximately 1%, 3%, 1%, and 2%,
amplified with higher RPETF content. For instance, when respectively. This reduction in UPV values due to the
only 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% RPETF are used without influence of fibers has also been confirmed by Al Hadithi
RFCA, the UPV values decrease by approximately 4376 et al. (2017), who demonstrated that the incorporation of
m/s, 4338 m/s, 4385 m/s, and 4366 m/s, respectively. The
decrease in UPV values with the addition of RPETF can RPETF leads to a decrease in UPV compared to
reference mixtures.

0 RFCA 0 RFCA
25 RFCA 25 RFCA
5000 50 RFCA
5000 50 RFCA
75 RFCA 75 RFCA
100 RFCA 100 RFCA
4500 4500
UPV (m/s)

UPV (m/s)
4000 4000

3500 3500

3000 3000
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2 0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
28 Days RPETF(%) 90 Days RPETF(%)

Figure 7. Influence of RFCA and RPETF on the UPV test

porosity can be attributed to the presence of pores and
microcracks in the RCA that are formed during
5.4. Porosity production, resulting in a weak interface between the
In this section, the porosity results illustrated in Figure 8 RCA and cement paste, which increases air voids
are considered, considering the influence of RFCA and (Gesoglu et al. 2015; El-Hassan, Kianmehr, and Zouaoui
RPETF. An increase in RFCA content leads to an 2019). Figure 8 also shows a slight increase in porosity
increase in porosity, which is significantly higher with the addition of RPETF. For the control SCC, the
compared to the reference concrete. For samples without porosity is 9.14%, which increases to 9.74%, 9.96%,
RPETF, the porosity increases by approximately 11%, 9.66%, and 9.70% for SCC mixtures prepared with
22%, 42%, and 68% when 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% RPETF contents of 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2%,
RFCA are used as a substitute for NFA. This increase in respectively.

0 RFCA 25 RFCA 50 RFCA

18

16
Porositiy (%)

14

12

10

8
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
RPETF(%)

Figure 8. Influence of RFCA and RPETF on the Porosity test

The maximum porosity was recorded for the higher than that of the control mixture. This
mixture containing 100% RFCA reinforced with increase in porosity can be attributed to the non-
0.5% RPETF, which was approximately 74.08% homogeneous fibers’ surface, which creates voids

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between the pulp and the fiber itself (Mastali and specimens with various RFCA and RPETF
Dalvand 2016). Consequently, the higher number of contents. In general, there is a decreasing trend in
fibers in the mixture increases the occurrence of compressive strength and UPV with increasing
microcracks, resulting in a large interface between porosity. The coefficient between compressive
the fibers and cement paste (Toghroli et al. 2020). strengths, UPV, and porosity is R2 >0.8, indicating
Figure 9 illustrates the relationship between a strong correlation among these factors.
compressive strengths, UPV, and porosity of
Compressive strength UPV
56 4800
Compressive strength (Mpa)

54
4600
52

UPV(m/s)
50 4400

48 y = -0.9877x + 61.123
R² = 0.838 4200
46

44 4000
4 9 Porosity(%) 14 19

Figure 9. Correlation between compressive strengths, UPV and porosity.

5.5. Chloride Penetration RA compared to the reference mix. Their study indicated
that the partial replacement of 100% NFA with RFCA
The chloride-ion penetration resistance of the SCC resulted in a significant increase of approximately 58%.
mixture, made with RFCA and RPETF, was tested In Figure 10, a slight increase in chloride-ion penetration
according to ASTM C1202 (1997) at 90 days, and the is observed due to the addition of fibers. The mixtures
results are presented in Figure 10. The substitution of prepared with 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% of RPETF
NFA with RFCA resulted in an increase in the electric showed an increase of 0.49%, 1.02%, 3.06%, and 4.29%,
charge (in Coulombs) passed through the cylindrical respectively, compared to the reference mix.
specimens, indicating higher chloride-ion penetration.
Specifically, the replacement of 25, 50%, 75%, and 100% Furthermore, the mixtures containing 0.3 to 1.2% of
of RFCA increased the chloride-ion penetration by RPETF and 100% RFCA exhibited a higher increase in
1.33%, 3.50%, 4.16%, and 31.09%, respectively, chloride penetration (5000 C), which can be attributed to
compared to the reference concrete. Notably, the mixture the high porosity of the concrete. Similar results were
containing 100% RFCA exhibited a significant effect on reported by Bui et al. (2018), who stated that the
chloride penetration. This increase in chloride penetration resistance to chloride ion penetration of RAC was lower
can be attributed to the higher porosity of the RFCA than that of NAC. They also found that the addition of a
compared to the NFA (Dimitriou, Savva, and Petrou small amount of plastic fiber (0.25% fiber) to RAC
2018), primarily due to the presence of adherent mortar slightly increased the resistance to chloride ion
on the surface of the RFCA. penetration, likely due to the high electrical resistance of
the plastic fiber. However, the resistance to chloride
However, Tiago Barroqueiro et al. (2020) reported an infiltration decreased with increasing fiber in RAC.
increase in chloride ion penetration with an increase in
0 RFCA 25 RFCA 50 RFCA
5500
Charged passed (Coulombs)

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
RPETF(%)

Figure10. Influence of RFCA and RPETF on the Charge Passed test

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5.6. Gas Permeability

Figure 11 presents the influence of RFCA and RPETF on higher than that of the reference mix. However, it was
the gas permeability of SCC at 90 days. The test results noted that the mixture containing 30% RA exhibited a
indicate that the mixes containing RFCA exhibit higher smaller increase in gas permeability compared to the
gas permeability compared to the reference concrete. The other mixtures.
coefficient of permeability varies for different RFCA
percentages, with specimens containing 25% RFCA Figure 11 illustrates the results of the incorporation of
showing different behavior compared to those with a RPETF in SCC. The gas permeability coefficient of the
higher RFCA content (100%). The gas permeability reference concrete without RFCA and RPETF was
coefficient values for all mixtures range from 4.98 ×10-17 measured at 4.98× 10-17m2. The addition of 0.3%, 0.5%,
m2 to 8.91 ×10-17 m2. These results can be attributed to 1%, and 1.2% of RPETF resulted in a gas permeability
the porosity characteristics of the concrete. coefficient of 5.64× 10-17 m2 to 5.55× 10 17 m2, 5.81
×10-17 m2, 6.87 ×10-17 m2, and 6.09× 10-17 m2,
The coefficient of gas permeability increases with the respectively. When 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% RPETF were
increase in RFCA percentage, reaching a maximum value added to the mixture containing 75% RFCA, the gas
of 7.43× 10-17 m2 with 100% partial substitution of permeability coefficient significantly increased by 20%,
RFCA. This increase in gas permeability can be 33%, and 39% compared to the mixture with 75% RFCA
attributed to the increase in pore structure within the alone. This increase can be attributed to the uncontrolled
concrete. Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the presence distribution of fibers in the mixture due to varying fiber
of residual hydrated cement adhered to the surface of the amounts. It has been observed in previous experiments
aggregate particles (new and/or old ITZ) in RA that different types of fibers have varying impacts on the
contributes to the formation of a more porous and cellular air permeability of concrete (Plagué, Desmettre, and
material (Plagué, Desmettre, and Charron 2017; Li et al. Charron 2017). The gas permeability coefficient can be
2019). influenced by factors such as fiber length, fiber size, and
fiber diameter (Li et al. 2019). According to the reference
This result is consistent with the findings of Lan (Baroghel-Bouny, 2007), samples with a permeability
Zong(Zong, Fei, and Zhang, n.d.), who also observed an coefficient ranging from 10-17 to 10-16 m2 exhibit better
increase in the gas permeability coefficient when permeability resistance.
replacing NFA with RFCA. In their study, the gas
permeability coefficient was approximately three times

0 RFCA 25 RFCA 50 RFCA 75 RFCA 100 RFCA

Coefficient of pereambility (m2)

4,00E-17
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
RPETF(%)

Figure 11. Influence of RFCA and RPETF on the Gaz Permeability test

In this section, the correlation between charge passed, with an increase in porosity. The experimental data
coefficient permeability, and porosity of specimens obtained from concrete specimens with varying RFCA
produced with different RFCA and RPETF contents was and RPETF contents demonstrate a strong correlation (R2
investigated (Figure 12). The results indicate that both the ≥ 0.6) between these parameters.
charge passed and the coefficient of permeability increase

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Charge passed coefficient permeability

5500 100

Coefficient permeapilty 10^-18(m2)

5000 y = 180,96x + 1989,3

Charge passed(Coulombs)
R² = 0,7611 90
4500
80
4000
70
3500 y = 4,1657x + 16,437
R² = 0,6868 60
3000

2500 50

2000 40
8 10 12 14 16 18
Porosité(%)
Figure12. Correlation between charge passed, coefficient permeability and porosity

5.7. Water Permeability

However, the addition of fibers to the SCC results in an
The variations of water permeability depth under pressure increase in water penetration depth. Particularly, the mix
for all mixes of SCC at 90 days are shown in Figure 13. with 1.2% RPETF exhibits a higher water penetration
The test results demonstrate that the water penetration is depth compared to the reference concrete. These findings
more extensive in the samples containing RFCA are consistent with the results reported by Jain et al.(Jain
compared to the reference concrete without any RFCA et al. 2019) Other researchers, such as Islam et al.( 2016),
substitution. The mix of 100% RFCA exhibits the highest also noted that adding more than 0.25% fiber to concrete
penetration depth, measuring 54mm. This can be leads to an increase in the depth of water penetration.
attributed to the porous nature of the RFCA, which These observations suggest that the presence of fibers
facilitates easy water penetration into and through the contributes to a greater number of voids and a weaker
aggregates. Additionally, the presence of old mortar on interfacial transition zone (ITZ) within the concrete
the RCA particles and a weak interfacial transition zone structure, primarily due to the irregular shape of the fibers
(ITZ) around the aggregates contribute to the formation and their weaker adhesion with the cement matrix.
of more capillaries, allowing for greater water
penetration(Nili, Sasanipour, and Aslani 2019). These Furthermore, the results presented in Figure 13
findings align with the results obtained by Gesoglu et al. demonstrate that, in addition to RFCA and RPETF,
(2015), who observed a significant increase in water RSCC containing RPETF also exhibit an effect. For
penetration (4,5 to 7.6 times) when coarse and fine instance, the 100% RFCA replacement results in a water
recycled aggregates were incorporated compared to penetration depth of 55, 56, 57, and 58mm when 0.3%,
control mixtures using natural aggregates (NA). 0.5%, 1%, and 1.2% of RPETF are added, respectively.

0 RFCA 25 RFCA 50 RFCA 75 RFCA 100 RFCA

60
Water penetration depth (mm)

50

40

30
0 0,3 0,5 1 1,2
RPETF(%)

Figure13. Influence of RFCA and RPETF on the Water Penetration Depth test

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6. CONCLUSIONS 12 (2): 145–58. https://doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0020.

This research assessed the effects of RPETF fibers on the Ait Mohamed Amer, Adem, Karim Ezziane, and
on the durability and mechanical properties of SCC M’Hamed H. Adjoudj. 2021. “Evaluation of Coarse
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conclusions can be drawn from the current experimental Fresh and Hardened Concrete.” Asian Journal of Civil
study: Engineering 22 (6): 1173–84.
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 RPETF can be used in SCC as addition to
improve the RSCC composite Al-hadithi, Abdulkader I, and Waseem Khairi Mosleh
 The inclusion of RPETF increased the splitting Frhaan. 2017. “The Effects of Adding Waste Plastic
tensile strength of RSCC containing RFCA Fibers (WPFs) on Some Properties of Self Compacting
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 The addition of RPETF to RSCC resulted in a Civil Engineering 11 (1): 1–20.
decrease in both compressive strength and UPV
Allawi, Ali H, Abdulkader I Al-hadithi, and Akram S
as the RPETF increased. The decrease in
Mohmoud. 2021. “Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
compressive strength ranged from
Effects of Waste Plastic PET Fibers on The Fresh and
approximately 1% to 7%, while the decrease in
Hardened of Normal Concrete.”
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