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Electric Circuits

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6 views5 pages

Electric Circuits

Uploaded by

gr6401
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electric Circuits

Unit Of Charge
Charge measured in C (Column)
1 Column = 6.24 × 10 electrons 18

Quantization of charges
experiment : "Millikan oil drop experiment"

−19
e = 1.6 × 10 C

e -> Elementary charge

Volt vs E.M.F. vs P.D.


Volt : Energy Per Column (Unit of E.M.F. & P.D.)

W
V =
Q

E.M.F. (Electro Motive Force) : Energy given by the power supply to rotate the whole circuit

P.D. (Potential Difference) : energy consumed between 2 points per unit of charge

Current (I )
It is the rate of flow of charge

Q
I =
t

Q -> Charge in Column


Measured in A (Ampere)

I = neAv

n -> Charge Density : Number of free electrons per unit volume


Measured in # m −3

e -> Elementary Charge


A -> Cross-sectional Area Of The Wire
v -> Drift Velocity

Resistance (R)
Measured in Ω (Ohm)

Resistors in Series

Similar to Capacitors in parallel


RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ⋯

Resistors in Parallel

Connected in parallel : Components are connected directly to the supply voltage and the current is divided
between them.

Similar to Capacitors in series


1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯
RT R1 R2 R3

Total Resistor < Least Resistor


For 2 Resistors in parallel
R 1 ×R 2
RT =
R 1 +R 2

Resistors have the same P.D. across them

The resistance of a conductor depends on 4 properties :


1. The length of the conductor (l)
R ∝ l

2. The cross-sectional area of the conductor (A)


1
R ∝
A
1
R ∝
d2

3. The nature of the material (ρ)


R ∝ ρ

4. The temperature of the conductor

l
R = ρ
A

Resistivity (ρ)
It is the resistance between the opposite faces of a m of that material
3

Measured in Ωm

A × R
ρ =
l

Ohm's Law
V = IR

Components Of An Electric Circuit


Ammeter : It is a device used to measure the electric current

It is connected in series
Has very low resistance

Voltmeter : It is a device to measure potential difference (P.D.) between 2 points

It is connected in parallel
Has very high resistance

Variable Resistor (Rheostat)


A resistor with adjustable resistance

Symbols

How it looks in a real circuit

An Experiment to determine the resistance of a fixed resistor


1. Place an ammeter in series and a voltmeter across the resistor
2. measure the resistance of the resistor
3. place another variable resistor in the circuit, change the voltage of the power supply
4. Before closing the switch, adjust the variable resistor to it's maximum value, to obtain the minimum current
5. change the voltage and current in the circuit, and measure the resistance across the fixed resistor
6. plot a graph V against I with the readings
7. resistance is the gradient V = I R
Note :
If the V x I graph is a straight line passing through the origin in the first and third quarter, It is an Ohmic
Device

Non-Ohmic Devices
Diode (Rectifier)

It is made of a semiconductor material


Allows current to flow in just one direction

To get the resistance of the diode at a point, calculate I


V
At that point
without calculating the gradient

Effect of Temperature of Temperature


In Metals
Example : Filament Lamps
Heating increases the Kinetic Energy of the electrons, leading them to collide more frequently with the atoms

In Semiconductors
Example : Thermistor
Heating increases the number of electrons in the semiconductor allowing more free electrons move

Power
Rate of Energy transfer

Measured in W

P = IV

2
P = I R
2
V
P =
R

Uses of P = IV

Power Generated
Power Consumed
Normal Current: Current in the lamp at normal operation

Uses of P = I
2
R

Power Loss

Uses of
2
V
P =
R

Resistance of a Device

Internal Resistance of a Power Supply


V = E − Ir

V -> Voltage across the power supply


E -> E.M.F. Supplied by the power supply
r -> Internal resistance of the power supply
I -> Current in the circuit

Gradient of the graph represents −r

y = mx + c

V = −rI + E

The power of a Power Supply depends on both the internal and external resistance
Maximum Power output when Internal resistance = External resistance

Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's First Law
At any node, the sum of the current in = sum of the current out

ΣI in = ΣI out

Kirchhoff's Second Law


At any closed loop, Energy gained = Energy lost

ΣE. M . F . −ΣP . D. = 0

Potential divider
variable resistor connected to a power supply

According to the position of the slider, the required voltage is gained


Allows 0V to be across the Voltmeter
Potentiometer
Resistance wire that allows you to measure very low voltage

In this circuit the goal is to determine the E.M.F. of the cell V 1

here the entire 20 Volts of the driving battery are consumed across the resistance wire
if the sensitive ammeter (or galvanometer) reads 0A at 40% of the length of the wire, that would mean that V is
1

exactly 40% of the Voltage of the driving battery

Thermistor
Semiconductor Resistor that decreases in resistance as temperature increases

Symbol

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)


Resistor that depends on level of intensity it's subjected to.
As light increases the resistance decreases

Symbol

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