NATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING,

BARWALA HISAR

AN ASSIGNMENT
ON
A.V. AIDS

SUBJECT :- NURSING EDUCATION

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
Mrs. Ahuti Ms. Anjali Nath
Professor (Obg) Msc.Nsg 1st Year

SUBMITTED ON :
INTRODUCTION:
Audio Visual aids, audio-visual material, audio-visual media, communication technology,
educational or instructional media and learning resources- all these terms broadly speaking mean
the same thing. Earlier the term used was audio-visual aids in education. With the advancement
in the means of communication and that of technology, educators coined new terms viz.
educational technology or instructional technology.

DEFINING COMMUNICATION:
Communication is the process of sharing information, ideas and attitudes between
individuals.
Communication is the transfer of information from the sender (teacher) to the receiver
(student) so that it is understood in its right context.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION
 FORMAL COMMUNICATION

This line of communication is meant for the transmission of official messages within
or outside the organization. The formal communications flow in three direction –
Downward, upward and lateral (horizontal) between departments.

 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
Informal communication is the method by which people carry on social, non-
programme activities within the formal boundaries of the organization. Each person
conveying the message, may add, substract or change the original message, therefore, the
word Rumouris used as synonym for the whole informal communication.
 VERBAL COMMUNICATION-
Verbal communication occurs through the medium of words spoken or written. . It is
the traditional way of communication.

It conveys factual information accurately and effectively.

 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
It includes everything that does not involve spoken or written words. It includes all
five senses and whole range of bodily movements, posture, gesture, facial expressions
(e.g. smile, raised eye-brow, frown,staring, gazing,etc.
 DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION

Downward communication within the organization flows from top to bottom, i.e.,
from superiors to subordinates. This can be oral and written. The main purpose of this
communication is to pass on instructions, directives, orders etc. It stands as a great force
for controlling, influencing and initiating activities of the members in the organization.
Communication in this category includes:

 UPWARD COMMUNICATION
Upward communication flows from the bottom to the top, i.e. from the subordinate to
superiors in the form of suggestions, complaints, reports, etc. This also can be oral or
written. - Problems relating to work.
  HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
It is the flow of information between persons of the same hierarchical levels. This
type of communication helps in improving understanding between equals.

AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS IN EDUCATION:

Audio-visual aids, audio-visual material, ‘audio-visual media’, ‘communication
technology’, ‘educational or instructional media’, and ‘learning resources’ - all these terms,
broadly speaking, mean the same thing.

DEFINITION OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS:

 Audio-Visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiates or stimulate and
reinforce learning.

PURPOSE OF A.V. AIDS:

 To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-learning more concrete.
 To serve an instructional role in itself.
 To create interest among the group.
 To make teaching as an effective process.
 To provide a basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
 To increase and sustain attention and concentration and the “personal involvement” of the
students in active learning.

ADVANTAGES OF A.V. AIDS:

 Antidote to the disease of verbal instruction – they help to reduce the verbalism. They help in
giving clear concepts and thus help to bring accuracy in learning.
 Best motivators – they are the best motivators. The students work with more interest and
zeal. They are more attentive.
 Clear images – these images are formed when we see, hear, touch, taste and smell as our
experiences are direct, concrete and more or less permanent. Learning through the senses
becomes the most natural and consequently the easiest.
 Vicarious experience – it is beyond doubt that the first-hand experience is the best type of
educative experience. But it is neither practicable nor desirable to provide such experience to
the pupils. Substituted experiences may be provided under such conditions. There are many
inaccessible objects and phenomena.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS:

 Meaningful and purposeful
 Motivates the learners
 Simple and cheap
 Improvised
 Large in size and easily portable
 Up-to-date
CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHING AIDS

NON PROJECTED AIDS

GRAPHIC DISPLAY 3-D AIDS AUDIO- ACTIVITY
PROJECTED
AIDS BOARD VISUAL AIDS
AIDS
1. film 1.cartoon 1. black 1.diagrams 1.radio 1.computer
2.film strip 2.chart board 2.models 2.recording assisted
3.opaque 3.comic 2.bulletin 3.mock-ups 3.television 2.demonstration
projector 4.diagrams 3.flannel 4.objects 3.dramatics
4.overhead 5.flash cards board 5.puppets 4.experimentation
projector 6.graphs 4.magnetic 6.specimens 5.field trips
5.slides 7.maps board 6.programmed
8.photograph 5.peg board instruction
9.pictuers teaching
10.posters machines

AUDIO MATERIAL VISUAL MATERIAL AUDIO-VISUAL

MATERIAL
1. Language laboratories Bulletin boards Demonstrations
2. Radio Chalk boards Films
3. Sound distribution Charts Printed materials with
system sets recorded sound
4. Tape and disco Drawings Sound filmstrips
recordings Exhibits Study trips
Film strips Television
Flash cards Video tapes
Flannel boards
Flip books
Illustrated
Magnetic tapes
Maps
Models
Pictures
Posters
Photographs
Self-instructional
Silent films
Slides
Newspaper
 NON PROJECTED AV AIDS
CHARTS AND POSTERS:
Charts are graphic teaching material including diagram, posters, pictures, maps and
graphs.

PURPOSES:-
i. It serves as an illustrative visual media
ii. It depicts logical relationship between main idea and supporting facts.
iii. It is useful in teaching situation where breakdown of a facts or a statement is to be listed.

TYPES:-

1) TREE CHART
Chart made in the form of several branches from the trunk of a tree such that the trunk
represents the main idea while the branches represent various developments, relationships for
subparts of the main idea. A tree chart can be effectively used in history to depict the family trees
of great men, rulers, kings and dynasties.
2) STREAM CHARTS
Stream charts are made showing the main thought, idea or concept, in the form of
a main river, and its subparts in the form of tributaries coming out of it.

3. TABLE CHARTS
 Various straight columns are made for listing various points or facts along the rows to
compare and contrast.
 The vertical column should be filled in short phrases rather than complete sentences.
4. FLOW CHARTS
 The flow charts show elements and their relationship.
 To show the breakdown division, use square or rectangular boxes.
 Use lines indicating the flow.

5. ORGANIZATION CHART
This shows organization pattern of an institution or hierarchical structure.
 6. THE EVOLUTION CHART
Facts, ideas for expressing change in specific items form beginning data and projection
into the future.

7. TIME TABLE CHART

To show the schedule of an activity or of an individual, e.g. tour chart, time table of a
class. It provides about a chronological frame work with which events take place.
8. OVERLAY CHART
It consists of illustrated sheets which can be placed one over the other conveniently and
in succession. The drawing or illustration on each sheet forms a part of the whole picture. It
enables the viewers to see not only the different parts but also to see them against total
perspective when one is placed over the other when the final over lay is placed, the ultimate
product is exposed to view.

9. PIE CHART
A circle will be drawn and the division will be made into different sections, each
section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the chart as
a legend.
10,NARRATIVE CHART
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or development
of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show an improvement over a period
of years.

10. THE CAUSE AND EFFECT CHART

11. PULL CHART

It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The
message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the concealing
strips.
 12.CHAIN CHART
Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.

13.FLIP CHART
 A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a
supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or
messages in sequences. The silent points of specific topic will be presented.

POSTERS

DEFINITION:-
Posters are graphical presentation of simple ideas, which combine picture.
TYPES OF POSTERS:-

1. Propaganda and political posters

2. Advertising poster- Film poster, comic book poster

3. 3,

Event poster – Boxing poster, concert poster

4Educational poster- Poster session, class room poster and research poster

BOOKLET, LEAFLET, PAMPHLET

DEFINITION:-

Booklet, leaflet, pamphlet are printed material, small in size, covered or bound
containing information on a subject or specific topic and providing opportunity for reading,
learning and/or referring.

BOOKLET:- -A booklet is a small book with a cover page.

LEAFLET:-

A leaflet is simple sheet carrying helpful information on useful themes on one or both of its
sides.

PAMPHLET:-
A pamphlet is printed material consisting of only a few pages about a specific topic

BROCHURE

A brochure is also a treatise published on a special occasion for specific purpose.

HANDBILL
 A handbill contains information on some particular theme. It is generally thrown away
after perusal.

FLASHCARDS

They can be used to tell a story or to teach skills step by step.Flash cards are a set of
picture with suitable captions, or a write up prepared on any theme. Each one will represent a
particular idea and the cards are arranged in a Particular sequence so as to send out the message
to the audience.
PURPOSE

1) It is used to attract a group’s attention.

2) It is used to convey an idea effectively in a sequential manner.
3) It is used to start discussion that helps people to look critically at the
physical and social factor that affect their health and well being.

FLANNEL GRAPH
Flannel or felt board is a rigid surface covered with cotton flannel, wool, and terry cloth
or felt cloth. When picture, drawings etc. are backed with same materials as the board (or sand
paper or glued sand) on which they are to be placed, they will adhere to the flannel board without
visible support.

FLIP CHARTS

Flip charts are series of chart containing visual information about the same area of
knowledge. Flip charts are illustrations made on paper or charts, which are arranged in a
sequential order and bound together with rings or string. It consists of pictorial representation in
the chart .
 BOARDS

CHALK BOARD

PURPOSE OF CHALK BOARD:-

To illustrate an example, fact or idea, or to show relationship of processes and functions

by diagrams, sketches, graphs and drawings.
As a substitute for still projection, pictures and symbols, fade outs.
 As a means of group or class work, to provide opportunity for closely supervised student
activity.
To give examination and test.

BULLETIN BOARD

Bulletin board is a display board, which shows visual learning material on a specific
subject, which is informational and has educational value.

FELT BOARD

The adhesive qualities of inter looking hairs of suitable materials to enable pictures and
cards backed with these to be fixed to a black cloth of similar material simply by exercising
gentle pressure. The system can be used for static displays but is most effective for illustrated
talks and stories.
MAGNETIC BOARD

The board is a system in which a flat sheet of ferrous metal provides a backing board for
visual aids, which can be held fast to it by magnetic force. Many accessories such as colored
magnetic squares, magnetic tape that can be cut with scissors, black magnetic string, magnetic
symbols etc.

PEG BOARD
 It is commercially produced as large sheets of hardboard with hundreds of identical and
regularly spaced holes in it. It is best suited to straight forward display technique. The holes
allow a variety of peg and wire hook systems to be used to secure visual aids to the board.

PLASTIC BOARD

It is a system similar to the felt board. Adhesion is achieved by the suction created when
two smooth non-porous surfaces such as glass or plastic sheeting are pressed together and the air
is excluded.

SOFT BOARD
 As the name suggest, it is made of soft materials, into which drawing pins can be pushed
without difficulty. It can be used in classrooms where space on wall is very limited. It is mobile.
It can also be suspended from the ceiling.

GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

DEFINITION:

Graphs and diagrams are visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and
constructing the trends or changes of certain attributes. It has a powerful impact on imagination
of people and therefore it is a popular media for expressing statistical data.

TYPES OF GRAPHS:

There are varieties of graphs and the use of a particular type is dependent upon the data and the
purpose for which the graph is constructed.

 HISTOGRAM:-
It is a graphical presentation of frequency distribution. Variable characters of the
different group are indicated on the horizontal line (X-axis) and number of observation is
marked on the vertical line (Y-axis). Frequency of each group will form a column or
rectangle. Such a diagram is called a histogram and is made use of in presenting any
quantitative data.
 FREQUENCY POLYGON:-
In a frequency polygon, points are plotted to represent the frequency of each
class, and these midpoint are then joined by straight lines. It is used when varied sets of
data are to be illustrated on the same diagram such as birth rates and path rates, birth of
diabetics and non-diabetics.
 FREQUENCY CURVE:-
When the number of observation is very large and group interval is reduced, the
frequency polygon tends to lose its angulations giving place to a smooth curve known as
frequency curve. Such curve is obtained in normal distribution of individuals in a large
sample.

 LINE CHART:-

 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE:-

It is used to portray graphically cumulative frequency distribution; the
accumulated frequencies are represented by the vertical axis and the class intervals by
the horizontal axis.
  SCATTER OR DOT DIAGRAM:-
It is prepared after cross tabulation in which frequency of at least two variables
have been cross-classified. It is a graph presentation made to show a natural correlation
between two variable characters, either positive correlation or negative correlation, and
no correlation.

TYPES OF DIAGRAM
 A diagram is the simplified drawing of an object, product, appliance or process to explain
finer points of the same. A diagram is made to show relationships with the help of lines and
symbols without the pictorial element. It is a 2 dimensional symbolic representation of
information according to some visualization techniques. It consists of –

1) Map
2) Graph
3) Chart

MAP

A visual representation that shows all or part of the earth’s surface with geographical features,
urban and rural area, road and other details. A map is always drawn to a scale which is
mentioned on one corner of it. Every map should have the following descriptions on it: a caption
or title, a grid, a scale, a key, date on which it has been prepared.

TYPES OF MAPS:

Political maps:These maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.
Physical maps -Show the physical contour of a place, area and region

Relief maps:

It shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area and region.

Weather maps: -Show the amount of rain, temperature extremes or humidity in an area,
region or country.
Population maps: -Show the distribution of population in various parts of region in a
country.

Picture or tourist maps:Show historical spots, monumental sites, etc.

Road maps:Show the road of a region connecting various parts and points together.

Railway maps:-Show the railway links between various points.

Air maps: -Show the air routes between various points.

Sea root maps: -Show the sea routes between various sea ports.
 DIAGRAMS

Diagrams show presentation of qualities, discrete or countered data.

Bar Diagrams

Length of the bars, drawn vertical or horizontal, indicates the frequency of characters.
Bar diagram is a popular and easy method adopted for visual comparison of the magnitude of
different frequencies in discrete data such as morbidity, mortality, immunization status of
population in different ages, professions or places, etc.

Pie or Sector Diagram

 This is another way of presenting discrete data of a quantitative character. The frequency
of the group is shown in a circle. Degree of angle denotes the frequency and area of sector. It
gives comparative differences at the glance.

CARTOON

A Cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon, the features
of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols. In short a
cartoon is figurative and subtle graphic aid

COMIC STRIP
 A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some
characters and events full of action. This medium of communication is found very interesting
and exciting by children.

POSTERS

“Posters are the graphic aids with short, quick and typical messages with attention
capturing paintings.”

MODELS
 The three-dimensional actual objects or their scaled-down or blown-up replicas are called
non projected teaching aids. Such aids provide the first hand feel and sense of reality to learning,
thus resulting in better classroom instruction. Under the non-projected teaching aids, the
following categories of aids are covered:

Advantages of Models:-

1) Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes,
pins, clips, nails, rags and clay.
2) Models are of reasonable size and convenient to handle.
3) Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.

1. Solid models–
 A solid model is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material
like clay, plaster of paris, wood, iron, etc. to show the external parts and features of the
thing.

2. Cut-away and X-ray models - Cut-away and X-ray models are the replica of the
original things to show internal parts of a thing. It may be either in the form of a cross-
sectional model showing internal parts of a thing or may be composed of detachable
parts. Cross sectionalmodels are difficult to make in the institutions as they
requireexpertise to construct them.
3. Working models–

4. Sand models-These are the graphic lay-out using sand, clay, saw dust, and other
objects to show trees, buildings, rivers, etc. Sand models are made using colored sand in
a tray of convenient size or on a table. Generally a green field is shown by covering area
 with green saw dust, water with blue cellophane,and cardboard cut-outs for
showingforests.

OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS:

Collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects. On the other hand,
specimen is any typical object representing a class or a group of things. Objects and specimen
are the real things and their use for classroom teaching imparts a direct learning experience to
students.

A specimen is a sample of the real object to the term ‘specimen’. A specimen is a sample
of the real object or a material. For example, for studying the hair of a horse, whole horse or its
tail cannot be brought to the classroom, only one hair of its tail will do. When objects being too
huge or difficult to bring to the classroom, a part of it can be brought, e.g. a part of a huge rock, a
sample of construction material, etc.

JAR SPECIMEN

EXHIBITIONS:

In the school, a department of the school or a class puts up their work for showing it to
the people outside the school, and such a show is called exhibition. The pieces of work done by
the students for an exhibition are called exhibits.

MUSEUMS:
A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of
art, works of science, works of literature, and other artifacts of general interest.

In our country some famous museum are as follows:

National Museum, NewDelhi

Dolls Museum, Delhi

sawai man singh museum, jaipur

Natural history society museum, Mumbai

TYPES OF LIVE DIORAMAS

 1. Aquarium
It is a transparent box containing water to maintain aquatic plants and animals.For school
purpose aquatic animals like fish,snails may be placed along with hydra plants with a layer of
sand,pebbles,corals and rock pieces at the bottom.

Terrarium
A transparent or meshed box containing soil, ferns, moss and small land animals.
 \

Avarium
It is a huge cage where birds along with a small tree, shrubs and pond can be kept
alive.
Herbarium and botanical garden
A herbarium is collection of pressed and dried herbs placed in an enclosure. It will
also be interesting to have a botanical garden where native medicinal herbs can be
planted and looked after

CLASSIFICATION OF FIELD TRIPS

Types Description
Local school Trip It is a trip within the school and its immediate
neighbor to acquaint students about potential of
learning from the immediate environment. A
school trip is essential for fresh students to
 know the geography of the school; facilities and
services available in the school; and
introduction with the school personnel and staff.
Community trip It is the trip made to a nearby place of
educational interest and it requires some hours
or a complete day.

SCHOOL TRIP
 COMMUNITY TRIP

DEMONSTRATIONS

A demonstration is an activity to show ‘how’ and providing proofs for a process or

happening. In short, it is a performance to show a process or activity to others. When a teacher
demonstrates, students observe and imitate to learn. This is a natural way of learning

.
Advantages of demonstration:

Very often teachers find demonstration a good teaching aid to show how things are done, how
things work and how systems operate. This is because of the following advantages of
demonstration.

1) Demonstrations are good for acquiring and perfecting operational skills.

2) Demonstrations engage student’s attention and operation.
3) Demonstrations encourage student’s participation in learning through questions and
answers as the teacher performs.

EXPERIMENT

An experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret observations

using measuring instruments to reach some conclusion.

DRAMATIZATION

Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the classroom instruction lively and
interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the spectators and
participants. This makes learning easy and permanent.
TYPES OF DRAMATIZATION SUITABLE FOR CLASSROOM
INSTRUCTION:

1. Role playing- The players (students) act out the characters based upon their own knowledge
and impressions of a small incident. A role playing act requires no script and rehearsal.

2. Play lets—The players stage a small play lasting for 10 to 15 minutes with a script
preparation and costumes. The story of snow white and seven dwarfs staged by orunart sty
debts.
3. Pageant - The players present a colorful enactment of a phase of history with the period
costumes.The story of Indian freedom struggle being staged.

Pantomine - The players present a scene in which characters act out loudly with expressions
and gestures but do not speak.A street scene in which objects and some characters are shown by
gestures.
Puppetry: -Puppetry is an education cum entertainment aid in which puppets manipulated by
the performance is a person termed as characters in a story to be depicted .A puppet is a
manipulative doll dressed as a character & the performance is a person termed as puppeteer

DIFFERENT TYPE OF PUPPET

String of marionettes puppets -Marionettes consist of puppets with hinged body parts which
are controlled by nine strings procedures required movements in the puppet. These puppets are
mainly manipulated by professiona puppeteers. For a teacher to manipulate marionette would
require special training.
Stick puppets -Stick puppets are the painted cardboard cut-outs attached by sticks. The
actions of these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding behind a screen so
that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.

Shadow puppets- Shadow puppets are silhouettes of cardboard which produces shadows on a
white screen.
Finger or hand puppets

RADIO:
Advantages of Radio:

1. Radio programs are good for mass education.

2. Radio programs are effective for distance education.
3. Radio programs with dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions and reinforce positive
attitude.
4. Through the radio program ,the effective and expert teachers can be made to reach out to
a large majority of student
5. A radio programme can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for reviewing a
previous lesson.

Tape RecorderA tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce,

erase and re record sound on a magnetic tape. This device can be used without much fuss by
anybody by operating the following press button attached to the recorder, viz, stop, play,
wind, rewind, record, pause and eject.
 MOBILE PHONES

Mobile phones transmit to a local cell site (transmitter/receiver) that ultimately connects
to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) through an optic fiber or microwave radio and
other network elements. When the mobile phone nears the edge of the cell site’s radio coverage
area, the central computer switches the phone to a new cell.

AUDIO-DEVICE

MICROPHONE-

Microphone, a device used to transform sound energy into electrical energy in sound
recording &reproduction. Microphones are a vital component of many kinds of communication
system & in instruments that measure sound & noise.
AMPLIFIER

Amplifier is a device for increasing the amplitude, or power of an electric signal. It is

used to amplify the weak electric current drawn from the antenna of a radio receiving set, the
weak output of a photoelectric cell (electric eye), the diminished current in a long distance
telephone circuit, the electrical signal representing sound in a public address system and for
many other purposes

LOUDSPEAKER

These are electromechanical devices that produce audible sound from amplified audio
voltages.They are extensively used in radio receivers, motion picture sound system, public
address systems and television sets as well as music systems. They come in all shapes and sizes,
from the size of a small building to tiny earphones. Several types of speaker exist but almost all
loudspeakers in use are dynamic speakers.
 GRAMOPHONE

It is music box, mechanical musical instrument that produces sound when the tuned teeth
of a steel com are plucked by metal pins set in a revolving barrel or disc.
 RADAR

Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles,
weather formations and terrain. A transmitter emits radio waves which are reflected by the target
and detected by a receiver, typically in the same location as the transmitter.

TELEVISION

Television has invaded India in a big way. Thanks to a large chain of relay stations and
low power transmitters all over the country that the television programs have reached even the
remote corners. A large number of schools have their own television sets now.
 STILL PROJECTED AIDS:

Still pictures can be projected on a screen to supplement teaching. These are as follows:

1) Opaque projections
2) Slides
3) Film strips
4) Over head projections

OPAQUE PROJECTIONS:

The projection of real magnified image on screen directly from pictures and drawings on
a paper is called Opaque Projections
 SLIDE AND FILM STRIP PROJECTIONS:

A slide is a still transparency of 70 mm, 35 mm or 6 mm size which is optically enlarged

and projected on screen as a real image.The slides and film strips are projected on screen using
an optical instrument called Slide and Film Strip Projector.

OVERHEAD PROJECTION (OHP):

The overhead projector is a very vital teaching aid which has made projections so simple and
easy that it has replaced a chalkboard in many classrooms.
 MOTION PICTURES: -

A motion picture film carries optically recorded visual information and sound. In a
motion picture projection, a series of still transparent picture film frames follow at the rate of 16-
24 frames in a second. Each frame is projected on the screen at a speed more than 16 frames a
second so as to produce the persistence of vision.
 PROJECTED AIDS

XEROX –

Xerograph electrostatic dry process for the reproduction of images or document widely
employed in the office system of commerce and industry in coping machines. The process was
invented by the American Printer Chester F. Carlson in 1937 and was first developed
commercially in 1950.

CYCLOSTYLE MACHINE - Obsolete duplication method: A now obsolete duplication

method using perforated stencils, or a special pen used in this process. The pen had a tiny
toothed perforating wheel & was used to create stencils on sheets of waxed paper.
TYPE WRITER

Type writer machine is designed to print or impress type characters on paper as a speedier and
more legible substitute of handwriting. Since the introduction of practical typewrite in the
1870’s, the machine came into universal use and played an important part in the development.

PRINTER-- Printer is a computer peripheral that puts text or a computer generated image on
paper or on another medium such as transparency printers can be categorizing into several
different ways.Impact printers physically strike the paper & are exemplified by pin dot-matrix
printer & daisy – wheel printers; no impact printers include every other type of print mechanism
including thermal ink-jet & laser printers.
DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING-----In DLP projectors, the image is created by
microscopically small mirrors laid out in a matrix on a semiconductor chip, known as a Digital
Micromirror Device (DMD). Each mirror represents one or more pixels in the projected image.
The number of mirrors corresponds to the resolution of the projected image (often half as many
mirrors as the advertised resolution due to wobulation).

TRANSPARENCY
It is available in a very large size i.e. 7” x 7” or 10” x 10”
It is used for visual projection by the use of overhead projection.
 SLIDE
Slides are 35 mm film which are projected on a screen or wall. Recommended audience size of
about 30 people can view the slides on screen or wall. By making attractive slides, the educator
can stimulate better discussion among a small group.

FILM

Color or black and white 16 mm or 8mm of cinema film, with sound, projected on a
screen or wall.Recommended Audience size- accordng to need of quantity or matter.
COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION (CAI):

When the computer is used as an aid to teaching, method of instruction is called the computer-
aided instructions or CAI.

Advantages of CAI:

1 The CAI can be used for handling a large body of students using computer
terminals and as many as 4000 students can be instructed simultaneously with this
instructional procedure and by the time-sharing technique.
2 The CAI provides a highly flexible branching in instruction for looking after the
pace, entry cognition and level of knowledge suitable for particular student. Thus
the CAI can individualize classroom instruction.

SUMMARY –

Audio-visual aids are added devices that help the teacher to clarify, establish, correlate
and coordinate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreciations and enable him to make
learning more effective, concrete, interesting, inspirational, meaningful and vivid. They help in
completing the triangular process of learning, viz. motivation, clarification, stimulation. Audio-
visual aids provide significant gains in informal learning, retention and recall, thinking and
reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and
development. Using audio-visual aids require certain manipulative and operational skills which
can be acquired through proper training and practice.

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