Computers and Concrete, Vol. 28, No.

2 (2021) 137-147
https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2021.28.2.137 137

Numerical finite element study of strengthening of damaged reinforced

concrete members with carbon and glass FRP wraps
Mehdi Ebadi-Jamkhaneh1a, Amir Homaioon-Ebrahimi2b and Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni3,4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
2
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
3
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of the Peloponnese, GR-26334 Patras, Greece
4
School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, GR-26335 Patras, Greece

(Received April 18, 2021, Revised June 27, 2021, Accepted June 29, 2021)

Abstract. Concrete spalling is considered as one of the most common weaknesses phenomena in concrete members. In this
article, reinforced concrete (RC) column and beam members are subject to a variety of loads under damaged and strengthened
conditions using carbon and glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wraps. The main parameters in this study include the number
of the FRP layers, the materials of the strengthening FRP layers, and the loading types. The imposed loads include pure bending
moment, shear, and pure torsional moment, to enable studying the structural elements’ behaviors under such states. The
numerical finite element (FE) model was verified using experimental results, and 10 different case numerical FE models were
analyzed. The analysis results demonstrated that using an FRP layer increases the shearing and torsional capacities. Adding
another FRP layer does not significantly affect the models’ behavioral specifications. In both RC beam and column, this
strengthening method did not affect the torsional capacity, while managed to prevent sudden capacity loss and enhance ductility.
Keywords: carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP); damaged reinforced concrete; finite element modeling; glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP); strengthening; torsional loading

1. Introduction approaches to enhance structural members’ seismic capacity

using post-stressed cables, steel jacketing, and adding
Reinforced concrete (RC) has been used for more than a bracing or increasing column cross-section with additional
century as a construction material. RC structures are subject concrete confinement. Using the method of strengthening
to corrosion and cracking throughout their lifetime when with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems has highly
exposed to their surrounding environment, and in areas with been considered by researchers during the recent decade.
severe environmental conditions, they are severely The main advantages of this system include low weight and
damaged. Also, over time, seismic instructions and high tensile capacity features of FRP materials in addition
regulations change, which makes the need to strengthen to its quite high durability (in case of correct installation).
existing RC structures more. The result of using the revised Several scholars (Kim et al. 2014, Hosen et al. 2017,
instructions often clarifies that the capacity of an existing Kaya and Yaman 2018, Deng et al. 2021, Ali et al. 2021)
building does not suffice to confront lateral seismic load, focused on strengthening and repairing concrete beams,
even if the structure has been designed correctly in strengthening concrete slabs using FRP plates (Yazdani et
compliance with the new design guideline (Kioumarsi et al. al. 2021, Teng et al. 2015, Ghatefar et al. 2017, Ayash et al.
2016, Ahmadi et al. 2020). 2020), strengthening concrete shear wall using carbon fiber
Different approaches are available to increase existing reinforced polymer (CFRP) layers (Qazi et al. 2010,
buildings’ seismic capacity to meet the criteria suggested by Behfarnia and Shirneshan 2017), and seismic improvement
new guidelines and standards (Esfandiari and Soleimani of reinforced concrete columns using CFRP (Vrettos et al.
2018, TahamouliRoudsari et al. 2017, 2018, 2019). To 2013, Abdel-Kareem 2014, Khorramian and Sadeghian
enhance the performance of an existing RC frame, several 2021). Often RC columns suffer from a lack of shear
approaches were proposed. One common method is to use capacity, and such lack is potentially more critical than
an RC/steel plate shear wall inside or placed around the flexural weakness in columns, as the shear behavior is in
structure (Bypour et al. 2019a, 2019b). Also, there are other the brittle state. In addition, flexural ductility failure faces
certain concerns, which mainly occur in bridge piers and
lower floors of multi-story buildings.
Corresponding author, Associate Professor In recent years, several studies have been conducted on
E-mail: [email protected] confined concrete with FRP layers, and the effect of certain
a
Assistant Professor parameters such as FRP layers, the number of layers, etc. on
E-mail: [email protected] stress-strain behavior of encased concrete has been studied
b
Ph.D. (Mesbah and Benzaid 2017, Esfandiari and Latifi 2019,
E-mail: [email protected] Samadvand and Dehestani 2020, Ozturk 2021, Esfandiari
Copyright © 2021 Techno-Press, Ltd.
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138 Mehdi Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, Amir Homaioon-Ebrahimi and Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni

and Esfandiari 2016). Wu and Lu (2004) conducted studies mathematical modeling of material properties. Each
on FRP confined concrete strength and ductility. The tests analytical model had three basic sorts of elements: concrete,
showed that stress-strain behavior in encased by steel highly FRP, and the interface between the former two. For a
differs from confined by FRP. Thériault et al. (2004) concrete column or beam strengthened using FRP wraps,
experimentally studied the effect of slenderness and the size confinement of the concrete core was not fully understood,
of circular columns confined with fiber reinforced polymer regretfully. ABAQUS software was then chosen for the sake
(FRP). Rahaei and Akbarpour (2014) experimentally of full finite element computations due to its available
studied rectangular reinforced concrete columns three-dimensional (3D) inelastic concrete material model.
strengthened using CFRP under axial and bending loads. In case the principal stresses are predominantly
They also studied the effect of fibers’ configuration on the compressive, the concrete is modeled using an elastic-
behavior of RC column. Tastani et al. (2013) studied the plastic theory by taking benefit from a simplified yield
effect of confinement of concrete by FRP layers on ductility surface. Cracking is presumed to be the most important
capacity. Siddiqui et al. (2014) tested circular slender aspect of material behavior. Cracking is presumed to
reinforced concrete columns strengthened using FRP sheets. happen in case the stresses reached the failure surface.
Zaki (2011) studied the strengthening of circular columns Concerning tension seen in the concrete material, the
strengthened with FRP layers subject to multi-direction behavior is linear up to its tensile strength. According to the
bending. Castillo et al. (2018) experimentally studied the ACI Code Commentary, the tensile strength of normal-
seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete columns with weight concrete is about 10% to 15% of the compressive
FRP sheets. The overarching aim of their study was to strength (ACI 318-14), like cracks in plain concrete (non-
calculate concisely the bending moment capacity under reinforced) cannot transfer tensile stresses, the post-tensile
flexural and shear failure modes. In analytical research, strength stiffness is steep. As the concrete cracks, its shear
Sadeghian and Fam (2015) present an improved design- stiffness is diminished. This effect is defined by specifying
oriented confinement model for cylindrical concrete the reduction in the shear modulus as a function of the
members wrapped with FRP composites based on a opening strain across the crack. This reduced shear modulus
rigorous statistical evaluation of a large database. will also have an effect when the normal stress across a
According to previous studies, a few research has been crack becomes compressive. The new shear stiffness will
done on the strengthening of concrete beams and columns have been degraded by the presence of the crack. Shear
with FRP layers under different shear, flexural, and retention is applied as a means to explain the decline in the
torsional loadings. This research can fill this gap well. In shear modulus associated with concrete cracking. The shear
this paper, the behavior of RC columns and beams retention model assumes that the shear stiffness of open
strengthened with CFRP and glass fiber reinforced polymer cracks reduces linearly to zero as the crack opening
(GFRP) wraps is studied. The overarching aim of the study increases. It is presumed that the shear response is not under
was to determine the effectiveness of column and beam the influence of cracking. Such an assumption is reasonable,
strengthening with FRP wraps on load-bearing capacity and and in many cases, the overall response is not strongly
failure mechanism. The main variables in this study include dependent on the amount of shear retention (ABAQUS
the different FRP materials, the use of several FRP layers, 2014).
and different loading types. Generally, 10 numerical FE A Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model in
models were created, and 36 nonlinear static analyses were ABAQUS is applied to simulate the behavior of concrete-
done. The results are presented in the form of load- encased using FRP layers. Such a model is a continuum
displacement curve, energy absorption, ductility, stiffness plasticity-based damage model and presumes tensile
changes, and failure mode. cracking and compressive crushing as the two main failure
mechanisms relating to concrete material. The CDP model
expresses behavior in terms of effective stress and
2. Numerical finite element modeling hardening variables, concerning the following formulas
𝜎 = (1 − 𝑑)𝐷0 𝑒𝑙 : (𝜀 − 𝜀 𝑝𝑙 ) = 𝐷𝑒𝑙 : (𝜀 − 𝜀 𝑝𝑙 ) (1)
Considering a relatively high cost of full-scale
experimental research, modeling FRP confined reinforced
𝜎̄ = 𝐷0 𝑒𝑙 : (𝜀 − 𝜀 𝑝𝑙 ) ∈ {𝜎̄ |𝐹(𝜎̄ , 𝜀̃𝑝𝑙 ) ≤ 0} (2)
concrete columns and beams using a computer-aided
program is needed to broaden the present knowledge about 𝜀̃𝑝𝑙 = ℎ(𝜎̄ , 𝜀̃𝑝𝑙 ). 𝜀̇𝑝𝑙 (3)
the complete behavior and influence relating to geometric
properties. In the present study, a full FE model is generated 𝜕𝐺(𝜎̄ )
using ABAQUS software. FE models are strengthened with 𝜀̇𝑝𝑙 = 𝜆̇ (4)
𝜕𝜎̄
FRP wraps, and then several types of loadings include
shear, bending moment, and torsion moment, are applied to in which ε and εpl are total strain and plastic strain,
investigate the behavior of strengthened models and (𝜎̄ , 𝜀̃𝑝𝑙 ) ≤ 0 is the yield function, 𝜀̃ 𝑝𝑙 is the hardening
compare them with the damaged model. variable that is also referred to as the equivalent plastic
strain, h defines the evolution of hardening variables, G is a
2.1 Material constitutive models flow potential that governs the plastic flow, σ is the Cauchy
stress, 𝜎̄ is the effective stress, 𝐷0 𝑒𝑙 is the initial
Among other factors, the reliability of these finite undamaged elastic stiffness, and d is a scalar stiffness
element analyses depended on the accuracy of the degradation variable (that may be different between zero for
 Numerical finite element study of strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete members with carbon and glass FRP wraps 139

undamaged material to one for fully damaged material).

Several researchers (Lam and Teng 2003, Hoppel et al.
1994, Mirmiran and Shahawy 1997) have demonstrated that
concrete confined by an FRP layer may show increased
ductility and strength, which in turn may be considered in
the CDP model through modifying the stress-strain
expression (fc-) of concrete in uniaxial compression
defined by Youssef (2007) to become as per the following
formulas
0.6
′ 𝑓′
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓𝑐′ (0.5 + 1.225 ( 𝑙𝑢′ ) ) (5)
𝑓𝑐

𝑓′
0.5
𝑓𝑗𝑢
𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.004325 + 0.2625 ( 𝑙𝑢′ ) ( ) (6) Fig. 1 Effective traction-effective opening displacement
𝑓𝑐 𝐸𝑗
relationship (Obaidat et al. 2010)
𝜌𝑗 𝐸𝑗 𝜀𝑗𝑡 1.25
𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐′ (1.0 + 1.135 ( ) ) (7)
𝑓𝑐′
mm.
6
𝜌𝑗 𝐸𝑗 𝜀𝑗𝑡 7 𝑓𝑗𝑢 0.5 The nonlinear behavior of steel rebar elements is
𝜀𝑡 = 0.002 + 0.0775 ( ) ( ) (8)
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑐′ simulated using an isotropic hardening model considering
the Von-Mises yield criterion thereof. FRP materials are
where εcu is the final confined concrete compressive strain, inhomogeneous and anisotropic microscopically. Thus, their
𝑓𝑗𝑢 is the tensile strength of FRP jacket, Ej is the tensile mechanics are more complex than conventional materials.
modulus of FRP jacket in the hoop direction, ft is the axial Mallick (1988) presents two various approaches in
stress at the marginal point relating to the first and second mechanics or FRP materials:
region in which the jacket is beginning to get fully 1. The micro-mechanics approach, in that the interaction
activated, εjt is the FRP jacket strain at the transition from relating to constituent materials is examined
first to the second region=0.002, εt is the axial strain at the microscopically.
marginal point relating to the first and second region in 2. The macro-mechanics approach, in that the
which the jacket is beginning to get fully activated, 𝜌𝑗 is interaction relating to constituent materials is examined
′
the volumetric ratio of FRP jacket, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 is the final strength macroscopically.
of FRP-confined concrete, 𝑓𝑐′ is the compressive strength
of unconfined concrete (measured on the day of the 2.2 Interaction between FRP layers and concrete
experiment), and 𝑓𝑙𝑢′ is the effective side confining stress
at the final situation of the FRP jacket. The compression To achieve confidence in bonding between concrete and
and tensile damage parameters are considered to be a linear links/rebars, transverse links and rebars were described in
function of inelastic strains. For the structural concrete the relevant infill concrete blocks as embedded
applied in the relevant analysis, the specified compressive reinforcement that effectively couple the longitudinal
strength (𝑓𝑐 ‘ ) and mass density (𝜌𝑐 ) are presumed to be behavior relating to rebar using that of the adjacent
35 MPa and 2350 kg/m3, respectively. The elasticity concrete. One of the most challenging aspects of the present
modulus of concrete (Ec) is calculated to be 27805 MPa study was the successful modeling of the concrete-FRP
considering the ACI code. The average strain at peak stress interaction at their interfaces by using a contact algorithm.
relating to normal-strength concrete is 2225 με, i.e., a Contact terms are a special class of non-continuous
typical value. The Poisson’s ratio relating to a normal- constraints in numerical analysis that enable forces to be
strength concrete is taken 0.13, which is a typical value of transmitted from one surface to another. In the case of
accepted values (range 0.11 to 0.21) regarding normal- surface separation, no constraint is applied. ABAQUS
strength concrete as per ACI report 363R-92. provides two algorithms for modeling contact: (i) a general
The behavior of concrete in tension was modeled using contact algorithm and (ii) a contact-pair algorithm. The
tensile stress-crack opening curve as recommended by former is more powerful and allows simpler cases, while the
Coronado and Lopez (2006). This curve is defined based on contact pair algorithm is needed for specialized contact
the tensile strength (ft) and the fracture energy of concrete details such as those mentioned in the current work. The
(GF). Both ft and GF were obtained using the CEB-FIP interface was modeled as a perfect bond, while in the latter,
model (1993) as presented in Eqs. (9) and (10), respectively. it was modeled using a cohesive zone model. In cohesive
oriented interface model, simple traction-separation law is
2/3
𝑓 ′ −10 applied in between master-slave interfaces. Fig. 1
𝑓𝑡 = 1.4 ( 𝑐 ) (9)
8 demonstrates a graphic interpretation of a simple bilinear
0.7
traction-separation law written in terms of the effective
𝑓′ traction τ and effective opening displacement δ. In Fig. 1,
𝐺𝑓 = (0.0469𝑑𝑎2 − 0.5𝑑𝑎 + 26) ( 𝑐 ) (10)
10 Gcr is the energy needed for opening the crack, which is
where da is the maximum aggregate size, it was taken as 20 equal to the area under the curve. The local strength of the
140 Mehdi Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, Amir Homaioon-Ebrahimi and Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni

Fig. 2 Support conditions and various types of loading on RC beam and column

material is shown by max, and f is the characteristic Kenane 1996). The Benzeggagh-Kenane fracture criterion
opening displacement at fracture. Also, 0 is the is especially effective in case the critical fracture energies
characteristic opening displacement at the maximum shear within deformation purely along with the first (𝐺𝑠𝑐 ) and the
stress. second (𝐺𝑡𝑐 ) shear directions are the same, i.e., 𝐺𝑠𝑐 = 𝐺𝑡𝑐 .
The interface is modeled as a rich zone of small Also, 𝐺𝑛𝑐 is the critical fracture energy through the normal
thickness, and the initial stiffness K0 is defined as per the direction. The Benzeggagh-Kenane fracture criterion is
following formula (Obaidat et al. 2010) given by (Benzeggagh and Kenane 1996)
𝐾0 =
1 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝐺𝑡 ) 𝜂
𝑡 𝑡
( 𝑖+ 𝑐) (11) 𝐺𝑛𝑐 + (𝐺𝑠𝑐 − 𝐺𝑛𝑐 ) { } = 𝐺𝑐 (15)
𝐺𝑖 𝐺𝑐 (𝐺𝑛 + 𝐺𝑠 )
where ti is the resin thickness, tc is the concrete thickness, where η is a material parameter, and 𝐺𝑛 , 𝐺𝑠 and 𝐺𝑡 refer
and Gi and Gc are the shear moduli of resin and concrete, to the work done by the traction and its conjugate separation
respectively. in the normal, the first, and the second shear directions,
Eq. (12) provides an upper limit for the maximum shear respectively (Obaidat et al. 2009).
stress; in such case, we have the following formula (Lu et
al. 2005) 2.3 Finite element selection
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5𝛽𝑤 𝑓𝑡 (12)
The externally bonded FRP strips were modeled using
in which we have an 8-node quadrilateral doubly curved thick shell element
𝑏𝑓 𝑏𝑓 (S8R) in ABAQUS software. The shell elements were
𝛽𝑤 = √(2.25 − ) / (1.25 + ) (13) attached to the bottom surface of the concrete beam directly.
𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐
An 8-node quadratic brick using decreased integration
where bf is the CFRP plate width, bc is the concrete width, (C3D8R) was applied for modeling the concrete
and fct is the concrete tensile strength. accordingly (Ebadi-Jamkhaneh et al. 2019a, 2019b, 2019c,
The commencement of damage was presumed to happen 2020, Ebadi-Jamkhaneh and Kafi 2018). The transverse and
in case a quadratic traction function involving the nominal longitudinal rebars were modeled using B31 beam
stress ratios reaches the value one accordingly. Such elements, i.e., a special beam element for linear
criterion may be represented by the following formula interpolation. Besides, the element allows transverse shear
(ABAQUS 2014) deformation.
2
𝜎𝑛 2 𝜏𝑛 2 𝜏𝑡
{ 0} + { 0} + { 0} = 1 (14) 2.4 Loading and boundary conditions
𝜎𝑛 𝜏𝑠 𝜏𝑡
where σn is the cohesive tensile and τs and τt are the shear Three types of loading of pure bending moment, shear-
stresses relating to the interface, and n, s, and t refer to the bending, and pure torsion are applied to the RC column
direction relating to stress components. under one ending with rigid support and the other with
Interface damage evolution was expressed in terms of hinge support. There is no axial loading in columns. The
energy release. The description of such a model is available aforementioned three loading types are also applied for RC
in the ABAQUS material library. The dependence relating beams. When the beam is subject to pure bending moment
to fracture energy was expressed considering the and a shear-bending combination, the two ending parts of
Benzeggagh-Kenane fracture criterion (Benzeggagh and the beam are considered hinge supports. In pure torsion
 Numerical finite element study of strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete members with carbon and glass FRP wraps 141

Table 1 Mechanical properties of the FRP wraps

Density Thickness Ultimate Elastic modulus Ultimate
FRP
(kg/m3) (mm) strength (MPa) (GPa) strain
CFRP 1550 1.00 2000 120 0.013
GFRP 1800 1.00 1200 30 0.025

Table 2 Mechanical properties of the longitudinal and

transverse rebars
Yield Ultimate Elastic
Yield Hardening Fracture
stress stress modulus
strain strain strain
(MPa) (MPa) (GPa)
Longitudinal 317 432 200 0.001568 0.02320 0.4510
Transverse 297 388 200 0.001530 0.02487 0.4226

Table 3 Description of the FEM models Fig. 3 Force-displacement curves of FEM and experimental
results
Model Height Dimension Number
 Reinforcement
name (mm) (mm) of layers
Table 4 Comparison between experimental and numerical
 C    -
results
 CC1    
 CC2     Model Experimental Numerical
 CG1     Initial stiffness (kN/mm) 47 53
 CG2     Maximum load (kN) 169 177
 B   − - Maximum lateral displacement (mm) 4.4 4.3
 BC1   −  Ductility index 3.7 3.8
 BC2   − 
 BG1   − 
 BG2   −  FRP thickness is equal to 1 mm. Regarding beams, the
abovementioned items are correct, and B denotes beam
member. Therefore, after introducing samples, different
moment loading, rotation around a longitudinal axis of the loadings are applied to ordinary and strengthened models.
beam is constrained. Loading is a monotonic type, and Then the analysis is conducted as a means to compare the
analysis is a nonlinear static type. In Fig. 2, the loading bending, shear, and torsion capacity of members.
protocol and support conditions have been shown for the
members. 3.1 Validation of numerical model strengthened using
CFRP

3. Introduction of numerical models and materials In this section, the retrofitted experimental model of a
specifications concrete column with CFRP is simulated under cyclic
loading. Such a model is related to Li et al. (2013)
The dimension of RC columns and beams with square laboratory work at Florida University. Circular columns
cross-section is 400 mm. On each column 16 bars (with a with a diameter of 203 mm and 8 steel round bars, each of
diameter of 20 mm), and on each beam in the upper and 10 mm diameter and 4.9 mm stirrups of 200 mm intervals,
lower sides 3 bars (with a diameter of 18 mm) have been were tested. The concrete compressive strength used in
used. Two CFRP and GFRP sheets have been used through whole members of a structure is 44.7 MPa. All steel rebars
total members. have 414 MPa yield stress, 636 MPa final stress, 0.095 final
Mechanical specifications of the CFRP and GFRP layers strain, and 0.006 hardening strain. A consistent load of 116
have been given in Table 1, whilst longitudinal and kN perpendicular to the column has been imposed as per
transverse rebars have been demonstrated in Table 2. On the 0.04𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝐺 where 𝐴𝐺 is the total cross-section. Fig. 3
other hand, concrete compressive strength has been denotes the hysteresis loops of force-displacement curve
considered equal to 25 MPa. Stirrups have been used at a resulted from numerical analysis and experimental test
distance of 100 mm in the two 700 mm endings of models results. In numerical modeling using ABAQUS software,
and 150 mm in the middle distances with a diameter of 10 total structure modeling has been ignored due to symmetry.
mm. The total column length has been chosen to be equal to As upon making beam connecting two columns, it has been
3 m and the beam as 5 m. considered to be so stronger than the columns that no
The naming and specifications of studied models have deformation is seen in the beam, and it acts as a rigid
been presented in Table 3. Naming the columns in CXY is member. Therefore, upon modeling, only a simulated
in a way that C refers to concrete with 25 MPa compressive column and applied loads are half of the experimental
strength, and X is referred to as a type of carbon (C) or applied loads to the simulated column. Only upon drawing
glass (G) fiber reinforced polymer types. Y denotes the output result, the results are doubled to be comparable to
number referring to the number of FRP layers. In all cases, the experimental result. By increasing loading from a cycle
142 Mehdi Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, Amir Homaioon-Ebrahimi and Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni

to the other, the load value after an initial decrease. In Table

4, a comparison between the experimental and numerical
results has been presented in the form of maximum load-
bearing capacity, ductility, and displacement.

4. Numerical models results and discussion

4.1 Introduction

Before the study and present analysis results, an

analytical study is conducted on bending and shear
capacities of the beam and column members with and
without a strengthening method and designing philosophy of
such members. FRP materials are connecting to a concrete
tensile position in a way that fibers’ direction along a Fig. 4 Comparison of bending moment-rotation curves of
flexural member longitudinally increases its flexural FEM models
strength. The following hypotheses are applied for
calculations on concrete section bending using FRP
systems. is achieved from the FRP strain value on the point of
• Designing calculations are based on existing real sizes, concrete spalling or the FRP rupture point. Such value is
the manner of the configuration of rebars, and given by the following formula
specifications of reinforced concrete member materials. ℎ−𝑐
• Strain in concrete and FRP materials is in proportion to 𝜀𝑓𝑟𝑝 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 ( ) − 𝜀𝑏𝑖 (14)
𝑐
their distance from the neutral axis, i.e., section shape
before and after loading does not change. where 𝜀𝑐𝑢 and 𝜀𝑏𝑖 are the concrete final strain and initial
• No relative slippage occurs between FRP and concrete. strain on the concrete tensile surface, and h is the total
• Shear deformation in the adhesive layer is ignored. section height. Also, h is the total depth of the section, and c
• A maximum concrete compressive strain is taken as is the distance between the farthest compressive surface of
0.003. concrete and the surface centroid of the tensile rebars.
• Concrete tensile strength is ignored.
• FRP stress-strain relationship up to its failure point is 4.2 Nonlinear static analysis results of columns
taken as linearly elastic.
However, it should be considered that some of the Three types of pure bending moment, shear-bending
aforementioned hypothesis does not precisely reflect the moment, and pure torsion to the reinforced concrete column
bending behavior after using FRP wraps, and the reason for with a dimension of 400 mm and length of 3 m are applied
using these hypotheses is to simplify the computational with one side fixed and one side pin joint supporting
process. The shear fracture capacity of the section is conditions. First, a nonlinear static analysis was carried out
considered by comparing the demand and capacity of shear on the damaged column. After that, the damaged concrete
strengths. In case of a need for additional strength, FRP model is repaired and loaded. The repairing process is done
layers are adhered transversely to the cross-sections. by modifying the damaged parts of the member and filling
Regarding flexural failure modes, the flexural strength the damaged sections with concrete. In further stages, the
of an FRP-strengthened section depends on its fractured repaired RC column is strengthened using CFRP and GFRP
state. Such states include crushed compressive concrete layers. Jacketing covers the entire column body. Here
before yielding steel, tearing the FRP layers upon yielding damaged model refers to a detachment of concrete coating
steel, crushed compressive concrete upon yielding steel, in the middle one-third of the concrete column.
detached FRP layer from the concrete lower layer, and The damaged model is assumed to have corroded and
separation of concrete cover on tensile and shear surfaces. spalled over time. Then, parts of the damaged specimen
In some cases, it is difficult to identify the rupture type from from which the concrete was spalled, were replaced with
the beginning. Therefore, first, a failure state is presumed, concrete of the same compressive strength. In the next step,
and after analysis, it is investigated whether such a state layers of FRPs were wrapped around the model to create
occurs or not. In case the initial hypothesis is incorrect, strengthened numerical models. A comparison between the
another rupture state is presumed, and analysis is repeated. bending moment-rotation behavior has been made for five
Considering the applied trend, the 4th state of rupture is of the column models mentioned in Table 3 and is shown in
ignored. It is presumed that by applying sufficient controls Fig. 4. Also, the damaged model has been given to
with proper and sufficient length, FRP materials reach their comparing with other models.
maximum capacity. Also, determining the level of FRP In Fig. 5, a comparison has been given between the
materials strain under the final level is important. Whereas tensile damage resulted from applying bending moment to
these materials have linear elastic behavior up to failure the upper of the column between the repaired model (C) and
point, therefore, their strain indicates generated stress value. the strengthened model with one layer of CFRP coating
A maximum strain that may be generated in FRP materials (CC1). As it is seen, under applied bending moment, the
 Numerical finite element study of strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete members with carbon and glass FRP wraps 143

Table 5 Results of models under a pure bending moment

Model Damaged C CG1 CG2 CC1 CC2
Elastic stiffness (kN/m) 12804.4 20281.0 24960.3 28445.3 63232.7 75879.1
Maximum bending moment (kN.m) 150.6 201.6 245.2 276.4 404.3 432.1
Yielding moment (kN.m) 95 105 157 177 248 263
Yielding point of rotation (Rad) 0.007 0.006 0.0063 0.0077 0.0045 0.0044

CC1 C CC1
Fig. 5 Comparison of tensile damage resulted from
applying bending moment between the C and CC1 models
Fig. 6 Force-displacement curves of columns

repaired column on the tensile side has maximum damage

up to 90% cracking. This is while the presence of CFRP
results in the concrete encasement and prevention or
delaying of tensile cracking in the concrete tensile side.
In Table 5, a brief on the results of pure bending curves
has been presented. By comparing the results, it is seen that
by repairing concrete cover on rebar in the middle one-third
of the column, stiffness and bending moment increase by
58% and 34%, respectively. Now, by adding GFRP and
CFRP layers, stiffness increases with respect to the repaired
models by 23%, 41%, 213%, and 375%, respectively. Also,
the maximum bending moment increases by 22%, 37%,
200%, and 214%, respectively.
In the following, the relevant columns are exposed to
shear at the top section of the column, and the horizontal Fig. 7 Torsion moment-rotation curves of columns
force-displacement curve is extracted (Fig. 6). Based on
Figs. 4 and 6, it is seen through comparing the results of
shear that by repairing concrete cover in one meter of the By comparing torsional moment results of various
middle column, the flexural stiffness and maximum models, the effect of carbon and glass coatings is more
tolerable shear force increase by 16% and 7%, respectively. effective in confining, ductility, or delaying loss of torsional
By attaching a GFRP layer to the column, stiffness and capacity than to increase in torsional capacity. However,
maximum bending moment increase by 24% and 22%, adding a GFRP layer managed to increase model torsional
respectively. Adding another layer and generating 2 mm capacity by 6%. On the other hand, by changing quality to
thickness throughout the column resulted in an increase in CFRP, torsional capacity has increased a little more than the
stiffness for 22% concerning CG1. By changing covering previous state (roughly 12%). However, adding another
quality from glass to carbon, stiffness and maximum layer of CFRP and GFRP has not affected torsional
bending moment increased by 91% and 42% in comparison capacity. In Fig. 8, the distribution of shear-torsion damages
to the repaired model (C). Again, by adding another layer to has been shown due to applying pure torsional moment to
the previous state (CC1), stiffness and shear increase by the upper repaired column. As it is seen, the start of cracks
19% and 3%, respectively. and generating damage from support location and applying
Under applying a pure torsional load, pure torsion load are relatively tilted while by increasing torsional
moment is applied to the top part of the column. Such a moment and continuing loading steps, such damages
moment is imposed on the rigid node above the column as progress towards the middle of the column so that
controlling rotating displacement and is increased gradually eventually the model is fully crushed.
and smoothly to develop twisting cracks along the column,
and the model reaches its final torsional capacity. In Fig. 7, 4.3 Nonlinear static analysis results of beams
the torsional moment curve has been presented for relevant
columns. Beam in this section that has a 5 m length, 400 mm
144 Mehdi Ebadi-Jamkhaneh, Amir Homaioon-Ebrahimi and Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni

Fig. 10 Distribution of cracks in the reference beam

Step 1 Step 3 Step 6 Step 10

Fig. 8 Shear-torsion damages of columns under torsional
loading

Fig. 11 The load-displacement curve of beams under

moment loading

Fig. 9 Shear load-displacement curve for damaged and

repaired beams

dimension, three tensile rebars (18 mm in diameter), and

three longitudinal rebars (12 mm diameter) are analyzed
under three different loading in two states of with and
without FRP strengthening.
First of all, the beam is exposed to a focus shear load in
the middle of the span. Middle span shear force-
displacement curve has been given in Fig. 9. Also, in Fig.
10, the distribution of cracks caused by focused force in the Fig. 12 Torsion moment-rotation curve of beams under
middle of the span shows that the concrete beam’s lower torsional loading
surface is subjected to tensile and tensile damages occur in
the same. Such cracks exist in two sides of the beam
symmetrically. Using GFRP and CFRP layers managed to have increased by 63% and 28%, respectively. By adding
delay fracture, which may be explained by making curves GFRP and CFRP layers, the stiffness and bending moment
elongated. It is seen in the damaged model that upon capacity were increased by 36% and 11% for GFRP and
reaching a maximum load of 63 kN, severe loss in 57% and 28% for CFRP coating, respectively.
generated load-bearing capacity which are resulting from Finally, all beam models were subjected to pure
the occurrence of deep cracks in the middle of the section. torsional loading, which occurs mostly for perimeter beams.
By strengthening the concrete cover, flexural stiffness and In other words, the slab is free from three sides and from
final tolerable shear increase by 20% and 31%, respectively. one side only joined with the beam on its edge. Therefore, a
By adding GFRP and CFRP layers throughout the lower torsional moment together with shear is transferred to the
side of the beam, stiffness and final tolerable shear increase beam due to its weight, whether distributed or focused. In
by 20% and 87% and 20% and 50%, respectively. Then, the this section, the only pure torsional moment is applied in
beams are analyzed under a pure bending moment the middle of the beam using a rigid arch. Fig. 12 shows
embedded on both sides of the beam. The middle beam member middle torsional moment - rotation curves.
load-displacement curve has been given in Fig. 11. By Considering the results of Fig. 12, it was found out that by
strengthening concrete cover in the middle length of the repairing the damaged beam (remodeling of the damaged
beam, stiffness and maximum tolerable bending moment beam and creating model B), torsional capacity has
 Numerical finite element study of strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete members with carbon and glass FRP wraps 145

increased up to 90%. By the presence of a layer of GFRP 28%, respectively. By the addition of a layer of GFRP and
and CFRP, torsional capacity has increased by 6% and CFRP, the stiffness and the torsional capacity increase by
12%, respectively. However, the adding of another layer 36% and 11% for GFRP and 57% and 28% for carbon
results in no significant change in torsional capacity coating.
(roughly 2% for glass and 1% for carbon FRP). 6. By repairing the damaged beam (B model), the torsional
capacity has increased by up to 90%. By the presence of a
layer of GFRP and CFRP, the torsional capacity has
5. Conclusions increased by 6% and 12%, respectively. However, the
adding of another layer results in no significant change in
Due to failure to fulfill correct implementation or the torsional capacity (roughly 2% for GFRP and 1% for
insufficient supervision on making concrete members (such CFRP).
as beam and column) in building frames, may result in local 7. In future studies, different arrangements of FRP wraps
and sometimes total defects of a member, herein the issue of around the elements can be considered under combination
the detachment of a certain part of concrete covering and its of loadings. Also, it should be better to consider the
effect on element performance were studied. Also, the strengthened elements in the whole system to assess their
strengthening of beam and column members was suggested behavior.
and studied using two methods of coating by CFRP and
GFRP wraps. The main parameters in this study include
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