Cell structure

Eukaryotic Cell

Nucleus Cell membrane

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

1. Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm with organelles

Cytoplasm
 3

The plasma membrane

• Surrounds outside of all cells

• Living layer: it has systems for signaling
between the interior of the cell and the
external environment

• Composed of: glyxerol,phosphate

+ Double layer of phospholipids
+ Protein
fatty acid
+ Carbohydrates and lipids
 Plasma Membrane structure

Phospholipids

• Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are hydrophilic

(attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel day lui
water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each
other

Outside
of cell Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane
Inside Protein
of cell Lipid bilayer
channel
(cytoplasm)
 5

Cell membrane Proteins

• Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell

recognition
ngoai vi• Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface
(inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are embedded completely through
the membrane
 6

Cell membrane of plant

Cell membrane
• Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

• Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell

shape
 7

Cell wall
Cell wall

• Found outside of the cell membrane

• Nonliving layer

• Important functions in a cell include protection,

structure, and support

• Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell

Nucleus Cell membrane

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

1. Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm with organelles

Cytoplasm
Protoplasm vs cytoplasm vs cytosol?

Protoplasm: Everything included in the cell membrane

divided into nucleoplasm vs cytoplasm

Cytoplasm: Everything included the cell membrane except the nucleus

Contains cytosol and organelles

Cytosol: Area of cytoplasm that is not held by organelles

(cytoplasm minus the organelles)
 Nucleus Cell membrane

Cytoplasm
The nucleus

1. The largest organelle in the cell and is bounded by an envelope consisting of a double
membrane.
2. Genetic material is concentrated in one part of the nucleus.
3. Nuclear pores: regulate the entry and exit of materials
4. Nucleolus: ribosome biogenesis

The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope,

which consists of an inner membrane and an outer
membrane. The membranes are separated by a lumen
that is continuous with the lumen of the endoplasmic
reticulum.
 12

Inside the Nucleus

The genetic material (DNA) is found

DNA is spread out and appears as DNA is condensed & wrapped around
chromatin in non-dividing cells proteins forming as chromosomes
in dividing cells
The nucleus Highlight the functions of the nucleus.

 It is responsible for storing the cell’s hereditary material or the

DNA.

 It is responsible for coordinating many of the important cellular

activities such as protein synthesis, cell division, growth and a

host of other important functions.

 Nucleus Cell membrane

Ribosome

Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

Made of proteins and rRNA

“Protein factories” for cell
(Join amino acids to make proteins through protein synthesis)

They are floating in the cytosol (make proteins that will be used inside)
or on ER (will be used inside and export)
Ribosomes

They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

In eukaryotes: the 60-S (large) and 40-S (small) subunits  80S

In Prokaryotes: 50-S and 30-S subunits  70S

 Nucleus Cell membrane

Ribosome
Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm
 19

Cytoskeleton

• Helps cells maintain cell shape

• Intracellular transport (the movement
of vesicles and organelles within the cell) –
extracellular transport
• Made of proteins
+ Microfilaments are threadlike and made of actin
+ Microtubules are tube-like & made of tubulin
+ Intermediate filament
 Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton

Motor proteins that attach to receptors on vesicles

can “walk” the vesicles along microtubules or, in
some cases, along microfilaments.
 21

Cilia and flagella

chat long
Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles
across the cell surface
Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
(Eukaryotic cells)

Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

(Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)

Cilia Moving Away Dust

Particles from the Lungs
 Nucleus Cell membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Ribosome
Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of hollow membrane tubules

Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane
Functions in synthesis of cell products and Transport

Two kinds of ER ---rough and Smooth

 Rough (ER)

It is a series of connected flattened sacs having several

ribosomes on its outer surface

Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of

cell

Rough ER is prominent in cells where protein synthesis

happens (such as hepatocytes)

Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER

surface. They are then threaded into the
interior of the Rough ER to be modified
and transported
 Smooth (ER)

Has a tubular form

The smooth ER stores and releases calcium ions. These are quite important for the nervous
system and muscular systems.

Synthesis of lipids, including oils, steroids, and new membrane phospholipids

Destroys toxic substances

 Nucleus Cell membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body

Cytoplasm
 27

Golgi Body

tui CIS
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Have a receiving side (cis face) and a shipping side (trans
face)
- > Receive proteins made by ER by cis face, trans face secretes the
materials into vesicles, which then fuse with the cell membrane for
release from the cell TRANS
In the plant cells, complex polysaccharides of the cell wall
are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus.
Transport
vesicle
Transport of proteins between membrane-bounded compartments occur when
vesicles containing the proteins bud from one compartment and subsequently
fuse with another compartment
 Nucleus Cell membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Lysosome

Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body

Cytoplasm
 30

Lysosome
tieu hoa
• Contain digestive enzymes
hao mòn
• Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for
cells
• Lyse and release enzymes to break down and recycle cell
parts

Little Enzyme Packages

 Peroxisome -Another Enzyme Package

• Small vesicles found around the cell

oxy hoa
•Contains digestive enzymes (enzymes that require oxygen (oxidative enzymes))

Absorb nutrients that the cell has acquired,

digesting fatty acids, digest alcohol, cholesterol
synthesis and the digestion of amino acids
Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.
The red arrows show some of the migration pathways for membranes and the materials they enclose
 Nucleus Cell membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Lysosome

Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body

Cytoplasm Mitochondria
Mitochondria are energy factories

Key concept
All living cells have a means of converting energy supplied by the environment into the common
intermediate of ATP
 Structure:
• rod-shaped structure,
• a double-membraned bound, outer membrane smooth,
inner membrane folded to form a structure called
cristae.
• The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called
the matrix: contains a mixture of enzymes and proteins.
It also comprises ribosomes, inorganic ions, mitochondrial
DNA, nucleotide cofactors, and organic molecules.
Mitochondria are energy factories

Functions

The most important function: converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work – cellular
respiration/ (burning glucose)/ power house of the cell/ (Generate cellular energy (ATP))

Others:
Regulates the metabolic activity of the cell
Promotes the growth of new cells and cell multiplication
Helps in detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells
Plays an important role in apoptosis or programmed cell death
Is the Mitochondria genome still functional?

Mitochondria are special because they have their own ribosomes and DNA
floating in the matrix

Have been conserved across evolution

Retains similarity to its prokaryotic ancestor

Can you guess the origin of Mitochondria?

Mitochondria are thought to have originated from an ancient symbiosis that resulted
when a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote
 endosym biotic theory:thuyt ni cng
sinh

Enveloped organelles could have evolved when one cell ingested another.
Interesting Fact ---

• Mitochondria come from

cytoplasm in the EGG cell during
fertilization

Therefore …

• You inherit your mitochondria

from your mother!
Chloroplasts: power plant cells

Chloroplasts work to convert the light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be
used by cells - photosynthesis

Found in plant cells and some protists such as algae

• Outer membrane smooth

• Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana and interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
Photosynthesis
The endosymbiont theory of the origins of
mitochondria and chloroplasts in
eukaryotic cells.

The proposed ancestors of mitochondria

were oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic
prokaryotes, while the proposed ancestors of
chloroplasts were photosynthetic
prokaryotes. The large arrows represent
change over evolutionary time; the small
arrows inside the cells show the process of
the endosymbiont becoming an organelle,
also over long periods of time.
Vacuoles

Fluid filled sacks for storage

Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole

Functions of Vacuole:
Vacuole helps in storage of salts, minerals, pigments and proteins within the cell.
It isolates metabolic waste that might be harmful to the cell.
It maintains turgor pressure.