INSTRUMENTSREQUIRED FOR EXPERIMENTATION

20 MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope (ME 3020)

3% Digits Digital Multimeter.
2
LCRQ Meter or Universal LCR Bridge

Important Points to Note:

1. The coaxial line used in the trainer is placed in the coiled form of 25 meters each. This is done for space

saving. In practice the lines are straight. The coil form has caused some deterioration. For the convenience
of the students the basic properties given above are of coiled form.
The attenuation of RG 174 cable is 40dB/ 100 m at 200 MHz But due to coiled form it will show 3dB/ 100
2
meter at 3.6 MHz.

In place of internal sine wave test generator you may use other generator of higher frequency.
3

EXPERIMENT 1

Object
Characteristics of a Line.
Measuring the
coaxial lines for thee transmission of electromagnetic waves consist
Characteristic of a shielded line: The
former. The two
with an inner conductor arranged along the axis of the
of an external conductor of cylindrical shape,

conductors are separated by dielectric material of suitable features.

due to the
of lines is that these lines are intrinsically selfshielding,
One of the advantages of this kind
features of the coaxial lines improve
of the arrangement of the two conductors. Moreover the shielding
geometry
when the frequency increases.

of line trunks each one of

line be considered as a cascade
a coaxial can
From the electric point of view,
concentrated
inductive and capacitive circuit elements of
them can be represented as being composed of resistive,
kind, as shown in the Fig. (1).

= Ohmic resistance for unit length (100 m in this trainer)

R
L =Inductance for unti length

G Conductance for unit length

C Capacitance for unit length

PAGE NO S 21 DOC 785

pEV.
 constanty and of charar
of a line are
described in terms oI
propagation
aracteristic
the capacitanco .
is true tor
The t r a n m i s s i o n
characteristics
tor each single
ine. Ihe same he TRANSMISSION UNE TRAINER
parameters
are typical values t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
field, these valuae are
These TEST GENERATOR ME 78
impedance Z, unit In the
conductance for length
symbol used to indicate these
inductance, the resistance
and the reasons. In this case,
the symbol PREQUENCY
for practical
meter or kilometer,
****
per
generally expressed M P U v o ADa.
are the common symbols.
magnitudes MAx.
for the transmicei
n LMAX
parameters
such as R, L, C, 6, 4, and r ission WAVE SELECTOR
measures the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c LCR oUTPUT PREQUENCY ADJ.
This experiment METER
ine included in this trainer
Procedure
measurement to be pertormed. "
shows the modalities
for the *
Fig.(4) ****--.
Make connections as in Fig. (5).
ww
TP10 TPO
R
18
FIG (5)
3 Both the inductance and the ohmic resistance of the line
682 are measured in series by short circuiting end of
Ro 500 R
the line and connecting the
measuring instrument to the start of the line. The capacitance and the conductance
are measured in
parallel by operating on the open line.
100 m For the measurement of series inductance L and the
(1) Matched Line
parallel capacitance C,a LCR meter or measuring
bridge is required
The results of these measurments
give values of R, L, C and G referred to the cable
length that, in our case, is of 100 meters
5. The resistance R and the conductance G can be
measured with an ohmmeter or DMM. For the
to be
conductance
measured an ohmmeter is required which is able to
LCR perform resistance measurements with a range
greater than 100M.
Meter
100 m
Z, can be measured by using the following formula
(2) Short Circuited Line for measuring
Inductance (L) & Resistance (R) Z, =VL IC
Alternate: If the LCRQ meter is not available
this experiment can be performed as explained in
experiment no.2.
LCR
Meter
100 m
(3) Short Circuited Line for measuring
Capacitance (C) & Conductance (G)
FIG. (4) PAGE NO 6/21 DOC 795
V -00
PAGE NO 7121 00C 785
REV -00
 EXPERIMENT 2
TRANSMISSION UNE TRAINER
TEST GENERATOR TRAS
E7
Object: Impedance
of the
Line.
resistance, the conductar the inductance FREQUENCY
MABB
Input like the ohmic
Measuring the features
depends on MIGH
of the line line at t h e opposite end and to both h
the
The l/P impedance that loads the
resistance ro CRO AMPLTUDE AD.
related to the the l/P impedanco- he line
It is also is to
measure
a0acitance.
the first part of the MIW. RMAX:
purpose of
ofthe signal.The
MAX
voltage -=
frequency and WAVE SEuCTOR
PREQUENY ADJ.
conditions
load
under different M
Matched Load SM
Terminated with 25M
Line
Open line
Short-circuited line.
o CRO
of the
In the second part
test we will
displacement

measure
between

the phase
the /P 10
TP

L
V
current, under the
voltage and
conditions of line
three FIG (7)
termination. When
the modulus
and the phase
displacement are 100m Oscilosoope
Object: EXPERIMENT3
known the impedance vector is |
Measuring the Attenuation of Line.
fully identified. See Fig (6). FIG. (6) The ohmic resistance R &
the conductance G are responsible for energy
losses, Which determine the attenuation characteristics, are disspation in the form of heat These
Procedure: are
expressed in terms of "attenuation" "a" and expressed in terms of "attenuation characteristics,
R and to 682 with the help of DMM. can be
Adjust R at minimum position a
calculated by:
Make the connections as shown in Fig. (7). 20 log (V, V,
.
100 KHz of sine-wave (both measurement on CRO).
. Set the Input at 0.4V, and frequency Where
to CRO shown in Fig. (7) and vary the R, potentiometer. So
Now connect the Channel 1&Channel 2
as
V1
that Sine Wave amplitude comes 0.2Vp Amplitude of signal at l/P
V2
Now disconnect the Rl and measure its resistance with multimeter, this is the input impedance. Amplitude of signal at O/P
Change the frequency to 1MHz and note the values of R, at this frequency. Attenuation for
is around 502. given length
Note down these results, the input impedance at 100 KHz is arround 802 and at 1MHz R 18
In this
experiment we will measure
the attenuation
for the different
trunks of Rson
transmission line available on the
trainer.
See Fig. (8).
DOC 7t
25 50
PAGE NO. 8/21 75, 100,
REV. -0 FIG. (8)
PAGE
REV 0
NO 921 DOC 785
 Concept of Matched Line : detail in this
manual
b u t t h e Subject
is certainly kne
to EXPERIMENT 4
treated in impedance of the lin. Object:
is not
of match line
characteristic
the
concept found out
Though the We have
already Multi Phase displacement between the current & voltage at input of line.
m e a s u r e d with Digital
the students from the
theoretical
course
short-circuited
r e s i s t a n c e of
the line
wrhen
lultimeter The Phase displacement between the current & voltege at input of line, under the different load conditions
The F o r optimum power
transfa
ter we
experiment is b8S2
previous ot the line
502 from the resistance
viz matched line, open and short- circuited line. See Fig (10)
t h e total
effective
resistance R.
is shown to be
182.Therefore
resistance
aiso a s
b852. ASSUming
generator
R,as
and terminating it is
should have the source
resistance
to match the
ine. For this
purpose,
ommended
recommer
we must
connect 182 R in s e r i e s
with the generator
68Q initially
and this setting
should be utilized for all Il hthe
502
DMM and Ri to
that the
student must
set R, to 182 using is done
terminated line experiment
wherever
experiments
Procedure with the help of DMM.
and 682 respectively
Adjust R and R for 18
shown in Fig. (9).
c o n n e c t i o n s as
make
to 0.4V.
100 KHz and level
sine-wave frequency to approx
Set the
input CH 2 shows outputs
FIG. (10)
shows applied
Oscilloscope CH1
meter lengths.
50, 75, and 100 Procedure
Measure signal level at Input and at 25,
Length (m) V, (Input) V,(Output) 1. Adjust R, and R, for 182 and 682 respectively with the help of DMM
As shown in Table (1).
2. Make the connections
Now, calculate the attenuations
in dB at various 25 as shown in
Fig (12).
A 12 resistance in series between the
formula a= 20 Log V,/V, 50 generator and the transmission line as shown, in Fig (12) allows
lengths bythe
75 measuring the value of l/P current.
attenuation is approx -2 dB at 100 m.
The
100 Set sine wave frequency to 100 KHz (use CRO).
line short-ended line.
Try the Same with open-ended Set the oscilloscope to XY mode.
6. Output across 12 is connected to Y and input signal is connected to X.
TRANSMISSION LINE TRAINER
MRS 7. Observe suitable Lissajous pattern on CRO by
TEST GENERATOR AINS
ME-76
adjusting Vidiv of each channel.
FREQUENCY 8. TheLissajous pattern allows measuring the Phase displacement between the two signals through the
MIGN LOW
ratio of the semi axis of the
BNC-Crocodile
Cable To ellipe.
ALUDE ADA.
The phase displacement is
MIN. RL MAX.
approx. 15°at 10OKHz
oUTPUT RE aUENCY ADA.
Major
ais
IV
CRI
Sin
Lissajous Figure - Phase displacement
ww
TP FIG (11)
FIG. (9) PAGE NO 10 21DOC 76
REV 00
PAGE NO 1121
REV 00
DOC 785
 TRANSMISSION UNE TRAINER
-
TEST GENERATOR with the heip of DMM.
N
18&2 and
6 8 2 respectively
Prooodure
for
R, and R,
R E Q U E N C Y
Adjust
oRoVR HION LOW
connoctlons
a s shown
in Fig. (14).
Mako
. to 0. 1V/ div for
both channels
KHz.
o E ADJ,
MIN. L MAK: Sot oscilloscopo deflection on CH1)and at frequency 40
Adjust the sine generator
for an OP of 0.2 Vo,(2 div. attenuati-
to the fix
MIN. RI MAX. 4
deflections and CH2 is reading 1.6 div. (This is due
point CHI is reading 2div.
FREQUENGY ADS.
oUTPO At this
WAVE SELEC .
TPS
of the line).
SM
constant (observe CH1 a
keeping the input amplitude
5. Now, vary the frequency of generator gradually line fall-
till the waveform at the end of 100mtr
by adjusting AMP VAR control)
maintain 2 div deflection
BdB (1.4div of CH 2 on the oscilloscope). the cut off frequency
. Note, this frequency on the oscilloscope. This frequency is known as
TO CRO
For the cable used in this trainer this frequency is approximately 3.5 MHz.
CH2
L TRANSMISSION LINE TRAINER
aDe
- BNC
Crocodile
TEST GENERATOR MAPS
CH(T FREQUENCY
o oscosoP*** OROUND
FIG (12) MIOH LOw
oroco
Cnbie T
AMPLITUDE AD
Oscillosce
EXPERIMENT5 CH
MIN. RL WAA
WAVE SELECTOR oUTPUT FREQUENCY ADJ.
Object:
Characteristic of the Line. due to both the ohmic resistance D P3
25M
PS
25M
Fquency the line
atternuation
increases,
l/P signal
When the frequency of the from a given frequency O nwar
wards
ds
increases because
of "Skin effect' Starting
c o n d u c t a n c e C progressively
and the
increases. The cut
off I
the line attenuation
RO
the
line is defined as
frequency of the
attenuation
which the
frequency at www
to the TP
reaches the level of -3dB compared
-3dB is approximately
low frequency level
down to 70%. FIG (14)
Object
EXPERIMENT 6
test is to
The purpose of this Study of Stationary Waves.
for the
measure the cut off frequency FIG. (13) A line that has not been
terminated with a
equal load to its
characteristic impedance is
coaxial line provided in
ME 785. This subject to a reflec
phenomenon of the power from the remote end. The amount of the
line. reflected power
measurement is performed with
terminated
mismatch between the characteristic depend upon the amour
impedance of the line and the
load impedance.In the
short-circuited line (RL 0) and open line (RL= a) a situation of
= extreme case
total reftlection occur for
the voltage wave. The either the current wav-
purpose of this test is to study the esablishment of the stationary waves
Fig.(15). within the line.
NO.
12/21 DOC
PAGE
- 00
PAGE
REV
NO 121D-
REV 00
 TRANSMISSION UNE TRAINER
TEST GENERATOR nARS
E.786
GOENCY A
OR
AMPLITUDE ADJ. Cabie
Dscilloscope
MIN. RMAX
MIN. RL MAX.
Oscitoecope
WAVE SELEoToR oUTPUT FREQUENGY ADJ.
FIG. (15)
help of DMM. sM
with the
respectively
Procedure: 6862
and
for 182
Adjust R
and R
s h o w n in Fig (16).
as
1) and at frea
connections
bothchannels.
Make
for CH 00 KHz
to 0.1 V/ div div
Deflection
on
3.
Set
oscilloscope
for an O/P of
0.2 Vp, (2 sockets at 75m, 50m a.
sine
generator and at
intermediate
and Om
4
Adjust the CH 2 at
100 m
on
to voltages ww
TP2
Observe the peak
.
results a s
shown in
Table
(2) formula
.
YP10
Tabulate following
6 wave
ratio's' by the
Calculate the stationary
FIG (16)
Distance
Om Object
EXPERIMENT 7
25 m Signal Phase Shift along the Line.
50 m The propagation of the
electromagnetic waves through the vacuum occurs at a speed
equal to the light speed (3x10" m/s). In a line, the approximately
75 m propagation speed is of course reduced by the characteristics
of the line, like the
100 m capacity and the inductance. In particular, in the coaxial
lines, the propagation speed of the
TABLE (2) electromagnetic waves is approximately
between 60 & 80% of the
light speed, as
a function of the line characteristics. The
objective of this test is to measure the
1.25
For 100 KHz's' is apprOx. the l/P is being reflected phase displacement between the /P
much of the energy supplied at
of the line shows how
The reflection coefficient'r signal and the O/P signal for the line in
reflection coefficient is normally expressed in percentage
as a consequence
of the load decoupling. The the trainer, whose
the following formula : length is 100 m. As a
and can be determined from the stationary wave ratio through consequence the phase speed and the
r(s-1)/ (s+ 1) phase delay will be calculated related to
At 100 KHz'r is approx. 11 % Dcop
the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves FIG. (17)
Repeat the same procedure for open line &short-circuited line. propagating along the line.
's
D. Try the experiment with other frequencies to see the effect of frequency on
14/21 DO
PAGE NO PAGE NO 1921
REV-00 REV-000 DOC 785
 of DMM
Procedure
and R, for 182 and
682 respectively
with the help
Object
EXPERIMENT 8
Adjust R,
connections as shown in Fig (18) Fault Localization within the Line.
Make
1 10s
Set oscilloscope to
0.05 V/ div CH (4 div
deflection on CH 1) and frequency to 100 KHz The Localization of the faults within the line can be
performed following different methods. The meth0d
3.
generator
for an O/P of 0.2 V. shown here for performing this test is of special interest,
4 Adjust the
sine being based upon the use of the phenomemon of the
oscilloscope to XY mode establishment of stationary waves, Let,s assume that the line is broken at unknown point between wo ends. If the
5 Set the
phase angle by
ellipse
formula
the measurment, the phase . line is connected to a signal generator, the
6.
Measure
displacement
has been
determined through
speed wave will be reflected from the break
When the value
of phase point,
formula
basis of the following and a stationary wave condition is
calculated on the
can be
established between the /P and the
= fx/x 360/% where.
is made
the
measurement
breakpoint. The waves along the line have
frequency at which
maximum and minimum points at regular
= length of the line
intervals corresponding to ", of the wave -
=phase speed
length of the l/P signal For the fault to be
with the characteriet:.
out its relationship
in another way. by pointing pinpointed, it is necessary to determine, the
can be also expressed
The phase speed frequency value at which a voltage minimum
of the ine, on the basis of
parameters occurs at the l/P. This frequency is noted
= 1/NLC
the line length
and phase speed as F1. The same operation is repeated at
is calculated
from the ratio of
The phase delay t the remote end, of broken cable, and
= IN.
obtaining F2 value. These values are
substituted in the following formula :
= [ f2 /(f1+ 12)] x
TRANSMISSION UNE TRAINER OF ecop
MAINS Where, FIG. (19)
TEST GENERATOR
FREOOER° Line length in meters
pdile
Distance in mts of the point of fauit referred to the /P of the line.
cilloscope
AMPLITUDE AD.
CH (
MIN. RL MAX.
MIN. R MAX.
Procedure:
OUTPU
FREQUENCT ADJ. 1. Make connections as shown in Fig. (20a). Note that the line is broken at 50 m length
AVE DE
SM
Set oscilloscope channel 1to 0.1 V/ div.
Adjust the sine generator for O/P of 04 V,,(4 div deflection on CH 1)
Keep the frequency variable control at the minimum position.
5. Gradually increase the frequency and note the frequency at which the signal on CRO falls to minimum.
This frequency is F1.
ro GRO
CH2 (X)
6 Repeat the test at the othere end of the lineas shown in Fig 20b and note the Frequency at which signal
on CRO falls to minimum. This is F2.
www Enter these values in the formula and calculate the distance of break point from thel/P For the faut
12
generated at 50m f1and f2 are 900 khz approx.
PAGE NO 17/21 DOC 785
FIG. (18) 769
DOC
16/21
PAGE NO
REV OO0
 TRANSMISSION LUINE TRAINER
Of
TEST GENERATOR F R E C O E N C Y
ANS EXPERIMENT9
LOW
***|
Object
Condition.
Line Under Pulsed
MMPLITUDE ADO
MIN.
OscIl If the line is supplied with a pulsed signal and the line is not
matched at the end, the pulses sent into the
AAX.
line will be more or less reflected as a function of the
The reflected fraction of the pulse moves along the
mismatch.
oUTY
is not matched to
to the generator and when the characteristic impedance of the line
wAVE SELECTOR
SM SM
line in the opposite direction
---- --.
the impedance of the generator it is again
reflected to the other end. The purpose of
V this test is to study the propagation of
the pulse edges along the line. under
TO CRO
different matching conditions viz. open line
CH2 (A
short circuited line & matched line.
ww
10 Procedure FIG. (21)
DMM.
FIG. (20a) 1 Adjust R, and R, for 18Q and 682 respectively with the help of
Make connections as shown in Fig. (22).
Observe the l/P and O/P wave shapes and also amplitude levels on the Oscilloscope
TRANSMISSION UNE TRAINER OFF
IFRS
Now make the load and repeat the same procedure.
TEST GENERATOR
HE-76
MAINS
FREQUENCY
Again, repeat the experiment for short-circuited load.
MIGK Note the observations for all 3 conditions of load and compare them
D rocodile
UTUDE ADJ. e To
lloscope
MIN. RL MAX
MAX. TRANSMISSION INE TRAINER
. mRS
E T5
FREOUENCY ADJ TEST GENERATOR
MAVE SELECTOR od AINS
** GROURD FREQUENCY
SM
BNC-Crocodie
AMPLITUDE ADJ.
Osciloscope
CH
IN K MA
ww wAA
W
WAVE ELECTOR oUTTO PREQUENCY AD
o CRO
CR
ML L
TO CR
CM
FIG.(20b)
FIG. (20) wN

L
T10 10
FIG (22)
DOC 7 PAGE NO 19/21 DOC 785
NO
18/21
REV. -00
PAGE
REV 00
N V