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8 views3 pages

SIS1

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daulet270903
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Report on Magnetoresistive and Optoresistive Sensors

Made by: Daulet Z


Checked by: Svambaeva A

Introduction

This report discusses the concepts of optoresistive sensors and magnetoresistive


sensors, with a focus on giant magnetoresistive (GMR) and giant magnetoimpedance
(GMI) sensors. The study is aimed at understanding the working principles,
applications, and significance of these sensors in modern technology. Magnetoresistive
and optoresistive sensors are widely used in various fields, from industrial applications
to biomedical engineering. They operate on the principles of resistive changes due to
external stimuli like light or magnetic fields, which are converted into measurable
electrical signals.

1. Optoresistive Sensors

Optoresistive sensors are devices that change their electrical resistance in response to
variations in light intensity. They are commonly used in light detection and control
systems. The basic principle of operation is that when light photons strike the sensor
material, they excite electrons, causing a change in the conductivity of the material.

Optoresistive sensors typically consist of materials like cadmium sulfide (CdS) or


cadmium selenide (CdSe), which are sensitive to specific wavelengths of light. These
sensors are commonly used in applications such as automatic lighting systems,
photoelectric controls, and light meters.

1.1 Working Principle

When exposed to light, the sensor material’s resistance decreases as more charge
carriers (electrons and holes) are generated. The amount of current passing through the
material changes proportionally to the light intensity, and this change is measured to
determine the amount of light falling on the sensor.

1.2 Applications

• Light intensity meters


• Automatic street lighting
• Solar panels for energy conversion
• Photographic exposure meters

2. Magnetoresistive Sensors

Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors are devices that change their electrical resistance in
response to an external magnetic field. These sensors are widely used in applications
such as magnetic storage devices, automotive sensors, and industrial automation.

Magnetoresistive sensors can be categorized into several types, including anisotropic


magnetoresistance (AMR), giant magnetoresistance (GMR), and giant
magnetoimpedance (GMI) sensors. The latter two types are particularly important in
modern sensing technologies due to their enhanced sensitivity to magnetic fields.

2.1 Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Sensors

GMR sensors rely on the phenomenon of giant magnetoresistance, a quantum


mechanical effect observed in thin films of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic
layers. When exposed to an external magnetic field, the electrical resistance of the
multilayer structure changes significantly.

2.1.1 Working Principle

In a GMR sensor, the electrical resistance depends on the alignment of the magnetic
moments in the ferromagnetic layers. When the magnetic moments are aligned parallel
to each other, the resistance is low. However, when the moments are antiparallel, the
resistance increases. The change in resistance due to the applied magnetic field is
used to detect the field strength or magnetic object nearby.

2.1.2 Applications

• Magnetic read heads in hard disk drives


• Magnetic field sensors in automotive systems (e.g., ABS, steering sensors)
• Bio-sensing for detecting magnetic nanoparticles

2.2 Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) Sensors

GMI sensors work on the principle of giant magnetoimpedance, where the impedance
of a material changes drastically in response to an external magnetic field when an
alternating current is applied. These sensors are highly sensitive to weak magnetic
fields and are used in applications requiring precise magnetic measurements.
2.2.1 Working Principle

In a GMI sensor, when an AC current passes through a magnetic material, the


impedance of the material varies with the strength of the external magnetic field. This
variation is due to changes in the skin depth of the material, which affects the current
distribution within it. The impedance can increase by orders of magnitude in response
to a magnetic field, making these sensors highly effective in detecting small magnetic
changes.

2.2.2 Applications

• Magnetic field detection in biomedical devices


• Non-destructive testing for material defects
• Security systems using magnetic sensors
• High-precision industrial measurement tools

Conclusion

Optoresistive and magnetoresistive sensors play vital roles in various technological


applications. Optoresistive sensors are key in light detection, while magnetoresistive
sensors, particularly GMR and GMI sensors, are integral to magnetic field detection
with high sensitivity. Both types of sensors have revolutionized industries, from
electronics and automotive systems to biomedical applications, making them
indispensable in modern technology.

References

1. Baibich, M.N., Broto, J.M., Fert, A., Nguyen Van Dau, F., Petroff, F., Etienne, P.,
Creuzet, G., Friederich, A., & Chazelas, J. (1988). Giant Magnetoresistance of
(001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices. Physical Review Letters, 61(21), 2472-
2475.
2. Muñoz, M., & Prieto, J.L. (1999). Giant Magnetoimpedance in Ferromagnetic
Wires. Journal of Applied Physics, 85(8), 5481-5485.
3. Kruglyak, V.V., Demokritov, S.O., & Grundler, D. (2010). Magnonics. Journal of
Physics D: Applied Physics, 43(26), 264001.

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