Quick-Tempered 3

Modal verbs

Please see the table below for the modal verbs and their usages:

Usage Modal verb

ability/inability in the present can/can’t (cannot)

ability/inability in the past could/couldn’t

obligation, necessity in the present have to, must, need to

obligation, necessity in the past had to

prohibition mustn’t, can’t

deductions must, can’t

advice should, ought to, had better

possibility/certainty may, might/will

requests/offers and invitations Could you…/Can I…, Shall I…

A. Choose the correct modal to complete each sentence.

1. My best friend hasn’t answered my phone recently.
She be upset about something.
a. must b. may c. can’t

2. My brother woke up at 3 pm this afternoon. He

feel sleepy at the moment.
a. may b. must c. can’t

3. I don’t know why she is late. She be stuck

in the traffic.
a. must b. can’t c. might

4. You be disappointed with your low quiz

result. You studied hard for it.
a. can’t b. may c. must

5. Louisia answer the phone but I am not

sure if she is at home.
a. must b. may c. can’t

6. Andy adds hot chili pepper in everything he eats. He

love spices.
a. might b. can’t c. must
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B. Use the correct modal verb and the verb in brackets to

complete each sentence.

1. The owner of the company drives a very expensive car.

He (have) a lot of money.
2. They (delay) tonight’s flight. It depends
on the weather.
3. It (be) cold in Girona right now. People are
wearing shorts and sandals.
4. The boy’s library is full of books by Tolkien and J.K. Rowling.
He (love) fantastic stories.
5. The guests (feel like) eating something
upon their arrival. Let’s prepare some snacks in case.
6. They (stay) late after the ceremony.
They have a baby at home.

C. Write situations using modal verbs for each sentence.

1. Your mother is late for work today.

.
2. Your best friend hasn’t replied to your birthday party invitation.
.
3. Your teacher hasn’t announced the exam results yet.
.
4. The sky is clear and it is sunny today.
.
5. Harry went to bed late last night.
.
6. No one knows for sure if the cafes will be open during the pandemic.
.
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Perfect modal verbs

We use perfect modals to talk about different situations in the past. They are formed as:
modal verb + have + past participle

Usage Modal verb

certainty in the past can’t have + V3

having the ability or chance to do something in the past could have + V3

but we didn’t

not having the ability or chance to do something in the couldn’t have + V3

past

regrets or unfulfilled obligations; expectations should have + V3

criticism shouldn’t have + V3

possibility in the past may/might have + V3

past deductions must have + V3

unnecessary past action needn’t have + V3

events in the past that did not happen would have + V3

(usually combined with if clauses)

D. Complete the sentences using a perfect modal from the boxes.

1. Susan looks so happy. She

may have headed
the driving test.
2. You were seen at the mall yesterday, but you told me you were
can’t have been
sick in bed. You sick at all.
3. I don’t know for sure, but Eric who
shot the man in the street. might have seen

4. My mother constantly forgets which bus to take to my house.

She is late. She the wrong bus must have taken

again!
5. Nobody knows where he went. He must have passed
towards the south.
6. The children were playing in the street on a school day. It must have been
a holiday or something.
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Quantifiers

We use quantifiers to give information about the number/amount of something. They can be used
with countable, uncountable, singular or plural nouns. See the following table and examples:

(c) Both countable and

(a) Only countable nouns (b) Only uncountable nouns
uncountable nouns
all, any, enough, a lot of, lots of,
a couple of, both, each, either, a bit of, (a) little, (not) much,
more, most, no, none of, plenty of,
(a) few, fewer, neither, several less, a great deal of
some
a.
I’ve found several old books in the attic.
(‘several’ means more than two but not many)
Few students took the final exam in science class. We have to repeat it tomorrow.
(‘a few’ means ‘some/not many’ but enough; ‘few’ means ‘almost zero’ - not enough)
b.
Diane has little money with her, so I’ll lend her some.
(‘a little’ means ‘some/not much’ but enough; ‘little’ means ‘almost no’ - not enough)
We have a great deal of time, don’t worry.
(we can use ‘a great deal of’ especially with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, etc.)
c.
None of the employers attended the seminars.
There is no beverage left. Will you go and buy some?

Every and each are used with a singular noun and also a singular verb form to mean all:
Each person has to bring his own food. (= All the people have to bring their own food)
The police searched every person on the bus. (= The police searched all the people on the bus)

When we talk about two people or things, we use the quantifiers both, either and neither; if we talk
about more than two people or things, we use all.

Affirmative sentences
The clock is working. (one clock)
Both/both of the clocks are working. (two clocks)
All/all of the clocks are working. (more than two clocks)

Negative sentences
The clock isn’t working. (one clock)
Neither/neither of the clocks is working/Either of the clocks isn’t working. (two clocks)
None of the clocks are working. (more than two clocks)

Note 1: Nouns with either and neither are followed a singular verb.
Note 2: None has a negative meaning like no and never. Therefore, it is used in affirmative sentences
and gives them negative meaning.
 4 Senses and Emotions

A. Complete the sentences with the suitable quantifier in brackets.

1.  people are leaving the city due to a long spring break. That means crazy traffic.
(Hundreds of/A few)

2. I haven’t seen so cars on the motorway before. What’s the deal? (many/much)

3.  students are willing to join the environmental problems poster competition.

(Both/Several)

4. Y
 ou should come to the party. It is going to be fun. (several/heaps of)

5. I am so tired of hearing depressing news every day. (each/tons of)

6. of the questions the teacher asked were about Geometry. I couldn’t answer
them. (Both/Each)

B. Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1. I have the same workload in my new position in the office.

a. number of b. amount of

2. We don’t have cheese left for the sandwiches. Can you grab some?
a. some b. any

3. I have plans for the summer. I am super excited.

a. plenty of b. much

4. A pickpocket took my wallet in the morning. Luckily, there was only cash in it.
a. much b. a bit of

5. Nothing is worth this stress. Have you tried meditation or yoga?

a. many b. much

6. student in the classroom is required to produce their ID before the national exam.
a. Both b. Each

C. Choose the correct quantifier from the boxes to complete each sentence. More than one answer
may be possible in some cases.

a bit of both each heaps of hundreds of

many much plenty of several tons of

1. We cannot stop the game now, mum. We still have missions to complete.

2. There are books on the table. It is a mess.

3. We have been to countries before the pandemic.

4. There isn’t information about Atlantis, the lost city.

5. question in the exam must be answered.

6. There is misunderstanding about the situation. We will sort that out soon.
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Indirect questions

When want to sound more polite, we can use indirect question forms. See the details about the
usage and the structure below.

We can use the following expressions to make indirect questions and requests.

Do you know…?

Can you tell me…?

I was wondering…

I’d like to know…

Would it be possible…?

In indirect questions, verb to be, have/has, or modal verbs come after the subject.
“What time is it?” (direct question)
“Can you tell me what time it is?” (indirect question)

“How long has she worked here?”

“I was wondering how long she has worked here.”
“What should I wear to the party tonight?”
“Do you know what I should wear to the party tonight?”

In indirect questions with do/does/did, these helping verbs are omitted, and the question is formed
in the affirmative form.
“Where does Sam live?” (direct question)
“Do you know where Sam lives?” (indirect question)

When the direct question is a yes/no question, we make the indirect question/request using if or
whether, instead of a question word.
“Are you the new manager?” (direct question)
“I’d like to know if you are the new manager.” (indirect question)
 4 Senses and Emotions

D. Write the questions below in the indirect form.

1. What time does the train leave?

2. Can you speak and write in Spanish?

3. Why are you crying?

4. How many countries have you visited?

5. Are they coming today?

6. How long have you known her?

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E. Write the indirect questions in the correct order.

1. Would you mind telling me - is / post office / where / the nearest?

?

2. Could you tell me - the film / started / what time ?

?

3. Do you know - will be like / what / the weather / tomorrow?

?

4. I was wondering - where / you / tomorrow / meeting / with your friends from college / are.
.

5. I’d like to know - questions / should / to pass the test / answered / be / correctly / how many.
.

6. Can you tell me - to / get / to / how / street market?

?

Also study:
Adjectives
Adverbs
Speculations with modal verbs