Optics and Optical Communication Systems WORKSHEET and Assignment 1 (20%)

1) Differentiate LED and Laser optical sources in-terms of Power and efficiency, optical
output power, output spectrum, Modulation bandwidth, structure, and reliability.
2) The velocity of light in the core of a step index fiber is 2.01 × 108 m s −1, and the critical
angle at the core–cladding interface is 80°. Determine the numerical aperture and the
acceptance angle for the fiber in air, assuming it has a core diameter suitable for
consideration by ray analysis. The velocity of light in a vacuum is 2.998 × 103 m s −1.
 3) A step index fiber has a solid acceptance angle in air of 0.115 radians and a relative
refractive index difference of 0.9%. Estimate the speed of light in the fiber core.
In a step index fiber, the refractive index changes in a step fashion, from the
center of the fiber, the core, to the outer shell, the cladding. It is high in the core
and lower in the cladding. The light in the fiber propagates by bouncing back
and forth from core-cladding interface.
Given:
Solid acceptance angle in air=0.115 radians
Relative refractive index (n)=0.9
Assume speed of light in vacuum (c)=3.00x108 m/s
Formula: v=c/n
v=speed of light in fiber
c=speed of light in vacuum
n=relative refractive index
v=3.00x108 /0.9 =3.3x108 m/s
Thus, speed of light in fiber core is 3.3x108 m/s

4) Describe with the aid of simple ray diagrams: (a) the multimode step index fiber; (b) the
single-mode step index fiber. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of these two
types of fiber for use as an optical channel.

5) The relative refractive index difference between the core axis and the cladding of a
graded index fiber is 0.7% when the refractive index at the core axis is 1.45. Estimate
values for the numerical aperture of the fiber when: (a) the index profile is not taken into
account; and (b) the index profile is assumed to be triangular. Comment on the results.

Answer :-
Given that :-
The cladding of a graded index fiber is 0.7%
when the refractive index at the core axis is 1.45
Solution :-
The relative refractive index difference is written as:-
=(n12-n22)/2n12 ------(1)
Where n1= refractive index of core
and n2=refractive index of cladding
Further, Numerical Aperture of an optical fiber is given as:-
NA=(n12-n22)1/2 -------(2)
From equations (1) and (2)
NA= n1(2 )1/2 -----(3)
It is given that =0.7%=0.007
n1=1.45

1)Thus when the index profile is not taken into account:-

From equation (3)
NA=1.45(2*0.007)1/2 =0.172

2)When the index profile is assumed to be triangular:-

We know for GI fiber:-
n(r)= n1=no[1-2 (r/a) ]1/2 for r< or equal to a
n2=no[1-2 ]1/2 for r>a
For triangular profile, =1
Thus,
n1=no[1-2 (r/a)]1/2
n2= no[1-2 ]1/2
Thus, From equation (2)
NA={no2[1-2 (r/a)]- no2[1-2 ]}1/2
=no{2 [1-r/a]}1/2
 Here. no= maximum value of refractive index along the axis of
core=1.45
Thus, NA= 1.45{2*0.007[1-r/a]}1/2
When r=a(the radius of core), NA=0
It increases with decreasing values of r.
At r=0,
NA=0.172 (as found earlier)

6) A multimode graded index fiber has an acceptance angle in air of 8°. Estimate the relative
refractive index difference between the core axis and the cladding when the refractive
index at the core axis is 1.52.

Option 2
7) A single-mode step index fiber has a core diameter of 7 μm and a core refractive index of
1.49. Estimate the shortest wavelength of light which allows single-mode operation when
the relative refractive index difference for the fiber is 1%.
8) A single-mode step index fiber which is designed for operation at a wavelength of 1.3 μm
has core and cladding refractive indices of 1.447 and 1.442 respectively. When the core
diameter is 7.2 μm, confirm that the fiber will permit single-mode transmission and
estimate the range of wavelengths over which this will occur.
For light to travel through SMF there are conditio to be fullfilled, like
wave number V <= 2.405
<= 0.37%
So now we will calculate the above to know if travelling thorugh SMF is
possible
n1 = 1.447
c = 1.442
d = 7.2*10^-6 meters
= 1.3*10^-6 meters
V number is given by

V = ( *d*n1* 2* ) /
Cuttoff wavelength is given by
c = ( ( *d*NA) / (V<=2.405) )
= ((n1)2 - (c2))/(2*n2)
n = (n1+c)/2 = (1.447+1.442)/2 = 1.4445
= ((1.447)2 - (1.4422))/(2*1.44452)
= 0.0035 = 0.35% . So this condition is satisfied

V = ( * 7.2*10-6*1.447* 2*0.0035) / 1.3*10-6

V = 2.0948
So this condition is also satisfied.
So the above wave with given specs can travel through SMF.

NA =
c = ( ( *7.2*10-6*0.1202) / (2.0948) )
c = 1.2978*10-6 meters
So the operating wavelength >= c to work in SMF
9) A single-mode fiber has a core refractive index of 1.47. Sketch a design characteristic of
relative refractive index difference Δ against core radius for the fiber to operate at a
wavelength of 1.30 μm. Determine whether the fiber remains single mode at a
transmission wavelength of 0.85 μm when its core radius is 4.5 μm.
10) A single-mode step index fiber has core and cladding refractive indices of 1.498 and
1.495 respectively. Determine the core diameter required for the fiber to permit its
operation over the wavelength range 1.48 to 1.60 μm. Calculate the new fiber core
diameter to enable single-mode transmission at a wavelength of 1.30 μm.