POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Subject Code : EE603PC

Regulations : R18 - JNTUH
Class : III Year B.Tech EEE II Semester

Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION (EE603PC)
COURSE PLANNER

I. OBJECTIVE AND RELEVANCE:

The main objective of this subject is to understand and to know the following concepts:
To understand the types of Circuit breakers and relays for protection of Generators, Transformers and
feeder bus bar from Over voltages.
To describe the important of neutral grounding for overall protection.
To analyses the phenomenon of over Voltage and its classification.

II. PREREQUISITES:

The knowledge of following subjects is essential to understand this subject:

 Power Systems – I.
 Power Systems – II.

III. COURSE OUTCOME:

S.No Description Bloom’s Taxonomy Level

Understand the types of Circuit breakers and choice of Relays for Knowledge, Understand
1
appropriate protection of power system equipment. (Level 1, Level 2)
Understand various types of Protective devices in Electrical Power Knowledge, Understand,
2
Systems. (Level 1, Level 2)
Knowledge, Understanding,
Interpret the existing transmission voltage levels and various means
3 Applying, Analyzing
to protect the system against over voltages.
(Level 1, Level 2, Level 3)
Understand the importance of Neutral Grounding, Effects of Knowledge, Understanding,
4 Ungrounded Neutral grounding on system performance, Methods and Applying, Analyzing
Practices. (Level 1, Level 2, Level 3)

IV. HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

Proficiency
Program Outcomes (PO) Level
assessed by
Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
PO1 science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering 2 Assignments
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem Analysis:Identify, formulate, review research literature,
and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
PO2 2 Assignments
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
Design/Development Analysis: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes
PO3 that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the 1 Assignments
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research- 1 Assignments
 based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern Toll Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate
techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
PO5 1 --
including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
PO6 1 Assignments
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
PO7 - --
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics
PO8 - --
and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual,
PO9 and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary - --
settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
PO10 - --
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and
PO11 - --
apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
PO12 2 Research
learning in the broadest context of technological change.

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) -: None

V. HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

Proficiency
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO) Level
assessed by
Talented to analyze, design, and implement electrical & electronics
Lectures,
PSO1 systems and deal with the rapid pace of industrial innovations and 2
Assignments
developments.
Skillful to use application and control techniques for research and Lectures,
PSO2 2
advanced studies in Electrical & Electronics Engineering domain. Assignments
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) -: None
VI. SYLLABUS:

JNTUH SYLLABUS
UNIT- I–Introduction to Circuit Breakers:
Circuit Breakers: Elementary principles of arc interruption, Recovery, Restriking Voltage and Recovery voltages. -
Restriking Phenomenon, Average and Maximum RRRV, Numerical Problems - Current Chopping and Resistance
Switching - CB ratings and Specifications: Types and Numerical Problems. – Autoreclosures.
Description and Operation of following types of circuit breakers: Minimum Oil Circuit
breakers, Air Blast Circuit Breakers, Vacuum, and SF6 circuit breakers

UNIT -II – Electromagnetic and Static Relays:

Principle of Operation and Construction of Attracted armature, Balanced Beam, induction Disc and Induction Cup
relays. Types of Over Current Relays: Instantaneous, DMT and IDMT types.Application of relays: Over current/
under voltage relays, Direction relays, Differential, Relays and Percentage Differential Relays.Universal torque
equation, Distance relays: Impedance, Reactance, and Mho and Off-Set, Mho relays, Characteristics of Distance
Relays and Comparison. Static Relays: Static Relays verses Electromagnetic Relays.

UNIT-III – Protection of Power Equipment:

Protection of generators against Stator faults, Rotor faults, and Abnormal Conditions. Restricted Earth fault and
Inter-turn fault Protection. Numerical Problems on % Winding Unprotected.
Protection of transformers: Percentage Differential Protection, Numerical Problem on Design
of CT s Ratio, Buchholtz relay Protection.
Protection of Lines: Over Current, Carrier Current and Three-zone distance relay protection
using Impedance relays. Translay Relay.
Protection of Bus bars – Differential protection.

UNIT- IV –Neutral Grounding:

Grounded and Ungrounded Neutral Systems. - Effects of UngroundedNeutral on system performance. Methods of
Neutral Grounding: Solid, Resistance, Reactance- Arcing Grounds and Grounding Practices.

UNIT- V –Protection Against Overvoltages:

Generation of Over Voltages in Power Systems.- Protection against Lightning Over Voltages - Valve type and Zinc-
Oxide Lighting Arresters - Insulation Coordination -BIL, Impulse Ratio, Standard Impulse Test Wave, Volt-Time
Characteristics.

GATE SYLLABUS:
Power generation concepts, ac and dc transmission concepts, Models and performance of transmission lines and
cables, Series and shunt compensation, Electric field distribution and insulators, Distribution systems, Per‐unit
quantities, Bus admittance matrix, Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson load flow methods, Voltage and Frequency
control, Power factor correction, Symmetrical components, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis,
Principles of over‐current, differential and distance protection; Circuit breakers, System stability concepts, Equal
area criterion.

IES SYLLABUS:
 Basic power generation concepts, steam, gas and water turbines, transmission line models and performance, cable
performance, insulation, corona and radio interference, power factor correction, symmetrical components, fault
analysis ,principles of protection systems, basics of solid-state relays and digital protection; Circuit breakers, Radial
and ring-main distribution systems,
SUGGESTED BOOKS:
TEXT BOOKS:
1. “Badri Ram , D. N Viswakarma”, “Power System Protection and Switchgear”, TMH Publications, 2011
2. “Sunil S Rao”, “Switchgear and Protection”, Khanna Publishers, 2008.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. “Paithankar and S. R. Bhide”, “Fundamentals of Power System Protection”, PHI, 2003.
2. “C R Mason”, Art & Science of Protective Relaying – Wiley Eastern Ltd, 1966.
3. “C. L. Wadhwa”, “Electrical Power Systems”, New Age international (P) Limited, Publishers, 6th Edition
2007.
VII. COURSE PLAN (WEEK-WISE):

LESSON PLAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021 II SEM

Course Instructor : Bipul Krishna Saha /GYANESH SINGH
Class: EEE III (A &B )
Subject: Power System Protection
WEF : 26.3.21
Link for
Small Course Teaching
Lecture Unit Topics to be Link for
Link for PPT Projects/ learning Methodolog Reference
No. No. covered PDF
Numerical outcomes y
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 QOis

II Mid Examinations

* Topics beyond Syllabus

TEXT BOOKS:
Protective Relaying Principles and Applications , J. Lewis
1 Blackburn, 3rd Ed, CRC Press, © 2007.
Power System Analysis and Design, J.D. Glover & M. Sarma, 4th Ed, Thompson Publishing, © 2008. Good intro
to relaying in Ch.10. This is also the book used for the pre-req courses EE4221 and EE4222, an excellent reference
for power system analysis basics, and understanding the overall behavior of the power system that you are
2 protecting
Protective Relay Principles, A.F. Sleva, CRC
3 Press,© 2009. ISBN 978-0824753726.
Electrical Power Equipment Maintenance and Testing, Paul Gill, 2nd Ed., CRC
4 Press,© 2008. ISBN 978-1574446562
Protective Relaying Theory & Applications, W.A. Elmore, 2nd Ed,
5 CRC Press, ©2003.
Power System Protection, P.M. Anderson, IEEE Order No.PC5389, McGraw-Hill,
6 ©1999. 1300 pages of insight
IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines, Power
7 Systems Relaying Committee (PSRC), IEEE Std C37.113-1999, ©1999.
Terms Used by Power System Protection Engineers, IEEE Catalog
8 Number TP130-0-031998-1-0, ©1998.

Useful Web links

and other
resources:
Public Domain
or Royalty-Free
Software
ATP - Alternative Transients Program (Royalty Free,
Licensing Required)
Educational Software - List of Links Provided by IEEE Power Engineering
Education Committee, includes Power World
InterPSS - Open Source Power
System Design & Analysis
Available
Commercial
Software
Aspen - Loadflow, Short-Circuit, Relay Coordination
(Academic Version Available)
MatLab with Simulink and SimPowerSystems - Full spectrum of power system
analysis and controls (Academic Versions Available)
PSS/E - Loadflow, Short-Circuit, Dynamic Stability
(Academic Pricing Available)
CAPE - Loadflow, Short-Circuit, and Relay
Coordination (Academic Pricing Available)
V-Flow, V-Net, V-Pro, V-Harm, V-Cap, etc . - Power Verdict
Series: Suite of programs by Cooper Power Systems
 ETAP PowerStation - Full suite for
power system analysis and design
Transmission 2000 - Loadflow, Short Circuit, Dynamic Stability, and Relay
Coordination (Academic Version Available)
EDSA - Loadflow, Short Circuit, Relaying, AC and DC systems
(mostly industrial, auto, shipboard)
VIII. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OFPROGRAM OUTCOMES
AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

Program
Program Outcomes Specific
Outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

CO1 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 2

CO2 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 2

CO3 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 2

CO4 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 2

AVG 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 2

IX. QUESTION BANK:

UNIT I
Blooms
Course
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
Br Brief discuss the different methods of arc interruption in case of circuit
1 breakers? Knowledge 2

In a short circuit test on 220 kV, 3-phase system with breaker gave
the results as: P.f of the fault is 0.6 and recovery voltage is 0.85 times
2 the full line voltage. The breaking current is symmetrical and Derive 3
restriking transient has a natural frequency of 10kHZ. Calculate the
RRR V for i) Grounded fault and ii) Ungrounded fault

What is meant by circuit breaker? Discuss the phenomenon of arc

3 Knowledge 2
formation in a CB.

Explain the concepts of recovery voltage and restriking voltages?

4 Knowledge 2

5 Discuss the air blast circuit breakers’ ratings and its advantages Knowledge 2

6 Explain the types of SF6 circuit breakers with neat diagrams? Knowledge 2

7 List out the merits and limitations of air blast circuit breaker? Knowledge 2
 Explain the properties of SF6 gas and how it is used for circuit
8 Knowledge 2
breakers?
E Explain the concept of resistance switching of a circuit breaker with
9 an equivalent circuit? Applying 2

In a short circuit test on a CB, the following readings were obtained

on single frequency transient.
i) Time to reach the peak restriking voltage is 50μ sec.
10 Derive 4
ii) The peak restriking voltage is 100kV. Find the average
RRRV and
iii) Frequency of oscillations
11 Describe the principle of operation of air blast circuit breakers? Knowledge 2
T Compare the operation of vacuum circuit breaker with SF6 circuit
12 breaker? Knowledge 2

UNIT II
Blooms Taxonomy Course
S.No Question
Level Outcome

What is an impedance relay? Discuss its principle of

operation. Show its characteristics R-X diagram. List out its
1 Derive 4
merits for transmission line protection.

2 Explain the hinged armature type relay with neat sketch? Knowledge 2
Explain about the principle of operation of biased
3 Applying 3
differential relay with necessary equations?
Explain about MHO relay and OFF SET MHO relays with
4 Applying 3
their characteristics?
Di Discuss the operating principle of an impedance relay and
5 the draw its Characteristics on R-X Knowledge 2
plane?
Explain functions of induction disc relay with neat
6 Knowledge 2
diagram?
Explain the operation of induction cup relay with neat
7 Knowledge 2
diagram?
What are the various types of over current relay? Discuss
8 Knowledge 2
the IDMT relays characteristics
UNIT III
Course
S.No Question Blooms Taxonomy Level
Outcome
Explain the restricted earth fault protection by differential
1 Understanding 2
system in the protection of an alternator winding?
A 11 kV, 100 MVA alternator is grounded through a
2 resistance of 10 ohms. The current transformers have a 3
Solving
ratio of 1000/5. The relay is set to operate when there is an
 out of balance current of 0.5 A. Find the percentage of
generator winding protected by percentage differential
protection?
Discuss the various faults occurred in the transformer and
3 Knowledge 3
write the protection scheme for each fault?
Explain the protection device for a transformer that gives
4 Applying 3
protection from internal Faults.
A 3 phase, 11/33KV star delta connected power
transformer is protected by differential protection. The
Applying,
5 CTs on the LV side have a current ratio of 300/5. What 5
Solving
must be the ratio of CTs on the HV side? Draw the
connection diagram?
Explain how the rotor of an alternator will be protected by
6 Knowledge 3
field ground fault protection?
Describe the stator protection of alternator by percentage
7 Knowledge 3
differential protection with neat sketch?
Explain how the transformer is protected from overheating
8 problem? Knowledge 3

Explain how the transformer is protected from overheating

9 Knowledge 3
problem?
A 3ϕ, transformer having line voltage ratio 0.4/11 kV is
connected in star delta and protective transformer on the Applying,
10 4
400 V side have a CT ratio of 500/5. What must be the Solving
ratio of the protective transformers on the 11kV side?
Explain transverse percentage differential protection for
11 Knowledge 3
multi winding generators
A Star connected 3-ϕ, 25MVA, 11kV generator has a per
phase reactance of 12%. It is protected by merz-price
circulating current principle which is set to operate for Applying,
12 5
fault current not less than 170 A. Find the value of earth Solving
resistance to be provided in order to ensure that only 12%
of the generator winding remains unprotected.
Explain the protection against magnetizing inrush current Knowledge
13 3
of a transformer?
Draw and explain the connection of current transformer
Knowledge
14 secondaries for differential protection of star delta 3
connected power transformer?
UNIT IV

Blooms Taxonomy Course

S.No Question
Level Outcome

1) Explain the differences between grounded and un grounded

1 Solving 4
neutral systems?

2) Explaineffects of Ungrounded Neutral on system

2 Solving 4
performance?
 3 3) What are the different methods of Neutral Grounding? Solving 4
4) Explain Solid Grounding method? Write its merits and
4 Applying 4
demerits?
5) Explain Resistance Grounding method? Write its merits and
5 Applying 4
demerits?
6) Explain Reactance - Arcing Grounds method? Write its
6 Solving 4
merits and demerits?
7 7) What are the different Grounding Practices?
UNIT V

Blooms Taxonomy Course

S.No Question
Level Outcome
Explain about the valve type and zinc oxide type lightning
1 Applying 3
arresters?
Why is insulation coordination needed in a large power
2 Solving 3
system? What is meant by basic impulse level of equipment?
Explain the resistance grounding with circuit diagram and
3 Solving 3
phasor diagrams? List out its merits and demerits.
Explain the concept of arcing grounds in the power system
4 Derive 4
and derive the necessary expressions.
Draw the volt time characteristics of impulse test wave and
5 Applying 3
mark the flash over voltages?
Explain how the over voltages are generated in the power
6 Applying 3
system?
W what are the methods that are used to give protection against
7 Applying 3
over voltages in the power system?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
FILL UP THE BANKS:
UNIT-I
1. In a circuit breaker the contact space is ionized by___________.
2. _____________should be the value of fusing factor?
3. ___________is the relation between the fusing current and the diameter of the wire.
4. The making and breaking currents of a 3 phase ac circuit breakers in power systems are respectively in ________form.
5. ___________circuit breaker is preferred to be installed in extra high voltage AC system?

UNIT-II
1. ________ relay is preferred for phase fault on short transmission line.
2. The under voltage relay can be used for_____________.
3. _____________ is the purpose of back up protection.
4. The torque produced in induction type relay (shaded pole structure) is inversely proportional to the square of the
___________.
5. Induction cup relay is operated due to changes in______________.
UNIT-III
1. Unbalancing of an alternator may occur due to ____________.
2. Bias is used in the relay protection to _______________.
3. A longitudinal differential protection on _________can detect inter-turn on the stator.
4. We need the biasing of differential relay biased to avoid mal operation when used for transformer protection due to
____________.
5. A feeder, in a transmission system, feeds power to _________.
UNIT-IV
1. When the 3-phase system is not grounded and if Single Line to Ground fault occurs, the voltage of the other two
healthy phases will________.
2. Factors on which soil resistance depends_____________.
3. Solid grounding is adopted for voltages below_______________.
5
UNIT-V
1. Over voltage protection is recommended for_________.
2. Wave trap is used to trap waves of __________________.
3. Ungrounded neutral transmission system is not recommended because of system________.
4. For the protection of power station buildings against direct strokes the requirements are
_______________.
5. Negative sequence currents is provided for _____________.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

UNIT-1
1. What is the average rate of rise of restriking voltage upto the first peak?
a. 525 * 103kV / sec b. 453 * 103kV / sec c. 582 * 103 kV / sec d. 467 * 103 kV / sec
Answer. b
2. Circuit breakers usually operate under
a. Steady short circuit current b. Sub transient state of short circuit current
c. Transient state of short circuit current d. None of these
Answer. B
3. What is the making capacity of the circuit breaker?
a. Less than the asymmetrical breaking capacity of the breaker
b. Greater than the asymmetrical breaking capacity of the breaker
c. Equal to the asymmetrical breaking capacity of the breaker
d. Equal to the symmetrical breaking capacity of the breaker
Answer. B
4. SF6 is which type of gas?
a. Electro positive b. Electro negative c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these
Answer. c
5. A three phase, 33 kV oil circuit breaker is rated 1200 A, 2000 MVA, 3s. What is its symmetrical breaking current?
a. 1200 A b. 3600 A c. 35 kA d. 104.8 kA
Answer. c
UNIT.2
1. What is the actuating quantity for the relays?
a. Magnitude b. Frequency c. Phase angle d. All of these
Answer .d
2. The most efficient torque producing actuating structure for the induction type relays is
a. Shaded pole structure b. Watt hour meter structure c. Induction cup structure
d. Single induction loop structure
Answer. c
3. Plug setting of a electromagnetic relay can be altered by varying
a. Number of ampere turns b. Air gap of magnetic path c. Adjustable back stop
d. None of these
Answer .a
4. On what factor does the operating speed of the relay depend?
a. Rate of flux built up b. Armature core air gap c. spring tension d. All of these
Answer. d
 5. Admittance relay is _______ relay.
(a) Impedance (b) directional (c) non-directional (d) none of the above
Answer. b
UNIT-3
1. Protective relays can be designed to respond to ___________.
a. Light intensity, impedance b. Temperature, resistance, reactance c. Voltage and current d. All of these
Answer. D
2. A thermal protection switch provides protection against what?
a. Overload b. Temperature c. Short circuit d. Over voltage
Answer. d.
3. What does protective relay provide?
a. Provide additional safety to the circuit breaker in its operation.
b. Close the contacts when the actuating quantity attains a certain predetermined value.
c. Limit the arcing current during the circuit breaker operation.
d. Earth or ground any stray voltage.
Answer. b
4. Large internal faults are protected by
a. Merz-price percentage differential b. Mho and ohm relays
c. Horn gaps and temperature relays d. Earth fault and positive sequence relays
Answer. a
5. A three phase transformer having a line voltage ratio of 400/33000 V is connected in the star-delta. The CTs on the
400V side have a CT ratio of 1000/5. What will be the current through the pilot wire?
a) 5√3 A b) 5/√3 A c) 5 A d) 1/5 A
Answer. a

UNIT-IV
1. Generally grounding is provided for
a. only for the safety of the equipment
b. only for the safety of the operating personnel
c. both (A) and (B)
d. none of the above
Answer .c
2. Ground resistance should be designed such that
a. grounding resistance should be as low as possible
b. grounding resistance should be as high as possible
c. grounding resistance should be always zero
d. none of the above
Answer .b
3. The objective of earthing or grounding is
a. to provide as low resistance possible to the ground
b. to provide as high resistance possible to the ground
c. to provide flow of positive, negative and zero sequence currents
d. none of the above
4. Earth wire or ground wire is made of
a. copper b. aluminium c. iron d. galvanized steel
Answer.d
5. Average resistance of human body is
a. 500 ohms b. 1000 ohms c. 1500 ohms d. 2000 ohms
Answer .b.
 UNIT-V
1. Per cent bias for a generator protection lies between
a) 5 to 40 b) 40 to 45 c) 45 to 20 d) None of the above
Answer. a
2. Fault diverters are basically
(a) fuses (b) relay (c) fast switches (d) circuit breakers
Answer. c
3. Which of the following devices will receive voltage surge first travelling on the transmission
line?
(a) Lightning arresters (b) Relays (c) Step-down transformer (d) Switchgear
Answer. a
4. To limit short-circuit current in a power system are used.
(a) Earth wires (b) isolators (c) H.R.C. fuses (d) reactors
Answer. d.
5. Fuse in a motor circuit provides protection against
(a) overload (b) short-circuit and overload (c) open circuit, short-circuit and overload
(d) none of the above
Answer.b.

GATE:
1. A negative sequence relay is commonly used to protect (2011)
a. An alternator b. A transformer c. A transmission line d. A busbar
2. In a biased differential relay the bias is defined as a ratio of (2005)
a. Number of turns of restraining and operating coil
b. Operating coil current and restraining coil current
c. Fault current and operating coil current
d. Fault current and restraining coil current
3. The transmission line distance protection relay having the property of being inherently directional is (2006)
a. impedance relay b. MHO relay c. OHM relay d. reactance relay
4. A -phase transformer rated for 33kv/11kv is connected in delta/star as shown in figure. The current transformers on
low and high voltage sides have a ratio of 500/5. Find the currents and , if the fault current is 300 A as shown in figure
(2015)

a. i 1/1√3 A, i 2 = 0 A b. i 1 = 0 A, i 2 = 0 A c. .i 1 = 0 A, i 2 = A 1√3 d. i 1 =1/1√3 /A, i 2 = 1/1√3 A

5. Consider a stator winding of an alternator with an internal high resistance ground fault. The currents under the fault
condition are as shown in the figure. The winding is protected using a differential current scheme with current
transformers of ratio 400/5400/5 AA as shown. The current through the operating coil is (2011)
 a. 0.1875 A b. 0.2 A c. 0.375 A d. 60 kA

X.WEBITES:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/101/108101039/.
2. https://www.vidyarthiplus.com/vp/Thread-EE2402-EE6702-Protection-Switchgear-Hand-Written-Lecture-Notes-All-
Units-Lavanya-Edition#.XeYD7YMzbIU

XI. EXPERT DETAILS:

1. Dr. A.Jayalakshmi, Professor, JNTUH
2. Dr. Suryakalaavthi,, Professor, JNTUH

XII. JOURNALS:
1. IEEE Transactions on Industry and General Applications.
2. Springer Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems.

XIII. LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENTS SEMINARS:

1. Circuit breakers.
2. Electromagnetic and Static Relays.
3. Generator protection
4. Transmission line protection

XIV. CASE STUDIES/SMALL PROJECTS:

1. Microprocessor based relay protection.
2. Transformer protection.