Chapter 1

OVERVIEW

Associate Professor LE CHI KIEN, Ph.D.

Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (FEEE)
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 098-767-3030
COURSE ASSESSMENT

1. Mid-term assessment: 50%

a. Attendance: 20% of mid-term
b. Mid-term tests: 80% of mid-term
(Total 4~5 tests at the end of 1~2
Chapters)

2. Final assessment: 50%

(Writing-paper test, Open-book)
Study Method (Tips for Studying)

1. Make the Most of Class Time

§ Attend all class sessions
§ Pay close attention to the lectures
§ Take notes in a way that makes sense for you
è understand your own notes when you review
them later (it is more difficult to understand the
other people’s notes)
Study Method (Tips for Studying)

2. Read and Review – Early and Often

§ We forget 70% of what we have learned
within 24 hours!
§ Make time each evening for a quick review
§ Bookmark difficult sections to revisit or
discuss with your professor later
 Study Method (Tips for Studying)

3. Exam Content
§ To assess each student's knowledge of the subject
§ Includes any and all lecture contents, questions or
information that are discussed during the class sessions
(EVERYTHING that is taught throughout the semester)
§ There is NO “pre-test review session”, “luyện thi”, “câu hỏi
ôn tập”, “giải đề thi/đáp án”… ☠ ☠ ☠
 COURSE INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1: Overview Chapter 3: Voltmeter and Ammeter
1.1. Absolute error and relative error 3.1. Voltmeter design
1.2. Accuracy and precision 3.2. Ammeter design
1.3. Voltage divider 3.3. Loading effect
1.4. Wheatstone bridge circuit Chapter 4: Resistance, Inductance,
1.5. Op-amp applications Capacitance Measurement
Chapter 2: Spreadsheet and Best-fit Chapter 5: Sensor Introduction and
Line Displacement Measurement
2.1. Spreadsheet 5.1. Sensor introduction
2.2. Best-fit line 5.2. Resistive type
2.3. Best-fit curve 5.3. Inductive type
5.4. Capacitive type
5.5. LVDT
 COURSE INTRODUCTION
Chapter 6: Proximity Sensors Chapter 8: Rotational Velocity
6.1. Resistance type Measurement
6.2. Inductance type 8.1. Single track encoder
6.3. Capacitance type 8.2. Two-channel encoder
6.4. Optical type 8.3. Absolute encoder
6.5. Ultrasonic type
Chapter 9: Temperature Measurement
Chapter 7: Force and Pressure
9.1. Thermistor
Measurement
9.2. RTD
7.1. Strain gauge
7.2. Loadcell 9.3. LM35 sensor
7.3. Absolute and relative pressure 9.4. Thermocouple
CHAPTER 1: CONTENTS
1.1. Absolute Error and Relative Error
1.2. Accuracy and Precision
1.3. Voltage Divider
1.4. Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
1.5. Basic Op-amp Applications
§ Amplifier
§ Comparator
§ Adder
§ Substractor
1.6. Signal Linearization
1.1. ABSOLUTE ERROR and RELATIVE ERROR
Absolute Error Xr : real (true) value
∆X = X $ − X & (1) Xm : measured value
Xav : average (mean) value
Relative Error
∆X
γ% = ×100 (2)
X$
a/ If Xr is unknown è ∆X = X 01 − X & (3)
∆X
γ% = ×100 (4)
X 01
1.1. ABSOLUTE ERROR and RELATIVE ERROR
b/ When measurement is noisy
Absolute Error
∆X = X & − X ( (5)
X0 : measured value without noise
Xn : measured value affected by noise

Relative Error
|X & − X ( |
γ% = ×100 (6)
X&
EXAMPLE (using a Voltmeter)

b/ When measurement is noisy

Absolute Error
∆X = X & − X (
=⋯
Relative Error Error
caused by
|X & − X ( | loading
γ% = ×100
X& effect when
connecting
=⋯ VOM to the
circuit
Example-1

The volume of a liquid is 20.5 mL

Second Fourth
First trial Third trial
trial trial
Student A 19.2 mL 19.3 mL 20.4 mL 19.6 mL

Which trial represents the worst

absolute error?
Example-2

A student measures the volume of

a liquid with the results below

Second Fourth
First trial Third trial
trial trial
Student A 19.2 mL 19.3 mL 20.4 mL 19.6 mL

Which trial represents the worst

absolute error?
Example-3

The volume of a liquid is 20.5 mL

Second Fourth
First trial Third trial
trial trial
Student A 19.2 mL 19.3 mL 20.4 mL 19.6 mL
Student B 20.2 mL 20.6 mL 20.3 mL 20.1 mL

Which trial represents the worst

absolute error?
Example-4

Second Fourth
First trial Third trial
trial trial
Student A 19.2 mL 19.3 mL 20.4 mL 19.6 mL
Student B 20.2 mL 20.6 mL 20.3 mL 20.1 mL

Which trial represents the worst

absolute error?
Example-5

Second Fourth
First trial Third trial
trial trial
Student A 19.2 mL 19.3 mL 20.4 mL 19.6 mL
Student B 20.2 mL 20.6 mL 20.3 mL 20.1 mL

Which student represents the worst

absolute error?
Systematic error, Random error

Classification by source of error:

q Systematic errors are usually caused by
measuring instruments that are incorrectly
manufactured
è By manufacturer

q Random errors are unpredictable and do not

follow a pattern
è By noise
1.2. ACCURACY and PRECISION
§ The accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of
closeness of measurements of a quantity to its actual (true) value
§ The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility
or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements
under unchanged conditions show the same results

Ø Accuracy is how close a measured or calculated value is to the actual

(true) value

Ø Precision is how close the measured values are to each other

(Precision = Repeatability)
1.2. ACCURACY and PRECISION
q Accuracy is how close a
measured value is to the
actual (true) value
à for each measurement
q Precision is how close the
measured values are to
each other
à for a set/group of
measurements

(Precision = Repeatability)
Normal Distribution or Bell Curve
1.2. ACCURACY and PRECISION

The precision
is high as the
width of the
“bell” is narrow

Precision = width of the bell curve

1.2. ACCURACY and PRECISION

a)Low Accuracy, b)High Accuracy,

Low Precision Low Precision

c)Low Accuracy, d)High Accuracy,

High Precision High Precision
How to calculate ACCURACY

Accuracy
A% = 100 - g %

Calculate Precision ...

 How to calculate PRECISION
1. Calculate mean (average)
2. Calculate difference from the Mean
|Mean value – Measured value| = deviation
(get the absolute value)
3. Take the average of these differences to find out the
difference average = average deviation
4. So, the precision is Not real (true) value
Mean value ± average deviation
è The average deviation is as small as possible
1.2. ACCURACY and PRECISION

Ø Accuracy à for a single measured value (each trial)

Precision à for a group of values (many trials)

Ø Precision is high when average deviation is small

Ø Precision is “mean value” ± … (not real/true value)

Ø Systematic error affects Accuracy

Random error affects Precision
1.3. VOLTAGE DIVIDER

V"# = IR# , V"( = IR ( , V) = I R# + R (

V"# R# R#
= V"# = V)
V) R# + R ( R# + R (
V"( R( R(
= V"( = V)
V) R# + R ( R# + R (
Output Voltage:
V+ R( R(
= Or V+ = V)
V) R# + R ( R# + R (
MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT: Voltage Divider (cont.)

Division Voltage
VR1, VR2, VR3, VR4???
v CURRENT DIVIDER

() (*
I V" = I% R% = I' R ' = I (
) +(*

I1 Divided Currents:
I2
VS R'
I% = I
R1 R2 R% + R '
R%
I' = I
R% + R '
1.4. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT

The output
voltage of
the
Wheatstone
bridge is the
differential
voltage

R% R) VCD=VS R* R % − R ) R '
V" = − V+, V" = V-
R % + R ' R* + R ) R* + R ) R % + R '
Example-6: Output voltage of bridge circuit

Calculate:
1. The output voltage
across points C and D
2. The value of resistor R4
required to balance the
bridge circuit
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

+ R2

-
R1
-
Vi æ R ö
R2 Vo = çç1 + 2 ÷÷Vi
+
è R1 ø
R1 Vi R2
Vo = - Vi
R1

(a) Non-inverting amplifier (b) Inverting amplifier

1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
R2
To amplify
R1 the
- differential
R1 voltage
+
V1 R2
Vo = (V2 - V1 )
V2 R2 R1

Differential Amplifier
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
+ Vo1 R3 R4
To amplify
-
V1 the
Buffer 1 R1
V1
I differential
a
- voltage
Instrumentation R2
+
V2
Amplifier b
Differential Vo
R1 Amplifier

- R3

+ Vo2 R 4 æ 2R 1 ö
Vo = çç1 + ÷÷(V2 - V1 )
V2
Buffer 2
R4 R3 è R2 ø
MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT: Wheatstone bridge

To amplify the output

voltage of the bridge
circuit:
è Instrumentation
Amplifier OR
è Differential Amplifier

R% R) R* R % − R ) R '
V" = − V+ V" = V+
R % + R ' R* + R ) R* + R ) R % + R '
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

+V Comparator
R2 I2
I1 R1 +V
R Vp
+
+ I3 Vn
-
- Vi -V
VR Vo
Vi VS
Vo
VS
-V

Threshold Hysteresis Comparator

voltage
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
Saturated Saturated
Vo positive Vo output
output voltage voltage
+VoH VoH

VS Vi Vi
0 0
Threshold
VS
voltage
-VoL
(b) Single power supply
Saturated (a) Dual power
negative supply
output
voltage
Comparator Output Voltage
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

R2 I2
I1 R1 +V
Vp
+
I3 Vn
-
Vi -V Vo
VS

Hysteresis Comparator
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
Saturated Saturated
Vo positive Vo output
output voltage voltage
+VoH VoH
VH

Vi Vi
0 0
VS VS
ViL ViH ViL ViH
-VoL
(a) Dual power (b) Single power supply
Saturated supply
negative Hysteresis Comparator
output voltage Output Voltage
Output Voltage of Normal Comparator (without noises)

Vi Ideal input voltage

(without noises)
VS

Output Voltage of Normal Comparator

Output Voltage of Hysteresis Comparator (with noises)
ViH
Input voltage V
S VH
Vi (noised)
ViL

Comparator
output voltage
chattering chattering
Hysteresis
Comparator
output voltage

Chattering prevention
MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT: Hysteresis comparator circuit
12V 12V

27k Hysteresis Solid

comparator 470W State
SW R2 Relay
220k 1S1588 LED (SSR)
LM35 12k
R4 +
+ 27k
+

Tải
OP1 DC AC
100W - Vi R3 OP2 -
-
½ NJM2904 VR
10k
AC220V 20k
R1 2SC
3k VS=7V 1815
10k
10k AC220V
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
V1 R

R V1 R R
V2
+ Vo = V1 + V2
V2 R
- -
+ Vo = -(V1 + V2 )
R
R

(a) Non-inverting adder (b) Inverting adder

Adder
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

R
R
-
R
+
Vo = V2 - V1
V2 R

Substractor
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

R D
-
+
Vi æ Vi ö
Vo = -VT lnçç ÷
÷
RI
è Sø

Logarithm
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

R
D
-

+ Vi
Vi Vo = -RI Se VT

Exponential
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

Vo1=lnV1
Vo3=ln (V1.V2)
V1 Logarithm
Vo=V1.V2
Adder Exponential

V2 Logarithm

Vo2=lnV2
Multiplier
1.5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS

Vo1=lnV1
Vo3=ln (V1/V2)
V1 Logarithm
Substractor Vo=V1/V2
Exponential

V2 Logarithm

Vo2=lnV2
Divider
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