“Soft Computing”

Fuzzy Relation and

Composition
Instructor : Associate Professor
Leyla Muradkhanli

[email protected]
 Crisp Relation
• Product set
Definition (Product set) Let A and B be two non-empty sets, the
product set or Cartesian product A  B is defined as follows,
A  B  {(a, b) | a  A, b  B }

• extension to n sets
n

A1A2...An(=  Ai )={(a1, ... , an) | a1  A1, a2  A2, ... , an  An }

i 1
 Crisp Relation
Example A  {a1, a2, a3}, B  {b1, b2}
A  B  {(a1, b1), (a1, b2), (a2, b1), (a2, b2), (a3, b1), (a3, b2)}

b2
(a1 , b2) (a2 , b2) (a3 , b2)

b1
(a1 , b1) (a2 , b1) (a3 , b1)

a1 a2 a3

Fig 1 Product set A  B

 Crisp Relation
A  A  {(a1, a1), (a1, a2), (a1, a3), (a2, a1), (a2, a2), (a2, a3),
(a3, a1), (a3, a2), (a3, a3)}

a3
(a1 , a3) (a2 , a3) (a3 , a3)

a2
(a1 , a2) (a2 , a2) (a3 , a2)

a1
(a1 , a1) (a2 , a1) (a3 , a1)

a1 a2 a3

Fig 2 Cartesian product A  A

 Crisp Relation
• Definition of relation
• Binary Relation
If A and B are two sets and there is a specific property
between elements x of A and y of B, this property can be
described using the ordered pair (x, y). A set of such (x, y)
pairs, x  A and y  B, is called a relation R.
R = { (x,y) | x  A, y  B }
• n-ary relation
For sets A1, A2, A3, ..., An, the relation among elements
x1  A1, x2  A2, x3  A3, ..., xn  An can be described by
n-tuple (x1, x2, ..., xn). A collection of such n-tuples
(x1, x2, x3, ..., xn) is a relation R among A1, A2, A3, ..., An.
(x1, x2, x3, … , xn)  R , R  A1  A2  A3  …  An
 Crisp Relation
Representation methods of relations
(1)Bipartigraph(Fig 3)
representing the relation by drawing arcs or edges
(2)Coordinate diagram(Fig 4)
plotting members of A on x axis and that of B on y axis

A B
y
4
a1 b1

a2
b2
a3
x
-4 4
a4 b3

-4

Fig 3 Binary relation from A to B Fig 4 Relation of x2 + y2  4

 Crisp Relation
(3) Matrix
manipulating relation matrix
(4) Digraph(Fig 5)
the directed graph or digraph method

MR  (mij)
R b1 b2 b3
 1, (ai , b j )  R a1 1 0 0 1
mij  
 0, (ai , b j )  R a2 0 1 0
2 3
a3 0 1 0
i  1, 2, 3, …, m
a4 0 0 1 4
j  1, 2, 3, …, n

Matrix Fig 5 Directed graph

 Crisp Relation
• Operations on relations
R, S  A  B
(1) Union of relation T  R  S
If (x, y)  R or (x, y)  S, then (x, y)  T
(2) Intersection of relation T  R  S
If (x, y)  R and (x, y)  S, then (x, y)  T.
(3) Complement of relation R
If (x, y)  R, then (x, y) 
(4) Inverse relation
R-1  {(y, x)  B  A | (x, y)  R, x  A, y  B}
(5) Composition T
R  A  B, S  B  C , T  S  R  A  C
T  {(x, z) | x  A, y  B, z  C, (x, y)  R, (y, z)  S}
 Fuzzy Relation
• Definition of fuzzy relation
• Crisp relation
• membership function R(x, y)
1 if (x, y)  R
R (x, y) = 0 if (x, y)  R

R : A  B  {0, 1}
• Fuzzy relation
• R : A  B  [0, 1]
• R = {((x, y), R(x, y))| R(x, y)  0 , x  A, y  B}
 Fuzzy Relation

R

1 R  A B

0.5

(a1, b1 ) (a 1, b 2 ) ( a 2,b1) ...

A B

Fig 6 Fuzzy relation as a fuzzy set

 Fuzzy Relation
• Examples of fuzzy relation
Example
Crisp relation R
R(a, c)  1, R(b, a)  1, R(c, b)  1 and R(c, d)  1.
Fuzzy relation R
R(a, c)  0.8, R(b, a)  1.0, R(c, b)  0.9, R(c, d)  1.0
a a A
0.8 a b c d
A
c c a 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0
1.0
0.9 1.0 b 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b b
c 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.0
d d
d 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(a) Crisp relation (b) Fuzzy relation
corresponding fuzzy matrix
Fig 7 crisp and fuzzy relations
 Fuzzy Relation
Fuzzy matrix
1) Sum
A + B  Max [aij, bij]

2) Max product
A  B  AB  Max [ Min (aik, bkj) ]
k

3) Scalar product
A where 0    1
 Fuzzy Relation
Example
 Fuzzy Relation
Operation of fuzzy relation
1) Union relation
 (x, y)  A  B
R  S (x, y)  Max [R (x, y), S (x, y)]  R (x, y)  S (x, y)
2) Intersection relation
R  S (x) = Min [R (x, y), S (x, y)] = R (x, y)  S (x, y)
3) Complement relation
 (x, y)  A  B
R (x, y)  1 - R (x, y)
4) Inverse relation
For all (x, y)  A  B, R-1 (y, x)  R (x, y)
 Fuzzy Relation
Fuzzy relation matrix
 Composition of Fuzzy Relation
• Composition of fuzzy relation
For (x, y)  A  B, (y, z)  B  C,
SR (x, z) = Max [Min (R (x, y), S (y, z))]
y

=  [R (x, y)  S (y, z)]

y

MS  R  MR  MS
Composition of Fuzzy Relation
Example

=>

=>

Composition of fuzzy relation

Fuzzy Relation Composition
• Let R be a fuzzy relation in X  Y, and S be a fuzzy relation in
Y  Z.
• The Max-Min composition of R and S, RoS, is a fuzzy relation in
X  Z such that
RoS  µRoS(x,z) =  {µR(x,y)  µS(y,z) }
= Max. {Min. {µR(x,y), µS(y,z)}}/(x,z)
• The Max-Product Composition of R and S, RoS, is a fuzzy
relation in X  Z such that
RoS  µRoS(x,z) =  {µR(x,y)  µS(y,z) }
= Max. {µR(x,y) µS(y,z)}/(x,z)

18
 Fuzzy Composition
Example
• Let the two relations R and S be, respectively:

R y1 y2 y3 S z1 z2
x1 0.4 0.6 0 y1 0.5 0.8
x2 0.9 1 0.1 y2 0.1 1
y1 0 0.6

• The goal is to compute RoS using both Max-min and Max-product

composition rules.

19
 MAX-MIN Composition
0.5 0.8
RoS =  0.4 0.6 0    0.4 0.6
0.9 1 0.1   0.1 1   0.5 1 
   0 0.6  
 
max{min(0.4,0.5), min(0.6, 0.1), min(0, 0)}
= max{ 0.4, 0.1, 0} = 0.4
max{min(0.4,0.8), min(0.6, 1), min(0, 0.6)}
= max{ 0.4, 0.6, 0} = 0.6
max{min(0.9,0.5), min(1, 0.1), min(0.1, 0)}
= max{ 0.5, 0.1, 0} = 0.5
max{min(0.9,0.8), min(1, 1), min(0.1, 0.6)}
= max{ 0.8, 1, 0.1} = 1

20
MAX-PRODUCT Composition

0.5 0.8
0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.6
RoS = ∘ 0.1 1 =
0.9 1 0.1 0.45 1
0 0.6

max{0.4*0.5, 0.6*0.1, 0*0} = max{0.2,0.06,0} = 0.2

max{0.4*0.8, 0.6*1, 0*0.6} = max{0.32, 0.6, 0} = 0.6
max{0.9*0.5, 1*0.1, 0.1*0} = max{0.45, 0.1, 0} = 0.45
max{0.9*0.8, 1*1, 0.1*0.6} = max{0.72, 1, 0.06} = 1

21
 Fuzzy Relation Composition
Fuzzy composition can be defined just as it is for crisp (binary) relations.
Suppose
∼
R is a fuzzy relation on the Cartesian space X × Y,
∼
S is a fuzzy relation on Y × Z, and
∼
T is a fuzzy relation on X × Z;

then fuzzy max–min composition is defined in terms of the set-theoretic

notation and membership function-theoretic notation in the following
manner:

fuzzy max–product composition is defined in terms of the membership

function theoretic notation as
 Fuzzy Relation Composition
Example: Fuzzy relationships
for X × Y (denoted by the fuzzy relation R∼)
and Y× Z (denoted by the fuzzy relation S∼).

X = {x1, x2}, Y = {y1, y2}, and Z = {z1, z2, z3}

Consider the following fuzzy relations:

∼
Find the resulting relation,T, which relates elements of universe X
to elements of universe Z, i.e., defined on Cartesian space X × Z
using max–min composition and
using max-product composition
 Fuzzy Relation Composition

Solution: Max–Min Composition Max–Product Composition

Fuzzy Relation Composition
Solution: Max–Min Composition
 Fuzzy Relation Composition
Solution:Max–Product Composition