Engr.

Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,

Chapter No. 01 1
Mansehra

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
THEORY
Lecture No. 02
Date: 19 October 2023
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 2
Mansehra

Topics in Scalars and Vectors

• Scalars And Vectors

• Representation of Scalars and Vectors
• Unit Vector
• Vector Components
• Magnitude of a Vector
• Vector Addition And Subtraction
• Mathematical Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Graphical Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Position Vector
• Distance Vector
• Laws of Algebra
• Vector Multiplication
• Projection/Component of a Vector Along Another Vector
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 3
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Vector Multiplication
• When two vectors A and B are multiplied, the result is either a scalar or a vector depending on
how they are multiplied

• Thus, there are two types of vector multiplication:

1. Scalar (or Dot) Product: A • B

2. Vector (or Cross) Product: A X B

 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 4
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1. Dot Product
• The Dot Product of two vectors A and B, is the product of the magnitudes of A and B
and cosine of angle between them
Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴 |𝐵| cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵
𝐴. where θAB is the smaller angle between A and B

The result of Dot Product is a scalar quantity

The dot product is positive if 𝜃𝐴𝐵 The dot product is negative if 𝜃𝐴𝐵
is between 0° to 90° is between 90° to 180°
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 5
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How To Find Dot Product?

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then:

Ԧ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
𝐴.

which is obtained by multiplying A and B component by component

The result has no unit vector as it is a scalar quantity

 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 6
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Properties of Dot Product

• If A • B = 0, then vectors A and B are Orthogonal (or perpendicular) because Cos(90) = 0

B
90
A

• If A • B = AB, then vectors A and B are Parallel, because Cos(0) = 1

B A

• If A • B = -AB, vectors A and B are Antiparallel, because Cos(180) = -1

180
B A
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 7
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Properties of Dot Product

• Dot product obeys the following Laws:

Dot product of a vector with itself

 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 8
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Example 01

If 𝐴Ԧ = 3𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = −2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧, find 𝐴.

Ԧ𝐵

Solution:
Ԧ 𝐵 = 3𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧 . (−2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)
𝐴.

Ԧ 𝐵 = 3) −2 + 4 3 + (−1)(1
𝐴.

Ԧ 𝐵 = −6 + 12 − 1 = 5
𝐴.
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 9
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Example 02

For what value of γ the vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 3𝑎𝑥 + 2γ𝑎𝑦 are perpendicular?

Solution:
For both vectors to be perpendicular:
Ԧ 𝐵=0
𝐴.

Ԧ 𝐵 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 . 3𝑎𝑥 + 2γ𝑎𝑦 = 0

So, 𝐴.

6 − 2γ = 0

−2γ = −6

γ=3
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 10
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2. Cross Product
• The Cross Product of two vectors A and B, is the product of the magnitudes of A and B and
sine of angle between them and a unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴 |𝐵| sin 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛

• The result of Cross Product is a vector quantity

• Also, the result of cross product is the magnitude equal to the area of a parallelogram formed by
sides A and B, and the direction of resultant is perpendicular to the plane containing A and B
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 11
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How to Find Cross Product?

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz) then:

𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑧
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 12
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How to Find Direction of Resultant of Cross Product

• The direction of an is taken as the direction of the thumb

of the right hand when the fingers rotate from A to B

• Alternatively, the direction of an is

taken as that of the advance of a right-
handed screw as A is turned into B
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 13
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Properties of Cross Product

• If A × B = AB, then vectors A and B are Orthogonal (or Perpendicular) because Sin(90) = 1

B
90
A

• If A × B = 0, vectors A and B are either Parallel or Antiparallel, because Sin(0) = 0 and

Sine(180) = 0.
180

B A B A
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 14
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Properties of Cross Product

• Cross product has the following basic properties:

Cross product of a vector with itself

 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 15
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Cross Product of Unit Vectors

𝑎𝑥 × 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑦 × 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑧 × 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦
While 𝑎𝑦 × 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑧 × 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 × 𝑎𝑧 = −𝑎𝑦
which are obtained in cyclic permutation shown below

Also
𝑎𝑥 × 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦 × 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑧 × 𝑎𝑧 = 0
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 16
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Example 03
Find cross product of 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧

Solution:
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 2 3 4
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧 1 −1 1

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 4 − 𝑎𝑦 2 − 4 + 𝑎𝑧(−2 − 3)

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 7𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 5𝑎𝑧

 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 17
Mansehra

Example 03
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 18
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 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 19
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Projection/Component of A Vector Along Another Vector

• We define the Scalar Component (AB) of A along B as:

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑨 cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑨 |𝒂𝑩 | cos 𝜃𝐴𝐵

Ԧ 𝒂𝑩
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴.

𝐵 Ԧ𝐵
𝐴.
Ԧ 𝑩
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴. = As 𝒂𝑩 =
|𝐵| |𝐵| |𝑩|

• So. we can say that dot product of 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 is equal

Ԧ 𝐵 or 𝐴.
|𝑩|𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴. Ԧ 𝐵 = |𝑩|𝐴𝐵
to the product of magnitude of 𝐵 and the component
of 𝐴Ԧ along 𝐵.
 Engr. Nasir Mehmood Telecommunication Department, Hazara University,
Chapter No. 01 20
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Example 04
If 𝐴Ԧ = 2𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧 and 𝐵 = 2𝑎𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑧,
Find the component or projection of 𝐴Ԧ along 𝐵
Solution:
Ԧ
𝐴.𝐵
As 𝐴𝐵 =
|𝐵|

Ԧ 𝐵 = −6 + 16 = 10
So, 𝐴. And B = 22 + 42 = 20

10
Now 𝐴𝐵 = = 2.236
20